1 StructuralSteelDesign

. .
Structural Steel Design

textbook

( .) American Institute of Steel and Construction (AISC: ASD Specification)

ASD Specification

..
2545

1
1-1 ........................................................................................................................... 1-1
1-2 ....... 1-5
1-3 .............................................................................................................. 1-6
1-4 ......................................................................................... 1-7
1-5 ..................................................................................................................................... 1-8
1-6 (Design Philosophies).................................................................................... 1-13
1-7 .......................................................................................................................... 1-14
2
2-1 .................................................................................................................................................. 2-1
2-2 (Allowable Tensile Stresses)............................................................................. 2-1
2-3 (Net Areas) .............................................................................................................. 2-2
2-4 (Staggered Hole).............................................................................................. 2-8
2-5 .......................................................................................................... 2-13
3
3-1 ................................................................................................................................................. 3-1
3-2 ............................................................................................................................ 3-1
3-3 ........................................................................... 3-4
3-4 (Residual Stresses)........................................................................................ 3-4
3-5 ................................................................................... 3-7
3-6 ..................................................................................................... 3-11
3-7 .................................................................................................................................. 3-17
3-8 - .................................................................................................. 3-19
3-9 (Column Splices) .............................................................................................................. 3-13
3-10 (Column Base Plate) ..................................................................................................... 3-23
4
4-1 .................................................................................................................................................. 4-1
4-2 .................................................................................................... 4-2
4-3 (Compact Section)............................................................................................... 4-4
4-4 .............................................................................................................. 4-6
4-5 ............................................................................................ 4-13
4-6 .............................................................................................................................................. 4-22
4-7 ........................................................................................................................................... 4-25
4-8 (Bearing Plates) (Stiffener)..................................................... 4-27
iii
4-9 (Unsymmetrical Bending) .................................................................................... 4-37

5
5-1 ................................................................................................................................................. 5-1
5-2 Interaction Beam-Column ............................................................................................... 5-1
5-3 (Moment Amplification) (Moment Modification) 5-4
5-4 Beam-Column ............................................................................. 5-7
5-5 Beam-Columns.............................................................................................................. 5-14
6
6-1 ................................................................................................................................................. 6-1
6-2 ......................................................................................................................... 6-2
6-3 : ................................................................................. 6-5
6-4 : .......................................................................................... 6-14
6-5 ................................................................................................................. 6-20
6-6 ......................................................................................... 6-22
6-7 ....................................................................................................................... 6-26
6-8 ........................................................................................................................ 6-27
7
7-1 ................................................................................................................................................. 7-1
7-2 ...................................................................... 7-1
7-3 ........................................... 7-7
7-4 ......................................................................... 7-11
7-5 .............................................. 7-19
7-6 (Moment- Resisting Connections) .................................................................. 7-25
1 ....................................................................................... A1-1
2 Fa ................................................................................................... A2-1
3 Allowable Stress Design Table .......................................................................... A3-1
iv
Steel Design .. SUT
1-1
1-1
(structural steel) (iron ore) (blast-furnace)
(pig iron)
3 (wrought iron) (steel)
(cast iron)
1. (wrought iron) 0.1% (strength)
(ductility)
2. (steel) (alloy) /
(carbon steel) (alloy steel)
Carbon steel 0.2% 2%
1.2%

Alloy steel
silicon, sulfur, phosphorous, manganese
3. (cast iron) 2.2% 4.5%

1-1 stress-strain

(modulus of elasticity) 2.10(10 6 ) kg/cm 2
1-1.1

1. (strength)
span
2.
3. (elasticity)
4.
5.
stress concentration
6.
Steel Design .. SUT
1-2
1-1

1.

2.

3.
4. (fatigue)
5.

1-1.2
(structural steel)
(ASTM Standard) (JIS Standard) 1-1
ASTM
Steel Design .. SUT
1-3
1-1 ASTM
/
Yielding
Ultimate
ASTM
stress
stress
2
2
( kg/cm )
( kg/cm )
A36
2250-2530
4070-5620

A 53
2100-2460
3370-4210
A 245
1750-2810
3160-3860
A 283
1680-2320

A 501
2530
4070

A 529
2950
4210-5970
A 570
1750-2950
3160-4070

A 242
2950-3510
4430-4920 4 A36
A 440
2950-3510
4430-4920
2 A36
A 441
2810-3510
4210-4920
2 A36
A 572
2950-4570
4210-5620 (sheet pile)

A 588
2950-3510
4420-4920
4 A36
A 514
6320-7030
7030-9140
A 517
6320-7030
7030-9140
A514
1-1.3
(structural steel) (cold-rolled)
(cold-rolled)
Steel Design .. SUT
1-4
moment of inertia
1-3
1-3
1. W (wide-flange sections) H
2. S ( S -sections) I ( I -sections)
W
3. L (angle-sections) (equal-leg angle)
(unequal-leg angle)
4. C
5. T ( T -sections) W ( WT ) I

1. W300x36.7 kg/m W 300 36.7
2. WT125x22.1 kg/cm 2 tees W

125 22.1
3. I250x53.9 kg/m I 250 53.9
4. C200x30.3kg/m C 200 30.3
5. L150x150x12.7 mm L 150 12.7

0.25 mm 6 mm C Z L
1-4 (Cold-formed light-gage steel)

Steel Design .. SUT
1-5
1-4
1-2

(.)
3
1. (Flat and square steel bars) .55-2516
Yielding stress
Ultimate stress
Percent elongation 5.66 A
2,400
3,900
21
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
2. (Hollow sections) .107-2517

3
2 HS 41 HS 50
1-2
1-2 .
Ultimate stress
Percent elongation
Yielding stress
(%)
( kg/cm 2 )
( kg/cm 2 )
2,400
4,100
23
HS 41
3,200
5,000
23
HS 50
3. (Structural steel sections) .116-2529
2 Fe 24 Fe 30 1-3
Steel Design .. SUT
Fe 24
Fe 30
1-6
1-3 .
Yielding stress
Ultimate stress
Percent elongation
(%)
( kg/cm 2 )
( kg/cm 2 )
2,400
4,100
23
3,000
5,000
23
( ...)
1-4 yielding stress
1. 40 yielding
stress 2500 kg/cm 2
2. 40 yielding stress
2200 kg/cm 2
1-4 ...
Modulus of Elasticity, E Shear Modulus, G Poissons Ratio
Coefficient of Thermal
2
2
Expansion ( 10 6 / oC )
( kg/cm )
( kg/cm )
2.10(10 6 )
0.80(10 6 )
0.30
modulus
12
of
elasticity
2.04(10 6 ) kg/cm 2

1
1-3

(planning) (analysis) (design)
(construction)
1-3.1

(safe)
(aesthetic) (economic)

Steel Design .. SUT
1-7
(loads) (deflections)
(vibrations)
1-3.2

(load)
(Design code)
(Design specification)
(Internal force)
(displacement)
1-3.3
(connection)
(strength)
(stability) (deflection) (vibration)
1-3.4

1-4 (Specification and Building Codes)

(specifications) (codes)
codes specifications 2
(building codes) (design codes)
Steel Design .. SUT
1-8
(building code)

(design code)
, Building
Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete American Concrete Institute (ACI), Standard Specifications for
Highway Bridges American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Manual
of Steel Construction American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

1-5 (Loads)
Loads
loads
loads loads
2
(dead loads) (live loads)
1-5.1 (Dead Loads)
dead loads

1-5
1-5
kg/m 3
2,400
kg/m 3
7,800
kg/m 3
1,890
kg/m 3
600
kg/m 3
570
kg/m 2
5-18
kg/m 2
10-20
14-25
kg/m 2
kg/m 2
180-350
kg/m 2
100-200
kg/m 2
100-240
Steel Design .. SUT
1-9
1-5.2 (Live Loads)

live loads

1-5.2.1 (Building loads)
(floor slab)
1-6

section
.. 2522
1-7

1-6 .. 2522
kg/m 2
30
kg/m 2
100
kg/m 2

150
kg/m 2

200
kg/m 2

250
kg/m 2

300

kg/m 2

300

kg/m 2
400

kg/m 2

400

kg/m 2

500

kg/m 2

500
kg/m 2
600
kg/m 2

800
Steel Design .. SUT
1-10
1-7 .. 2522
0
1
0
2
0
3
10
4
20
5
30
6
40
7
50
(impact loads)

Li
Li = Ls (1 + I )
Ls Ls
I impact factor 1-8 AISC
1-8 impact factor
1.0

0.4

0.2
0.5
Hanger
0.33
(crane)

AISC
= 0.1 (+)
= 0.1 ()
1-5.2.2 (Bridge Loads)
1-5
(wheel loads)
Steel Design .. SUT
1-11
1-5

(impact loads) AASHTO

(impact fraction) I
I=
15
0.30
L + 38
L spans
AASHTO
0.1 ()
1-5.2.3 (Wind Loads)

(stiffness)
.. 2522
Steel Design .. SUT
1-12
kg/m 2
- 10
50
kg/m 2
- 10 20
80
kg/m 2
- 20 40
120
kg/m 2
- 40
160
(static) (dynamic) static
(Mean wind
pressure) (windward) (leeward) q
1
q= v2
2
= = 1.2244 kg/m 3
v = (/)

q (kg/m 2 )=0.004816[v(km/h )]2
q
160 km/h

p
1. (exposure) (wind
gust) Ce
2. I w
3. (pressure coefficient) C q
p
1-5.3
building code specification
live loads

Steel Design .. SUT
1-13
1-6 (Design Philosophies)

1-6.1
(elastic design methods)
(working loads service
loads) (allowable stresses)
yielding stress (factor of safety) elastic
design allowable-stress design working-stress design
factor of safety
1.

2.
3.

4.

1-6.2
(plastic design methods)
ductility elastic
(working loads service loads)
factor of safety
plastic design collapse design
1-6.3 Load and Resistance Factor Design
1986 American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
Load and Factor Resistance Design LRFD Limit states of strength
serviceability
LRFD plastic design
loads load factors 1.0 ( loads)
resistance factor (
)
Design strength Summation of the factored load effects
LRFD elastic design live
loads dead loads
Steel Design .. SUT
1-14
1-7

1. (connections)
2.
3.
4.
5.

statically determinate


statically indeterminate

Steel Design .. SUT
2-1
2-1
(tension member)
(trusses) (towers) (bracing system) (sag rods)
(hangers) 2-1
2-1
T centroid (tensile stress)
A f t
ft =
T
A
(buckling)

(allowable tensile stress)
2-2 (Allowable Tensile Stresses)
... Ft 1-1
1-1 ( ...)
( kg/cm 2 )
Ft = 0.60 Fy Ft = 0.50 Fu
(pin holes)
Ft = 0.45 Fy
(eye bars)
(pin connection)
Ft = 0.6 Fy
(threaded steel rods) 2-2
0.7854 D
2.475
D
n
. n
Steel Design .. SUT
2-2
1.
yielding stress
(yielding stress)
(safety factor) 1.67
2.
3 (yield)

(ultimate stress)
safety factor 2.0
2-2
2-3 (Net Areas)

(stress concentration)

(linear elastic) 3
yielding

An Ag
Ahole
An = Ag Ahole
Ahole = t (d i + 3 mm)
i =1
t
d i i
n
Steel Design .. SUT
2-3
3 mm ...
15%
...
85%
An 0.85 Ag
2-3
2-3
section a a (gross area) Ag
Ag = 1.2(20.0) = 24.0 cm 2
section b b (net area) An

An = 24.0 2(2.0) = 20.0 cm 2
... An 0.85 Ag = 0.85(24.0) = 20.4 cm 2

An ...
An = 20.0 cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
2-4
2-1
(steel plate) 20 cm Ex 2-1
19 mm .55-2516 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Fu = 3,900 kg/cm 2
Ag = 20(0.9) = 18.0 cm 2
= 19 + 3 = 22 mm
9 mm 6 mm
An = [20 2(2.2)(0.9) = 14.0 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 15.3 cm 2
Tg Tg
Tg = 0.60 Fy Ag = 0.60(2,400)(18.0) = 25,920 kg
Tn = 0.50 Fu An = 0.50(3,900)(14.0) = 27,300 kg
25,920 kg
Ex 2-1
Steel Design .. SUT
2-5
2-2
T Ex 2-2
.55-2516 22 mm
Ag
Ag = 12.5(1.2) = 15.0 cm 2
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
T = Ag Ft = 15.0(1,440) = 21,600 kg
Ex 2-2
An
= 2.2 + 0.3 = 2.5 cm
An = 1.2(12.5 2.5) = 12.0 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 12.75 cm 2
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(3,900) = 1,950 kg/cm 2
T = An Ft = 12.0(1,950) = 23,400 kg
21,600 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
2-6
2-3
Ex 2-3 22,000 kg
Fe 24 .116-2529 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
22 mm
Ex 2-3
Ag
Ag
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
L90x90x10 17.0 cm 2
ft =
P
22,000
=
= 1,294.1 kg/cm 2 < Ft
Ag
17.0
O.K.
An
An
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(4,100) = 2,050 kg/cm 2
An = Ag ( x )
An = 17.0 1.0(2.2 + 0.3) = 14.5 cm 2 > 0.85 Ag = 14.45 cm 2
An = 14.45 cm 2
ft =
P 22,000
=
= 1,522.5 kg/cm 2 < Ft
An
14.45
22,000 kg
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-7
2-4
W250x72.4 kg/m PL300x10 mm
Ex 2-4 19 mm
.55-2516
Ex 2-4
Ag = 2(30)(1.0) = 60.0 cm 2
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
T = Ag Ft = 60.0(1,440) = 86,400 kg
An = 2[30(1.0) 2(1.9 + 0.3)] = 51.2 cm 2 > 0.85 Ag = 51.0 cm 2
An = 51.0 cm 2
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 3,900 = 1,950 kg/cm 2
T = An Ft = 51.0(1,950) = 99,450 kg
86,400 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
2-8
2-4 (Staggered Hole)

2-3

(zigzag) (net area)
2-4a 2
abe abcd 2-4b
abe
abcd bc
...
s 2 / 4 g (zigzag)
2-4
zigzag n ...
wn
n
i =1
i =1
wn = w g d i +
si2
4gi
wg
d i i 3 mm
n
d
i =1
zigzag
s (pitch distance)
g (gage distance)
s i2
zigzag
i =1 4 g i
n
Steel Design .. SUT
2-9
(steel angles) 2-5

wg
2-5
wg = 120 + 120 8 = 232 mm
gage line g gage line
g = 75 + 50 8 = 117 mm
2-5

I 2-6
2-6
Steel Design .. SUT
2-10
2-5
(net area) Ex 2-5
19 mm
Ex 2-5
line abde abcde
= 1.9 + 0.3 = 2.2 mm
abde = 40 2(2.2) = 36.6 cm
abcde = 40 3(2.2) +
2(7.5) 2
= 35.65 cm
4(12.5)
line abcde
35.65(1.9) = 67.73 cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
2-11
2-6
(allowable tensile load) Ex 2-6
16 mm Fe 24 .116-2529 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
Ex 2-6
L150 100 9 mm
Ag = 21.84 cm 2
wg = 15 + 10 0.9 = 24.1 cm
d i = 1.6 + 0.3 = 1.9 mm
line abdf abceg abcdeg

abdf = 24.1 2(1.9) = 20.3 cm
abceg = 24.1 3(1.9) +
3.75 2
= 19.3 cm
4(3.75)
1/10 d line abceg

9/10 line abceg 10/9

abceg = 19.3(10 / 9) = 21.4 cm
abcdeg = 24.1 4(1.9) +
3.75 2
3.75 2
3.75 2
+
+
= 18.59 cm
4(3.75) 4(7.85) 4(5.0)
abcdeg
An = 0.9(18.59) = 16.73 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 18.56 cm 2
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(4,100) = 2,050 kg/cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
T = An Ft = 16.75(2,050) = 34,290 kg
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2

T = Ag Ft = 21.84(1,440) = 31,450 kg
allowable tensile load 31,450 kg
2-12
Steel Design .. SUT
2-13
2-5

1. (compact)
2.
3. shear lag
An T
An =
T
Ft
Ft An 85% Ag
(sag) (vibration)
ASD specification (slenderness ratio)
(main member)
(secondary member) (bracing)
L
240
r
L
300
r
L r = I / A radius of gyration
Steel Design .. SUT
2-14
2-7
1.75 m 30,000 kg
22 mm
. 55-2516 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 Fu = 3,900 kg/cm 2
Ag =
T
30,000
=
= 20.83 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2400)
30,000
= 15.39 cm 2
0.5(3900)
... An / Ag = 15.39 / 20.83 = 0.739 < 0.85 An = 15.39 cm 2
An =
Ag = An + Ahole
20.83 = 15.39 + (2.2 + 0.3)t
t = 2.18 cm
2.54 cm
20.83
= 8.2 cm
2.54
2.54 cm 8.5 cm
wg =
(slenderness ratio)
I min
8.5(2.54 3 )
=
= 11.61 cm 4 A = 2.54(8.5) = 21.59 cm 2
12
I
11.61
rmin = min =
= 0.733 cm
A
21.59
L 175
=
= 239 < 240
rmin 0.733
O.K.
2-8
2.5 m 30,000 kg
.107-2517 Fy = 2,400
kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
Ag =
T
30,000
=
= 20.83 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2,400)
150 4.5 mm A = 22.70 cm 2 r = 5.68 cm

L
rmin
250
=
= 44.0 < 240
5.68
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-15
2-9
double angle 4.5 m
Ex 2-9 20,000 kg .116-2529 Fy = 2,400
kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
Ex 2-9
Ag =
T
20,000
=
= 13.89 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2,400)
20,000
= 9.76 cm 2
0.5(4,100)
... An / Ag = 9.76 / 13.89 = 0.70 < 0.85 An = 9.76 cm 2
An =
Ag = An + Ahole
13.89 = 9.76 + (1.9 + 0.3)t = 9.76 + 2.2t

L
450
=
= 1.875 cm
240 240
L 2L 65 65 5.91 kg/m
rmin =
Ag A = 2(7.527) = 15.05 cm 2
rx = 2(1.98) = 3.96 cm
2(1.98 + 7.527(1.81) 2 )
ry =
15.05
1/ 2
= 1.882 cm > rmin
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-16
2-10
Fink truss truss truss 6 m
W150 21.1 kg/m Ex 2-10 sag rod
sag rod tie rod Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
30 kg/m 2
21.1 kg/m
50 kg/m 2
Ex 2-10
:
= 6(14.18) = 85.08 m 2
= (30 + 50)85.08 = 6,806.4 kg
= 9(6)21.1 = 1,139.4 kg
= 6,806.4 + 1,139.4 = 7,945.8 kg 7,950 kg
sag rod:
sag rod
free body diagram Ex 2-10b T = 7950 sin 14.92 o = 2,046.9 kg
sag rod
Ag =
2,046.9
= 1.42 cm 2
0.60(2,400)
Steel Design .. SUT
2-17
sag rod 15 mm A = 1.77 cm 2
14.18
= 1.773 m
8
I
d 4 / 64 d 1.5
=
= =
= 0.375 cm
A
4
4
d 2 / 4
KL 1(177.3)
=
= 472.8 > 300
r
0.375
radius of gyration r =
KL 1(177.3)
=
= 283.7 < 300
r
2.5 / 4
No.K.
O.K.
tie rod:
sag rod
free body diagram Ex 2-10c T = 2,118.3 kg
sag rod
2,118.3
= 1.47 cm 2
0.60(2,400)
Ag =
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-18
2-11
bottom chord EX 2-11
truss truss 6 m
truss W150 21.1 kg/m Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2

