1.

0 MATTER
1.1 Atoms and molecules

Atoms &
Molecules

Sub Atomic
Particles
Isotope Notation,

Mass
Spectrometer

Proton(p)
Neutron (n)
Electron (e-)
Proton Number
Nucleon Number
Isotope
5 Components
Mass spectrum
R.A.M & R.M.M

MATTER
Anything that has mass and volume

SUBATOMIC PARTICLES
An atom made up of:
Proton (p)
Neutron (n)

Electron (e)

Atom is
electrically
neutral
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 An atomic nucleus consists of protons

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and neutrons

The magnitude of charge posses by

proton is equal to that of an electron,
but the sign of the charge is opposite
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PROTON NUMBER (Z)

Number of protons in the nucleus of
an atom

Also called atomic number

EXAMPLE:
All carbon atoms (Z = 6) have 6 protons
All oxygen atoms (Z = 8) have 8 protons
All uranium atoms (Z = 92) have 92 protons

NUCLEON NUMBER (A)

Total number of protons and neutrons
in the nucleus of an atom
= Number of protons + number of neutrons

Number of Neutrons = Nucleon Number Proton Number

(A)
(Z)

Nucleon number also called

mass number

EXAMPLE:

6p
7n

A = 13

40p
50n

A = 90

28p
33n

A = 61

ISOTOPE
Atoms of an element that have
the same proton number but
different nucleon number.
@

Atoms of an element
that have the same number of protons
but different number of neutrons.
10

EXAMPLE:

1
1

2
1

Protium
235
92

H (D)

Deutrium
238
92

3
1

H (T)

Tritium

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ISOTOPE NOTATION
Nucleon number

A
Z

Proton number

atomic symbol

EXAMPLE:

35

17

Cl
12

MASS SPECTROMETER
An analytical instrument used to measure
atomic and molecular masses directly

13

IONISATION
CHAMBER

ACCELERATION
CHAMBER
MAGNETIC
FIELD
TO VACUM
PUMP

VAPORISATION
CHAMBER

ION
DETECTOR

MASS SPECTROMETER

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RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS ( Ar )

A mass of one atom of an element compared
to one twelfth mass of one atom of carbon-12 atom

Relative atomic mass (R.A.M), Ar =

mass of one atom of an element (amu)
1 x mass of one 12C atom (amu)
12

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RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS

( Mr )
A mass of one molecule of a compound
compared to one twelfth mass of one atom of
carbon-12 atom
Relative molecular mass, Mr =
mass of one molecule of a compound (amu)
1 x mass of one 12C atom (amu)
12

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AVERAGE ATOMIC MASS

The average of mass of its naturally

occurring isotopes weighted according
to their abundances

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EXAMPLE 1
Naturally occurring chlorine is a mixture of
two isotopes. In every sample of this element
75.77 % of the atoms are 35Cl and 24.23 % are
atoms of 37Cl. The accurately measured atomic
mass of 35Cl is 34.9689 amu and that of 37Cl is
36.9659 amu.
From these data, calculate
i) Average atomic mass of chlorine.
ii) Relative atomic mass of chlorine

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EXAMPLE 2
Nitrogen (N, Z = 7) has two naturally occurring
isotopes. Calculate the percentage abundances
for 14N and 15N from the following:
atomic mass (average) of N = 14.0067 amu;
isotopic mass of 14N = 14.0031 amu;
isotopic mass of 15N = 15.0001 amu.

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EXAMPLE 3
Calculate the average atomic mass of Mg.
Relative Intensity
63.0

8.10

23

24

25

Atomic mass (amu)

9.10

26

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EXAMPLE 4
The ratio of relative abundance of naturally
occurring X isotopes is as below:
21X
22X

= 1.555

The atomic mass of 21X = 20.9989 amu and

22X = 22.0005 amu.
Calculate the average atomic mass of X.

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Lets Think !!!

How many grams in 1 amu ?
Example:

Oxygen (Ar = 16)

Mass of 1 Oxygen atom = 16 amu
Mass of 1 mol Oxygen atom = 16 g

1 mol Oxygen atom = 6.02 x 1023 atoms of Oxygen

= 16 g
mass of 1 Oxygen atom =

16 g
6.02 x 1023

= 2.658 x

10-23

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Mass of 1 Oxygen atom = 16 amu = 2.658 x 10-23 g

1 amu = 2.658 x 10-23 g
16
= 1.66 x 10-24 g

1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g

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