Handbook of Structural Steel a Clo) evelealeyew Blasts and Details AKBAR R. TAMBOLIContents Contributors xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Preface to the First Edition xvii Acknowledgments xix Chapter 1. Fasteners and Welds for Structural Connections wW 13 Introduction 1.2 Bolted Connections 1.24 iS bis 3 4 5 6 7 8 id 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 138 Types of bolts Washer requirements Pretensioned and snug-tight bolts Bearing-type versus slip-critical joints Bolts in combination with welds ‘Standard, oversized, short-slotted, and long-slotted holes Edge distances and spacing of bolts Installation Welded Connections ‘Types of welds Welding symbols Welding material Welding positions Weld procedures Weld quality Methods for determining strength of skewed fillet welds Obliquely loaded concentric fillet weld groups 1.4 References Chapter 2. Design of Connections for Axial, Moment, and Shear Forces 24 2.2 Introduction Zell Philosophy General procedure Economic considerations Types of connections Organization Axial Force Connections 224 2.2.2 Bracing connections Truss connections SSeRPRRess SSBRRSERSeavanannn 36 37 38 39 39 39 40 40 a1 a 89viii Contents 23 24 25 26 2.2.3 Hanger connections 2.2.4 Column base plates 2.2.5 Splices—columns and truss chords Moment Connections 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Example—three-way moment connection Shear Connections 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Framed connections 2.4.3 Skewed connections 2.4.4 Seated connections 2.4.5 Beam shear splices 2.4.6 Extended single plate shear connections (shear tabs) Miscellaneous Connections 2.5.1. Simple beam connections under shear and axial load 2.5.2 Reinforcement of axial force connections 2.5.3 Extended tab with axial References Chapter 3. Welded Joint Design and Production 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 35 3.6 Structural Steels for Welded Construction 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Modern base metals for welding 3.1.3. Older and miscellaneous base metals Weld Cracking/Solutions 3.2.1. Centerline cracking 3.2.2 Heat-affected zone cracking 3.2.3. Transverse cracking Welding Processes ‘SMAW FCAW SAW GMAW ESWIEGW 3.6 GTAW Welding Process Selection 3.4.1 Joint requirements 3.4.2 Process capabilities 3.4.3 Special situations Welding Procedures Effects of welding variables Purpose of welding procedure specifications (WPSs) Prequalified welding procedure specifications Guidelines for preparing prequalified WPSs Qualifying welding procedures by test Approval of WPSs Weld Size Determination 3.6.1 Strength of welded connections 3.6.2. Variables affecting welded connection strength 3.8.3 Determining throat size for tension or shear loads 3.6.4. Determining throat size for compressive loads 3.6.5 Practical approach to determine weld size for bending or torsional loads Daron Seeeoe 102 109 1 126 126 127 136 136 137 139 145 148 151 155 155 162 165 169 171 173 173 174 179 183 184 186 189 190 190 191 193 195 198 200 201 201 203 205 206 210 213 215 215 218 218 218 219 220 221 22237 3.8 3.9 3.10 Contents 3.6.6 Treat weld as a line 3.6.7. Use standard formulas to find force on weld 3.6.8 Filler metal strength requirements Welding Cost Analysis Techniques to Limit Distortion 3.8.1 Why distortion occurs 3.8.2 Control of distortion ‘Special Welding Issues for Seismically Resistant Structures 3.9.1 Introduction and background 3.9.2. General review of welding engineering principles 3.9.3. Unique aspects of seismically loaded welded structures 3.9.4 mically resistant welded structures 3.9.5 3.9.6 Workmanship 3.9.7. Inspection 3.9.8 Post-Northridge details References Chapter 4. Partially Restrained Connections 44 4.2 43 44 45 Introduction Connection Classification 4.2.1 Connection stiffness 4.2.2 Connection strength 4.2.3 Connection ductility 4.2.4 Derivation of M-0 curves 4.2.5 Analysis Design of Bolted PR Connections 4.3.1 Column-welded-beam-bolted connections 4.3.2 Column-bolted-beam-bolted connections (T-stubs) 43.3. End-plate connections 4.3.4 Flexible PR connections Considerations for Analysis of PR Frames References Chapter 5. Seismic Design of Connections 54 52 53 54 55 5.6 57 5.8 59 Special Design Issues for Seismic Design Connection Design Requirements for Various Structural Systems Design of Special Moment-Frame Connections 5.3.1. Introduction 5.3.2 Post-Northridge developments in connection design 5.3.3 Toughened connections 5.3.4 Strengthened connections 5.3.5 Weakened connections Concentrically Braced Frames 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Connection design and example Eccentrically Braced Frames Buckling Restrained Braced Frames Special Plate Shear Walls Other Connections in Seismic Frames References ix 222 