30 kg/m 2
21.1 kg/m
50 kg/m 2
EX 2-11
:
= 6.0(12.0) = 72.0 m 2
= (30 + 50)82.0 = 5,760 kg
= 9(6)21.1 = 1,139.4 kg
= 5,760 + 1,139.4 = 6,899.4 kg 6,900 kg
10% = 690 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
2-19
5760
690
+ 6(21.1) +
= 720 + 126.6 + 86.3 = 932.9 kg 933 kg
8
8
720
86.3
+ 126.6 +
= 529.75 kg 530 kg
2
2
EX 2-10b
bottom chord:
bottom chord bottom chord
bottom chord
IJ
FIJ = 9,390 kg
Ag =
T
9,390
=
= 6.52 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2400)
65 3.2 mm A = 7.33 cm 2 r = 2.58 cm
rmin
150
=
= 58.1 < 240
2.58
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-1
2-1
(tension member)
(trusses) (towers) (bracing system) (sag rods)
(hangers) 2-1
2-1
T centroid (tensile stress)
A f t
ft =
T
A
(buckling)

2-2 (Allowable Tensile Stresses)
... Ft 1-1
1-1 ( ...)
( kg/cm 2 )
Ft = 0.60 Fy Ft = 0.50 Fu
(pin holes)
Ft = 0.45 Fy
(eye bars)
(pin connection)
Ft = 0.6 Fy
(threaded steel rods) 2-2
0.7854 D
2.475
D
n
. n
Steel Design .. SUT
2-2
1.
yielding stress
(yielding stress)
(safety factor) 1.67
2.
3 (yield)

(ultimate stress)
safety factor 2.0
2-2
2-3 (Net Areas)

(stress concentration)

(linear elastic) 3
yielding

An Ag
Ahole
An = Ag Ahole
Ahole = t (d i + 3 mm)
i =1
t
d i i
n
Steel Design .. SUT
2-3
3 mm ...
15%
...
85%
An 0.85 Ag
2-3
2-3
section a a (gross area) Ag
Ag = 1.2(20.0) = 24.0 cm 2
section b b (net area) An

An = 24.0 2(2.0) = 20.0 cm 2
... An 0.85 Ag = 0.85(24.0) = 20.4 cm 2

An ...
An = 20.0 cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
2-4
2-1
(steel plate) 20 cm Ex 2-1
19 mm .55-2516 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Fu = 3,900 kg/cm 2
Ag = 20(0.9) = 18.0 cm 2
= 19 + 3 = 22 mm
9 mm 6 mm
An = [20 2(2.2)(0.9) = 14.0 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 15.3 cm 2
Tg Tg
Tg = 0.60 Fy Ag = 0.60(2,400)(18.0) = 25,920 kg
Tn = 0.50 Fu An = 0.50(3,900)(14.0) = 27,300 kg
25,920 kg
Ex 2-1
Steel Design .. SUT
2-5
2-2
T Ex 2-2
.55-2516 22 mm
Ag
Ag = 12.5(1.2) = 15.0 cm 2
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
T = Ag Ft = 15.0(1,440) = 21,600 kg
Ex 2-2
An
= 2.2 + 0.3 = 2.5 cm
An = 1.2(12.5 2.5) = 12.0 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 12.75 cm 2
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(3,900) = 1,950 kg/cm 2
T = An Ft = 12.0(1,950) = 23,400 kg
21,600 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
2-6
2-3
Ex 2-3 22,000 kg
Fe 24 .116-2529 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
22 mm
Ex 2-3
Ag
Ag
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
L90x90x10 17.0 cm 2
ft =
P
22,000
=
= 1,294.1 kg/cm 2 < Ft
Ag
17.0
O.K.
An
An
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(4,100) = 2,050 kg/cm 2
An = Ag ( x )
An = 17.0 1.0(2.2 + 0.3) = 14.5 cm 2 > 0.85 Ag = 14.45 cm 2
An = 14.45 cm 2
ft =
P 22,000
=
= 1,522.5 kg/cm 2 < Ft
An
14.45
22,000 kg
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-7
2-4
W250x72.4 kg/m PL300x10 mm
Ex 2-4 19 mm
.55-2516
Ex 2-4
Ag = 2(30)(1.0) = 60.0 cm 2
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
T = Ag Ft = 60.0(1,440) = 86,400 kg
An = 2[30(1.0) 2(1.9 + 0.3)] = 51.2 cm 2 > 0.85 Ag = 51.0 cm 2
An = 51.0 cm 2
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 3,900 = 1,950 kg/cm 2
T = An Ft = 51.0(1,950) = 99,450 kg
86,400 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
2-8
2-4 (Staggered Hole)

2-3

(zigzag) (net area)
2-4a 2
abe abcd 2-4b
abe
abcd bc
...
s 2 / 4 g (zigzag)
2-4
zigzag n ...
wn
n
i =1
i =1
wn = w g d i +
si2
4gi
wg
d i i 3 mm
n
d
i =1
zigzag
s (pitch distance)
g (gage distance)
s i2
zigzag
i =1 4 g i
n
Steel Design .. SUT
2-9
(steel angles) 2-5

wg
2-5
wg = 120 + 120 8 = 232 mm
gage line g gage line
g = 75 + 50 8 = 117 mm
2-5

I 2-6
2-6
Steel Design .. SUT
2-10
2-5
(net area) Ex 2-5
19 mm
Ex 2-5
line abde abcde
= 1.9 + 0.3 = 2.2 mm
abde = 40 2(2.2) = 36.6 cm
abcde = 40 3(2.2) +
2(7.5) 2
= 35.65 cm
4(12.5)
line abcde
35.65(1.9) = 67.73 cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
2-11
2-6
(allowable tensile load) Ex 2-6
16 mm Fe 24 .116-2529 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
Ex 2-6
L150 100 9 mm
Ag = 21.84 cm 2
wg = 15 + 10 0.9 = 24.1 cm
d i = 1.6 + 0.3 = 1.9 mm
line abdf abceg abcdeg

abdf = 24.1 2(1.9) = 20.3 cm
abceg = 24.1 3(1.9) +
3.75 2
= 19.3 cm
4(3.75)
1/10 d line abceg

9/10 line abceg 10/9

abceg = 19.3(10 / 9) = 21.4 cm
abcdeg = 24.1 4(1.9) +
3.75 2
3.75 2
3.75 2
+
+
= 18.59 cm
4(3.75) 4(7.85) 4(5.0)
abcdeg
An = 0.9(18.59) = 16.73 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 18.56 cm 2
Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(4,100) = 2,050 kg/cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
T = An Ft = 16.75(2,050) = 34,290 kg
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2

T = Ag Ft = 21.84(1,440) = 31,450 kg
allowable tensile load 31,450 kg
2-12
Steel Design .. SUT
2-13
2-5

1. (compact)
2.
3. shear lag
An T
An =
T
Ft
Ft An 85% Ag
(sag) (vibration)
ASD specification (slenderness ratio)
(main member)
(secondary member) (bracing)
L
240
r
L
300
r
L r = I / A radius of gyration
Steel Design .. SUT
2-14
2-7
1.75 m 30,000 kg
22 mm
. 55-2516 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 Fu = 3,900 kg/cm 2
Ag =
T
30,000
=
= 20.83 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2400)
30,000
= 15.39 cm 2
0.5(3900)
... An / Ag = 15.39 / 20.83 = 0.739 < 0.85 An = 15.39 cm 2
An =
Ag = An + Ahole
20.83 = 15.39 + (2.2 + 0.3)t
t = 2.18 cm
2.54 cm
20.83
= 8.2 cm
2.54
2.54 cm 8.5 cm
wg =
(slenderness ratio)
I min
8.5(2.54 3 )
=
= 11.61 cm 4 A = 2.54(8.5) = 21.59 cm 2
12
I
11.61
rmin = min =
= 0.733 cm
A
21.59
L 175
=
= 239 < 240
rmin 0.733
O.K.
2-8
2.5 m 30,000 kg
.107-2517 Fy = 2,400
kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
Ag =
T
30,000
=
= 20.83 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2,400)
150 4.5 mm A = 22.70 cm 2 r = 5.68 cm

L
rmin
250
=
= 44.0 < 240
5.68
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-15
2-9
double angle 4.5 m
Ex 2-9 20,000 kg .116-2529 Fy = 2,400
kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2
Ex 2-9
Ag =
T
20,000
=
= 13.89 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2,400)
20,000
= 9.76 cm 2
0.5(4,100)
... An / Ag = 9.76 / 13.89 = 0.70 < 0.85 An = 9.76 cm 2
An =
Ag = An + Ahole
13.89 = 9.76 + (1.9 + 0.3)t = 9.76 + 2.2t

L
450
=
= 1.875 cm
240 240
L 2L 65 65 5.91 kg/m
rmin =
Ag A = 2(7.527) = 15.05 cm 2
rx = 2(1.98) = 3.96 cm
2(1.98 + 7.527(1.81) 2 )
ry =
15.05
1/ 2
= 1.882 cm > rmin
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-16
2-10
Fink truss truss truss 6 m
W150 21.1 kg/m Ex 2-10 sag rod
sag rod tie rod Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
30 kg/m 2
21.1 kg/m
50 kg/m 2
Ex 2-10
:
= 6(14.18) = 85.08 m 2
= (30 + 50)85.08 = 6,806.4 kg
= 9(6)21.1 = 1,139.4 kg
= 6,806.4 + 1,139.4 = 7,945.8 kg 7,950 kg
sag rod:
sag rod
free body diagram Ex 2-10b T = 7950 sin 14.92 o = 2,046.9 kg
sag rod
Ag =
2,046.9
= 1.42 cm 2
0.60(2,400)
Steel Design .. SUT
2-17
14.18
= 1.773 m
8
I
d 4 / 64 d 1.5
=
= =
= 0.375 cm
A
4
4
d 2 / 4
KL 1(177.3)
=
= 472.8 > 300
r
0.375
radius of gyration r =
KL 1(177.3)
=
= 283.7 < 300
r
2.5 / 4
No.K.
O.K.
tie rod:
sag rod
free body diagram Ex 2-10c T = 2,118.3 kg
sag rod
2,118.3
= 1.47 cm 2
0.60(2,400)
Ag =
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
2-18
2-11
bottom chord EX 2-11
truss truss 6 m
truss W150 21.1 kg/m Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 Fu = 4,100 kg/cm 2

30 kg/m 2
21.1 kg/m
50 kg/m 2
EX 2-11
:
= 6.0(12.0) = 72.0 m 2
= (30 + 50)82.0 = 5,760 kg
= 9(6)21.1 = 1,139.4 kg
= 5,760 + 1,139.4 = 6,899.4 kg 6,900 kg
10% = 690 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
2-19
5760
690
+ 6(21.1) +
= 720 + 126.6 + 86.3 = 932.9 kg 933 kg
8
8
720
86.3
+ 126.6 +
= 529.75 kg 530 kg
2
2
EX 2-10b
bottom chord:
bottom chord bottom chord
bottom chord
IJ
FIJ = 9,390 kg
Ag =
T
9,390
=
= 6.52 cm 2
0.60 Fy 0.60(2400)
65 3.2 mm A = 7.33 cm 2 r = 2.58 cm
rmin
150
=
= 58.1 < 240
2.58
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
3-1
3-1
(compression members)

(truss) (flange) centroid
(axial compression loads)
(tension members)
1.
(lateral buckling)
2.
(slenderness)

(slenderness ratio)
slenderness ratio =
L
r
L
r = I / A radius of gyration
I moment of inertia
A
()
(bending moment) (eccentricity)
,
, (residual stresses),
3-2 (Buckling of Column)
1757 Leonard Euler
(isotropic) (homogeneous)
(linear elastic) (pins)
Euler
Pcr =
Pcr =
E = modulus of elasticity
2 EI
L2
Steel Design .. SUT
I = moment of inertia
L =
Pcr 2 EI
f cr =
=
A
AL2
r 2 = I / A radius of gyration
f cr =
2E
(L / r) 2
f cr = f cr < F pl ( Fy F pl )
r = radius of gyration
L / r (slenderness ratio) flexibility
3-2
Steel Design .. SUT
3-3
3-1
W310 84.5 kg/m 6.0 m
100,000 kg E = 2.1(10 6 ) kg/cm 2
W310 84.5 rmin = ry = 7.16 cm
600
L
= 83.8
=
r max 7.16
Pcr =
2 EA 2 (2.1)(10 6 )107.7
=
= 317,868 kg 317.8 tons
(L / r) 2
83.8 2

317,868 / 100,000 = 3.18
Steel Design .. SUT
3-4
3-3 (Effects of Residual Stresses)

(residual stresses)
40 120
residual stresses
W flanges web
flanges web
flanges web

flanges web flanges
web (residual tensile stresses)
(residual compressive stresses) flanges
web residual stresses 690 1,030 kg/cm 2
residual stresses
A36 3-1a residual stresses 12 ksi ( 844 kg/cm 2 )
3-1b (compression test) - 24 ksi ( 1,688
kg/cm 2 )
3-1c flanges residual compressive stresses - 36 ksi
( -2532 kg/cm 2 ) flanges residual tensile stresses
- 12 ksi ( - 844 kg/cm 2 )
3-1
residual compressive stresses ( flanges)
yielding stresses 3-1d
stiffness stress-strain curve
nonlinear 3-2 nonlinear
yielding stress
yielding stress stress-strain curve
3-4 ...
Euler

Steel Design .. SUT
3-5
3-3
centroid , , residual stresses,

3-2
3-3

3 (long column), (short column), intermediate column
(lateral buckling)
proportional limit elastic buckling
yielding stress

Intermediate column yielding

stress yielding
inelastic buckling
Steel Design .. SUT
3-6
... 2 elastic inelastic

3-4 elastic inelastic
( KL / r ) c residual stresses yielding stress
Euler Fy / 2
Fy
Euler
Fy
2
2E
( KL / r ) 2
( KL / r ) c =
2 2 E
Fy
( KL / r ) c yielding stress Fy = 2,500 kg/cm 2

modulus of elasticity E = 2.10(10 6 ) kg/cm 2 129
elastic ( KL / r ) c < KL / r < 200 Euler
( factor of safety) 23/12
Fa =
inelastic
12 2 E
23( KL / r ) 2
KL KL
<
parabola
r c
r
1 ( KL / r ) 2
1
Fy
2 ( KL / r ) c2
Fa =
F.S.

...
5 3 ( KL / r ) 1 ( KL / r ) 3
F.S. = +
3 8 ( KL / r ) c 8 ( KL / r ) 3c
F.S. = 5/3 1.67 KL / r = 0 F.S. = 23/12

1.92 KL / r = ( KL / r ) c
plot column design curve 3-4
...
200 (secondary member) (bracing)
... 300
( KL / r ) 120 ...
Fas = Fa 1.6 [L / 200r ]
Steel Design .. SUT
3-7
3-4
3-5 (Effective Lengths)
Euler L
moment (end restraints)

Euler L (inflection points)
Le (effective length)
3-5
1. pins 3-5a Le = L
2. 3-5b Le = 2 L
3. 3-5c Le = 0.5L
4. 3-5d Le = 0.7 L
Le
Le = KL
K effective length factor L Euler

2 EI
Pcr =
( KL) 2
f cr =
2E
( KL / r ) 2
KL / r (effective slenderness ratio)

...
K factor 3-1
Steel Design .. SUT
3-8
3-5
3-1 K factor ( ...)
(bracing)
3-6a
Steel Design .. SUT
3-9
K factor 1.0
3-6b K factor 1.0
3-6
Steel Design .. SUT
3-10
3-2
W350 115 kg/m 6.0 m EX 3-2
Fy = 2,500 kg/cm 2 E = 2.1(10 6 ) kg/cm 2
EX 3-2
K = 1.0
=
KL KL 1.0(600)
=
=
= 68.3
rmin
ry
8.78
KL
=
r c
2 2 E
=
Fy
2 2 (2.1)10 6
= 128.8
2,500
( KL / r ) c
1 ( KL / r ) 2
F
1
2 y
2
(
KL
/
r
)
c
Fa =
F.S.
5 3 ( KL / r ) 1 ( KL / r ) 3 5 3 (68.3) 1 (68.3) 3
F.S. = +
= +
= 1.847
3 8 ( KL / r ) c 8 ( KL / r ) 3c 3 8 (128.8) 8 (128.8) 3
1 (68.3) 2
2,500
1
2 (128.8) 2
Fa =
= 1,163.2 kg/cm 2
1.847
P = Fa A = 1,163.2(146.0) = 169,833 kg 169.8 tons
Steel Design .. SUT
3-11
3-6
3-7

3-7

I W (flanges) (webs)
flanges webs local buckling
3-8
I W
Appendix B ASD Specification
ASD specification b t flange d
t w web flange web local buckling
flange web 2 (stiffened element) -
(unstiffened element)
3-9
ASD specification 3
1. (compact sections)
plastic stress
flange web
3-2
Steel Design .. SUT
3-12
2. (noncompact sections)
yielding
flange web
3-2
3-8
3-9
Steel Design .. SUT
3-13
3. (slender compression elements)

elastic ASD
specification
Appendix B ASD Specification
I W 3-2
b t flange
b 796
t
Fy
d t w web
d 2,121
tw
Fy
KL
P
1. KL / r 50 100
2. Fa
3. Areq 'd = P / Fa
4. Fa
Pa Pa P
Pa P

Steel Design .. SUT
3-14
3-2 (ASD specification)
I
C
b/t
545 / Fy
796 / Fy
b/t
NA
796 / Fy
d /t
NA
1,065 / Fy
b/t
NA
637 / Fy
b/t
1,593 / Fy
1,995 / Fy
b/t
h / tw
NA
2,121 / Fy
d /t
h / tw
5,366 / Fy
6,371 / Fb
d / tw
f a / Fy 0.16 ;
;
; stiffener
plate girders
T
; (cover
plate)
f
5366
1 3.74 a
Fy
Fy
f a / Fy > 0.16 ;
2,155 / Fy
h / tw
6,371 / Fb
D/t
27,667 / Fy
Steel Design .. SUT
3-15
3-3
W350 115 3-3
b 348 / 2
=
= 10.875
t
16
796
796
=
= 15.92 > 10.875
Fy
2,500
d 344
=
= 34.4
tw
10
2,121
2,121
=
= 42.42 > 34.4
2500
Fy
W350 115
O.K.
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
3-16
3-4
6.5 m
250 tons W350 Fy = 3,200 kg/cm 2
1. KL / r
KL / r = 50
2. Fa
2
Fa = 1,581.2 kg/cm 2
3.
250,000
= 158.1 cm 2
1,581.2
2 W350 131 kg/m A = 166.6 cm 2 ry = 8.43 cm
Areq 'd =
4.
KL 1(650)
=
= 77.1
ry
8.43
2
Fa = 1,298.6 (1,289.6 1,287.0)0.1 = 1,297.4 kg/cm 2
Pa = 1,297.4(166.6) = 216,146 kg < 250,000 kg

W350 156 kg/m A = 198.4 cm 2 ry = 8.53 cm
KL 1(650)
=
= 76.2
ry
8.53
Fa = 1,310.2 (1,310.2 1,298.6)0.2 = 1,307.9 kg/cm 2
Pa = 1,307.9(198.4) = 259,487 kg > 250,000 kg
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
3-17
3-7
(minor axis)
3-12
KL
(major axis)
3-12a 3-12b
3-12
trial and error
1. KL / r 50 100
2. Fa
3. Areq 'd = P / Fa
KL
KL
4.
r x
r y
5. Fa Pa Pa
P Pa
P
Steel Design .. SUT
3-18
3-5
Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 130,000 kg
effective length K x Lx = 8.0 m K y L y = 4.0 m W300
1. KL / r
KL / r = 50
2. Fa
2
Fa = 1,231.1 kg/cm 2
5.
130,000
= 105.6 cm 2
1,231.1
3. 2 W300 84.5 kg/m A = 107.7 cm 2 rx =
Areq 'd =
12.5 cm ry = 7.16 cm
4. (KL / r )x (KL / r ) y
1(800)
KL
= 64.0
=
12.5
r x
1(400)
KL
= 55.9
=
7.16
r y
(KL / r )x
5. Fa
2
Fa = 1,147.1 kg/cm 2
Pa = 1,147.1(107.7) = 123,542 kg < 130,000 kg

