01

tpQ;Qhd Nehf;fpy; #oiy

mtjhdpj;jy;

,g;ghl myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; cq;fshy;;

,aw;ifr; #oiy Muha;tjw;Fk; mtw;wpypUe;J cr;rg; gaidg;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l gy;NtW #ow;nwhFjpfspd; ,ay;Gfis

,dq;fhz;gjw;Fk; mtw;wpypUe;J rpwg;ghd gaidg; ngWtjw;Fk;

#oypy; fhzg;gLfpd;w> kdpjDf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;fpd;w

tplKs; s tpyq; F fis ,dq; f hzTk; mtw; w pypUe; J
ghJfhg;;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

ru;tNjr tpQ;Qhdf; FwpaPLfis ,dq;fz;L mtw;iwg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
Njitahd Nju; r ; r pkl; l q; f is mila KbAk; .
1

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.1 ,aw;ifr; #oy;

,yq;if kpfr;rpwpa ehlhapDk; ntt;NtW gpuNjrq;fSf;fpilNa
fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfs; tpag;ig Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wd. ,q;F fhLfs;>
Gd;dpyq;fs;> rJg;Gepyq;fs;> ed;duP f
; ; Fsq;fs;> flw;fiu Nghd;w gy;NtW
#ow;nwhFjpfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,r;#oy;fis mtjhdpj;J mtw;iwg;
gw;wpa mwpitAk; mDgtq;fisAk; ngWtjw;F vkf;F mjpf fhyNkh
gzNkh tpuakhtjpyi
; y. ,yq;ifapy; xU gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Ue;J Kw;wpYk;
NtWgl;l gpuNjrj;jpw;Fr; nry;tjw;F xU rpy kzpj;jpahyq;fNs
NghJkhdjhFk;.
xU #ow;nwhFjpahdJ jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs;> Ez;zq;fpfs; Nghd;w
capUs;s fhuzpfisAk; kiotPo;r;rp> tspkz;ly <ug;gjd;> xsp> tsp>
ntg;gepiy> kz;zpd; jd;ik> Nrjd mNrjdg; nghUs;fs;> jiuj;Njhw;wk;
Mfpa capuw;w fhuzpfisAk; nfhz;lJ. xt;nthU #ow;nwhFjpapYk;
thOfpd;w capuq;fpfs; jq;fSila #oypy; tho;tjw;F Vw;w Kiwapy;
,irthf;fkile;Js;sd. kdpjDila tho;f;if KiwAk; epyTifAk;
,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjpapy; jq;fpAs;sd. #ow;nwhFjpapd; gy;NtW
,ilj;njhlu;Gfisg; gw;wpj; juk; 7 ,y; gbj;jpUg;gPu;fs;. #ow;nwhFjpfs;
FWfpa fhyj;jpy; jw;nrayhfj; Njhd;wpaitay;y. mit gy kpy;ypad;
tUlq;fSf;F Kd;gpUe;J gy khw;wq;fSf;F cs;shfp tUfpd;wd.
kfhtypfq;if> rptndhspghjkiy> rpq;fuh[hf;fhL vd;gd
vq;fSila ,aw;ifr; nry;tq;fSs; rpythFk;. capug
; ; gy;tifikiaf;
nfhz;l ,tw;iwg; ghJfhj;J vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;F toq;FtJ
vkJ flikahFk;. MfNt> #ow;nwhFjpiag; ghJfhj;J mjpy; ,Ue;J
gaidg; ngWtjw;fhd mwpit ehk; ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. #ow;nwhFjpapd;
ahNjDk; Xu; mq;fp mopjy;> #ow;fhuzpfspy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;
Nghd;wit mr; #ow;nwhFjpiag; ghjpf;fpd;wd. MfNt> #ow;nwhFjp
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s KiwiaAk; mjd; epyTifiaAk; gw;wp mwpej
; pUj;jy;
mtw;iw mopf;fhJ mtw;wpypUe;J gaidg; ngw cjTk;.
cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?
1988 Mk; Mz;L rpq;fuh[hf;fhL Njrpa kuG cupikg; gug;ghfg; gpufldg;
gLj;jg;gl;lJld; 1989 Mk; Mz;L cyf kuG cupikj; jykhfTk;
gpuNjrk; / ,lk; ngauplg;gl;lJ.

,aw;ifr; #ow;nwhFjp ePu;> epyk; vd;w ,U gpujhd gpupTfisf;

nfhz;lJ. mtw;iwg; gw;wp ,dp Muha;Nthk;.
2
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.1.1 ,aw;if ePu;r; #oy; (Natural aquatic environment)

MWfs;> nghq;FKfq;fs;> fopKfq;fs;> fldPNuupfs;> MWfis
mz;ba gpuNjrq;fs;> cs;ehl;L ePu;epiyfs;> rKj;jpuk; Nghd;wit
,aw;ifahd ePu;r; #oYf;Fr; rpy cjhuzq;fshFk;. ,aw;ifahd
ePu;r;#oiy ed;dPu;r; #ow;nwhFjp> ctu;ePu;r; #ow;nwhFjp> ed;dPUk;;>
ctu;ePUk; fye;j #ow;nwhFjp vd 3 tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;.
u