223 226 230 232 232 232 234 234 236 240 241 256 262 265 268 272 273 273 275 277 279 279 281 282 285 288 302 313 322 322 325 329 329 334 337 337 341 341 342 348 353 353 365 365 365 367x Contents. Chapter 6. Structural Steel Details 64 6.2 6.3 64 65 66 67 68 Stee! Connection Details Composite Construction Details Roof Decking Details. Steel Joists and Girder Details Steel Bracing Details ‘Overhead Crane-Support Details Cold-Formed Metal-Framing Details Reference Chapter 7. Connection Design for Special Structures 7A 72 73 74 75 76 Tz, 78 Introduction Lateral Load Systems Long-Span Trusses Space-Frame Structures Examples of Connections for Special Structures Building Information Model (BIM) Conclusion References Chapter 8. Inspection and Quality Control 84 82 83 84 8.5 Fastener Quality Control and Testing Bolt Preinstallation Inspection Bolt Installation and Inspection 8.3.1 Turn-of-nut installation method 8.3.2 Calibrated-wrench installation method 8.3.3 Direct tension indicator installation method 8.3.4 Twist-off-type tension-control bolt installation method 8.3.5 Lock pin and collar installation method 8.3.6 Bolt inspection procedures 83.7 Arbitration of disputes Bolt Inspection Issues 8.4.1 Hole punching and drilling 8.4.2 Bolt storage and control 8.4.3. Lubrication 8.4.4 Bolt stickout 8.4.5 Washers 8.4.6 Systematic tightening 8.4.7 Reuse of bolts previously tightened Inspection Prior to Welding 8.5.1 Welding processes 8.5.2 Welding procedures 8.5.3 Welding personnel 8.5.4 Base metal quality 8.5.5 8.5.6 8.5.7 8.5.8 Welding conditions 8.5.9 Preheat 371 372 387 389 394 398 402 415 417 47 420 422 426 430 444 453 454 455 456 458 459 459 461 462 464 465 465 465 466 467 468 469 470 a7 471 472 478 479 480 480 481 481 481 4828.6 a7 a8 a9 Contents Inspection During and After Welding Nondestructive Testing Weld Acceptance Criteria Welding Inspector Certification Programs Chapter 9. Steel Deck Connections References Chapter 10. Connections to Composite Members 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 Introduction General Design Considerations 10.2.1 Strength and stiffness 10.2.2 Stability 10.2.3 Serviceability 10.2.4 Cyclic behavior Beam-to-Wall Connections 10.3.1 Introductory remarks 10.3.2 Qualitative discussion about outrigger beam-wall connection and coupling beam-wall connection 10.3.3 Design of steel! or steel-concrete composite coupling beam-wall connections 10.3.4 Design of outrigger beam-wall connections Joints between Steel Beams and Reinforced Concrete Columns 10.4.1. Introduction 10.4.2 Joint behavior 10.4.3 Joint detailing 10.4.4 Joint forces 10.4.5 Effective joint width 10.4.6 Strength requirements 10.4.7 Limitations Connections to Concrete-Filled Tube (CFT) Columns 10.5.1 Introduction 10.5.2 Current practice 10.5.3 Problems associated with welding beams to CFT columns 10.5.4 Possible connection detail 10.5.5 Force transfer mechanism for through-beam connection detail 10.5.6 Tentative design provisions for through-beam connection detail References Notations (for Sec. 10.3) Appendix A. Structural Shapes—Dimensions and General Information Appendix B. Welding Symbols Appendix C. SI Metric Conversion Table Appendix D. Nomenclature Index 613 xi 482 482 485 486 489 505 507 509 509 510 510 510 511 511 512 519 526 533 533 534 535 535 538 539 545 545 546 546 547 562 567 875 576 579 599 603 605Chapter Fasteners and Welds for Structural Connections Larry S. Muir, P.E. Steel Consultant, Atlanta, GA William A. Thornton, Ph.D., P.E. Corporate Consultant, Cives Steel Company, Roswell, GA Thomas Kane, C. Eng., M.1.Struct.E. Retired; Technical Manager, Cives Steel Company, Roswell, GA eT 12 13 Introduction Bolted Connections 124 122 123 124 125 1.26 127 128 Types of bolts Washer requirements Pretensioned and snug-tight bolts Bearing-type versus slip-critical joints Bolts in combination with welds Standard, oversized, short-slotted, and long-siotted holes Edge distances and spacing of bolts Installation Welded Connections 134 1.3.2 133 134 135 1.36 137 138 ‘Types of welds Welding symbols Welding material Welding positions Weld procedures Weld quality Methods for determining strength of skewed fillet welds Obliquely loaded concentric fillet weld groups 1.4 References2 Chapter One (Courtesy of The Steel Institute of New York.) 1.1. Introduction There are two common ways to connect structural steel members—using bolts or welds. Rivets, while still available, are not currently used for new structures and will not be considered here. This chapter will present the basic properties and requirements for bolts and welds. Connections are an intimate part of a steel structure and their proper treatment is essential for a safe and economic structure. An intuitive knowledge of how a system will transmit loads (the art of load paths), and an understanding of structural mechanics (the science of equilib- rium and limit states), are necessary to achieve connections which are both safe and economic. Chapter 2 will develop this material. This chap- ter is based on the bolting and welding requirement specifications of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings,” 2005, and the American Welding Society Structural Welding Code, D1.1 (2006). 