W300 87.0 kg/m A = 110.8 cm 2 rx = 13.0 cm ry = 7.51 cm
1(800)
1(400)
KL
KL
= 61.5
= 53.3
=
=
13.0
7.51
r x
r y
1,159.7 + 1,153.4
Fa =
= 1,156.5 kg/cm 2
2
Pa = 1,156.5(110.8) = 128,140.2 kg < 130,000 kg
W300 94.0 kg/m
Steel Design .. SUT
3-19
3-8 -
effective length factor K factor 3-1
K
K K
(sidesway)
(diagonal bracing) (shear wall) 3-13 K
frame (a) (d) 3-1
K K 3-1 ...
K factor alignment chart 3-14 2
(sidesway prevented) (sidesway uninhibited)
3-13
Charts T.C. Kavanagh girders
(rotational stiffness) girders
structural analysis rotational stiffness moment
4 EI / L
girders
4 EI
for columns
L
G=
=
4 EI
L for girders
Ic
Ig
alignment charts
1. preliminary design K 3-1
2. alignment chart
3. G G A G B
Steel Design .. SUT
3-20
4. G A G B K chart
3-14
Structural Stability Research Council alignment charts
1. G 10
2. G 1.0
3. girders girders
girders
factor 3-3
3-3 G girders
girders
girders
1.5
girders
2.0
0.5
0.67
Steel Design .. SUT
3-21
3-6
Ex 3-6
K AB BC
Ex 3-6
AB :
A
Ic
16,900 20,400
+
c x
3.5 = 10,657.1 = 0.42
GA =
= 3.5
68,700 77,600 25,559.1
Ig
+
L
6
5.5
g x
B
Ic
20,400 20,400
+
c x
3
.
5
4.5 = 10,361.9 = 0.41
GB =
=
68,700 77,600 25,559.1
Ig
+
L
6
5.5
g x
alignment chart G A = 0.42 G B = 0.41 K x = 1.14
AB
BC :
B
G B = 0.41
C
Structural Stability Research Council
GC = 10
alignment chart G B = 0.41 GC = 10 K x = 1.75 BC
Steel Design .. SUT
3-22
3-7
BC W300 94.0 kg/m A = 119.8 cm 2 rx = 13.1 cm ry = 7.51 cm
3-6
girder B W600 94.6 kg/m
6 m Fy = 2400 kg/cm 2
B
Ic
6,750 6,750
+
c y
4.5 = 3,428.6 = 0.15
= 3.5
GB =
68,700 68,700 22,900
Ig
+
L
6
6
g x
Structural Stability Research Council

GC = 10
alignment chart G B = 0.15 GC = 10 K y = 0.74
1.75(450)
0.74(450)
KL
KL
= 60.1
= 44.3
=
=
13.1
7.51
r x
r y
(KL / r )x
Fa
2
Fa = 1,172.1 (1,172.1 1,165.9)0.1 = 1,171.5 kg/cm 2
Pa = 1,171.5(119.8) = 140,345 kg 140.3 tons
Steel Design .. SUT
3-23
3-9 (Column Splices)

3-15

moment 0.5

(tension spices)
(compression splices)

3-15a

3-15b
(bearing plate)
3-15
3-10 (Column Base Plate)

(bearing stress) (column base
plate) 3-16 ...
0.45 f c ... .. 2522
0.375 f c
A1 A2

Steel Design .. SUT
3-24
ASD specification
Fp 2
1. A1 A2
F p = 0.35 f c
2. A1 A2
F p = 0.35 f c
A2
0.70 f c
A1
3-16
3-17 P
f p = P / A1
... moment
0.80b f 0.95d
1 moment
n
M = f pn
2
n f pn
=
2
2
m
2
m f pm
M = f pm =
2
2
Steel Design .. SUT
3-25
3-17
Section modulus 1
1 t3
I
t2
=
=
c 12 t / 2 6
Mc / I = M / S
S=
m
f p (m 2 / 2) 3 f p m 2
M
=
=
Fb =
S
t2 /6
t2
3 f pm2
t=
Fb
... Fb = 0.75 Fy
t = 2m
fp
Fy
n
t = 2n
fp
Fy
m = n
Steel Design .. SUT
3-26
3-8
(bearing plate) 140,300 kg BC
W300 94.0 kg/m 3-5 b f = 30.0 cm , d = 30.0 cm 50 cm
50 cm Ex 3-8 .107-2517
Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2 f c = 210 kg/cm 2
Ex 3-8
:
edge distance 2.5 cm
A1 = (50 5) 2 = 2,025 cm 2
A2 = (50) 2 = 2,500 cm 2
A2
2,500
= 0.35(210)
= 81.67 kg/cm 2 0.70 f c = 147.0kg/cm 2
A1
2,025
140,300
= 1,717.9 cm 2
=
81.67
45 cm 45 cm ( A = 2,025 cm 2 )
F p = 0.35 f c
fp =
140,300
= 69.3 kg/cm 2
2,025
n=
45 24
45 28.5
= 10.5 cm > m =
= 8.25 cm
2
2
t=
3 f pn2
Fb
PL 450 450 36 mm
3(69.3)10.5 2
= 3.57 cm
0.75(2,400)
Steel Design .. SUT
3-27
(Eccentric Load)
()
3-18

P Mc
P
6M
A
I
BN BN 2
e = M / P = N / 6
fp =
2 P / BN 3-18a
t
N / 6 < e N / 2
3-18b e > N / 2
3-18c T
P + T
3-18d t
Fy = 0 M = 0
3-18
Steel Design .. SUT
3-28
3-9
W250 66.4 kg/m Fe 24 .116-2529
P = 40,000 kg M = 6,000 kg - m Ex 3-9a
37.5 50.0 cm 1/3
(base plate)
f c = 210 kg/cm 2
EX 3-9
e =
6,000(100)
= 15.0 cm
40,000
N 50.0
N
=
= 8.33 cm < e <
= 25.0 cm
6
6
2
fp =
P
6M
40,000 6(6,000)(100)
=
+
= 59.7 kg/cm 2
2
2
BN BN
37.5(50)
37.5(50 )
F p = 0.35 f c
A2
= 0.35(210) 3 = 127.3 kg/cm 2 0.70 f c = 147.0kg/cm 2
A1

Ex 3-9
12 mm
kD
=0
40,000 =
1
1
(kD) Bf p = (kD)37.5(59.7)
2
2
kD = 35.7 cm
12.5 cm

59.7
= 39.8 kg/cm 2
37.5
12.5 1
kg - cm
2
M = 39.8(12.5)
+ (59.7 39.8)12.5 12.5 = 4,145.8
2
2
cm
3
= (37.5 12.5)
Steel Design .. SUT
I (1)t 3 2 t 2
=
=
c
12 t
6
Fb = 0.75Fy = 0.75(2,400) = 1,800 kg/cm 2
1 cm , section modulus =
t 2 4,145.8
=
6
1,800
t = 3.71 cm
PL 375 500 37.5 mm
3-29
Steel Design .. SUT
3-30
3-10
Ex 3-9 P = 84,000 kg M = 16,800 kg - m
(base plate) Fe 30
3-10
e =
15,360(100)
N 50.0
N
=
= 8.33 cm < e <
= 25.0 cm
= 20.0 cm
6
6
2
76,800
fp =
P
6M
76,800 6(15,360)(100)
=
+
= 139.2 kg/cm 2
2
2
BN BN
37.5(50)
37.5(50 )
F p = 0.35 f c
A2
= 0.35(210) 3 = 127.3 kg/cm 2 < f p
A1
Ex 3-10
kD
76,800(20 +
50
1
kD 1
kD
6.25) = (kD) BF p 43.75

= (kD)37.5(127.3) 43.75
2
2
3 2
3
kD
2,976,000 = 2,386.875kD 43.75

3
795.625(kD) 2 104425.781kD + 2,976,000 = 0

kD = 41.8 cm
1
(127.3)(41.8)37.5 76,800 = 22,972 kg
2
6-3 A307 1,400 kg/cm 2
T=
22,972
= 16.41 cm 2 A307 25 mm 4
1,400
7.5 cm center-to-center
Steel Design .. SUT
3-31
12.5 cm

127.3
= 89.2 kg/cm 2
41.8
12.5 1
kg - cm
2
M = 89.2(12.5)
+ (127.3 89.2)12.5 12.5 = 8,953.1
2
2
cm
3
3
2
I (1)t 2 t
=
1 cm , section modulus = =
c
12 t
6
Fe 30 Fb = 0.75Fy = 0.75(3,000) = 2,250 kg/cm 2
= (41.8 12.5)
t 2 8,953.1
=
6
2,250
t = 4.89 cm
Fe 30 PL 375 500 50 mm
Steel Design .. SUT
4-1
4-1
(beams)
(joists) (purlins) (lintels) (spandrel beams)
(stringers) (floor beam) (girders)
W , I , (box section), C
W (flanges) I
W moment of inertia I

C (lateral
forces) (sag rods)
M (neutral axis)
4-1 (linear elastic)

4-1b (flexural stress) (flexural
formula)
fb =
Mc
I
c
I moment of inertia
4-1
I / c section modulus S
fb =
M
S
Steel Design .. SUT
4-2

yield stress 4-1c moment
yield moment M y yield moment
yield stress
yield stress
4-1d 4-1e yield stress
plastic hinge 4-1f
plastic hinge plastic moment M p
4-2 (Flexural Formula)
1.
2. (crippling)
(buckling) (lateral support )
3. (deflection) (building code)
(allowable stress design)

(allowable bending stress) Fb ( Fb section 43)
Fb =
M max
S

S=
M max
Fb
Steel Design .. SUT
4-3
4-1
W (simply-supported beam)
9.0 m Ex 4-1 (live load) 1,000 kg/m
(allowable bending stress) Fb = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Ex 4-1
100 kg/m
w = 1,000 + 100 = 1,100 kg/m
M max =
wL2 1,100(9 2 )
=
= 11,138 kg - m
8
8
S req 'd =
M max 11,138(100)
=
= 773.5 cm 3
Fb
1,440
W250 66.5 kg/m S x = 801 cm 3

W300 65.4 kg/m S x = 893 cm 3
W350 49.6 kg/m S x = 775 cm 3
W350 57.8 kg/m S x = 909 cm 3
W350 49.6 kg/m S x = 775 cm 3

Steel Design .. SUT
4-4
4-3 (Compact Section)

(flanges) (webs)
(buckling) 4-2
4-2
ASD specification 3 (compact
sections) (noncompact sections) (slender
compression elements)
plastic hinge
local buckling ASD specification

1. (stiffened element) -
box beam
b
1,593 / Fy
tf
b stiffened element
2. (unstiffened element) -
W I
b
545 / Fy
tf
d
5,366 / Fy
tw
Steel Design .. SUT
4-5
( section 4-4)
(major axis)
Fb = 0.66 Fy
(minor axis) I
Fb = 0.75 Fy
yielding
local buckling (
section 4-4)
Fb = 0.60 Fy
flanges web
(partially compact section) 4-3
ASD specification
b
Fb = Fy 0.790 0.000238
2t
f
Fy
b
Fb = Fy 1.075 0.000596
2t
Fy
4-3
local buckling yielding

Appendix B ASD Manual
Steel Design .. SUT
4-6
4-4
(compression flange)
(lateral supports)

,
, ,
()

W , I , C v
u lateraltorsional buckling 4-4
4-4

()

4-5
X-bracing
X-bracing
Steel Design .. SUT
4-7
ASD specification L Lc
Lc
Lc =
637b f
Fy
Lc =
1.41(10 6 )
Fy ( d / A f )
L Lc cm , b f cm , A f
cm 2
Fb = 0.66 Fy
... Fb 0.60 Fy
4-5
Steel Design .. SUT
4-8
4-2
(simply-supported beam) 7.5 m
W
5,000 kg/m .116-2529
Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
100 kg/m
w = 5,000 + 100 = 5,100 kg/m
M max =
wL2 5,100(7.5 2 )
=
= 35,860 kg - m
8
8

Fb = 0.66(2,400) = 1,584 kg/cm 2
section modulus
S req 'd =
M max 35,860(100)
=
= 2,263.9 cm 3
1,584
Fb
W350 137 kg/m S x = 2,300 cm 3

W400 140 kg/m S x = 2,520 cm 3
W450 124 kg/m S x = 2,550 cm 3
W500 114 kg/m S x = 2,500 cm 3
W600 94.6 kg/m S x = 2,310 cm 3

W450 124 kg/m S x = 2,550 cm 3
section modulus
M max =
wL2 5,124(7.5 2 )
=
= 36,028 kg - m
8
8
section modulus
S req 'd =
M max 36,028(100)
=
= 2,274.5 cm 3 < 2,550 cm 3
Fb
1,584
(unstiffened element) W
b 30 / 2
=
= 8.33
tf
1.8
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
545
Fy
545
2400
= 11.12 > 8.33
d 44
=
= 40.0
t w 1.1
5,366 5,366
=
= 109.53 > 40.0
Fy
2400
Fb = 0.66 Fy
4-9
O.K.
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-10
4-3
Ex 4-3 (dead load)
(live load) 200 kg/m 2 (span)
7.50 m W .116-2529 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Ex 4-3
:
2,400 kg
= 0.10(2,400) = 240 kg/m 2
= 200 kg/m 2
= 240 + 200 = 440 kg/m 2
2 m
= (2)440 = 880 kg/m
50 kg/m
w = 880 + 50 = 930 kg/m
M max
wL2 930(7.5 2 )
=
=
= 6,539 kg - m
8
8

Fb = 0.66(2,400) = 1,584 kg/cm 2
section modulus
S req 'd =
M max 6,539(100)
=
= 412.8 cm 3
Fb
1,584
Steel Design .. SUT
4-11
W250 41.1 kg/m S x = 502 cm 3

W350 32.0 kg/m S x = 424 cm 3
W350 32.0 kg/m S x = 424 cm 3

(unstiffened element) W
b 14.9 / 2
545
545
=
= 9.31 <
=
= 11.12
0.8
tf
Fy
2400
O.K.
d 29.8
5,366
5,366
=
= 54.18 <
=
= 109.53
t w 0.55
Fy
2,400
O.K.
Fb = 0.66 Fy
Steel Design .. SUT
4-12
4-4
W250 82.2 kg/m Ex 2-4
Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Ex 2-4
M max = 4,500(4.5) 3,00(3) +
82.2(9 2 )
= 12,082.3 kg - m
8
fb =
M max 12,082.3(100)
=
= 1,314.7 kg/cm 2
Sx
919
:
L = 3.0 m
Lc =
Lc =
637b f
Fy
637(25.5)
2,400
= 331.6 cm
1.41(10 6 )
1.41(10 6 )
=
= 838.9 cm
Fy (d / A f ) 2,400[25.0 /( 25.5 1.4)]
Lc = 3.32 m
L < Lc
Fb = 0.66(2,400) = 1,584 kg/cm 2 > f b = 1,314.7 kg/cm 2
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-13
4-5
...
( L > Lc ) 3 ...
(uniform warping Saint Venants torsion)
(nonuniform warping)
0.60 Fy

4-6 Fb = 0.60 Fy
Fb =
843,600C b
L(d / A f )
... 42-11
4-6

4-7 2
inelastic ( b c ) elastic ( c )
inelastic
717(10 4 )C b
3,585(10 4 )C b
L
Fy
rT
Fy
2
Fy ( L / rT ) 2
Fb =
Fy
4
3 10,756(10 )C b
elastic
3,585(10 4 )C b
L
>
rT
Fy
... 42-9
Steel Design .. SUT
4-14
Fb =
1,195(10 4 )C b
( L / rT ) 2
... 42-10
rT radius of gyration web

4-8 I W
rT
Iy /2
A f + Aw / 6
0.26b f
C b moment coefficient

... ... 42-9 42-10
42-11 0.60 Fy webs
4-7
4-8
4-9 (simple beam)
(fixed beam) L w
Steel Design .. SUT
4-15
4-9a wL2 / 8 4-9b

wL2 / 12 50% 4-9a ()
L 4-9b ()
0.6 L (inflection point) 4-9a
4-9b moment coefficient Cb 4-9a
1.0 Cb 4-9b 1.0

4-9a ...
Cb 1.0 Cb
C b = 1.0 0.60 Fy
4-9
... Cb
M
C b = 1.75 + 1.05 1
M2
M
+ 0.3 1
M2
2.3
M 1 M 2
(unbraced length)
M 1 / M 2
(single curvature bending) 4-10
M 1 / M 2
(reverse curvature bending)
4-11 Cb
Steel Design .. SUT
4-16
4-10
4-11
Lc ASD specification
Fb = 0.60 Fy Lu Lu Fb = 0.60 Fy
Cb = 1.0 ... 42-11
0.60 Fy =
843,600C b
L(d / A f )
1.41(10 6 )
L1 =
d
F
A y
f
... 42-9
2
Fy ( L / rT ) 2
0.60 Fy =
Fy
4
3 10,756(10 )C b
Steel Design .. SUT
L2 =
4-17
2,678
Fy
rT
I , rT = b f / 12
L2 =
773b f
Fy
ASD specification
L2 =
637b f
Fy
L1 L2 Lc Lu
ASD specification Lc Lu
1. L Lc Fb = 0.66 Fy
2. Lc < L Lu Fb = 0.60 Fy
3. L > Lu Fb < 0.60 Fy
Appendix 3 Lc Lu W ASD specification
Steel Design .. SUT
4-18
4-5
(simple beam) W400 172 kg/m
(Structural steel sections) Fe 24 .116-2529
(span) 4.0 m , 8.0 m , 15.0 m
W400 172 kg/m
b 40.0 / 2
=
= 9.52
tf
2.1
545
545
=
= 11.12 > 8.52
Fy
2400
40
d
=
= 30.8
t w 1.3
5,366
5,366
=
= 109.53 > 30.8
2,400
Fy
Lc =
Lc =
637b f
Fy
637(40)
2400
= 520 cm
1.41(10 6 )
1.41(10 6 )
=
= 1,233.8 cm
Fy (d / A f ) 2,400[40.0 /(40.0 2.1)]
Lc = 5.20 m
4.0 m :
L < Lc
(span) 4 m
Fb = 0.66(2,400) = 1,584 kg/cm 2
8.0 m :
L > Lc
rT
Iy /2
A f + Aw / 6
22,400 / 2
= 11.0 cm
40.0(2.1) + 40(1.3) / 6
L 800
=
= 72.7
rT 11.0
C b = 1.0
717(10 4 )C b
=
Fy
717(10 4 )1.0
= 54.7
2400
3,585(10 4 )C b
3,585(10 4 )1.0
=
= 122.2
Fy
2,400
O.K.
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-19
54.7 < L / rT < 122.2

2
Fy ( L / rT ) 2
2 2,400(72.7) 2
2
Fb =
F
=
y

2400 = 1,317 kg/cm
4
4
3 10,756(10 )1.0
3 10,756(10 )C b
Fb =
843,600C b
843,600(1.0)
=
= 2,214.5 kg/cm 2
L(d / A f ) 800(40.0 /[40.0(2.1)])
Fb 0.60 Fy = 1,440 kg/cm 2

(span) 8 m
Fb = 0.60 Fy = 1,440 kg/cm 2
15.0 m :
L 1,500
=
= 136.4 > 122.2
11.0
rT
1,195(10 4 )C b 1,195(10 4 )1.0
Fb =
=
= 800.2 kg/cm 2
2
2
( L / rT )
(122.2)
Fb =
843,600C b
843,600(1.0)
=
= 1,181.0 kg/cm 2
(
)
L d / Af
1500(40.0 /[40.0(2.1)])
(span) 15 m Fb
Fb = 1,181.0 kg/cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
4-20
4-6
(simple beam)
Ex 4-6 (Structural steel sections) Fe 24 .116-2529