MWfs; (Rivers)

ed;dPiuf;
nfhz;lit.
mNefkhd MWfs; kiyehl; b d;
caukhd eP N ue; J gpuNjrq; f spy;
Muk;gkhfpf; flYf;F topeN
; jhLfpdw
; d.
MWfs; Mz;L KOtJk; khWgLk;;
eP u ; k l; l j; i jf; nfhz; l d. kiof;
fhyq;fspy; MWfs; ngUf;nfLf;Fk;.
mNefkhd MWfs; Nfhilfhyq;fspy;
KOikahf tw;wptpLfpd;wd.

cU 1.1 - MW

MW cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lj;jpy; ePu;

kpfj; njspthdJ@ Rj;jkhdJ@ Ntfkhf tope;NjhLk;@ mjdhy;> rpwe;j
tspalf;fj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. fPo;Nehf;fp tope;NjhLk;NghJ cf;fy;>
milay;;> fsp Mfpait Nru;tjhy; ePu; fyq;fpajhf ,Uf;Fk;. fliy
mz;kpf;Fk;NghJ Mw;WePupd; Ntfk; Fiwtjhy; milay; mbapy; gbAk;.
fhLfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ MWfs; mjpf capu;g;gy;tifikiaf;
nfhz;buhjNghJk; ,q;F thOk; mq;fpfs; jhk; thOk; #oYf;F Vw;g
,irthf;fk; mile;jpUf;Fk;.
Etnuypah Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; cw;gj;jpahfpd;w MWfspy; jpuTl;
(trout) vd;Dk; kPd; ,dk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jho; epyg; gFjpfspy; tpuhy;>
tpyhq;F Nghd;w kPdpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?
,yq;ifapd; ed;dPu;epiyfspy; 81 tifahd kPdpdq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
,tw;wpy; 44 cs;ehl;Lf;Fupa (endemic) ,dq;fshFk;. (IUCN 2007)

efuq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkq;fSf;F toq;fj; Njitahd ePu; ngUk;ghYk;

,t;thWfspd; %yNk ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. vq;fsJ md;whlj;
NjitfSf;Fk; tptrhak; kw;Wk; kpd;rhu cw;gj;jpf;Fk; ePu;topahd
Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fk; MWfs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
3
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

xg;gil - 1
MWfspypUe;J fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;. cq;fs;
gpuNjrj;jpy; my;yJ mjw;F mz;ikapy; cs;s MWfs;> rpw;whWfs;>
Xilfs; vitnad ,dq; f hZq; f s; . mtw; w pypUe; J fpilf; F k;
ed;ikfisAk; jPikfisAk; gw;wp mwpf;ifnahd;W jahupAq;fs;.

efukakhf;fk;> ifj;njhopyk
; akhf;fk;> fhLfis mopjj
; y; Nghd;w
fhuzq;fspdhy; ePue
; piyfs; khrilfpdw
; d. Mw;wpypUe;J rl;ltpNuhjkhd
Kiwapy; kziy mfo;jy; jw;nghOJ ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; ghupa #ow;
gpur;rpidahFk;. MWfspy; ,Ue;J kz; vLg;gjhy; Mw;Nwhuq;fs; ,be;J
tpOjy;> MWfspd; Mok; mjpfupjj
; y;> fpzWfspd; eP&w;Wfs; mw;Wg;Nghjy;>
ePuhlr; nry;gtu;fs; Mgj;Jf;Fs;shFjy;> fly;ePu; Mw;Wf;Fs; GFjy;
Nghd;w ghjfkhd tpisTfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
xg;gil - 2
efukakhf;fk;> ifj;njhopy;kakhf;fk; vd;gd fhuzkhf Mw;Wf;F
te;JNrUk; fopTfs; vitnadf; Nfl;lwpe;J gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,jdhy;
Vw; g Lk; jP a tpisTfisf; Fiwg; g jw; F Nkw; n fhs; s Ntz; b a
eltbf;iffisf; $Wq;fs;.

nghq;FKfq;fSk; fldPNuupfSk; (Estuaries and Lagoons)

nghq;FKfk; (Estuary)
MW flYld; NrUk; (flypy; fyf;Fk;) ,lk; nghq;FKfk; vdg;gLk;
(cU 1.2). nghq;FKfj;jpy; ed;dU
P k; fly;eU
P k; fye;j rtu;euP ; fhzg;gLk;.
fliy mz;kpf;Fk;NghJ MWfs; mfd;W fpisfshfg; gpuptij
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. c- k; : fSfq;if> kfhtypfq;if.

cU 1.2
nghq;FKfk;

cU 1.3
fldP N uupfs;

cU 1.4
fopKfq; ; f s;

Nkw;gb fpisfSf;fpilNa Mw;wpy; mbj;J tug;gLk; cf;fy;>

milaw; nghUs;fs; Mfpad gbtjdhy; nghq;FKfq;fspy; Kf;Nfhz
tbtf; fopKfq;fs; (delta) vdg;gLk; jPTfs; cz;lhFk; (cU 1.4).
4
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