1.2 Bolted Connections 1.2.1. Types of bolts There are three kinds of bolts used in steel construction. These are high-strength structural bolts manufactured under the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Specifications A325 and A490, Fig. 1.1,Fasteners and Welds for Structural Connections 3 Figure 1.2 Unfinished (machine) or common bolts. and common bolts manufactured under ASTM A307, Fig. 1.2. The A325 and A490 bolts are structural bolts and can be used for any building application. Twist-off-type tension control fasteners manufactured under ASTM F1852 and F2280 are also available and can be treated as subsets of A325 and A490, respectively. A307 bolts, which were referred to previously as common bolts, are also variously called machine bolts, ordinary bolts, and unfinished bolts. The use of these bolts is limited pri- marily to shear connections in nonfatigue applications. Structural bolts (A325 and A490) can be installed pretensioned or snug tight. Pretensioned means that the bolt is tightened until a tension force approximately equal to 70 percent of its minimum tensile strength is produced in the bolt. Snug tight is the condition that exists when all plies are in contact. It can be attained by a few impacts of an impact wrench or the fall effort of a man using an ordinary spud wrench. Common bolts (A307) can be installed only to the snug-tight condition. There is no rec- ognized procedure for tightening these bolts beyond this point. Pretensioned structural bolts must be used in certain locations Section J1.10 of the AISC specification requires that they be used for the following joints: 1. Column splices in all multistory structures more than 125 ft (38 m) in height 2. Connections of all beams and girders to columns and any other beams and girders on which the bracing of columns is dependent in struc- tures more than 125 ft (38 m) in height4 Chapter One ~ . In all structures carrying cranes of more than 5-ton (60 kN) capac- ity: roof truss splices and connections of trusses to columns, column splices, column bracing,'knee braces, and crane supports 4. Connections for the support of machinery and other live loads that produce impact or reversal of load Also, AISC Specification section J3.1 requires that A490 bolts subject to tension loads be pretensioned. In all other cases, A307 bolts and snug- tight A325 and A490 bolts can be used. In general, the use of high-strength structural bolts shall conform to the requirements of the Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC) “Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 and A490 Bolts,” 2004. This document, which is specific to A325 and A490 bolts, contains all of the information on design, installation, inspection, washer use, compatible nuts, etc. for these bolts. There is no comparable docu- ment for A307 bolts. The RCSC “bolt spec.” was developed in the 1950s to allow the replacement of rivets with bolts. Many sizes of high-strength bolts are available, as shown in Table 1.1. In general, a connection with a few large-diameter fasteners costs less than one of the same capacity with many small-diameter fasteners. The fewer the fasteners the fewer the number of holes to be formed and the less installation work. Larger-diameter fasteners are generally favorable in con- nections, because the load capacity of a fastener varies with the square of the fastener diameter, For practical reasons, however, % and %-in-diameter fasteners are usually preferred. Shop and erection equipment is generally set up for these sizes, and workers are familiar with them. It is also advis- able to limit the diameter of bolts that must be pretensioned to 1 in since this is the largest diameter tension control (TC) bolt available. 