Ex 4-6
shear diagram moment diagram Ex 4-6
Fb = 0.66 Fy = 0.66(2,400) = 1,584 kg/cm 2
Section modulus
S req 'd =
M max 10,523(100)
=
= 664.3 cm 3
Fb
1,584
W350 49.6 kg/m ( b f = 17.5 cm , d = 35.0 cm ,

t f = 1.1 cm , t w = 0.7 cm , S x = 775 cm 3 , I x = 13,600 cm 4 , I y = 984 cm 4 )
W350 49.6 kg/m
b 17.5 / 2
=
= 7.96
tf
1.1
545
Fy
545
2,400
= 11.12 > 7.96
35
d
=
= 50.0
t w 0.7
5,366
5,366
=
= 109.53 > 50.0
Fy
2,400
O.K.
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-21
Lc =
Lc =
637b f
Fy
637(17.5)
2,400
= 228 cm
1.41(10 6 )
1.41(10 6 )
=
= 323 cm
Fy (d / A f ) 2,400[35.0 /(17.5 1.1)]
Lc = 2.28 m
1.5 m 2.0 m :
L < Lc
3.0 m :
L > Lc
rT
Iy /2
A f + Aw / 6
984 / 2
= 4.59 cm rT 0.26b f = 0.26(17.5) = 4.55 cm
17.5(1.1) + 35(0.7) / 6
L 300
=
= 65.4
rT 4.59
M
C b = 1.75 + 1.05 1
M2
M
+ 0.3 1
M2
2.3
6,807.75
6,807.75
C b = 1.75 + 1.05
+ 0.3
= 1.20
10,523
10,523
717(10 4 )C b
=
Fy
717(10 4 )1.20
= 59.9
2,400
3,585(10 4 )C b
3,585(10 4 )1.2
=
= 133.9
Fy
2,400
59.9 < L / rT < 133.9

2
Fy ( L / rT ) 2
2 2,400(65.4) 2
2
Fb =
F
=
y

2,400 = 1,409.1 kg/cm
4
4
3
3
10
,
756
(
10
)
C
10
,
756
(
10
)
1
.
2
Fb =
843,600C b
843,600(1.2)
=
= 1,855.9 kg/cm 2
L(d / A f ) 300(35.0 /[17.5(1.1)])
Fb 0.60 Fy = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Fb = 0.60 Fy = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Section modulus
S req 'd =
M max 10,523(100)
=
= 730.8 cm 3 < S x
Fb
1,440
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-22
4-6
(transverse loads) 4-12a
shear diagram 4-12b free-body diagram 4-12c V x
(transverse shear stress)
(longitudinal shear stress)
4-12d
4-12
4-12d

f v Fv mechanics of
materials f v shear formula
fv =
VQ
Ib
V =
Q = y A =
I = moment of inertia
b =
Steel Design .. SUT
4-23
shear formula W I
flanges web
4-13 f v
fv =
V
t w (d 2t f )
d ,
t f flanges
t w web
f v ( f v )max 10%
4-13
... (allowable shear stress)
Fv = 0.40 Fy
V = Fv dt w
Steel Design .. SUT
4-24
4-7
W350 49.6 kg/m ( d = 35.0 cm , t f = 1.1 cm , t w = 0.7 cm )
4-6
Vmax = 6,061.5 kg
fv =
Vmax
6,061.5
=
= 264.0 kg/cm 2
t w (d 2t f ) 0.7(35 2(1.1))
(allowable shear stress)

Fv = 0.40 Fy = 0.40(2,400) = 960 kg/cm 2 > f v
W350 49.6 kg/m 4-6
Steel Design .. SUT
4-25
4-7
(deflection)
1. deflection

2. deflection
3. deflection
... L / 300 L / 250
L span
L / 360
(Vibration)

span
1/20
span
Steel Design .. SUT
4-26
4-8
W350 49.6 kg/m ( I x = 13,600 cm 4 E = 2.01(10 6 ) kg/cm 2 )
4-6 ... L / 300

max = 1.57 cm
...
L
650
=
= 2.17 cm > max
300 300
W350 49.6 kg/m 4-6 ...

L
650
=
= 1.81 cm
360 360
Steel Design .. SUT
4-27
4-8 (Bearing Plates) (Stiffener)

(concentrated loads) (web)
(flange) (web crippling)
(local web yielding) (web buckling) (local flange buckling)
(Web crippling)
(web crippling)

(support) (bearing plate) 4-14
4-14
... 0.75Fy
45 o 4-14
(bearing plate) N
1 k k
fillet t f r
4-14
2 d
2k
N
1
R
0.75 Fy
tw (N + k)
2
P
0.75 Fy
t w ( N + 2.5k )
Steel Design .. SUT
4-28
N N
bearing plate (load-bearing wall) 10 cm

(bearing plates) 4-15
1. N (web crippling) yield

(web yielding)
2. B
3. t moment
4-15 R
f p
A1
ASD specification
ASD specification k
( fillet) centerline

n=
B 2k
2
4-15
Steel Design .. SUT
4-29
2
n f pn
=
2
2
3
I (1 / 12)(1)(t ) t 2
S= =
=
c
t/2
6
M
= Fb
S
f p (n 2 / 2)
= Fb
t2 /6
M = f pn
t=
3 f pn2
Fb
Fb = 0.75 Fy
F p = 0.35 f c

F p = 0.35 f c
A2
0.70 f
A1
f c 28
A1
A2 4-16
4-16
Steel Design .. SUT
4-30
4-9
(bearing plate) 6,061.5 kg
W350 49.6 kg/m ( b f = 17.5 cm , d = 35.0 cm , t f = 1.1 cm , t w = 0.7 cm , r = 1.4 cm )
4-6 f c = 210 kg/cm 2
.107-2517 Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
:
R
= 0.75 Fy
tw (N + k)
k = t f + r = 1.1 + 1.4 = 2.5 cm
6,061.5
= 0.75(2,400)
0.7( N + 2.5)
N = 2.31 cm N = 10 cm
F p = 0.35 f c = 0.35(210) = 73.5 kg/cm 2

B=
R
6,061.5
=
= 8.3 cm
NF p 10(73.5)

10 cm
B = b f + 10 = 17.5 + 10.0 = 27.5 cm
:
n=
B 2k 27.5 2(2.5)
=
= 11.25 cm
2
2
Bearing pressure
fp =
t=
R
6,061.5
=
= 22.0 kg/cm 2
BN 27.5(10)
3 f pn2
Fb
PL 275 100 22 mm
3(22.0)11.25 2
= 2.15 cm
0.75(2,400)
Steel Design .. SUT
4-31
(Local flange buckling)

4-17 (rigid)
4-17c
(stiffener)
4-17
ASD specification 4-17a
Ast
Ast =
Pbf Fyc t (t b + 5k )
Fyst
5
, kg
3
4
Pbf =
3
, kg
Pbf =
Pbf ( A f ) Fy
Fyc yield stress , kg/cm 2
Fst yield stress , kg/cm 2
t = , cm
t b = , cm
k fillet 4-18
Ast
4-18
Steel Design .. SUT
dc >
4-32
34,400t 3 Fyc
Pbf
4-18

t f < 1.016
Pbf
Fyc
0.15
4-19
1. 2/3
2. t st
3. b t st 796 / Fy
4-19
ABCD
4-20 M P M / 0.95d b
A = d c t
Steel Design .. SUT
4-33
P
M
=
A 0.95d b d c t
0.40 Fyc
t=
M
0.38d b d c Fyc

C C
4-20
Steel Design .. SUT
4-34
4-10
13,000 kg - m Ex 4-10
(column stiffener) (web reinforcement)
Ex 4-10
(column stiffener):
M
13,000(100)
=
= 29,954 kg
d tb
44.6 1.2
5
Pbf = (29,954) = 49,923 kg
3
= A f Fy = 19.9(1.2)2,400 = 57,312 kg > Pbf
Pbf = 49,923 kg
ASD specification Ast
Ast =
Pbf Fyc t (t b + 5k )
Fyst
49,923 2,400(0.8)[1.2 + 5(2.5)]

= 9.84 cm 2
2,400
Steel Design .. SUT
4-35
Ast 9.84 cm 2

1. 2/3
(2 / 3)W t f
2
(2 / 3)19.9 0.8
= 6.23 cm
2
2.
bf t f
2
20 0.8
= 9.60 cm
2
3. t st
t b 1.2
=
= 0.6 cm
2
2
7.5 1.0 cm
Ast = 7.5(1.0) 2 stiffeners = 15.0 cm 2 > 9.84 cm 2
O.K.
4. b t st 796 / Fy
b 7.5
=
= 7.5
t st 1.0
796
796
=
= 16.25 > 7.5
Fy
2400
O.K.

d / 2 = 20.0 / 2 = 10.0 cm 10.0 cm
: 7.5 1.0 cm - 10 cm Ex 4-10b
(web reinforcement):
t=
M
13,000(100)
=
= 1.6 cm > t = 0.80 cm
0.38d b d c Fyc 0.38(20.0)44.6(2,400)
t d = 1.6 0.8 = 0.8 cm Ex 4-10c

= 0.40 Fy t d d c = 0.40(2,400)0.8(20.0) = 15,360 kg
P
= tan 1 (44.6 / 20.0) = 65.85 o
P=
15,360
= 37,543 kg
cos 65.85 o
Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Ast =
37,543
= 26.1 cm 2
1,440
Steel Design .. SUT
4-36
7.5 1.75 2 stiffeners = 2(7.5)1.75 = 26.25 cm 2
b
7.5
=
= 4.3
t st 1.75
796
796
=
= 16.25 > 4.3
Fy
2400
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-37
4-9 (Unsymmetrical Bending)

mechanics of materials ( x y )
product of inertia xy dA principal
A
axes (unsymmetrical
bending)

4-21 (bending stress)
flexural formula
fb =
Mxy M yx Mx M y
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
4-21
(shear stress)
fv =
Vx Q y
by I y
V y Qx
bx I x
centroid

(purlins)

4-22 x y
x
flexural formula section modulus y

Steel Design .. SUT
fb =
4-38
My
Mx
Sx Sy / 2
4-22
sag rods
4-22 moment 423 L span wx w y x y
0.60 1.80 span
24
4-23
Steel Design .. SUT
4-39
4-11
Ex 4-11 4.5 m
sag rod (dead load) 30 kg/m 2
50 kg/m 2 W150 Fe 24 . 116-2529
Ex 4-11
4.5 10
= 2.372 m
2 3
= (30 + 50)2.372 = 189.8 kg/m
(189.8) = 180 kg/m

10
1
(189.8) = 60 kg/m
=
10
1
M x = (180)4.5 2 (100) = 45,563 kg - cm
8
sag rod 4-23

1
(60)(4.5) 2 (100) = 3,797 kg - cm
32
W150 31.5 kg/m
My =
M x 45,563
=
= 208.1 kg/cm 2
Sx
219
My
3,797
=
=
= 101.1 kg/cm 2
Sy
(75.1 / 2)
f bx =
f by
Fbx :
L = 4.5 / 2 = 2.25 m
3 Lc = 2.0 m Lu = 5.9 m Lc < L < Lu
Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Fby :
W150 31.5 kg/m
Fby = 0.75Fy = 0.75(2,400) = 1,800 kg/cm 2
interaction
Steel Design .. SUT
f by 208.1 101.1
f bx
+
=
+
= 0.145 + 0.056 = 0.201 < 1.0
Fbx Fby 1,440 1,800
4-40
O.K.
W150 31.5 kg/m

W150 14.0 kg/m
M x 45,563
=
= 513.1 kg/cm 2
Sx
88.8
My
3,797
=
=
= 575.3 kg/cm 2
Sy
(13.2 / 2)
f bx =
f by
Fbx :
3 Lc = 1.0 m Lu = 2.1 m Lu < 2.25 m
rT 0.26b f = (0.26)7.5 = 1.95 cm

L 225
=
= 115.4
rT 1.95
M1
0
=
=0
M 2 46,540
C b = 1.75
717(10 4 )C b
=
Fy
717(10 4 )1.75
= 72.3
2400
3,585(10 4 )C b
3,585(10 4 )1.75
=
= 161.7
Fy
2,400
72.3 < L / rT < 161.7

2
Fy ( L / rT ) 2
2 2,400(115.4) 2
2
Fb =
F
=
y

2,400 = 1,192.5 kg/cm
4
4
3 10,756(10 )1.75
3 10,756(10 )C b
Fb =
843,600C b
843,600(1.75)
=
= 2,296.5 kg/cm 2
L(d / A f ) 225(15.0 /[7.5(0.7)])
Fb 0.60 Fy = 1,440 kg/cm 2

Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Fby :
W150 21.1 kg/m
Fby = 0.75Fy = 0.75(2,400) = 1,800 kg/cm 2
interaction
f by 513.1 575.3
f bx
+
=
+
= 0.356 + 0.320 = 0.676 < 1.0
Fbx Fby 1,440 1,800
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-41
189.8(4.5)
= 427 kg
2
Vy
427
fv =
=
= 56.94 kg/cm 2
dt w 15.0(0.5)
Vy =
Fv = 0.40 Fy = 0.40(2,400) = 960 kg/cm 2 > f v
W150 14.0 kg/m
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
4-42
4-12
4-11 C
M x = 45,563 kg - cm
M y = 3,797 kg - cm
C150 75 18.6 kg/m

M x 45,563
=
= 396.2 kg/cm 2
Sx
115
My
3,797
=
=
= 339.0 kg/cm 2
Sy
(22.4 / 2)
f bx =
f by

Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
interaction
f by 396.2 339.0
f bx
+
=
+
= 0.511 < 1.0
Fbx Fby 1,440 1,440
O.K.
C125 65 13.4 kg/m

M x 45,563
=
= 672.0 kg/cm 2
Sx
67.8
My
3,797
=
=
= 566.7 kg/cm 2
Sy
(13.4 / 2)
f bx =
f by
interaction
f by 672.0 566.7
f bx
+
=
+
= 0.860 < 1.0
Fbx Fby 1,440 1,440
O.K.
fv =
Vy
dt w
427
= 56.93 kg/cm 2
12.5(0.6)
Fv = 0.40 Fy = 0.40(2,400) = 960 kg/cm 2 > f v
C125 65 13.4 kg/m
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
5-1
5-1
(bending moment) (axial load)
beam-column
(lateral loads) 5-1 centroid
5-1

5-2 Interaction Beam-Column
5-2
beam-column 5-2
beam-column
Steel Design .. SUT
5-2
principle of superposition
(flexural stress) beam-column
f =
P Mc
A
I
(allowable stress)
beam-column ...
interaction
fa
f
+ b 1.0
Fa Fb
fa =
P
(axial stress) P
A
Fa (allowable axial stress) beam-column
fb =
Mc
(flexural stress)
I
Fb (allowable flexural stress) beam-column
interaction beam-column
(allowable combined stress)

interaction ...
interaction
x y
f =
P Mxy M yx
A
Ix
Iy
interaction
f by
fa
f
+ bx +
1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
Steel Design .. SUT
5-3
5-1
beam-column Ex 5-1
beam-column interaction
Ex 5-1
P 8,000
=
= 125.9 kg/cm 2
A 63.53
KL 1.0(5)(100)
=
= 99.6
=
ry
5.02
fa =
2
Fa = 895.4 (895.4 887.4)0.6 = 890.6 kg/cm 2
PL 4,000(5)100
M max =
=
= 500,000 kg - cm
4
4
fb =
M max 500,000
=
= 1,059.3 kg/cm 2
Sx
472
2 Lc = 2.6 m Lu = 7.1 m Lc < L < Lu ,

Fb = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
interaction
fa
f
125.9 1,059.3
+ b =
+
= 0.877 1.0
Fa Fb 890.6 1,440
beam-column interaction
Steel Design .. SUT
5-4
5-3 (Moment Amplification) (Moment Modification)

beam-column beam-column
(secondary moment)
5-3
1. M b d
2. P Pd
3. M b + Pd d d + d1
4. P Pd1
5.
5-3

...
beam-column (amplification factor)

(modification factor) C m 1.0
(Amplification Factors)
beam-column 5-4
1. beam-column
M secondary moment
Steel Design .. SUT
5-5
d2y
M
=
2
EI
dx
2. beam-column boundary conditions beam-column
y = sin
x
L
beam-column
5-4
3. beam-column
differentiate y beam-column
2
x
M
sin
=
2
L
EI
L
beam-column x = L / 2
M bm = EI
2
L2
flexural formula f bm = M bm c / I
=
f bm L2
2 Ec
4. secondary moment beam-column

M bm c
c
= ( M b + P )
I
I
M c
c
= b + P
I
I
f bm =
f bm
f bm =
f L2 c
M bc
+ P bm2
I
Ec I
f bm = f b + f bm 2
2
EI / L
Steel Design .. SUT
5-6
Euler
PE = 2 EI / L2
1
f bm = f b
1 P / PE
P PE beam-column A
1
f bm = f b
1 fa / fE
Euler stress f E factor of

safety 23/12 FE = 12 f E / 23
1 f a / FE
(Magnification Factors)

1.
2.
AB 5-5
5-5
...
C m interaction
interaction
fa
Cm f b
+
1.0
Fa
fa
1 Fb
Fe
Steel Design .. SUT
5-7
Cm
1.0
fa
1
Fe
5-4 Beam-Column ...

... beam-column 3
1 beam-column
beam-column
C my f by
fa
C mx f bx
+
+
1.0
Fa
fa
f
a
1
Fbx 1
F
F by
Fex
ey
2 beam-column
beam-column
f by
fa
f
+ bx +
1.0
0.60 f y Fbx Fby
beam-column (sidesway)
beam-column
3
f a / Fa 0.15
f by
fa
f
+ bx +
1.0
Fa Fbx Fby
f a P
Fa P beam-column
f b
Fb beam-column
Fe Euler stress factor of safety 23/12
Fe =
12 2 E
2
KL
23 b
rb
Lb unsupported length rb radius of gyration
beam-column
5-1 Fe KLb / rb
... C m 3 AB
5-6
Steel Design .. SUT
5-8
5-6
1 beam-column (sidesway) 5-6a
C m = 0.85
2 beam-column
5-6b
C m = 0.6 0.4
M1
M2
M 1 / M 2 beamcolumn
M 1 / M 2 (single curvature)
M 1 / M 2 (reverse curvature)
M 1 / M 2 beam-column
single curvature beam-column beam-column reverse
curvature
beam-column single curvature reverse
curvature
3 beam-column
5-6c C m beam-column 3 2
1. beam-column
C m = 0.85
2. beam-column
C m = 1.0
Steel Design .. SUT
5-9
5-1 Fe (kg/cm 2 )
KLb
rb
Fe
KLb
rb
Fe
KLb
rb
Fe
KLb
rb
Fe
KLb
rb
Fe
KLb
rb
Fe
KLb
rb
Fe
21 24,520.9 49 4,503.8 77
1,823.9 105 980.8
133
611.3 161 417.2 189 302.7
22 22,342.4 50 4,325.5 78
1,777.4 106 962.4
134
602.2 162 412.0 190 299.5
23 20,441.8 51 4,157.5 79
1,732.7 107 944.5
135
593.3 163 407.0 191 296.4
24 18,773.8 52 3,999.2 80
1,689.6 108 927.1
136
584.7 164 402.1 192 293.3
25 17,301.9 53 3,849.7 81
1,648.2 109 910.2
137
576.1 165 397.2 193 290.3
26 15,996.6 54 3,708.4 82
1,608.2 110 893.7
138
567.8 166 392.4 194 287.3
27 14,833.6 55 3,574.8 83
1,569.7 111 877.7
139
559.7 167 387.7 195 284.4
28 13,793.0 56 3,448.2 84
1,532.6 112 862.1
140
551.7 168 383.1 196 281.5
29 12,858.1 57 3,328.3 85
1,496.7 113 846.9
141
543.9 169 378.6 197 278.6
30 12,015.2 58 3,214.5 86
1,462.1 114 832.1
142
536.3 170 374.2 198 275.8
31 11,252.6 59 3,106.5 87
1,428.7 115 817.7
143
528.8 171 369.8 199 273.1
32 10,560.3 60 3,003.8 88
1,396.4 116 803.6
144
521.5 172 365.5 200 270.3
33
9,929.9
61 2,906.1 89
1,365.2 117 790.0
145
514.3 173 361.3
34
9,354.4
62 2,813.1 90
1,335.0 118 776.6
146
507.3 174 357.2
35
8,827.5
63 2,724.5 91
1,305.8 119 763.6
147
500.4 175 353.1
36
8,343.9
64 2,640.1 92
1,277.6 120 751.0
148
493.7 176 349.1
37
7,899.0
65 2,559.5 93
1,250.3 121 738.6
149
487.1 177 345.2
38
7,488.7
66 2,482.5 94
1,223.8 122 726.5
150
480.6 178 341.3
39
7,109.6
67 2,408.9 95
1,198.2 123 714.8
151
474.3 179 337.5
40
6,758.6
68 2,338.6 96
1,173.4 124 703.3
152
468.0 180 333.8
41
6,432.9
69 2,271.3 97
1,149.3 125 692.1
153
461.9 181 330.1
42
6,130.2
70 2,206.9 98
1,126.0 126 681.1
154
456.0 182 326.5
43
5,848.4
71 2,145.2 99
1,103.3 127 670.5
155
450.1 183 322.9
44
5,585.6
72 2,086.0 100 1,081.4 128 660.0
156
444.4 184 319.4
45
5,340.1
73 2,029.2 101 1,060.1 129 649.8
157
438.7 185 316.0
46
5,110.4
74 1,974.7 102 1,039.4 130 639.9
158
433.2 186 312.6
47
4,895.3
75 1,922.4 103 1,019.3 131 630.1
159
427.7 187 309.2
48
4,693.4
76 1,872.2 104
160
422.4 188 306.0
999.8
132 620.6
Steel Design .. SUT
5-10
C m ASD specification C m
beam-column 3 5-2
5-2 Magnification factors C m beam-column 3 (ASD specification)
Case
Cm
0
1.0
-0.4
-0.4
-0.2
-0.3
-0.2
1-0.4
fa
Fe
1-0.4
fa
Fe
1-0.2
fa
Fe
1-0.3
fa
Fe
1-0.2
fa
Fe
Steel Design .. SUT
5-11
5-2
beam-column W200 49.9 kg/m Ex 5-2
( x ) beam-column
Beam-Column ...
Ex 5-2
P 8,000
=
= 125.9 kg/cm 2
A 63.53
KL 1.0(3)(100)
=
=
= 59.8
5.02
ry
fa =
2
Fa = 1,178.2 (1,178.2 1,172.1)0.8 = 1,173.3 kg/cm 2
fa
125.9
=
= 0.107 < 0.15
Fa 1,173.3
Beam-Column ... 3
M max =
PL wL2 8,000(3) (49.9)(3 2 )