,it> fly;ePu; ed;dPUld; fyg;gijj; jilnra;Ak;. MWfis tplg;

nghq;FKfq;fspy; mjpfsT capug
; ; gy;tifik fhzg;gLfpdw
; J. flypy;
,Ue;Jk; Mw;wpD}lhfTk; tUfpd;w capupdq;fSk; mq;F epiyahf
tho; f pd; w capuq; f pfSk; nghq; F Kfq; f spd; mjpfsT capu; g ;
gy;tifikf;Ff; fhuzkhfpd;wd. nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j
kPdpdq;fs; ,q;F mjpfk; fhzg;gLk;. c - k; : tpyhq;F kPd;> rkd; kPd;.
fldPNuup (Lagoon)
Mz;bd; xU fhyj;jpy; khj;jpuk; flYld; njhlu;GWtJk; Vida
fhyq;fspy; epue;jukhff; flypypUe;J gpupf;fg;gl;bUg;gJkhd rtu;ePu;
my;yJ ctu;euP ; nfhz;l (fye;j) ePue
; piy fldPNuup (cU 1.3) vdg;gLk;.
nghq;FKfq;fisg;Nghy; fldPNuupfspYk; gue;j capug
; ; gy;tifik
fhzg;gLfpdw
; J. ,why;fs;> ez;Lfs;> rpwpa kPdf
; s; Nghd;wit mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;w fldPNuupfs; (fsg;Gfs;) rpwe;j kPd;gpbr; #oy;fshFk;.
fopKfq;fspYk; fldPNuupfspYk; tsUk; fz;ly; jhtuq;fs; ngWkjpkpf;f
jhtu tskhFk;. fz;ly; jhtuq;fspdhy; flyupg;Gj; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
nghq;FKfq;fSk; fldPNuupfSk; gyupd;; rPtNdhghaj;jpw;Fupa
topKiwfis toq;Ftjhy; mr;#oy;fspypUe;J cr;rg; gaidg;
ngWtjw;F mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gJ mtrpakhdJ.
fldPNuupfSf;F mz;ikapy; efuq;fs; mikf;fg;gLtjdhYk;
mUfpy; fhzg;gLk; njhopwr
; hiyfspypUe;Jk; tPLfspypUe;Jk; ngwg;gLk;
fopTfs; ,tw;wpDs;Ns tplg;gLtjhYk; #oy; khrilfpd;wJ. cy;yhrg;
gpuahzpfSf; F f; ftu; r ; r pahd ,lq; f shf ,it miktjhy;
cy;yhrtpLjpfs; gyTk; ,r;#oypy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. mt;tplq;
fspypUe;J ntsptplg;gLk; fopTfSk; ,r;#oiy khrilar; nra;fpd;wd.
Mifahy;> khriltjd; %yk; ,r;#oy; moptiltijj; jLg;gJ
Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mt;thwhd rpy #ow; fhg;G topKiwfs; fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;sd.
#oiy khrilar; nra;Ak; jtwhd Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp
kPd; gpbg;gijj; jtpu;j;jy;.
ngw;Nwhypaf; (fdpa vz;nza;f;) fopTfs; Nruhky; jLj;jy;.
tPLfspypUe;Jk; cy;yhr tpLjpfspypUe;Jk; ntsptplg;gLk; rtu;ff
; huk;>
\hk;G> etPd fOtw; nghUs;fs; Nru;ej
; fopTePu; kw;Wk; njhopwr
; hiyf;
fopTfs; Nghd;wit ePUld; Nruhky; jLj;jy;.
5
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

MWfis mz;ba (Riverine) gpuNjrq;fs;

MWfs; kiof;fhyq;fspy; ngUf;nfLg;gjhy; nts;sr; rkntspfs;

(Mw;Wg; gLf;iffs;) cUthfpd;wd. nts;sr; rkntspfs; MWfis
mz;ba gpuNjrq;fshFk;. milaYk; (silt) NtW gbTWk; nghUs;fSk;
,q;F gbTw;W tsk;kpff
; kz;iz ,r;rkntspfspy; cUthf;Fk;. MfNt>
Mw;WePu; ngUf;nfLf;fhj fhyq;fspy; ,g;gpuNjrq;fs; gapur
; n
; ra;iff;fhfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tplq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gLk; fspkz;izg;
gad;gLj;jp XL> nrq;fy; Nghd;wd cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ,t;thW
Mw;iw mz;ba #oy; kdpjDf;F mstpyhg; gad;fisg; ngw;Wj;
jUfpd;wJ.
u

cs;ehl;L ePu;epiyfs; (Inland waters)

,aw; i f eP u ; e piyfshd Vupfs; >

Fsq;fs; Mfpad cs;ehl;L ePue
; piyfshff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. ,it ed;dPu;r;
#oy;fshFk;. cyu;tyaj;jpYk; <u
tyaj;jpYk; ,t;thwhd ePu;epiyfisf;
fhzyhk; . kdpjdhy; epUkhzpf; f g; g l; l
Fsq;fs; nraw;if ePu;epiyfshFk;.