1.2.2, Washer requirements Washers are generally not required in snug-tightened joints. However, a beveled ASTM F436 washer should be used where the outer face of the TABLE 1.1 Thread Lengths for High-Strength Bolts Bolt diameter, in Nominal thread, in Vanish thread, in Total thread, in % 1.00 0.19 1.19 % 1.25 0.22 1.47 % 1.38 0.25 1.63 k 1.50 0.28 1.78 1 L75 0.31 2.06 1% 2.00 0.34 2.34 1% 2.00 0.38 2.38 1% 2.25 0.44 2.69 1% 2.25 0.44 2.69Fasteners and Welds for Structural Connections 5 TABLE 1.2 Washer Requirements for High Strength Bolts Washer Requirements for Pretensioned or Slip-Critical Joints* Bolt | Bolt Installation method feat | Hole in outer ply _ type | dia. Direct OVS or | LSL (in) | Fy<40 | tension ssL indicator A325 | <1% | Not REQD. REQD | %c" Plt. REQD| Under | Under | See washer turned nut ROSC or element spec. Cont. bar for location 7 ‘Aago REQD! REQD | REQD w/ | f Pie. >L REQD | washer or Se’ | Cont. bar thick’ *REQD indicates a washer conforming to ASTM F436 is required. ‘Not required for F2280 with a circular head. +A %in plate washer and an ordinary thickness F436 washer may be used. The plate washer need not be hardened. bolted parts has a greater slope than 1:20 with respect to a plane normal to the bolt axis. Additionally, an ASTM F436 washer must be provided to cover the hole when a slotted hole occurs in an outer ply. Alternatively a % in common plate washer can be used to cover the hole. Washers conforming to ASTM F436 are required in pretensioned and slip-critical joints as indicated in Table 1.2. 1.2.3 Pretensioned and snug-tight bolts As pointed out in a previous section, pretensioned bolts must be used for certain connections. For other locations, snug-tight bolts should be used because they are cheaper with no reduction in strength. The vast majority of shear connections in buildings can be snug tight, and shear connections are the predominate connection in every building. Also, if common bolts provide the required strength, they should be used because they are less expensive than structural bolts. There is no danger of interchanging the two types because all bolts are required to have clear identifying marks, see Fig. 1.1 for structural bolts and Fig. 1.2 for common bolts. 1.2.4 Bearing-type versus slip-critical joints Connections made with high-strength bolts may be slip-critical (mater- ial joined being clamped together by the tension induced in the bolts by tightening them) or bearing-type (material joined being restricted from6 Chapter One moving primarily by the bolt shank). In bearing-type connections, bolt threads may be included in or excluded from the shear plane. Different design strengths are used for each condition. Also, bearing-type connec- tions may be either pretensioned or snug-tight, subject to the limita- tions already discussed. Snug-tight bolts are much more economical to install and should be used where permitted. The slip-critical connection is the most expensive, because it requires that the faying surfaces be free of paint, grease, and oil, or that a special paint be used. Hence this type of connection should be used only where required by the governing design specification, for example, where it is undesirable to have the bolts slip into bearing or where stress reversal could cause slippage. The 2005 AISC specification requires the use of slip-critical connections when (a) Bolts are installed in oversized holes (b) Bolts are installed in slotted holes with the direction of the load par- allel to the slot The RCSC specification further requires slip-critical connections for (c) Joints that are subject to fatigue load with reversal of the loading direction (d) Joints in which slip at the faying surfaces would be detrimental to the performance of the structure. The 2005 AISC specification includes provisions for designing slip- critical connections at either the strength level or the serviceability level. As the name implies the serviceability limit state assumes that slip in the joint would affect only the serviceability of the structure and not lead to collapse. The minimal slip that could occur in a joint with standard holes is generally thought to be negligible. Therefore the specification recommends that joints utilizing standard holes or slots perpendicular to the load should be designed at the serviceability level. In contrast, connections where slip at the joint could lead to a collapse, should be designed considering slip as a strength level limit state. The specification conservatively recommends designing joints utilizing over- sized holes or slots parallel to the direction of the load at the strength level. However, the choice of strength versus serviceability is ultimately left to the discretion of engineer. If for example during the design of the main members the P-A effects resulting from joint slip are considered, the connection could safely be designed with slip as a serviceability limit state. Threads included in shear planes. The bearing-type connection with threads in shear planes is most frequently used. Since location of threads is not restricted, bolts can be inserted from either side of a connection.Fasteners and Welds for Structural Connections = 7 Either the head or the nut can be the element turned. Paint of any type is permitted on the faying surfaces. Threads excluded from shear planes. The bearing-type connection with threads excluded