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10 Bone
10 Bone
Faculty
l off Dentistry
i
Histology
gy & Cell Biology
gy
08 01 112
Dr. AlAll-Moutassem Billah
ll h Khair
h
Bone
Bone
Bone
B
Bone
(
(osseous
ti ) is
tissue)
i specialized
iali d form
f r off supporting
rti tissue
ti
i which
in
hi h
the extracellular matrix is mineralized
mineralized.. This produces an extremely hard tissue
p
off pprovidingg support
pp for
f fleshy
f y structures,, pprotection ffor vital organs
g
capable
and storage of bone marrow.
marrow.
Bone is vascular tissue and metabolites exchange between bone cells and blood
capillaries depends on communication through the canaliculi, because they are
unable
bl to
t diffuse
diff through
th
h the
th calcified
l ifi d matrix
ti .
Bone consists of bone tissue, hemopoietic tissue, fat tissue, blood vessels,
nerves and the hyaline cartilage if the bone forms a freely movable joint
joint..
Bone tissue is classified into compact (dense) and spongy (cancellous) bone.
bone.
y fforms the outside off the bone and cancellous fforms a meshworkk in
Dense layer
the interior of the bone.
bone. The spaces of the meshwork are occupied by marrow and
blood vessels.
vessels.
Bone
Bone cells
Osteogenic cells are found in developing bone and on surfaces of mature bone.
bone.
They are flattened cells with condense nuclei
nuclei.. Osteogenic cells develop and
differentiate to form osteoblasts.
osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of the organic
components of the matrixmatrix-osteoid
osteoid;; osteoid rapidly undergoes mineralization to
form bone.
bone. Osteoblasts are found as a continuous layer on the surfaces of the
b
bone,
especially
i ll during
d i development
d l
t andd growth
th off the
th bone
bbone.. They
Th are cuboidal
b id l
to low columnar cells with prominent nucleus and cytoplasmic organelles.
organelles. When
y
pprocess theyy become fflattened
flattened--osteogenic
g
cells.. Some
cells
theyy stopp the synthesis
osteoblasts become trapped within the bone as osteocytes.
osteocytes.
Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts when they become surrounded by
newly formed matrix during development of the bone.
bone.
Lacunae are small cavities within the bone matrix and they communicate
by tiny channels known as canaliculi, that contain cytoplasmic processes of
osteocytes.. The communication take place in 3D directions
osteocytes
directions..
Bone surfaces
The external surface of the bone is covered by a sheath of dense connective
tissue called periosteum.
periosteum. It consists of an outer fibrous layer that resembles other
d
dense
connective tissues andd an inner cellular
ll l layer
l
that
h contains the
h osteogenic
cells, which are responsible for the appositional growth and repair of the bone.
bone.
The periosteum is bound to the underlying bone by group of its collagen fibers
known as Sharpeys fibers.
fibers. Periosteum is not present on the articular surface,
which is covered by hyaline cartilagecartilage-articular cartilage.
cartilage. The articular cartilage
is exposed to the joint cavity and is not covered with perichondrium.
perichondrium.
The functions of periosteum and endosteum are nutrition of bone tissue and
form a supply of osteoblasts for growth and repair of bone.
bone.
Periosteum
Bone
Sharpeys fibers
Lamellar
La
llar (secondary)
(
dar ) bone
b in
i which
whi h the
th collagen
llag fibers
fib r can
a be
b parallel
arall l to
t each
a h other
th r (at left)
l ft) orr
organized concentrically around neurovascular channels, to constitute the haversian systems.
Among the numerous haversian systems are some interstitial lamellae.
Adult bone
Mature compact bone is largely composed of cylindrical units
units--osteons or
Haversian systems
systems.. It consists of concentric lamellae of bone matrix surrounding
the osteonal canal (Haversian canal),
canal) that contains the vascular and nerve
supply of the osteon.
osteon. Canaliculi containing the processes of osteocytes are
arranged
g mostlyy in a radial ppattern with respect
p to the canal
canal.. Each Haversian
system is a long cylinder parallel to the long axis of the diaphysis.
diaphysis. It consists of
central canal surrounded by 4-20 concentric lamellae.
lamellae.
Between the osteons are remnants of the previous osteonal lamellae interstitial
lamellae, that no longer surrounding Haversian canals.
canals.
At the
th outermost
t
t aspectt off the
th compactt bone
b there
th are few
f lamellae
l ll called
ll d outer
t
circumferential lamellae, that laid down at the bone surface by osteoblasts of
periosteum.. A
At the inner medullaryy aspect,
p , similar but irregular
g
inner
the pperiosteum
circumferential lamellae merge with trabeculae of cancellous bone.
bone.