+
=
+
= 6,056.1 kg - cm
4
8
4
8
f bx =
M x 6,056.1(100)
=
= 1,283.1 kg/cm 2
Sx
472
2 Lc = 2.6 m Lu = 7.1 m Lc < L = 3 m < Lu ,

Fb = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Beam-Column ... 3
fa
f
1,283.1
+ bx = 0.107 +
= 0.998 1.0
Fa Fbx
1,440
W200 49.9 kg/m
Steel Design .. SUT
5-12
5-3
beam-column Ex 5-3 (braced frame)
beam-column
Beam-Column ...
Ex 5-3
P 45,000
=
= 488.2 kg/cm 2
A 92.18
Fa K alignment chart
fa =
K = 1.0
KL 1.0(5)(100)
=
= 79.5
ry
6.29
2
Fa = 1,042.8 kg/cm 2
fa
488.2
=
= 0.468 > 0.15
Fa 1,042.8
Beam-Column ... 1 2
f bx =
M x 8,500(100)
=
= 980.4 kg/cm 2
Sx
867
2 Lc = 3.3 m Lu = 8.2 m Lc < L = 5.0 m < Lu ,

Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Beam-Column ... 2

W250 72.4 kg/cm 2 Fbx 0.66 Fy
Steel Design .. SUT
fa
f
488.2
980.4
+ bx =
+
= 0.339 + 0.619 = 0.958 < 1.0
0.60 f y Fbx 0.60(2,400) 0.66(2,400)
5-13
O.K.
Beam-Column ... 1
M1
4,500
=
= 0.529
M2
8,500
M
C m = 0.6 0.4 1 0.4
M2
= 0.6 0.4(0.529) = 0.812
KL x 1.0(5)(100)
=
= 46.3
rx
10.8
12 2 (2.1)10 6
=
= 5,044.4 kg/cm 2
2
2
23(46.3)
KL
23 x
rx
fa
C mx f bx
488.2
0.812(980.4)
+
=
+
= 0.951 < 1.0
Fa
1042.8
488.2
fa
1
Fbx
1
1,440
5,044.4
Fex
Fe =
12 2 E
W250 72.4 kg/cm 2 Beam-Column ...
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
5-14
5-5 Beam-Columns
beam-column (trial-and-error)
1.
2. interaction equation beam-column
(overdesigned) (underdesigned)
3. beam-column
beam-column 1
ASD Specification (equivalent axial load method)
beam-column

(equivalent axial load) Peq
Po beam-columns beam-columns
ASD
Specification
Yura, J.A. (1988)
Excel
P* = P +
2 M x 7.5M y
+
d
b
P * (equivalent axial load)

P beam-columns
M x M y x y
d b beam-columns
beam-columns
1. d b beam-columns
2. beam-columns 3
3. beam-columns beam-column 5-4
1. (effective length) Fa 2
2. beam-column (compact section)
Fbx = 0.66 Fy
ASD specification
Fbx = 0.60 Fy
...
Fby = 0.75 Fy
Steel Design .. SUT
5-15
5-4
beam-column 45,000 kg M x = 6,000 kg - m
M y = 3,000 kg - m (effective length) ( KL) x = ( KL) y = 4.0 m modification
factor C mx = C my = 0.85 beam-column W250
W250 W300 beam-column Fy = 3,200 kg/cm 2
1. d b beam-columns
(equivalent axial load)
2 M x 7.5M y
+
d
b
2(6,000)(100) 7.5(3,000)100
1,200,000 2,250,000
P* = 45,000 +
+
= 45,000 +
+
d
b
d
b
P* = P +
1
d (cm)
b (cm)
P * (kg )
25.0
30.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
30.0
183,000
197,500
160,000
W300 P *
2. beam-columns
2.1 KL / r
KL / r = 50
2.2 Fa
2
Fa = 1,581.2 kg/cm 2
2.3
160,000
= 101.1 cm 2
15,81.2
2 W300 84.5 kg/m A = 107.7 cm 2 rx =
Areq 'd =
12.5 cm ry = 7.16 cm
2.4
KL 1(400)
=
= 52.6
ry
7.16
2
Fa = 1,562.4 (1,562.4 1,552.9)0.6 = 1,556.7 kg/cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
5-16
Pa = 1,556.7(107.7) = 167,657 kg > 160,000 kg
O.K.
W300 84.5 kg/m

3. beam-columns beam-column
P 45,000
=
= 417.8 kg/cm 2
A 107.7
fa
417.8
=
= 0.268 > 0.15
Fa 1,556.7
fa =
Beam-Column ... 1 2
f bx =
M x 6,000(100)
=
= 521.7 kg/cm 2
Sx
1,150
2 Lc = 3.9 m Lu = 7.2 m Lc < L = 4.0 m < Lu ,

Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(3,200) = 1,920 kg/cm 2
f by =
My
Sy
3,000(100)
= 821.9 kg/cm 2
365
Fby = 0.75 Fy = 0.75(3,200) = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Beam-Column ... 2
f by
fa
f
417.8
521.7 821.9
+ bx +
=
+
+
0.60 f y Fbx Fby 0.60(3,200) 1,920 2,400
= 0.218 + 0.272 + 0.342 = 0.832 < 1.0
Beam-Column ... 1
C mx = C my = 0.85
KL x (4.0)(100)
=
= 32.0
rx
12.5
KL y (4.0)(100)
=
= 55.9
7.16
ry
5-1
Fex =
12 2 E
KL
23 x
rx
12 2 (2.1)10 6
= 10,560.2 kg/cm 2
2
23(32.0 )
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
Fey =
12 2 E
KL y
23
r
y
C my f by
5-17
12 2 (2.1)10 6
= 3,460.6 kg/cm 2
2
23(55.9)
fa
C mx f bx
0.85(521.7)
0.85(821.9)
+
+
= 0.268 +
+
Fa
417.8
417.8
f
1 a Fbx 1 f a Fby
1
1,920 1
2,400
F
10
,
560
.
2
3
,
460
.
6
Fex
ey
= 0.268 + 0.241 + 0.331 = 0.840 < 1.0

W300 84.5 kg/m
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
5-18
5-5
Ex 5-5a effective
length factor K y = 1 ()
AB Fy = 2,400 kg/cm 2
Ex 5-5

Joint
Member
Moments ( kg - m )
AB
BA
BC
CB
CH
CD
HC
+7,141
-7,141
+28,049
1,897
26,153
free body diagram BC Ex 5-5b C

B AB Ex 5-5c B
AB P = 13,427 kg M x = 7,141 kg - m
1. d b beam-columns
(equivalent axial load)
2 M x 7.5M y
+
d
b
2(7,141)(100)
1,428,200
P* = 13,427 +
= 13,427 +
d
d
P* = P +
Steel Design .. SUT
5-19
1 20.0 cm
20.0 cm W250
P* = 13,427 +
1,428,200
= 70,555 kg
25
2. beam-columns
2.2 KL / r
KL / r = 50
2.3 Fa
2
Fa = 1,235.2 kg/cm 2
2.4
70,555
= 57.1 cm 2
1,235.2
2 W250
Areq 'd =
W250 64.4 kg/m A = 82.06 cm 2
2.5
KyL
ry
1.0(450)
= 75.3
5.98
2
Fa = 1,074.3 (1,074.3 1,067.4)0.3 = 1,072.2 kg/cm 2
Pa = 1,072.2(82.06) = 87,993 kg > 70,555 kg
W250 64.4 kg/m

fa =
P 13,140
=
= 160.2 kg/cm 2
A 82.06
K factor
alignment chart A
G A = 10.0
I /L
8,790 / 4.5
GB = c c =
= 0.26
I b / Lb 68,700 / 9
K x = 1.75
K y L 1.0(450)
K x L 1.75(450)
=
= 76.5 >
=
= 75.3
10.3
5.98
rx
ry
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
5-20
Fa = 1,063.9 kg/cm 2
fa
160.2
=
= 0.15
Fa 1,063.9
Beam-Column ... 3
f bx =
M x 4,734(100)
=
= 657.5 kg/cm 2
Sx
720
2 Lc = 3.3 m Lu = 6.7 m Lc < L = 4.5 m < Lu ,

Fb = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Beam-Column ... 3
fa
f
657.5
+ bx = 0.149 +
= 0.606 1.0
1,440
Fa Fbx
W250 64.4 kg/m

Note: W250 64.4 kg/m 2

I b / Lb
8,790 / 450
=
= 3.9
I c / Lc 68,700 / 900

Joint
Member
Moments ( kg - m )
AB
BA
BC
CB
CH
CD
HC
+4,355
-4,355
+28,237
1,281
26,956
P = 13,096 kg M x = 4,355 kg - m
871,000
= 47,936 kg
25
W200
P* = 13,096 +
P* = 13,096 +
871,000
= 56,646 kg
20
2. beam-columns
2.1 KL / r
KL / r = 50
2.2 Fa
Steel Design .. SUT
5-21
2
Fa = 1,235.2 kg/cm 2
2.3
56,646
= 45.9 cm 2
1,235.2
2 W200 49.9 kg/m A = 63.53 cm 2
Areq 'd =
20 cm
2.4
KyL
ry
1(450)
= 89.6
5.02
2
Fa = 973.3 (973.3 965.7)0.6 = 968.74 kg/cm 2
O.K.
W200 49.9 kg/m
20 cm (
)
Pa = 968.74(63.53) = 61,544 kg > 56646 kg
fa =
P 13,096
=
= 206.1 kg/cm 2
A 63.53
K factor
alignment chart A
G A = 10.0
I /L
4,720 / 4.5
GB = c c =
= 0.14
I b / Lb
68,700 / 9
K x = 1.58
K y L 1(450)
K x L 1.58(450)
=
= 82.5 <
=
= 89.6
rx
8.62
ry
5.02
Fa = 968.74 kg/cm 2
fa
206.1
=
= 0.213 > 0.15
Fa 968.74
Beam-Column ... 1 2
x
Steel Design .. SUT
f bx =
5-22
M x 4,355(100)
=
= 922.6 kg/cm 2
Sx
472
2 Lc = 2.6 m Lu = 7.1 m Lc < L = 4.5 m < Lu ,

Fbx = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2
Beam-Column ... 2
fa
f
206.1
922.6
+ bx =
+
= 0.218 + 0.272 + 0.342 = 0.784 < 1.0
0.60 f y Fbx 0.60(2,400) 1,440
O.K.
Beam-Column ... 1
C mx = 0.85
5-1
Fex =
12 2 E
2
12 2 (2.1)10 6
2
23(82.5)
= 1,588.8 kg/cm 2
KL
23 x
rx
fa
C mx f bx
0.85(922.6)
+
= 0.213 +
= 0.857 < 1.0
Fa
206.1
fa
1
Fbx
1
1,440
1
,
588
.
8
ex
W200 49.9 kg/m
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
6-1
6-1
(connections)

(structural members)
2
(welding connections) (bolting connections)
1.
2.
6-1
6-1

6-2

6-2

6-3 6-3a 6-
Steel Design .. SUT
6-2
3b
(simple connections)
6-3c
bending moment
6-3d
(eccentric
connections)
6-3
6-2
2 (unfinished bolts)
(high-strength bolts)
(common bolts)
ASTM A307 2 A B A
B
(low-carbon steel) 4200
kg/cm 2 6-1 stress-strain curve stress-strain curve A36
(vibration forces) (impact forces)
6-4a 6-4c 3
countersunk

(lock nuts)
Steel Design .. SUT
6-3
6-4
ASTM
;
A307
A
B
;
medium-carbon steel,
A325 A449
A325 A449
A449
alloy steel, A490
6-1 (ASTM Standard)

( kg/cm 2 ) Yielding stress
( mm )
( kg/cm 2 )
( kg/cm 2 )
Min.
Max.
4,210
4,210
7,030
12-25
29-38
43-75
12-38
8,430
7,380
6,320
10,540
12,650
6,460
5,690
4,070
9,130
5,970
5,200
3,860
8,430
(medium-carbon steel)
ASTM A325 ASTM A449 (alloy steel)
ASTM A490
6-1
Abolt =
0.39
D
4
n
D nominal diameter
n
6-5
Steel Design .. SUT
6-4
6-5
2 (hand wrenches)
(impact wrenches) 6-2
70
6-2 ( ...)
ASTM
( mm )
A325
A449
A490
12
5,450
5,450
6,810
15
8,630
8,630
10,900
19
12,720
12,720
15,900
22
17,720
17,720
22,270
25
23,180
23,180
29,090
29
25,450
25,450
36,360
32
32,720
32,720
46,360
35
38,630
38,630
55,000
38
46,810
46,810
67,270
38
0.7x
-
Steel Design .. SUT
6-5
6-3 :
2
(lab joint) 6-6a free-body diagram

(single shear)
fv =
P
A
P
A
6-6
(butt joint) 6-6b free-body diagram
(double shear)
fv =
P
2A
2
1.

2
2. (bearing stress)
6-7 single shear P

P
Steel Design .. SUT
6-6

(bearing stress) f p A
B

fp =
P
dt
t d
6-7
6-8
ASD specification

6-8
Steel Design .. SUT
6-7

snug-tight snug-tight
(hand wrenches)
(impact wrenches)
snug-tight

(allowable stresses)
... (allowable tensile stress)
(allowable shear stress) (allowable bearing stress)
6-3
6-3 ( ...)
( kg/cm 2 )
( kg/cm 2 )
( kg/cm 2 )
1.35 Fy
A307
1,400
700
1.35 Fy
A325 A449
2,800
1,050
1,050
()
1.35 Fy
A325 A449
2,800
1,050
1,540
()
1.35 Fy
A490
3,780
1,400
1,575
()
1.35 Fy
A490
3,780
1,400
2,240
()
(bearing strength)

40% ...
6-9
Steel Design .. SUT
6-8
Pitch distance ( p )
Gage distance ( g )
Edge distance
gage line
gage line
6-9
6-10
...
6-4 12
15 cm
6-10
6-10 ...
2.5d 3d
ASD specification
16
20
Steel Design .. SUT
6-9
6-4 ( ...)
( mm )
( mm )
10
18
16
12
22
18
16
28
22
20
34
26
22
38
28
24
44
32
28
50
38
30
54
40
30
1.75 d
1.25 d
Steel Design .. SUT
6-10
6-1
65 11 mm .55-2516 Ex 6-1
(gusset plate) 10 mm A307 20 mm
T
Ex 6-1
:
single shear
A = (2.0 2 ) / 4 = 3.14 cm 2
6-3 A307
Fv = 700 kg/cm 2
Fv A = 700(3.14) = 2,198 kg
F p = 1.35 Fy (d bolt t plate ) = 1.35(2,400)(2.0)(1.0) = 6,480 kg

2(2,198) = 4,396 kg
:
Ag = 6.5(1.1) = 7.15 cm 2
An = [6.5 (2.0 + 0.3)]1.1 = 4.62 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 6.08 cm 2
T = Ft An = 0.60 Fy An = 1,440(4.62) = 6,653 kg
T = 4,396 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
6-11
6-2
100 12 mm .55-2516
16,000 kg (gusset plate) 10 mm A307 20 mm

6-1
= 2,198 kg
= 6,480 kg
16,000 kg
16,000
= 7.28
2,198
A307 20 mm 8
n=
Steel Design .. SUT
6-12
6-3
C 100 75 18.6 kg/m Fe 24 .116-2529
25,000 kg (gusset plate) 10 mm A307
22 mm Ex 6-3a
h
Ex 6-3
:
A = (2.2 2 ) / 4 = 3.80 cm 2
P = Fv A = 700(3.80) = 2,660 kg
Ex 6-3b
F p = 1.35 Fy (d bolt t w ) = 1.35(2,400)(2.2)(0.65) = 4,633 kg

:
n=
25,000
= 9.40
2,660
A307 22 mm 10
:
Ag = 23.71 cm 2
2
An = Ag t w (d i + 0.3) = 23.71 (0.65)2(2.2 + 0.3) = 20.46 cm 2 > 0.85 Ag = 20.15 cm 2

i =1
An = 20.15 cm 2
T = Ft An = 0.60 Fy An = 0.60(2,400)20.15 = 29,016 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
6-13
:
3d = 3(2.2) = 6.6 mm 7.0 cm
1.5d = 3.3 mm 6-4
22 mm 38 mm 4.0 cm
Ex 6-3b
Steel Design .. SUT
6-14
6-4 :
2
(friction type connections slip-critical connection) (bearing type
connections)
F
P N (
70% )
6-11
F = N
P F

6-11
1. (stress reversal)
2.
Steel Design .. SUT
6-15
ASD
specification
6-2
(Turn-of-the-Nut Method)
(snug-tight)
1/3 1 slope
Calibrated Wrench
(impact wrenches) calibration
calibrate
(washer)
Direct Tension Indicator
(direct tension indicator)
0.38
mm
(allowable stresses)
... (allowable tensile stress)
(allowable shear stress) (allowable bearing stress)
6-3
Steel Design .. SUT
6-16
6-4
125 12 mm .55-2516 Ex 6-4
(gusset plate) 10 mm A325 20 mm
T
a.) (slip-critical)
b.) (bearing type)
Ex 6-4
a.) (slip-critical)
single shear
A = (2.0 2 ) / 4 = 3.14 cm 2
6-3 A325
Fv = 1,050 kg/cm 2
= 4(3.14)1,050 = 13,188 kg
Ag = 12.5(1.2) = 15.0 cm 2
2
An = Ag t (d i + 0.3) =15.0 (1.2)2(2.0 + 0.3) = 9.48 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 12.75 cm 2

i =1
T = Ft An = 0.60 Fy An = 0.60(2,400)9.48 = 13,651 kg
T
13,188 kg
b.) (bearing type)
single shear
6-3 A325
Fv = 1,540 kg/cm 2
= 4(3.14)1,540 = 19,342 kg
= 4(d bolt t plate )(1.35 Fy ) = 4(2.0)(1.0)[1.35(2,400)] = 25,920 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
T = Ft An = 0.60 Fy An = 0.60(2,400)9.48 = 13,651 kg
T 13,651 kg
6-17
Steel Design .. SUT
6-18
6-5
4.5 mm 12 mm
A325 22 mm Ex 6-5 30,000 kg
.55-2516