from shear planes is the most economical high-strength bolted connection, because fewer bolts generally are needed for a given required strength. There can be difficulties involved in excluding the threads from the shear planes when either one or both of the outer plies of the joint is thin. The location of the thread runout or vanish depends on which side of the connection the bolt is entered and whether a washer is placed under the head or the nut. This location is difficult to control in the shop but even more so in the field. However, since for a given diam- eter of bolt the thread length is constant, threads can often be excluded in heavy joints with no additional effort. Total nominal thread lengths and vanish thread lengths for high- strength bolts are given in Table 1.1. It is common practice to allow the last % in of vanish thread to extend across a single shear plane. In order to determine the required bolt length, the value shown in Table 1.3 should be added to the grip (that is, the total thickness of all connected material, exclusive of washers). For each hardened flat washer that is used, add %: in and for each beveled washer, add %c in. The tab- ulated values provide appropriate allowances for manufacturing toler- ances and also provide for full thread engagement with an installed heavy hex nut. The length determined by the use of Table 1.3 should be adjusted to the next longer % in length. 1.2.5 Bolts in combination with welds Due to differences in the rigidity and ductility of bolts as compared to welds, sharing of loads between bolts and welds should generally be avoided. However, the specification does not completely prohibit it. In new construction, 50 percent of the bearing-type strength of bolts can be assumed to be effective when sharing load with longitudinally TABLE 1.3 Lengths to Be Added to Grip Addition to grip for Nominal bolt size, in determination of bolt length, in % Me % % % 1 % 1% 1 % 1% % mM 1% % 1% 1% Vs8 Chapter One loaded welds. Longitudinal loading is specified since welds become sig- nificantly less ductile as the loading moves from longitudinal to trans- verse. This provision assumes that the direction of load is known, which may not be the case if an eccentric load is present. In welded alterations to structures, existing rivets and high-strength bolts tightened to the requirements for slip-critical connections are per- mitted for carrying stresses resulting from loads present at the time of alteration. The welding needs to be adequate only to carry the additional stress. 1.2.6 Standard, oversized, short-slotted, and long-slotted holes The AISC specification requires that standard holes for bolts be %s in larger than the nominal fastener diameter. In computing net area or a tension member, the diameter of the hole should be taken %e in larger than the hole diameter. Holes can be punched, drilled, or thermally cut. Punching usually is the most economical method. To prevent excessive damage to material around the hole, however, the specifications limit the maximum thick- ness of material in which holes may be punched full size. These limits are summarized in Table 1.4. In buildings, holes for thicker material may be either drilled from the solid or subpunched and reamed. The die for all subpunched holes and the drill for all subdrilled holes should be at least cin smaller than the nominal fastener diameter. Oversize holes can be used in slip-critical connections, and the over- size hole can be in some or all the plies connected. The oversize holes are %o in larger than the bolt diameter for bolts % to % in in diameter. For bolts 1 in in diameter, the oversize hole is 4 in larger and for bolts 1% in in diameter and greater, the oversize hole will be %« in larger. Short-slotted holes can be used in any or all the connected plies. The load has to be applied 80 to 100° normal to the axis of the slot in bearing- type connections. Short slots can be used without regard to the direction TABLE 1.4 Maximum Material Thickness (in) for Punching Fastener Holes* ‘Type of steel AISC A36 steel dew High-strength steels dsm Quenched and tempered steels wt "Unless subpunching or subdrilling and reaming are used. ‘idx fastener diameter, in. 1A514 steelFasteners and Welds for Structural Connections 9 of the applied load when slip-critical connections are used. The short slots for %- to %-in-diameter bolts are %s in larger in width and % in larger in length than the bolt diameter. For bolts 1 in in diameter, the width is %s in larger and the length %s in larger and for bolts 1% in diam- eter and larger, the slot will be %c in larger in width and % in longer in length. Long slots have the same requirement as the short-slotted holes, except that the long slot has to be in only one of the connected parts at the faying surface of the connection. The width of all long slots for bolts is %s in greater than the bolt diameter, and the length of the long slots for %-in-diameter bolts is %s in greater, for ‘ -in-diameter bolts 1% in greater, for %-in-diameter bolts 1% in greater, for 1-in-diameter bolts L4in greater, and for 1%-in-diameter and larger bolts, 2 times diam- eter of bolt. When finger shims are fully inserted between the faying surfaces of load transmitting parts of the connections, this is not considered as a long-slot connection. 