cU 1.5
cs;ehl;L ePu;epiy

ePu;tho; mq;fpfSk; cga (<&lf) thopfSk; ,t;tplq;fisj;

jkJ thoplkhfTk; ,dk;ngUf;Fk; ,lkhfTk; czitAk; ghJfhg;igAk;
ngWk; ,lkhfTk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. kPd;fs;> jtisfs;> Njiufs;>
ghk;Gfs;> gwitfs;> ePu;eha;fs; Mfpad cs;ehl;L ePu;epiyfspYk;
maw; #oypYk; fhzf;$ba capupdq;fSs; rpythFk;. ,q;Fs;s jhkiu>
my;yp> ePuhk;gy; Nghd;w G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fSk; Vida jhtuq;fSk;
kdpjDf;Fg; gad;gLgitahFk;.
u

rKj;jpuk; (Ocean)

GtpfN
; fhsj;jpd; 70 rjtPjkhd Nkw;gug;G rKj;jpuq;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
rKj;jpuePupy; cg;Gfs; mjpfkhifahy; mjidf; FbePuhf cgNahfpf;f
KbahJ. mNdf capupdq;fspd; thoplkhf rKj;jpuk; cs;sJ. gy
flw; jhtuq;fs; (c-k;: my;fh)> kPd;> fztha;;> el;rj;jpu kPd; (star fish),
KUiff;fw;fspy; thOk; Ijuh> fly; mdpkdp; kw;Wk; jpkpq;fpyk;>
flw;rpq;fk;> nlhy;gpd; Nghd;wit mt;thwhd rpy mq;fpfshFk;.
rKj;jpuj;jpy; thOk; capupdq;fSs; kPd;fSk; NtW rpy rKj;jpu
capupdq;fSk; kdpjDf;F czthfg; gad;gLfpd;wd. cjhuzkhf>
ghiu> tpiskPd;> jpUf;if> #iu> Rwh> jygj;> mWf;Fsh Nghd;w
6
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

kP d ; f Sk; ez; L > ,why; > fztha; >

flyl; i l> rpg; g p> flw;
jhtuq; f s;
MfpadTk; kdpjdpd; czthfg;
gad;gLfpd;wd. rpy fly; my;fhf;;fs;>
jaw;wq;fs; Nghd;wd xsljk;> rhaq;fs;
vd;gtw;iwAk; gw;gir> jPe;ij
Nghd; w tw; i wAk; cw; g j; j pahf; f g;
gad;gLfpd;wd.

cU 1.6 - fly; tho; mq;fpfs; rpy

ngUksT cg;Gfs; fiue;jpUg;gjhy; rKj;jpu ePupypUe;J cg;Gfs;

gpupj;njLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. c-k;: fwpAg;G (Nrhbaq; FNshiul;L)> NgjpAg;G
(kf;dPrpak; ry;Ngw;W)> Nrhbak; ry;Ngw;W.
flyiyr; rf;jp %yk; kpd; cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jpypUe;J
fly; gy;NtW tsq;fisf; nfhz;l Xh; ,lk; vd;gJ njspthfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifapd; epyg;gug;igtpl flw;gug;G mjpfkhdjhFk;. vdpDk;> ehk;
fly; tsj;jpypUe;J ,d;Dk; KOikahd gaidg; ngwhJs;Nshk;.
xg;gil - 3
~~rKj;jpuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ehk; ngwf;$ba gad;fs|| vd;w jiyg;gpy; Rtu;g;
gj;jpupif xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

1.1.2 ,aw;ifj; jiur; #oy; (Natural terrestrial environment)

,aw; i fj; jiur; #oypy; gy; N tW tifahd fhLfSk;
Gd;dpyq;fSk; mlq;Ffpd;wd.
u

fhLfs;

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfs; / <utya kiof;fhLfs;

(Tropical rain forests)
,it NghjpasT kiotPo;r;rpiaAk; rPuhd ntg;gepiyiaAk;
nfhz;l vd;Wk; gRikahd fhLfshFk;. ,it fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J 900
kPw;wu; cauk; tiuahd gpuNjrq;fspy; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kiotPo;r;rp
tUlk; g+uhTk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ruhrupahf tUlnkhd;Wf;F 2 000 mm
,w;Fk; $ba kiotPo;r;rpAk; 24oC - 35oC tiuahd ntg;gepiyAk;
mjpfsT <ug;gjDk; nfhz;l fhyepiyia cilait. tUlk; KOtJk;
kioiag; ngWk;. Fwpgg
; plj;jf;fsT twz;l fhyepiy fhzg;gLtjpyi
; y.
,jdhy;> ,q;F jhtuq;fs; ed;F nropj;J tsUk;.
7
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

madkz; l y kiof; f hl; b y; gy; N tW kl; l q; f spy; mjhtJ

gilfspy; (gilnfhs;sy;) jhtuq;fs; mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;
(cU 1.7). ntspg;ghl;Lg; (Nky;) gilia mikf;Fk; caukhd kuq;fs;
40 m - 45m tiu tsUk;. ,it cr;rpg; gFjpapy; fpisj;Jf; fhzg;gLk;.
mjw;F mLj;j gilapy; kuq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahff; fhzg;gLk;. ,j;
jhtuq;fspd; Ntu;j;njhFjp ed;F gue;J tsu;e;jpUf;Fk;. jhtuq;fs;
mlu;j;jpahf tsu;tjhy; epyj;jpw;Ff; fpilf;Fk; #upa xsp kpff;
FiwthdJ. ,jdhy;> epyj;jpy; G+z;Lfs; kpff;FiwT. ,jw;F mLj;j
gilapy; rpwpa kuq;fs; fhzg;gLk;. xspiag; ngWtjw;fhf cau;e;j
kuq;fspd; jz;by; Mjhuj;ijg; ngWk; nfhbfs;> Vwpfs;> Nknyhl;bfs;
mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk;.