Ex 6-5
double shear
A = 2 (2.2 2 ) / 4 = 7.60 cm 2
6-3 A325
Fv = 1,050 kg/cm 2
= (7.60)1,050 = 7,980 kg
free body diagram 15,000 kg

30,000 kg
fp =
T
2.0(0.45)
T = 15,000 kg
fp =
T
2.0(1.2)
T = 30,000 kg
T = 2 F p A = 2(1.35 Fy )(2.0)(0.45) = 2[1.35(2,400)](2.0)(0.45) = 5,832 kg
T = F p A = (1.35 Fy )(2.0)(1.2) = [1.35(2,400)](2.0)(1.2) = 7,776 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
6-19
:
n=
30,000
= 5.14
5,832
A325 22 mm 6
:
3d = 3(2.2) = 6.6 mm 7.0 cm
1.5d = 3.3 mm 6-4
22 mm 38 mm 4.0 cm
Steel Design .. SUT
6-20
6-5
6-12

2

6-12
free-body diagram 6-12 6-13a
To N o
(normal clamping force) ()

To = N o
6-13
Steel Design .. SUT
6-21
P F ()
6-13b To T
N o N free-body diagram
6-13c
T =F+N
F b
ft
P
F T = F F
F
P

P
P = Ft Ag
Ft 6-3
Ag ()
Prying Action
6-14a
6-14b prying action
stiffener 6-14c
prying action
6-14
Steel Design .. SUT
6-22
6-6
6-15
tee flange
0.8P 0.6 P (center of gravity)
6-15

interaction 6-16
f t
ft =
Ft
Fv
Fv2 f v2
Ft
Fv
f v
ASD specification
f t
f t = C1 C 2 f v
C1 C 2 6-5
6-16
Steel Design .. SUT
6-23
6-5 (ASD specification)
(kg/cm 2 )
A307
Ft 1,960 1.6 f v 1,400
A325 A449
f t Ab
A490
Fv 1,0501
T
b
Ft 3,500 1.6 f v 2,800
f A
Fv 1,4001 t b
Tb
Ft 4,900 1.6 f v 3,780
Steel Design .. SUT
6-24
6-6
W250 72.4 kg/m (bracket)
25,000 kg W350 137 kg/m Ex 6-6
A325 20 mm

Ex 6-6
6-3 A325
Fv = 1,050 kg/cm 2
3
5
= (25,000) = 15,000 kg
(2.2 2 )
= 3.80 cm 2
4
15,000
fv =
= 986.8 kg/cm 2 < Fv
4(3.80)
Ab =
O.K.
6-3
F p = 1.35 Fy = 1.35(2,400) = 3,240 kg/cm 2

A = d b t f = 2.2(1.4) = 3.08 cm 2
fp =
15,000
= 1,217.5 kg/cm 2 < F p
4(3.08)
O.K.
6-5
Ft = 3,500 1.6 f v = 3,500 1.6(986.8) = 1921.12 kg/cm 2 2,800 kg/cm 2
Ft = 1,921.12 kg/cm 2
4
5
= (25,000) = 20,000 kg
Steel Design .. SUT
ft =
20,000
= 1,315.8 kg/cm 2 < Ft
4(3.80)
6-25
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
6-26
6-7
arc (electrode)
6-17a (lab joint)

6-17b 3 W
6-17

(radiography) (ultrasonic)
2 (fillet weld)
(groove weld)
6-17

6-18 2
6-18a 6-18b
6-18
Steel Design .. SUT
6-27
( 8 mm )

stress concentration
6-19 (plug slot weld)

6-19
6-8
...

Fy = 2,500 kg/cm 2 Fv = 0.4 Fy = 1,000 kg/cm 2
ASD Specification 6-6
Fu
(fillet weld)
45 o 6-20

(throat)
(root) 0.707 a
L P f v
fv =
P
0.707 aL
Fv P
P = 0.707 aLFv
6-6
60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110 ksi
60 ksi 70 ksi E
2 2 XX
Steel Design .. SUT
6-28
E60XX 60 ksi
E70XX 70 ksi
6-6 Fv E60XX E70XX

E60XX : Fv = 0.3(60) = 18 ksi 1,260 kg/cm 2
E70XX : Fv = 0.3(70) = 21 ksi 1,470 kg/cm 2
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
1.
6-6 (ASD Specification)
0.3Fu
0.3Fu f v 0.4 Fy
0.3Fu f t 0.6 Fy
0.3Fu f v 0.4 Fy
0.3Fu f v 0.4 Fy
6-20
Steel Design .. SUT
6-29
a t 6-7
... 6-8 ASD specification
3 mm 8 mm
6-7 a ( ...)
( mm )
( mm )
a = t min 1.5t min 6
t6
6 < t 10
4 a < t min 1.3 t max
10 < t 16
a = t min
t > 16
a t / 2 < 16
6-8 a (ASD specification)

( mm )
( mm )
t6
6 < t 12
12 < t 18
t > 18
(End Returns)
(fillet weld) L a t
w 6-21 w
200 mm
6-21
(lab joint) (end returns) 6-22 stress
concentration
ASD Specification (End Returns) 2a
6-9 ... ASD
specification
Steel Design .. SUT
6-30
6-22
6-9 ( ... ASD specification)
L ( mm )
...
ASD specification
L 10a 40 mm
L 4a
L 5t min 30 mm
L 5t min 25mm
(lab joint)
(lab joint)
L 2a
L 2a

6-10
6-10
() 6 mm 150
mm
() 12 mm 50
mm 150 mm
2 6 mm 150 mm
6 mm 150 mm
6 mm 150 mm
E70
2 6 mm 150 mm
Steel Design .. SUT
6-31
6-7
(gusset plate) Ex 6-7
(fillet weld) 5 mm E70XX

Ex 6-7

simple connection
6-6
Fv = 0.3Fu = 0.3(70 ksi) = 1,470 kg/cm 2
P = 0.707 size length Fv
= 0.707(0.5)(10 + 10)(1,470) = 10,393 kg
6-8
6-7 15,000 kg (fillet weld)
5 mm E70XX
1 cm
0.707 size 1.0 cm Fv = 0.707(0.5)(1.0)(1,470) = 519.6 kg/cm
(fillet weld)
15,000 kg
= 28.8 cm
519.6 kg/cm
30 cm 15 cm
Steel Design .. SUT
6-32
6-9
200 19 mm . 55-2516
(gusset plate) Ex 6-9a 20 cm

Ex 6-9
T = 0.60 Fy Ag = 0.60(2,400)(20 1.9) = 54,720 kg
E70XX , 6-6
Fv = 1,470 kg/cm 2
20 cm 20 + 20 + 20
= 60 cm 60 cm P = 0.707 aLFv
a=
P
54,720
=
= 0.88 cm
0.707 LFv 0.707(60)1,470
6-7 a ...
a min = t / 2 = 19 / 2 = 9.5 mm
a max = 16 mm
10 mm Ex 6-9b
= 0.40 Fv tL = 0.40(2,400)[1.2 60] = 69,120 kg > 54,720 kg
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
6-33
6-10
100 12 mm .55-2516
(gusset plate) 10 mm Ex 6-10
15,000 kg
Ex 6-10
.55-2516 E60XX

6-7 a ...
a = t min = 10 mm
6-6
Fv = 1,260 kg/cm 2
1 cm
0.707 size 1.0 cm Fv = 0.707(1.0)(1.0)(1,260) = 890.8 kg/cm
= 0.40 Ft t = 0.40(2,400)1.0 = 960 kg/cm > 890.8 kg/cm
O.K.
15,000
= 16.8 cm
890.8
6-9 ...
L 10a = 10(1.0) = 10 cm 4.0 cm
ASD Specification (End Returns)
2a = 2(1.0) = 2.0 cm

E60XX 8 cm 2 cm
20 cm
Steel Design .. SUT
7-1
7-1
(eccentric connections)
(center of gravity)

(eccentricity)
7-1a
7-1
7-1b R e
R M = R.e

e
(simple connection)
7-2
7-2
(eccentric shear)
7-3a 7-2 P
e P
M = Pe P pc M = Pe p m
pc p m 7-3a
Steel Design .. SUT
7-2
P
n
pc =
7-2
7-3
p m M = Pe f v
torsion formula
fv =
Md
J
J polar moment of inertia A parallel axis theorem

n
J = A d i2
i =1
Steel Design .. SUT
fv =
7-3
Md
n
A d i2
i =1
p m = Af v =
Md
n
d
i =1
2
i
vector pc p m 7-3b
vector
pc p m
x y 7-4

7-4
P x y
p cx =
Px
n
pcy =
Py
n
= (x 2 + y 2 )
x p m
p mx =
y
y Md
y
pm =
=
2
d
d d
d
Md
=
(x 2 + y 2 )
y p m
p my =
Mx
(x2 + y 2 )
My
(x 2 + y 2 )
Steel Design .. SUT
p=
p
p
= p cx + p mx
= p cy + p my
7-4
( p ) + ( p )
2
Steel Design .. SUT
7-5
7-1
(bracket) Ex 7-1a
Ex 7-1
centroid

y=
2(12.5) + 2(20.0) + 2(27.5)

= 15.0 cm
n=8
Px =
Py =
1
5
2
5
(20,000) = 8,944 kg
(20,000) = 17,888 kg
Ex 7-1b centroid
M = 17,888(30 + 11) 8,944(35 15) = 554,528 kg - cm
Ex 7-1c
8,944
= 1,118 kg
8
17,888
Py =
= 2,236 kg
8
Pcx =
Steel Design .. SUT
= (x 2 + y 2 )
= 8(112 ) + 2[15 2 + 2.5 2 + 5 2 + 12.5 2 ] = 1,793 cm 2
p mx =
554,528(15)
My
=
= 4,639.1 kg
2
2
1,793
(x + y )
p my =
Mx
554,528(11)
=
= 3,402.0 kg
2
2
1,793
(x + y )
p
p
= p cx + p mx = 1,118 + 4,639 = 5,757 kg
= p cy + p my = 2,236 + 3,402 = 5,638 kg
p=
( p ) + ( p )
2
= 5,757 2 + 5,638 2 = 8,058 kg
8,058 kg Ex 7-1c
7-6
Steel Design .. SUT
7-7
7-3
7-5 P
e

(neutral axis)
f t
M = Pe flexural formula
ft =
( Pe) y
I
y
I moment of inertia
f t A Ft 6-5
7-5
1/6 1/7

7-6
7-6
Steel Design .. SUT
7-8
7-2
Ex 7-2
Ex 7-2
18,000 kg (couple)
18,000(7.5) = 135,000 kg - cm
V =
18,000
= 4,500 kg
4
Ex 7-2b moment of inertia (neutral axis)

I = 4[ A(5 2 )] = 100 A cm 2
ft =
My 135,000(6.25) 8,437.5
=
=
I
A
100 A
T = Af t = A
8,437.5
= 8,437.5 kg
A
Steel Design .. SUT
7-9
7-3
beam-column T ( W200 83.69 kg/m
) A307 19 mm (flange)
Ex 7-3 Fe 24 .116-2529
Ex 7-3
:
6-3 A307
Fv = 700 kg/cm 2
15,000 / 8
fv =
= 661.4 kg/cm 2 < Fv
2.835
:
: 3d = 3(1.9) = 5.7 cm < 7.5 cm
1.5d = 1.5(1.9) = 2.85 cm < 3.75 cm
:
F p = 1.35 Fy = 1.35(2,400) = 3,240 kg/cm 2

T
fp =
15,000 / 8 15,000 / 8
=
= 822.4 kg/cm 2 < F p
d b t f ,column
(1.9)1.2
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
O.K.
:
(neutral axis)
1/6 1/7
Steel Design .. SUT
y=
7-10
1
(30) = 5 cm
6
1 2

8y
y
= 2 A[(11.25 y ) + (18.75 y ) + (26.25 y )]
2
4 y 2 = 112.5 A 6 Ay
4 y 2 + 17.01 y 318.94 = 0
y = 7.05 cm
y 1 2 3.75 cm < y < 11.25 cm

I x = I x + I x
1
I x = (20)(7.05 3 ) + 2(2.835)[4.2 2 + 11.7 2 + 19.2 2 ] = 5,302 cm 4
3
M = Pe = 15,000(7.5) = 112,500 kg - cm
My 112,500(26.25 7.05)
ft =
=
= 407.4 kg/cm 2
I
5,302
6-5 ASD
specification
Ft 1,960 1.6 f v 1,400
Ft = 1,960 1.6(661.4) = 901.8 kg/cm 2 1,400 kg/cm 2
f t < Ft = 901.8 kg/cm 2
Steel Design .. SUT
7-11
7-4

Elastic Analysis
7-7a P
e P M = Pe
7-7b
7-7
P M = Pe
(throat)
f1 =
P
1( L)
L
P x y
f 1x =
Px
L
f1 y =
Py
L
Px Py P x y
M = Pe d
7-8 torsion formula
f2 =
Md
J
J polar moment of inertia
7-8
Steel Design .. SUT
7-12
M = Pe x y
f 2x =
My
J
f2y =
Mx
J
J = r 2 dA = ( x 2 + y 2 )dA = I x + I y
A
I x I y moment of inertia x y
x f x y
f y
fv =
( f ) + ( f )
2
Steel Design .. SUT
7-13
7-4
(bracket) Ex 7-4
Fe 24 .116-2529
Ex 7-4
1 cm
f1 y =
18,000
18,000
=
= 257.1 kg/cm
20 + 30 + 20
70
centroid
y = 30.0 / 2 = 15.0 cm
x (70) = 20(10)2
x = 5.71 cm
e = 25 + 20 5.71 = 39.29 cm
M = Pe = 18,000(39.29) = 707,220 kg - cm
moment of inertia centroid

Ix =
1
(1)30 3 + 2(20 1)15 2 = 11,250 cm 4
12
Steel Design .. SUT
7-14

1
I y = 2 (1)20 3 + (20 1)(10 5.71) 2 + (30 1)5.712 = 3,047.6 cm 4

12
polar moment of inertia

J = I x + I y = 11,250 + 3,047.6 = 14,297.6 cm 4
Ex 7-4

My 707,220(15.0)
=
= 742.0 kg/cm
J
14,297.6
Mx 707,220(20.0 5.71)
=
=
= 706.8 kg/cm
J
14,297.6
f 2x =
f2y
f v = (742.0) 2 + (257.1 + 706.8) 2 = 1,216.4 kg/cm
= 0.4 Fy (t 1.0) = 0.4(2,400)(1.5) = 1,440 kg/cm > f v

f v = 1,216.4 kg/cm (size)
(throat) (size) 0.707 ( a )
1,216.4
0.707 a
1,216.4
Fv =
0.707 a
1,216.4
a=
0.707 Fv
E70XX 6-6
Fv = 0.3Fu = 0.3(70 ksi) = 1,470 kg/cm 2

a=
1,216.4
= 1.17 cm
0.707(1,470)
6-7 a ...
a min = t / 2 = 14 / 2 = 7.0 mm
a max = 16 mm
12 mm E70XX
Steel Design .. SUT
7-15
Special Provision for Axially Loaded Members

(simple connection)
7-9a
Te
7-9b
7-9
ASD specification
(fatigue loads)
(vibration loads)
7-10 L2
M L 2 = Tc P3
L3
P1 L3 = 0
2
7-10
Steel Design .. SUT
7-16
P1
P1 =
Tc P3
L3 2
= T P1 P2 P3 = 0
P1 P2
L1 L2
Steel Design .. SUT
7-17
7-5
2L 125 75 10 mm Ex 7-5a
(gusset plate) 9 mm Fe 24 .1162529
Ex 7-5
= 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2

= 0.50(4,100) = 2,050 kg/cm 2

T = Ft Ag = 1,440(19) = 27,360 kg
6-7 a ... 4 a < t min

1.3 t max
4 a < 9 mm
a 1.3 1 = 1.3 mm
8 mm E70XX
1 cm = 0.707aFv = 0.707(0.8)(1,470) = 831.4 kg/cm 2
1 cm = 0.40 Fy t = 0.40(2400)(0.9) = 864 kg/cm 2

P3 = 831.4(12.5) = 10,392.5 kg
L2
= 27,360(8.28) 10,392.5(12.5 / 2) P1 (12.5) = 0
P1 = 12,927 kg
F = 27,360 12,927 10,392.5 P
=0
P2 = 4,040.5 kg
L1 =
12,927
= 15.6 cm
831.4
L1 = 16.0 cm
Steel Design .. SUT
L2 =
4,040.5
= 4.9 cm
831.4
Ex 7-5b
7-18
L2 = 5.0 cm
Steel Design .. SUT
7-19
7-5
7-11 R
7-11
7-12 P e
P
fv =
P
A
M = Pe
ft =
Mc
I
A (throats)
I moment of inertia
c
7-12
Steel Design .. SUT

fr =
f v2 + f f2
6-5
7-20
Steel Design .. SUT
7-21
7-6
L 150 100 15 mm Ex 7-6a
7,000 kg Fe 24 .1162529 E70XX
Ex 7-6
(throat) end
return end
return end return ASD Specification 2
e = 2 + 8 / 2 = 5 cm
M = Pe = 7,000(5) = 35,000 kg - cm
Ex 7-6b
1(15 3 )
4
I = 2
= 562.5 cm /cm
12
c = 15 / 2 = 7.5 cm
Mc 35,000(7.5)
ft =
=
= 466.7 kg/cm
I
562.5
P 7,000
fv = =
= 233.3 kg/cm
A 2(1)15
Steel Design .. SUT
fr =
7-22
f t 2 + f v2 = 466.7 2 + 233.3 2 = 521.8 kg/cm
521.8 = 0.707 aFv = 0.707 a(1,470)

a = 0.502 cm
6-7 a ...
a = t min = 1.0 cm
= 0.40 Fy t = 0.40(2,400)(1) = 960 kg/cm > f v

1.0 cm end return 2.0 cm E70XX
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
7-23
7-7
Ex 7-7a
L 100 75 7 mm W300 94 kg/m Fe 24 .116-2529
7 mm E70XX
Ex 7-7

(throat) Ex 7-7b
x=
2(6.3)(6.3 / 2)
= 0.43 cm
80 + 2(6.3)
e = 7.5 0.43 = 7.07 cm
M = eR = 7.07 R kg - cm
R
Ex 7-7c
y=
(80)(80 / 2)
= 39.0 cm
80 + 2
1(80 3 )
I=
+ 80(40 39) 2 + 2(39 2 ) = 45,789 cm 4
12
Steel Design .. SUT
7-24
I = 2(45,789) = 91,578 cm 4
Mc 7.07 R(39)
=
= 3.011(10 3 )R kg/cm
I
91,578
R
R
fv = =
= 6.098(10 3 ) R kg/cm
A 2(80 + 2)
ft =
fr =
f t 2 + f v2 = 3.011(10 3 )R 2 + 6.098(10 3 ) R 2 = 6.801(10 3 ) R kg/cm
=
6.801(10 3 ) R = 0.707(0.70)1,470
R = 106,970 kg
0.4 Fy t = 0.4(2,400)(0.7) = 672 kg/cm

106,970
= 652.3 kg/m < 672 kg/m
2(80 + 2)
106,970 kg
O.K.
Steel Design .. SUT
7-25
7-6 (Moment- Resisting Connections)

7-13

(fixed connection) 7-14
100%
7-13
Steel Design .. SUT
7-26
7-14
ASD specification 3 Type 1 (rigid connection), Type 2 (simple
connection), Type 3 (semirigid connection)
(simple connection) 0-20%
semirigid 20%-90% (rigid connection)
90%
7-15 (rotation)
7-13
roller
Steel Design .. SUT
7-27
7-15
semirigid 7-16