1.2.7 Edge distances and spacing of bolts Minimum distances from centers of fasteners to any edges are given in Table 1.5. ‘The AISC specification has provisions for minimum edge distance: The distance from the center of a standard hole to an edge of a connected part should not be less than the applicable value from Table 1.5. Maximum edge distances are set for sealing and stitch purposes. The AISC specification limits the distance from center of fastener to nearest TABLE 1.5 Minimum Edge Distances* (in) for Fastener Holes in Steel for Buildings Fastener AL At rolled edges of plates, diameter, in sheared edges shapes, or bars or gas-cut edges’ % % % % 1% % iw 1 cy 1K 1% 1% 2 14 2% 1% Md vd" Lesser distances are permitted if bolt edge tear-out is checked (J3.10). ‘All edge distances in this column may be reduced in when the hole is at point where stress does not exceed 25 percent of the maximum allowed stress in the element. ‘These may be 1% in. at the ends of beam connection angles. ‘d= fastener diameter in. Source: From AISC “Specification for Structural Steel Buildings.”10 Chapter One edge of parts in contact to 12 times the thickness of the connected part, with a maximum of 6 in. For unpainted weathering steel, the maxi- mum is 7 in or 14 times the thickness of the thinner plate. For painted or unpainted members not subject to corrosion, the maximum spacing is 12 in or 24 times the thickness of the thinner plate. ters of adjacent fasteners. It may be measured along one or more lines of fasteners. For example, suppose bolts are staggered along two par- allel lines. The pitch may be given as the distance between successive bolts in each line separately. Or it may be given as the distance, mea- sured parallel to the fastener lines, between a bolt in one line and the nearest bolt in the other line. Gage is the distance (in) between adjacent lines of fasteners along which pitch is measured or the distance (in) from the back of an angle or other shape to the first line of fasteners. The minimum distance between centers of fasteners should usually be at least 3 times the fastener diameter. However, the AISC specifica- tion permits a minimum spacing of 2% times the fastener diameter. Limitations also are set on maximum spacing of fasteners, for sev- eral reasons. In built-up members, stitch fasteners, with restricted spacings, are used between components to ensure uniform action. Also, in compression members such fasteners are required to prevent local buckling. Designs should provide ample clearance for tightening high-strength bolts. Detailers who prepare shop drawings for fabricators generally are aware of the necessity for this and can, with careful detailing, secure the necessary space. In tight situations, the solution may be stagger- ing of holes (Fig. 1.3), variations from standard gages (Fig. 1.4), use of knife-type connections, or use of a combination of shop welds and field bolts. Minimum clearances for tightening high- aes bolts are indicated in Fig. 1.5 and Table 1.6. 2%" 3 HIGH STRENGTH BOLTS 3/4" = 2" Figure 1.3 Staggered holes pro- vide clearance for high-strength 2L4" x34 x Ye BY 10" LONG bolts. 257s" GAGE IN OUTSTANDING LEGS WITH HOLES 5172" CTO CFasteners and Welds for Structural Connections 11 2L-4" x 994 x Ha" BY 814" LONG 21/6" GAGE IN OUTSTANDING LEGS 2%) HOLES 6*C TOC Figure 1.4 Increasing the gage in framing angles 3 HIGH ~ STRENGTH BOLTS 3/4" 22 Figure 1.5 The usual minimum clearances. TABLE 1.6 Clearances for High-Strength Bolts ‘Minimum clearance for twist-off bolts, Bolt Nut Usual minimum diameter, in height, in clearance, A, in Small tool Large tool % % 1 1% - % he 1% 1% 1% % he 1% 1% WK 1 eu Le TK 1% Vu 1% = M4 Te TMs = 1.2.8 Installation All parts of a connection should be held tightly together during instal- lation of fasteners. Drifting done during assembling to align holes should not distort the metal or enlarge the holes. Holes that must be enlarged to admit fasteners should be reamed. Poor matching of holes is cause for rejection. For connections with high-strength bolts, surfaces, when assembled, including those adjacent to bolt heads, nuts, and washers, should be free of scale, except tight mill scale, The surfaces also should be free of defects