cU 1.7 - <utya kiof;fhl;bd;

gf; f g; g hu; i t

cU 1.8. - rpq;fuh[hf;fhL

,yq;ifapd; rpq;fuh[h> fpj;Jy;fy> fd;dypa Nghd;w fhLfs;

,tw;Wf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;. vz;iz> Mrpdpgg
; yh> eJd;> fhl;Lg;Gd;id
(fPdh)> fhl;lhkzf;F Nghd;w nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s kuq;fs;
,q;F mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLfpdw
; d. kz;zpd; Nkw;Gwkhf cf;fhj ,iyfs;
gy gilfshff; fhzg;gLk;.
cs;ehl;L ,dq;fSk; ePz;lfhykhff; $h;g;gile;j goikahd
jhtutpyq;F ,dq;fSk; madkz;ly kiof;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLtjhy;
,tw; w py; gue; j capu; g ; gy; t ifik fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. ,q; F s; s
tpyq;FfSk; gwitfSk; g+r;rpfSk; cl;gl mq;fpfs; mjpf capu;g;
gy;tifikiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
mq; f pfspd; guk; g iuayFfisg; ghJfhf; f pd; w kugZj;
njhFjpahf madkz; l y kiof; f hLfs; fhzg; g Lfpd; w d.
madkz;ly kiyf;fhLfs; (Tropical montane forest)
fly;kl;lj;jpypUe;J 900 kPw;wUf;Fk; $ba caukhd ,lq;fspy;
fhzg;gLk; fhLfs; madkz;ly kiyf;fhLfs; vdg;gLk;. ,q;F tUlhe;j
8
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

kiotPo;r;rp 4 000 mm MFk;. ruhrup ntg;gepiy 20oC - 24oC. mjpfsT

fhw;Nwhl;lk; fhzg;gLk;.
ngUk;ghyhd jhtuq;fs; cauk; Fiwe;jit. xU gilapy;
(tpjhdk;) mit fhzg;gLk;. kuq;fspd; cr;rpfs; jl;ilahdit.
,iyfs; rpwpait. jz;Lfs; KWfy; mile;jpUf;Fk; (cU 1.9).
,yq;ifapd; NgJUjhyfhiy> rptndhspghjkiy> N`hl;ld;
rkntsp> ef;fpy]
; ; kiyj;njhlu; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s fhLfs; kiyf;fhLfSf;F
cjhuzq;fshFk;. ngUk;ghyhd kiyf;fhLfs; eP&w;Wfisf; nfhz;l
MWfspd; ePNue;J gpuNjrq;fshfr; nraw;gLfpdw
; d. MfNt> ,f; fhLfisg;
ghJfhg;gJ vkJ flikahFk;. ,q;F fhl;Lr; rg;G> ntuY> ehty;>
fhl;Lg;Gd;id Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. mjpf <uypg;Gf;
fhuzkhf kuj;jz;Lfs; <ukhff; fhzg;gLk;. jhtuj; jz;Lfspy;
Nknyhl;bj; jhtuq;fSk; ,iyf;fd;fSk; ghrpfSk; fhzg;gLk;. rpy
tpNrl Fuq;fpdq;fs;> ku mzpy;> kiu> efUapu;fs;> Xzhd; tiffs;>
gy;NtW gwitfs; vd;gdTk; ,f; fhl;by; tho;fpd;wd.

cU 1.9 - kiyf;fhl;bd;
gf; f g; g hu; i t

cU 1.10 - cyu;tyaf;
fhl;bd; gf;fg;ghu;it

cyu; tyaf;fhLfs; / madkz;ly vd;Wk; gRikahd

cyu; fyg;Gf;fhLfs; (Dry mixed evergreen forest)
,it madkz;lyg; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhLfs; vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
cyu; t yaj; j pd; mjpf tul; r paw; w gpuNjrq; f spy; ,f; fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ntg;gepiy 30oC I tpl cau;thdJ. ruhrup Mz;L
kiotPo;r;rp 1 200 mm - 1 900 mm. Nk khjj;jpypUe;J nrg;lk;gu; khjk;
tiu epyTk; twl;rpahd fhyepiyf;F <LnfhLf;ff;$bathW vd;Wk;
gRikahd jhtuq;fSk; rpy ,iyAjpu; jhtuq;fSk; ,f; fhLfspy;
fhzg;gLk; (cU 1.10).
9
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