7-16
Steel Design .. SUT
7-28
7-17 moment diagram w

span L 7-17a moment
diagram wL2 / 8 7-17b moment diagram
wL2 / 12 semirigid
7-17c 7-17d wL2 / 12 wL2 / 16
50% 75%
7-17
semirigid
7-14
stiffeners flanges
web

1. Segui, W.T., Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design, 1st Ed., PWS-KENT, Boston, USA, 1989
2. McCormac, J.C., Structural Steel Design, 4th Ed., Harper & Row, New York, NY, 1992
3. Gaylord, E.H., Jr, Gaylord, C.N., and Stallmeyer, J.E., Steel Structures, 3rd Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York,
NY, 1992
4. Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design, 9th Ed., American Institute of Steel Construction,
1989
5. , , 2530
6. , . , ,
,
7. , , 2526
8. . 55-2616
9. . 107-2517
10. . 116-2529
11. , , 2540
A1-2
(t )
(w)
(D)
Moment of
Inertia
Section
Modulus
Radius of
Gyration
( A)
(I x = I y )
(S x = S y )
(rx = ry )
mm
mm
kg/m
cm 2
cm 4
cm 3
cm
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
21.3
26.9
33.7
42.4
48.3
60.3
76.1
88.9
114.3
125
139.7
150
165.1
175
193.7
200
219.1
225
244.5
2.0
2.3
2.6
2.6
2.9
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.6
4.5
4.0
5.0
4.5
6.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
0.95
1.40
1.99
2.55
3.25
4.11
5.75
6.76
9.83
12.19
13.39
17.30
17.82
25.05
23.27
27.77
26.40
31.53
35.29
46.66
1.21
1.78
2.54
3.25
4.14
5.23
7.33
8.62
12.52
15.52
17.05
21.19
22.70
30.00
29.64
35.38
33.63
40.17
44.96
59.44
0.57
1.36
3.09
6.46
10.70
21.59
48.78
79.21
191.98
234.32
392.86
480.70
732.57
950.68
1320.24
1559.74
1928.04
2281.96
3198.57
4160.46
0.54
1.01
1.84
3.05
4.43
7.16
12.82
17.82
33.59
41.00
56.24
68.81
88.74
115.16
136.32
161.05
176.00
208.30
261.64
340.32
0.69
0.87
1.10
1.41
1.61
2.03
2.58
3.03
3.92
3.89
4.80
4.75
5.68
5.45
6.67
6.64
7.57
7.54
8.43
8.37
A1-3
25 25
38 38
50 50
60 60
75 75
90 90
100 100
125 125
150 150
175 175
200 200
250 250
300 300
( A)
Moment of
Inertia ( I )
Section
Modulus ( S )
Radius of
Gyration (r )
kg/m
cm 2
cm 4
cm 3
cm
1.12
1.78
2.38
3.34
2.88
4.06
5.14
7.01
6.23
8.51
6.95
9.52
12.03
14.87
22.26
26.40
26.18
31.11
36.82
46.94
45.24
59.50
54.66
72.06
1.432
2.264
3.032
4.252
3.672
5.172
6.552
8.927
7.932
10.847
8.852
12.127
15.327
18.948
28.356
33.633
33.356
39.633
45.633
59.793
57.633
75.793
69.633
91.793
1.28
4.92
11.71
15.86
20.68
28.31
57.10
75.53
100.79
134.51
139.73
187.28
375.64
457.23
982.12
1145.90
1590.86
1864.02
2832.74
3621.62
5671.99
7315.63
9963.65
12925.05
1.02
2.59
4.68
6.34
6.89
9.44
15.23
20.14
22.40
29.89
27.95
37.46
60.10
73.16
130.95
152.79
181.81
213.03
283.27
362.16
453.76
585.25
664.24
861.67
0.34
1.47
1.96
1.93
2.37
2.34
2.95
2.91
3.56
3.52
3.97
3.93
4.95
4.91
5.89
5.84
6.91
6.86
7.88
7.78
9.92
9.82
11.96
11.87
(t )
( w)
mm
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.3
1.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.3
3.2
3.2
4.0
5.0
6.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
6.0
8.0
A1-4
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
( w)
(I )
(S )
(r )
(t )
kg/m
( A)
cm 4
cm 3
cm
mm
50 25
60 30
75 45
90 45
100 50
125 40
125 75
150 80
150 100
200 100
1.6
2.3
1.6
2.3
2.3
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.3
3.2
2.3
3.2
3.2
4.0
4.5
6.0
4.5
6.0
4.5
6.0
1.75
2.44
2.13
2.98
4.06
5.50
4.60
6.25
5.14
7.01
5.69
7.76
9.52
11.73
15.20
19.81
16.62
21.69
20.15
26.40
cm 2
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
2.232
3.102
2.712
3.792
5.172
7.007
5.862
7.967
6.552
8.927
7.242
9.887
12.127
14.948
19.369
25.233
21.169
27.633
25.669
33.633
7.02
9.31
12.49
16.82
38.86
50.77
60.98
80.24
84.83
112.29
130.92
173.84
256.93
310.76
562.76
710.20
658.06
834.68
1331.44
1703.30
2.37
3.10
4.25
5.65
17.61
22.81
20.75
27.01
28.95
37.95
21.64
28.19
116.80
140.65
211.47
264.42
351.96
444.19
454.64
576.91
2.81
3.72
4.16
5.61
10.36
13.54
13.55
17.83
16.97
22.46
20.95
27.81
41.11
49.72
75.03
94.69
87.74
111.29
133.14
170.33
0.95
1.24
1.42
1.88
4.69
6.08
4.61
6.00
5.79
7.59
3.46
4.51
18.69
22.50
28.20
35.26
46.93
59.23
45.46
57.69
1.77
1.73
2.15
2.11
2.74
2.69
3.23
3.17
3.60
3.55
4.25
4.19
4.60
4.56
5.39
5.31
5.58
5.50
7.20
7.12
1.03
1.00
1.25
1.22
1.84
1.80
1.88
1.84
2.10
2.06
1.73
1.69
3.10
3.07
3.30
3.24
4.08
4.01
4.21
4.14
A1-5
120 120
100 100
90 90
75 75
65 65
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
Iz
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
rz
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm
cm
cm 4
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
cm
14.7
19.1
14.9
10.7
17.0
13.3
9.59
13.0
9.96
6.85
7.66
5.91
8
13
10
7
13
10
7
12
9
6
8
6
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
5
7
7
5
7
7
5
6
6
4
6
4
18.76
24.31
19.00
13.62
21.71
17.00
12.22
16.56
12.69
8.727
9.761
7.527
3.24
2.94
2.82
2.71
2.69
2.57
2.46
2.29
2.17
2.06
1.88
1.81
3.24
2.94
2.82
2.71
2.69
2.57
2.46
2.29
2.17
2.06
1.88
1.81
258
220
175
129
156
125
93.0
81.9
64.4
46.1
36.8
29.4
258
220
175
129
156
125
93.0
81.9
64.4
46.1
36.8
29.4
106
91.1
72.0
53.2
65.3
51.7
28.3
34.5
26.7
19.0
15.3
12.2
29.5
31.1
24.4
17.7
24.8
19.5
14.2
15.7
12.1
8.47
7.96
6.26
29.5
31.1
24.4
17.7
24.8
19.5
14.2
15.7
12.1
8.47
7.96
6.26
3.71
3.00
3.04
3.08
2.68
2.71
2.76
2.22
2.25
2.30
1.94
1.98
3.71
3.00
3.04
3.08
2.68
2.71
2.76
2.22
2.25
2.30
1.94
1.98
2.38
1.94
1.95
1.98
1.73
1.74
1.77
1.44
1.45
1.48
1.25
1.27
A1-6
L ()
50 50
40 40
30 30
25 25
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
Iz
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
rz
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm
cm
cm 4
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
cm
4.43
3.06
2.95
1.83
1.36
1.12
6
4
5
3
3
3
6.5
6.5
4.5
4.5
4
4
4.5
3
3
2
2
2
5.644
3.892
3.755
2.336
1.727
1.427
1.44
1.37
1.17
1.09
0.844
0.719
1.44
1.37
1.17
1.09
0.844
0.719
12.6
9.06
5.42
3.53
1.42
0.797
12.6
9.06
5.42
3.53
1.42
0.797
5.23
3.76
2.25
1.46
0.590
0.332
3.55
2.49
1.91
1.21
0.661
0.448
3.55
2.49
1.91
1.21
0.661
0.448
1.50
1.53
1.20
1.23
0.908
0.747
1.50
1.53
1.20
1.23
0.908
0.747
0.963
0.983
0.744
0.790
0.585
0.483
A1-7
tan
kg/m
150 100
125 75
100 75
90 75
27.7
22.4
17.1
14.9
9.32
11.0
0.431
0.435
0.439
0.357
0.548
0.676
Moment of Inertia
Section
Modulus
Radius of Gyration
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
Iz
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
rz
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm
cm
cm 4
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
cm
15
12
9
10
7
9
12
12
12
10
10
8.5
8.5
8.5
6
7
5
6
35.25
28.56
21.84
19.00
11.87
14.04
2.53
2.41
2.30
1.75
1.83
2.00
5.00
4.88
4.76
4.22
3.06
2.75
782
642
502
299
118
109
276
228
181
80.8
56.9
68.1
161
132
104
49.0
30.8
34.1
78.2
63.4
49.1
36.1
17.0
17.4
37.0
30.1
23.5
14.1
10.0
12.4
4.71
4.74
4.79
3.96
3.15
2.78
2.80
2.83
2.88
2.06
2.19
2.20
2.14
2.15
2.18
1.61
1.61
1.56
A1-8
380 100
300 90
250 90
200 90
200 80
180 75
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm
cm
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
67.3
62.0
54.5
48.6
43.8
38.1
40.2
34.6
30.3
24.6
21.4
13
13
10.5
12
10
9
11
9
8
7.5
7
20
16.5
16
16
15.5
13
14.5
13
13.5
11
10.5
24
18
18
19
19
14
17
14
14
12
11
12
9
9
9.5
9.5
7
8.5
7
7
6
5.5
85.71
78.96
69.39
61.9
55.74
48.57
51.17
44.07
38.65
31.33
27.20
2.54
2.33
2.41
2.28
2.34
2.22
2.40
2.40
2.74
2.21
2.13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
17,600
15,600
14,500
7,870
7,410
6,440
4,680
4,180
2,490
1,950
1,380
655
565
535
379
360
309
329
294
277
168
131
926
823
763
525
494
429
374
334
249
195
153
87.8
73.6
70.5
56.4
54.1
45.7
49.9
44.5
44.2
29.1
24.3
14.3
14.1
14.5
11.3
11.5
11.5
9.56
9.74
8.02
7.88
7.12
2.76
2.67
2.78
2.48
2.54
2.52
2.54
2.58
2.68
2.32
2.19
A1-9
()
150 75
125 65
100 50
75 40
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm
cm
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
24.0
18.6
13.4
9.36
6.92
9
6.5
6
5
5
12.5
10
8
7.5
7
15
10
8
8
8
7.5
5
4
4
4
30.59
23.71
17.11
11.92
8.818
2.31
2.28
1.90
1.54
1.28
0
0
0
0
0
1,050
861
424
188
75.3
147
117
61.8
26.0
12.2
140
115
67.8
37.6
20.1
28.3
22.4
13.4
7.52
4.47
5.86
6.03
4.98
3.97
2.92
2.19
2.22
1.90
1.48
1.17
A1-10
d bf
600 190
450 175
400 150
350 150
300 150
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
176
133
115
91.7
95.8
72.0
87.2
58.5
97.88
83.47
61.58
16
13
13
11
12.5
10
12
9
11.5
10
8
35
25
26
20
25
18
24
15
22
18.5
13
38
25
27
19
27
17
25
13
23
19
12
19
12.5
13.5
9.5
13.5
8.5
12.5
6.5
11.5
9.5
6
224.5
169.4
146.1
116.8
122.1
91.73
111.1
74.58
14,700
12,700
9,480
130,000
98,400
48,800
39,200
31,700
24,100
22,400
15,200
14,700
12,700
9,480
3,540
2,460
2,020
1,510
1,240
864
1,180
702
1,080
886
588
4,330
3,280
2,170
1,740
1,580
1,200
1,280
870
978
849
632
373
259
231
173
165
115
158
93.5
143
118
78.4
24.1
24.1
18.3
18.3
16.1
16.2
14.2
14.3
12.2
12.3
12.4
3.97
3.81
3.72
3.60
3.18
3.07
3.26
3.07
3.09
3.26
3.32
A1-11
I ()
250 125
200 150
200 100
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
r1
r2
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
55.5
38.3
50.4
26.0
10
7.5
9
7
19
12.5
16
10
21
12
15
10
10.5
6
7.5
5
70.73
48.79
64.16
33.06
7,310
5,180
4,460
2,170
538
337
753
138
858
414
446
217
86.0
53.9
100
27.7
10.2
10.3
8.34
8.11
2.76
2.63
3.43
2.05
A1-12
900 300
800 300
700 300
600 300
bf
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm 3
cm 3
cm
cm
286
243
213
241
210
191
215
185
166
175
151
137
912
900
890
808
800
792
708
700
692
594
588
582
302
300
299
302
300
300
302
300
300
302
300
300
18
16
15
16
14
14
15
13
13
14
12
12
34
28
23
30
26
22
28
24
20
23
20
17
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
364.0
309.8
270.9
307.6
267.4
243.4
273.6
235.5
211.5
222.4
192.5
174.5
498,000
411,000
345,000
339,000
292,000
254,000
237,000
201,000
172,000
137,000
118,000
103,000
15,700
12,600
10,300
13,800
11,700
9,930
12,900
10,800
9,020
10,600
9,020
7,670
10,900
9,140
7,760
8,400
7,290
6,410
6,700
5,760
4,980
4,620
4,020
3,530
1,040
843
688
915
782
662
853
722
602
701
601
511
37.0
36.4
35.7
33.2
33.0
32.3
29.4
29.3
28.6
24.9
24.8
24.3
6.56
6.39
6.16
6.70
6.62
6.39
6.86
6.78
6.53
6.90
6.85
6.63
A1-13
W ()
600 200
500 300
500 200
450 300
450 200
400 400
bf
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm3
cm 3
cm
cm
134
120
106
94.6
128
114
103
89.6
79.5
124
106
76.0
66.2
605
415
283
232
612
606
600
596
488
482
506
500
496
440
434
450
446
498
458
428
414
202
201
200
199
300
300
201
200
199
300
299
200
199
432
417
407
405
13
12
11
10
11
11
11
10
9
11
10
9
8
45
30
20
18
23
20
17
15
18
15
19
16
14
18
15
14
12
70
50
35
28
22
22
22
22
26
26
20
20
20
24
24
18
18
22
22
22
22
107.7
152.5
134.4
120.5
163.5
145.5
131.3
114.2
101.3
157.4
135.0
96.76
84.30
770.1
528.6
360.7
295.4
103,000
90,400
77,600
68,700
71,000
60,400
56,500
47,800
41,900
56,100
46,800
33,500
28,700
298,000
187,000
119,000
92,800
3,180
2,720
2,280
1,980
8,110
6,760
2,580
2,140
1,840
8,110
6,690
1,870
1,580
94,400
60,500
39,400
31,000
3,380
2,980
2,590
2,310
2,910
2,500
2,230
1,910
1,690
2,550
2,160
1,490
1,290
12,000
8,170
5,570
4,480
314
271
228
199
7.04
6.82
237
214
185
541
448
187
159
4,370
2,900
1,930
1,530
24.6
24.3
24.0
23.9
2,910
2,500
20.7
20.5
20.3
18.9
18.6
18.6
18.5
19.7
18.8
18.2
17.7
4.31
4.22
4.12
4.05
541
451
4.43
4.33
4.27
7.18
7.04
4.40
4.33
11.1
10.7
10.4
10.2
A1-14
W ()
400 400
400 300
400 200
350 350
bf
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm3
cm 3
cm
cm
200
197
172
168
147
140
107
94.3
66.0
56.6
159
156
137
131
115
106
406
400
400
394
394
388
390
386
400
396
356
350
350
344
344
338
403
408
400
405
398
402
300
299
200
199
352
357
350
354
348
351
16
21
13
18
11
15
10
9
8
7
14
19
12
16
10
13
24
21
21
18
18
15
16
14
13
11
22
19
19
16
16
13
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
16
16
20
20
20
20
20
20
254.9
250.7
218.7
214.4
186.8
178.5
136.0
120.1
84.12
72.16
202.0
198.4
173.9
166.6
146.0
135.3
78,000
70,900
66,600
59,700
56,100
49,000
38,700
33,700
23,700
20,000
47,600
42,800
40,300
35,300
33,300
28,200
26,200
23,800
22,400
20,000
18,900
16,300
7,210
6,240
1,740
1,450
16,000
14,400
13,600
11,800
11,200
9,380
3,840
3,540
3,330
3,030
2,850
2,520
1,980
1,740
1,190
1,010
2,670
2,450
2,300
2,050
1,940
1,670
1,300
1,170
1,120
985
951
809
481
418
174
145
909
809
776
669
646
534
17.5
16.8
17.5
16.7
17.3
16.6
16.9
16.7
16.8
16.7
15.3
14.7
15.2
14.6
15.1
14.4
10.1
9.75
10.1
9.65
10.1
9.54
7.28
7.21
4.54
4.48
8.90
8.53
8.84
8.43
8.78
8.33
A1-15
W ()
350 250
350 175
300 300
300 200
300 150
250 250
bf
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm3
cm 3
cm
cm
79.7
69.2
49.6
41.4
106.0
106.0
94.0
87.0
84.5
65.4
56.8
36.7
30.2
82.2
72.4
66.5
64.4
340
336
350
346
304
300
300
298
294
298
294
300
298
250
250
248
244
250
249
175
174
301
305
300
299
302
201
200
150
149
255
250
249
252
9
8
7
6
11
15
10
9
12
9
8
6.5
5.5
14
9
8
11
14
12
11
9
17
15
15
14
12
14
12
9
8
14
14
13
11
20
20
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
13
13
16
16
16
16
101.5
88.15
63.14
52.68
134.8
134.8
119.8
110.8
107.7
83.4
72.4
46.8
40.8
104.7
92.18
84.70
82.06
21,700
18,500
13,600
11,100
23,400
21,500
20,400
18,800
16,900
13,300
11,300
7,210
6,320
11,500
10,800
9,930
8,790
3,650
3,090
984
792
7,730
7,100
6,750
6,240
5,520
1,900
1,600
508
442
3,880
3,650
3,350
2,940
1,280
1,100
775
641
1,540
1,440
1,360
1,270
1,150
893
771
481
424
919
867
801
720
292
248
112
91.0
514
466
450
417
365
189
160
67.7
59.3
304
292
269
233
14.6
14.5
14.7
14.5
13.2
12.6
13.1
13.0
12.5
12.6
12.5
12.4
12.4
10.5
10.8
10.8
10.3
6.00
5.92
3.95
3.86
7.57
7.26
7.51
7.51
7.16
4.77
4.71
3.29
3.29
6.09
6.29
6.29
5.98
A1-16
W ()
250 175
250 125
200 200
200 150
200 100
175 175
175 125
175 90
150 150
150 100
150 75
125 125
125 60
bf
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm3
cm 3
cm
cm
44.1
29.6
25.7
65.7
56.2
49.9
30.6
21.3
18.2
40.2
23.3
18.1
31.5
21.1
14.0
23.8
13.2
244
250
248
208
200
200
194
200
198
175
169
175
150
148
150
125
125
175
125
124
202
204
200
150
100
99
175
125
90
150
100
75
125
60
7
6
5
10
12
8
6
5.5
4.5
7.5
5.5
5
7
6
5
6.5
6
11
9
8
16
12
12
9
8
7
11
8
8
10
9
7
9
8
16
12
12
13
13
13
13
11
11
12
12
9
11
11
8
10
9
56.24
37.66
32.68
83.69
71.53
63.53
39.01
27.16
23.18
51.21
29.65
23.04
40.14
26.84
17.85
30.31
16.84
6,120
4,050
3,540
6,530
4,980
4,720
2,690
1,840
1,580
2880
1530
1210
1640
1020
666
847
413
984
294
255
2,200
1,700
1,600
507
134
114
984
261
97.5
563
151
49.5
293
29.2
502
324
285
628
498
472
277
184
160
330
181
139
219
138
88.8
136
66.1
113
47.0
41.1
218
167
160
67.6
26.8
23.0
112
41.8
21.7
75.1
30.1
13.2
47.0
9.73
10.4
10.4
10.4
8.83
8.35
8.62
8.30
8.24
8.26
7.50
7.18
7.26
6.39
6.71
6.11
5.29
4.95
4.18
2.79
2.79
5.13
4.88
5.02
3.61
2.22
2.21
4.38
2.97
2.06
3.75
2.37
1.66
3.11
1.32
A1-17
W ()
100 100
100 50
bf
Moment of Inertia
Section Modulus
Radius of Gyration
tw
tf
Ix
Iy
Sx
Sy
rx
ry
kg/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
cm 2
cm 4
cm 4
cm3
cm 3
cm
cm
17.2
9.3
100
100
100
50
6
5
8
7
10
8
21.90
11.85
383
187
134
14.8
76.5
37.5
26.7
5.91
4.18
3.98
2.47
1.12
2
Fa
A2-2
KL/r F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
Fa
KL/r F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
KL/r
F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
1,437.5 1,796.5 1,916.1
29
1,339.5 1,655.2 1,759.0
57
1,195.2 1,443.2 1,522.0
1,434.9 1,792.9 1,912.1
30
1,335.1 1,648.8 1,751.8
58
1,189.3 1,434.5 1,512.3
1,432.3 1,789.1 1,908.0
31
1,330.6 1,642.2 1,744.5
59
1,183.4 1,425.8 1,502.5
1,429.5 1,785.3 1,903.8
32
1,326.1 1,635.6 1,737.1
60
1,177.4 1,416.9 1,492.6
1,426.8 1,781.3 1,899.4
33
1,321.5 1,628.9 1,729.6
61
1,171.3 1,408.0 1,482.6
1,423.9 1,777.3 1,894.9
34
1,316.9 1,622.1 1,722.0
62
1,165.2 1,399.0 1,472.5
1,420.9 1,773.1 1,890.2
35
1,312.2 1,615.2 1,714.3
63
1,159.1 1,389.9 1,462.3
1,417.9 1,768.8 1,885.5
36
1,307.4 1,608.2 1,706.6
64
1,152.9 1,380.8 1,452.1
1,414.9 1,764.4 1,880.6
37
1,302.6 1,601.2 1,698.7
65
1,146.7 1,371.5 1,441.8
10
1,411.7 1,759.9 1,875.6
38
1,297.7 1,594.0 1,690.7
66
1,140.4 1,362.3 1,431.4
11
1,408.5 1,755.3 1,870.5
39
1,292.8 1,586.8 1,682.6
67
1,134.1 1,352.9 1,420.9
12
1,405.2 1,750.6 1,865.2
40
1,287.8 1,579.5 1,674.5
68
1,127.7 1,343.5 1,410.3
13
1,401.9 1,745.7 1,859.9
41
1,282.8 1,572.1 1,666.2
69
1,121.2 1,333.9 1,399.6
14
1,398.4 1,740.8 1,854.4
42
1,277.7 1,564.7 1,657.9
70
1,114.8 1,324.4 1,388.9
15
1,395.0 1,735.8 1,848.8
43
1,272.6 1,557.1 1,649.4
71
1,108.3 1,314.7 1,378.1
16
1,391.4 1,730.6 1,843.1
44
1,267.4 1,549.5 1,640.9
72
1,101.7 1,305.0 1,367.2
17
1,387.8 1,725.4 1,837.3
45
1,262.1 1,541.8 1,632.3
73
1,095.1 1,295.2 1,356.2
18
1,384.1 1,720.1 1,831.4
46
1,256.9 1,534.0 1,623.6
74
1,088.4 1,285.3 1,345.1
19
1,380.4 1,714.7 1,825.3
47
1,251.5 1,526.1 1,614.8
75
1,081.7 1,275.4 1,334.0
20
1,376.6 1,709.1 1,819.2
48
1,246.1 1,518.2 1,605.9
76
1,074.9 1,265.4 1,322.7
21
1,372.7 1,703.5 1,812.9
49
1,240.7 1,510.2 1,596.9
77
1,068.1 1,255.3 1,311.4
22
1,368.8 1,697.8 1,806.5
50
1,235.2 1,502.1 1,587.9
78
1,061.3 1,245.1 1,300.0
23
1,364.8 1,692.0 1,800.1
51
1,229.6 1,493.9 1,578.7
79
1,054.4 1,234.9 1,288.6
24
1,360.7 1,686.1 1,793.5
52
1,224.0 1,485.6 1,569.5
80
1,047.5 1,224.6 1,277.0
25
1,356.6 1,680.1 1,786.8
53
1,218.3 1,477.3 1,560.2
81
1,040.5 1,214.2 1,265.4
26
1,352.4 1,674.0 1,780.0
54
1,212.6 1,468.9 1,550.8
82
1033.4 1203.7 1,253.6
27
1,348.2 1,667.8 1,773.1
55
1,206.9 1,460.4 1,541.3
83
1,026.4 1,193.2 1,241.8
28
1,343.9 1,661.6 1,766.1
56
1,201.1 1,451.9 1,531.7
84
1,019.2 1,182.6 1,229.9
A2-3
KL/r F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
KL/r F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
KL/r
F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
85
1,012.1 1,172.0 1,218.0
113
792.2
842.2
846.7
141
543.9
543.9
543.9
86
1,004.9 1,161.2 1,205.9
114
783.7
829.3
832.1
142
536.3
536.3
536.3
87
997.6 1,150.4 1,193.7
115
775.0
816.2
817.7
143
528.8
528.8
528.8
88
990.3 1,139.5 1,181.5
116
766.4
803.1
803.6
144
521.5
521.5
521.5
89
982.9 1,128.5 1,169.2
117
757.7
789.9
790.0
145
514.3
514.3
514.3
90
975.5 1,117.5 1,156.8
118
748.9
776.6
776.6
146
507.3
507.3
507.3
91
968.1 1,106.4 1,144.3
119
740.1
763.6
763.6
147
500.4
500.4
500.4
92
960.6 1,095.2 1,131.7
120
731.2
750.9
750.9
148
493.7
493.7
493.7
93
953.0 1,083.9 1,119.1
121
722.3
738.6
738.6
149
487.1
487.1
487.1
94
945.5 1,072.6 1,106.3
122
713.3
726.5
726.5
150
480.6
480.6
480.6
95
937.8 1,061.2 1,093.5
123
704.3
714.8
714.8
151
474.3
474.3
474.3
96
930.1 1,049.7 1,080.6
124
695.2
703.3
703.3
152
468.0
468.0
468.0
97
922.4 1,038.1 1,067.6
125
686.1
692.1
692.1
153
461.9
461.9
461.9
98
914.6 1,026.5 1,054.5
126
676.9
681.1
681.1
154
456.0
456.0
456.0
99
906.8 1,014.8 1,041.3
127
667.7
670.4
670.4
155
450.1
450.1
450.1
100
898.9 1,003.0 1,028.0
128
658.4
660.0
660.0
156
444.3
444.3
444.3
101
891.0
991.1 1,014.6
129
649.0
649.8
649.8
157
438.7
438.7
438.7
102
883.1
979.1 1,001.1
130
639.6
639.9
639.9
158
433.2
433.2
433.2
103
875.0
967.1
987.6
131
630.1
630.1
630.1
159
427.7
427.7
427.7
104
867.0
955.0
973.9
132
620.6
620.6
620.6
160
422.4
422.4
422.4
105
858.9
942.8
960.2
133
611.3
611.3
611.3
161
417.2
417.2
417.2
106
850.7
930.5
946.3
134
602.2
602.2
602.2
162
412.0
412.0
412.0
107
842.5
918.2
932.4
135
593.3
593.3
593.3
163
407.0
407.0
407.0
108
834.2
905.7
918.4
136
584.6
584.6
584.6
164
402.1
402.1
402.1
109
825.9
893.2
904.2
137
576.1
576.1
576.1
165
397.2
397.2
397.2
110
817.6
880.6
890.0
138
567.8
567.8
567.8
166
392.4
392.4
392.4
111
809.2
867.9
875.7
139
559.7
559.7
559.7
167
387.7
387.7
387.7
112
800.7
855.1
861.2
140
551.7
551.7
551.7
168
383.1
383.1
383.1
A2-4
KL/r F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
KL/r F(2400) F(3000) F(3200)
169
378.6
378.6
378.6
197
278.6
278.6
278.6
170
374.2
374.2
374.2
198
275.8
275.8
275.8
171
369.8
369.8
369.8
199
273.1
273.1
273.1
172
365.5
365.5
365.5
200
270.3
270.3
270.3
173
361.3
361.3
361.3
174
357.2
357.2
357.2
175
353.1
353.1
353.1
176
349.1
349.1
349.1
177
345.2
345.2
345.2
178
341.3
341.3
341.3
179
337.5
337.5
337.5
180
333.8
333.8
333.8
181
330.1
330.1
330.1
182
326.5
326.5
326.5
183
322.9
322.9
322.9
184
319.4
319.4
319.4
185
316.0
316.0
316.0
186
312.6
312.6
312.6
187
309.2
309.2
309.2
188
306.0
306.0
306.0
189
302.7
302.7
302.7
190
299.5
299.5
299.5
191
296.4
296.4
296.4
192
293.3
293.3
293.3
193
290.3
290.3
290.3
194
287.3
287.3
287.3
195
284.4
284.4
284.4
196
281.5
281.5
281.5
3
Allowable Stress Design Table
A3-2
Allowable Stress Design Table for Beams