Adult bone
The collagen fibers in the concentric lamellae in an osteon are laid down parallel
to one another
h in
i any given
i
l ll but
lamella
b in
i different
diff
directions
di i
i adjacent
in
dj
lamellae, giving a great strength to the osteon.
osteon.
Volkmannss canals are transverse or oblique channels in lamellar bone through
Volkmann
which the blood vessels and nerves travel from the periosteal and endosteal
surfaces to reach the osteonal canals, also they connect osteonal canals to one
another.. They are not surrounded by concentric lamellae.
another
lamellae.
The canals in compact bone are lined by endosteum.
endosteum.
Bone remodeling showing 3 generations of haversian systems and their successive contributions
to the formation of intermediate, or interstitial, lamellae. Remodeling is a continuous process
responsible for bone adaptations, especially during growth.
Ad lt bone
Adult
b
Spongy bone is very similar to compact bone except that the tissue is arranged
as trabeculae or spicules
spicules;; numerous interconnecting marrow spaces of various
size are present between the bone tissue
tissue.. The matrix of the bone is lamellated.
lamellated. If
the trabeculae are sufficiently thick they will contain osteons.
osteons.
The medullary cavity and the spaces in spongy bone contain bone marrow.
marrow.
Red bone marrow consists of developing blood cells in different stages of
development and a network of reticular fibers and cells
cells.. In later stages of
growth and in the adult, when the rate of blood cell formation has diminished,
the tissue in the medullary cavity consists mostly of fat cells
cells;; it is then called
yellow marrow.
marrow.
Bone formation
Th development
The
d l
t off a bone
b
i traditionally
is
t diti ll classified
l ifi d as endochondral
d h d l andd
intramembranous ossification
ossification.. The distinction between two types rests on
whether a cartilage
g model serves as the pprecursor off the bone ((endochondral)) or
whether the bone is formed by a simpler method;
method; direct replacement of
mesenchyme by bone (intramembranous).
(intramembranous). The bones of the extremities and those
off parts off the
h axiall skeleton
kl
that
h bear
b
weight
h develop
d l by
b endochondral
d h d l
ossification (short & long bones, vertebrae, pelvis and bones of the base of the
skull).. The flat bones of the skull, face, clavicle, maxilla and the most of the
skull)
mandible develop by intramembranous ossification.
ossification.
In both processes, the bone tissue that appears first is primary, which is
temporary tissue and is soon replaced by the lamellarlamellar-secondary bone.
bone. This
replacement take place by bone remodeling, which also occurs throughout adult
life..
life
lif
Bone development is controlled by growth, thyroid and the sex hormones.
hormones.
Intramembranous ossification
1. In a center of well
well--vascularized connective tissue (mesenchymal membrane)
mesenchymal cells differentiate osteogenic cells (bone blastema) develop in
osteoblasts (osteoblasts + collagen fibers immersed in dense ground substance)
2. Osteoblasts secrete new bone matrix (osteoid) around themselves, which later
become calcified (deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals).
crystals).
3. Some osteoblasts become surrounded by matrix, which become osteocytes
spicules of bone are formed (surrounded by a layer of osteoblasts).
osteoblasts).
4. Spicules
S i l off bone
b
i
increase
i size
in
i by
b appositional
i i l growthh as layers
l
off bone
b
(center of ossification) spongy bone.
bone.
5. Several centers of ossification grow radially and fuse together
together..
6. Primary bone tissue undergoes remodeling and replaced by secondary bone.
bone.
y off compact
p bone (p
(plates)) will arise in the outer pportion off
Then two layers
intramembranous bone and a spongy bone (diplo) occupies the center of the flat
bone..
bone
Epiphyseal plate
The area between the shaft and epiphysis is cartilage tissue called epiphyseal
cartilage, which is responsible for the growth of bone in length, and it
disappears in adults (age 20 years)
years).. The epiphyseal plate consists of five zones
starting from the epiphyseal side:
side:
Restingg zone
zone:: hyaline
y
cartilage
g without morphologic
p g changes
g in the cells
cells..
Proliferating zone:
zone: chondrocytes divide rapidly and form column of stacked
cells parallel to the long axis of the bone.
bone.
Hypertrophic zone:
zone: large chondrocytes whose cytoplasm accumulated glycogen
and the matrix between cells is very thin.
thin.
Calcified cartilage zone
zone:: chondrocytes die and the thin matrix become calcified
by the deposit of hydroxyapatite crystals.
crystals.
Ossification zone
zone:: the bone tissue appears on the surface of calcified cartilage
by osteoblasts from the diaphysis area.
area.
Growtth of the
t bonne in di
diameteer