jbj;j gl;ilAld; $ba mOj;jkw;w jz;Lk; Mokhfg; gue;J

nry;Yk; Ntu;fSk; ,j; jhtuq;fspd; rpwg;gpay;GfshFk;. kuq;fSf;fpilNa
mjpf ,ilntsp fhzg;gLtjhy; fhLfs; ,Uz;bUf;f khl;lhJ. tPiu>
ghiy> Kjpiu> fUq; f hyp> rtz; l iy> Ntk; G > kQ; r s; flk; G >
fhl;lhkzf;F Nghd;w jhtuq;fs; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ,f;
fhLfs; mupku tu;j;jfu;fspd; ,yf;fhf mikfpd;wd. vdNt> ,tw;iwg;
ghJfhf;ff; fLikahd rl;lq;fs; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd. tpyq;Ffshd
rpWj;ij> Kay;> fub> Fuq;fpdq;fs;> mzpy;> ku mzpy;> ahid
Nghd;wdTk; ,q;F tho;fpd;wd. ,f;fhLfs; ahidfSf;F rpwe;j
thoplj;ij toq;Ffpd;wd. mDuhjGuk;> nghyd;dWit> kl;lf;fsg;G>
mk;ghiw khtl;lq;fspYk; tlf;Fg; gpuNjrq;fspYk;; ,f; fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Kl;Gju;fSk; gw;iwfSk; (Thorn bushes and scrublands)
,yq;ifapd; tuz;l fhyepiyAs;s gpuNjrq;fshd (xerophytic
area) tlNky; kw;Wk; njd;Nkw;F gpuNjrq;fspy; ,j;jifa fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,f; fhLfspy; tUlj;jpy; 6 khjq;fSf;F Nkyhf
twl;rpahd fhyepiy fhzg;gLk;. ntg;gepiy 34oC I tpl mjpfkhFk;.
tUl kiotPo;r;rp 1 250 mm ,w;Ff; Fiwthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ (Nk nrg;lk;gu; tiu ePz;l Nfhil fhyk;).
,f; f hLfspy; kzy; fye; j cyu; e ; j kz; fhzg; g Lk; .
tspkz;lyj;jpd; <ug;gjd; FiwthdJ. #upa ntg;gk; mjpfk;. ,j;jifa
#oy; epiyikfSf;F <LnfhLf;ff;$bathW ,q;Fs;s jhtuq;fs;
,irthf;fkile;;jpUf;Fk;.
jhtuq;fspy; Kl;fs; fhzg;gLk;.
,iyfs; rpwpajhfTk; vz;zpf;ifapy;
FiwthfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,iyfs; rijg;gw;Ws;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
jz;by; ePu; Nrkpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
rpy
jhtuq;fspd;
jz;Lfs;
xspj;njhFg;igr; nra;Ak;.
jz;bYk; ,iyfspYk; ghy; fhzg;gLk;.
cU 1.11 - Kl;Gju;f;fhL
,iyfspd; Nkw;gug;G gsgsg;ghdJ.
<r; i r (<e; J )> rJuf; f s; s p> fs; s p>
jpUf; f s; s p> myup>
rijfiur;rhd;> ehfjhsp> Nfhzw;Gsp Mfpad ,f; fhLfspy; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fshFk;. ghiy> tPiu Nghd;w kuq;fSk; tplj;jy;>
mlk; g d; Nghd; w nfhbfSk; fhzg; g Lk; . kd; d hu; > fpspnehr; r p>
Ky;iyj;jPT> mk;ghe;Njhl;il Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspy; ,j;jifa fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
10
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

tpy;gj;J> cUFZ> Ge;jis Nghd;w ruzhyaq;fs;> kL>

Rz; b f; F sk; > kJdhfy> tP u tpy Nghd; w xJf; f g; g l; l ,lq; f s;
Mfpatw;iwAk; ,jw;F cjhuzq;fshff; fhl;lyhk;.
nfhOk;gpy; ,Ue;J gJis tiu Giftz;bapy; gazpf;Fk;NghJ jho;
ehl;L <utyaj;jpypUe;J kiyehLtiu NtWgl;l fhLfs;
mike;jpUg;gij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

,aw;iff; fhLfs; gw;wpAk; mtw;wpYs;s gpujhd jhtu ,dq;fs;

gw;wpAk; mwpe;jpUj;jy; gaDs;sJ. mLj;J ,aw;ifahd Gd;dpyq;fs;
gw;wp Muha;Nthk;.