Weight
W900x300
W800x300
W700x300
W600x300
W600x200
W500x300
W500x200
W450x300
W450x200
bf
tf
d
S
3
(kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm )
Fy = 2400 kg/cm 2
Fy = 3000 kg/cm 2
Lc
Lu
(m)
Lc
Lu
(m)
MR
kg m
(m)
(m)
MR
kg m
286
912
302
34
10,900
3.9
6.6
172,656
3.5
5.3
215,820
243
900
300
28
9,140
3.9
5.5
144,778
3.5
4.4
180,972
213
890
299
23
7,760
3.9
4.5
122,918
3.5
3.6
153,648
241
808
302
30
8,400
3.9
6.6
133,056
3.5
5.3
166,320
210
800
300
26
7,290
3.9
5.7
115,474
3.5
4.6
144,342
191
792
300
22
6,410
3.9
4.9
101,534
3.5
3.9
126,918
215
708
302
28
6,700
3.9
7.0
106,128
3.5
5.6
132,660
185
700
300
24
5,760
3.9
6.0
91,238
3.5
4.8
114,048
166
692
300
20
4,980
3.9
5.1
78,883
3.5
4.1
98,604
175
594
302
23
4,620
3.9
6.9
73,181
3.5
5.5
91,476
151
588
300
20
4,020
3.9
6.0
63,677
3.5
4.8
79,596
137
582
300
17
3,530
3.9
5.1
55,915
3.5
4.1
69,894
134
612
202
23
3,380
2.6
4.5
53,539
2.3
3.6
66,924
120
606
201
20
2,980
2.6
3.9
47,203
2.3
3.1
59,004
106
600
200
17
2,590
2.6
3.3
41,026
2.3
2.7
51,282
94.6
596
199
15
2,310
2.6
2.9
36,590
2.3
2.4
45,738
128
488
300
18
2910
3.9
6.5
46,094
3.5
5.2
57,618
114
482
300
15
2950
3.9
5.5
46,728
3.5
4.4
58,410
103
506
201
19
2,230
2.6
4.4
35,323
2.3
3.5
44,154
89.6
500
200
16
1,910
2.6
3.8
30,254
2.3
3.0
37,818
75.9
496
199
14
1,690
2.6
3.3
26,770
2.3
2.6
33,462
124
440
300
18
2,550
3.9
7.2
40,392
3.5
5.8
50,490
106
434
299
15
2,160
3.9
6.1
34,214
3.5
4.9
42,768
76.0
450
200
14
1,490
2.6
3.7
23,602
2.3
2.9
29,502
66.2
446
199
12
1,290
2.6
3.1
20,434
2.3
2.5
25,542
A3-3

Weight
W400x400
W400x300
W400x200
W350x350
W350x250
W350x175
bf
tf
d
S
(kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm 3 )
Fy = 2400 kg/cm 2
Lc
Lu
Fy = 3000 kg/cm 2
Lc
Lu
(m)
(m)
MR
kg m
(m)
(m)
MR
kg m
605
498
432
70
12,000
5.6
35.7 190,080
5.0
28.5 237,600
415
458
417
50
8,170
5.4
26.7 129,413
4.8
21.4 161,766
283
428
407
35
5,570
5.3
19.6
88229
4.7
15.6 110,286
232
414
405
28
4,480
5.3
16.1
70,963
4.7
12.9
88,704
200
406
403
24
3,840
5.2
14.0
60,826
4.7
11.2
76,032
197
400
408
21
3,540
5.3
12.6
56,074
4.7
10.1
70,092
172
400
400
21
3,330
5.2
12.3
52,747
4.7
9.9
65,934
168
394
405
18
3,030
5.3
10.9
47,995
4.7
8.7
59,994
147
394
398
18
2,850
5.2
10.7
45,144
4.6
8.5
56,430
140
388
402
15
2,520
5.2
9.1
39,917
4.7
7.3
49,896
107
390
300
16
1,980
3.9
7.2
31,363
3.5
5.8
39,204
94.3
386
299
14
1,740
3.9
6.4
27,562
3.5
5.1
34,452
66.0
400
200
13
1,190
2.6
3.8
18,850
2.3
3.1
23,562
56.6
396
199
11
1,010
2.6
3.2
15,998
2.3
2.6
19,998
159
356
352
22
2,670
4.6
12.8
42,293
4.1
10.2
52,866
156
350
357
19
2,450
4.6
11.4
38,808
4.2
9.1
48,510
137
350
350
19
2,300
4.6
11.2
36,432
4.1
8.9
45,540
131
344
354
16
2,050
4.6
9.7
32,472
4.1
7.7
40,590
115
344
348
16
1,940
4.5
9.5
30,730
4.0
7.6
38,412
106
338
351
13
1,670
4.6
7.9
26,453
4.1
6.3
33,066
79.7
340
250
14
1,280
3.3
6.0
20,275
2.9
4.8
25,344
69.2
336
249
12
1,100
3.2
5.2
17,424
2.9
4.2
21,780
49.6
350
175
11
775
2.3
3.2
12,276
2.0
2.6
15,345
41.4
346
174
641
2.3
2.7
10,153
2.0
2.1
12,692
A3-4

Weight
bf
tf
d
S
(kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm 3 )
Fy = 2400 kg/cm 2
Fy = 3000 kg/cm 2
Lc
Lu
(m)
Lc
Lu
(m)
MR
kg m
(m)
(m)
MR
kg m
106
304
301
17
1,540
3.9
9.9
24,394
3.5
7.9
30,492
106
300
305
15
1,440
4.0
9.0
22,810
3.5
7.2
28,512
94
300
300
15
1,360
3.9
8.8
21,542
3.5
7.1
26,928
87
298
299
14
1,270
3.9
8.3
20117
3.5
6.6
25,146
84.5
294
302
12
1,150
3.9
7.2
18,216
3.5
5.8
22,770
65.4
298
201
14
893
2.6
5.5
14,145
2.3
4.4
17,681
56.8
294
200
12
771
2.6
4.8
12,213
2.3
3.8
15,266
36.7
300
150
481
2.0
2.6
7,619
1.7
2.1
9,524
30.2
298
149
424
1.9
2.4
6,716
1.7
1.9
8,395
82.2
250
255
14
919
3.3
8.4
14,557
3.0
6.7
18,196
72.4
250
250
14
867
3.3
8.2
13,733
2.9
6.6
17,167
66.5
248
249
13
801
3.2
7.7
12,688
2.9
6.1
15,860
64.4
244
252
11
720
3.3
6.7
11,405
2.9
5.3
14,256
W250x175
44.1
244
175
11
502
2.3
4.6
7,952
2.0
3.7
9,940
W250x125
29.6
250
125
324
1.6
2.6
5,132
1.5
2.1
6,415
25.7
248
124
285
1.6
2.4
4,514
1.4
1.9
5,643
65.7
208
202
16
628
2.6
9.1
9,948
2.3
7.3
12,434
56.2
200
204
12
498
2.7
7.2
7,888
2.4
5.8
9,860
49.9
200
200
12
472
2.6
7.1
7,476
2.3
5.6
9,346
W200x150
30.6
194
150
277
2.0
4.1
4,388
1.7
3.3
5,485
W200x100
21.3
200
100
184
1.3
2.4
2,915
1.2
1.9
3,643
18.2
198
99
160
1.3
2.1
2,534
1.2
1.6
3,168
W175x175
40.2
175
175
11
7.5
2.3
6.5
118.8
2.0
5.2
148.5
W175x125
23.3
169
125
7.18
1.6
3.5
113.7
1.5
2.8
142.2
W300x300
W300x200
W300x150
W250x250
W200x200
A3-5

Weight
bf
tf
d
S
(kg/m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (cm 3 )
Fy = 2400 kg/cm 2
Fy = 3000 kg/cm 2
Lc
Lu
(m)
Lc
Lu
(m)
MR
kg m
(m)
(m)
MR
kg m
W175x90
18.1
175
90
7.26
1.2
2.4
115.0
1.0
1.9
143.7
W150x150
31.5
150
150
10
6.39
2.0
5.9
101.2
1.7
4.7
126.5
W150x100
21.1
148
100
6.71
1.3
3.6
106.3
1.2
2.9
132.9
W150x75
14
150
75
6.11
1.0
2.1
96.8
0.9
1.6
121.0
W125x125
23.8
125
125
5.29
1.6
5.3
83.8
1.5
4.2
104.7
W125x60
13.2
125
60
4.95
0.8
2.3
78.4
0.7
1.8
98.0
W100x100
17.2
100
100
4.18
1.3
4.7
66.2
1.2
3.8
82.8
W100x50
9.3
100
50
3.98
0.7
2.1
63.0
0.6
1.6
78.8

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. .

Structural Steel Design

( .) American Institute of Steel and Construction (AISC: ASD Specification)

4-9 (Unsymmetrical Bending) .................................................................................... 4-37

Steel Design .. SUT

3. (cast iron) 2.2% 4.5%

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

2. WT125x22.1 kg/cm 2 tees W

4. C200x30.3kg/m C 200 30.3

5. L150x150x12.7 mm L 150 12.7

Steel Design .. SUT

2. (Hollow sections) .107-2517

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

1-4 (Specification and Building Codes)

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

1-5.2 (Live Loads)

Steel Design .. SUT

1-8 impact factor

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

1-6 (Design Philosophies)

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

section b b (net area) An

... An 0.85 Ag = 0.85(24.0) = 20.4 cm 2

Steel Design .. SUT

An = [20 2(2.2)(0.9) = 14.0 cm 2 < 0.85 Ag = 15.3 cm 2

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

An = 2[30(1.0) 2(1.9 + 0.3)] = 51.2 cm 2 > 0.85 Ag = 51.0 cm 2

Steel Design .. SUT

2-4 (Staggered Hole)

Steel Design .. SUT

(steel angles) 2-5

gage line g gage line

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

d i = 1.6 + 0.3 = 1.9 mm

line abdf abceg abcdeg

1/10 d line abceg

Ft = 0.50 Fu = 0.50(4,100) = 2,050 kg/cm 2

Steel Design .. SUT

Ft = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(2,400) = 1,440 kg/cm 2

allowable tensile load 31,450 kg

Steel Design .. SUT

Steel Design .. SUT

150 4.5 mm A = 22.70 cm 2 r = 5.68 cm

Steel Design .. SUT

= 1.882 cm > rmin

Steel Design .. SUT