Gd;dpyq;fs; (Grasslands)

fhLfspy; fhzg; g Lk; ,ay; G fSf; F k; ghiytdq; f Sf; F k;

,ilg; g l; l ,ay; i gg; Gd; d pyq; f s; nfhz; L s; s d. fhL rhu; e ; j
Gd;dpyq;fspy; ,ilapilNa ngupa kuq;fisf; fhzyhk;. N`hu;l;ld;
rkntsp ,jw;Fr; rpwe;j cjhuzkhFk;. vy;yhf; fhyepiy tyaq;fspYk;
Gd;dpyq;fisf; fhzyhk;. mitahtd:

kiy ehl;L <ug;Gd;dpyq;fs; my;yJ <ug;;gj;jidfs;

kiyehl;L cyu;Gd;dpyq;fs; my;yJ cyu;gj;jidfs;
jkidfs;> jyhitfs;
tpy;Yfs;

ePNue;J gFjpfshfTk; gy;NtW tpyq;Ffspd; Nka;r;ry; epyk;>

thoplk; Mfpad njhlu;ghfTk; Gd;dpyq;fs; Kf;fpa #ow;nwhFjpfshff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wd. MfNt> mtw;iwg; Ngzpg; ghJfhj;jy; vkJ jiyaha
flikahFk;.
<ug;gj;jidfs; (Wet patana)
fly;kl;lj;;jpypUe;J 2 000 m
cauj;jpy;
<ug;gj;jidfs;
mike;jpUf;Fk;. c-k;: N`hu;l;ld;
rkntsp> rP j hvypa> Ke; j d>
nghfte;jyht> Nghge;jyht. mjpf
kio tP o ; r ; r piaf; nfhz; l J.
tUlk; KOtJk; epyk; <uj;
jd;ikahff; fhzg;gLk;. ,jd; kz;
cU 1.12 - <ug;gj;jid

11
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

Nrjdg; nghUs;fs; epuk;gpaJ. <ug;gj;jidfs; rhjhuzkhff; fhLfSf;F

mz;ikapy; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy;> ,q;F fhzg;gLk; jhtuq;fspy; ngUks
thdit kiyf;fhl;Lj; jhtuq;fshFk;. ,tw;iwtplj; Jj;jpupg;Gy;
tiffSk; nluPbak; vd;Dk; gd;dq;fSk; fhzg;gLk;. Gy;ypdq;fs;
jtpu jdpj;J tsUk; ngupa kuq;fisAk; fhzyhk;. c-k;: khuj;ky;.
,jd; jz; L fSk; fpisfSk; c]; d pah vd; D k; ,iyf; f dhy;
%lg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
cyu;gj;jid (Dry patana)
Cthg; gs;sj;jhf;fpYs;s
ntypkil Nkl;Lepyk;> ef;fps;]>;
njdpaha> uf;thid Mfpad
cyu;gj;jidf;Fr; rpwe;j
cjhuzq; f s; MFk; . Nkl; L
epyq;fspYk; kiyr; rupTfspYk;
cs;s rpwpa fhLfs; jtpu;e;j
Vida gpuNjrq;fs; Gw;
cU 1.13 - cyu; gj;jid
jiufshFk; . ~~khdh|| ,q; F
mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w xU Gy; tifahFk;. <ug;gj;jidfspYk;
ghu;f;f cyu;gj;jidfs; mjpfk; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;wd. tul;rpahd
fhyj;jpy; cyu;gj;jidfs; fhl;Lj;jP gutp moptilAk;. ,jdhy;> jiuapd;
%Lgil mfw;wg;gl;L kiof;fhyj;jpy; kz;zupg;Gf;F MshFk;. kdpjdpd;
nraw;ghLfspdhy; mjpf jhf;fj;jpw;Fs;shFk; #ow;nwhFjpahFk;.
jkidfSk; jyhitfSk; (Damana & Thalawa)
jho;ehl;L cyu;tyag; Gd;dpyq;fs; jkidfs; vdTk; jho;ehl;L
<utyag; Gd; d pyq; f s; jyhitfs; vdTk; ngau; ngWfpd; w d.
,g;Gd;dpyq;fs; Nridg;gapu;rn
; ra;ifapdhy; Njhd;wpaitahFk;. jkid
nghyd;dWit> ntypf;fe;ij> jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fspYk;
jyht fhyp> khj; j iw> fSj; J iw Nghd; w gpuNjrq; f spYk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. khdh> jg;gd; (,Yf;)> gpuk;G Nghd;w Gy; tiffSk;
tpsh> ghiy> ikiy> ngUehty; Nghd;w jhtuq;fSk; gutyhff;
fhzg;gLfpdw
; d. ,it ahidfs; mjpfkhf tpUk;Gk; #ow;nwhFjpfshFk;.

cU 1.14 - jkid

cU 1.15 - jyhit

12
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

tpy;Yfs
fs;; (Villu)
jho; cyu;tyaj;jpYs;s ePu;
epuk; g pa Gd; d pyq; f s; tpy; Y fs;
vdg;gLk;. MWfs; ngUf;nfLf;Fk;
gpuNjrq; f spYk; iftplg; g l; l
Fsq; F l; i lfs; > eP u ; e piyfs;
vd;gtw;iw mz;bAk; tpy;Yfs;
cUthfpd; w d. nghyd; d Wit>
kd; d k; g pl; b > kJWXah Nghd; w
gpuNjrq;fspy; ,tw;iwf; fhzyhk;.

cU 1.16 - tpy;Y

tpy;Yfs; kpfTk; tskhd #ow;nwhFjpfshFk;. ,it mjpf

capupaw; gy;tifik nfhz;lit. ahid> khd;;> vUik> Gyp> ghk;G>
ePue
; ha;; Nghd;w Kiya+l;bfSk; ePuf
; f
; hfk;>; kapy;>; fhl;Lf;Nfhop> nfhf;F>
kuq;nfhj;jp> gUe;J Nghd;w gwitfSk; kPd;fSk; cga thopfSk;
efUapu;fSk; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; ,q;F fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
kiof;fhyj;jpy; ePu; epuk;gpf; fhzg;gLk; tpy;Y mtw;wpilNa
mikAk; fhLfSld; kpf ,uk;kpakhd fhl;rpahf mikAk; (cU1.16).
,jdhy;> ,it> cy;yhrg; gazpfis <u;f;Fk; ,lq;fshf cs;sd.
kPd;fs; epuk;gpa tpy;Yfs; may; fpuhkj;jtupd; kPd;gpbg; gpuNjrq;fshf
mikAk;. twz;l fhyq;fspy; tpy;Yfspy; ePu; tw;wp tpLtjhy; ,it
Gd;dpyq;fshf khWfpd;wd. tpy;Yg; Gd;dpyq;fs; ke;ij Nka;g;gpw;Fk;
kpfg; nghUj;jkhd ,lkhFk;. c-k;: jk;kd;fLit. ,yq;ifapd; kpfg;
gpurpj;jkhd tpy;yhf miktJ kfhtyp nts;sr;rkntspahFk;.
<uepyq;fs; (Wetlands)
Vida eP u ; e piyfSld;
xg;gpLk;NghJ ,e;epyq;fs; jho;thf
mike;Js;sd. ,jdhy;> #oTs;s
gpuNjrq;fspy; ,Ue;J tope;Njhb
tUk; eP u ; ,q; F Nru; f pd; w J.
<uepyq; f spy; epyeP u pd; msT
cau; t hdjhFk; . <uepyq; f s;
cwpQr
; f;$ba ePupd; cau;kl;lj;ij
tpl NkyjpfkhfTs;s ePu>; epyj;jpd;
cU 1.17 - Ge;jy ePu;j;Njf;fk;
NkNy Nru;eJ
; fhzg;gLk;. ,jdhy;>
<uepyq;fspd; Nkyhf XusT ePu; Njq;fpf; fhzg;gLk;. c- k;: Kj;Juh[ty>
mj;jpba> ngy;yd;tpy> Ge;jy ePu;j;Njf;fk;.
13
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; rJg;Gepyk;> <uepyk; vd;gd jhtu

tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fshFk;. Gy;ypdq;fs;> gd;dtiffs; vd;gtw;Wld;
cauk; Fiwe;j gw;iwfisAk; ,e;epyq;fspy; fhzyhk;.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,e;epyq;fs; Esk;Gfs; ngUFk; ,lq;fnsdf;
fUjg; g l; L kz; z pdhy; epug; g g; g l; L fl; l lq; f s; mikf; f g;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. vdpDk;> jw;nghOJ ,tw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; czug;gl;L
,it ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gpuNjrq;fshfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
c-k; : Kj;Juh[nty> MidtpOe;jhd;> ngy;yd;tpy> mj;jpba.
,t; t hwhd rJg; G epyq; f spd; Kf; f paj; J tj; i jg; gpd; t Uk;
tpsf;fg;glj;ijf; nfhz;L tpsq;fpf;nfhs;syhk;.
ePu;j;Njf;fkhfr; nraw;gLfpwJ
(nts;sg;ngUf;F Mgj;ijf; Fiwf;fpwJ)

fhl; L tpyq; F fSf; F

ciwtplj;ij
toq;FfpwJ

<u epyk;/
rJg;Gepyk;

ePiu khrilar;
nra;Ak;
gjhu;j;jq;fis
mfw;WfpwJ

,aw;if moiff; $l;Lfpd;wJ

mq;fpfspd; epyTifapy;; fhLfs; Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd. fhLfs;

eP u ; e piyfisg; ghJfhf; f pd; w d. eP u ; t l; l j; i jg; NgzTk; jFe; j
fhyepiyia toq;fTk; fhLfs; Kf;fpakhdit. NkYk;>
czTr;rq;fpypapd; Muk;g ,izg;ghfj; jhtuq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
gy;NtW mq;fpfspd; thoplk;> czT> ,dg;ngUf;fk; Nghd;w Njitfis
epiwNtw;wTk; tspapd; fhgdPnuhl;irl;L> xl;rprd; Mfpa thAf;fspd;
rkepiyiag; NgzTk; fhLfs; cjTfpd;wd. ,yq;iff;NfAupa jhtu>
tpyq;Ffis mopahky; ghJfhg;gjpYk; fhLfs; Kf;fpakhdit.
fhLfs;> MWfs;> Xilfs;> rKj;jpuq;fs; Nghd;w #oy;fisg;
gw;wp mwpe;J nfhz;l ePqf
; s; mit ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;bait vd;gij
czu;e;jpUg;gPu;fs;. ,J rk;ge;jkhf cs;s rl;ljpl;lq;fisf; filgpbj;J
mjid cupaKiwapy; nraw;gLj;JtJk; msTf;F mjpfkhf tsq;fisg;
gad;gLj;jhkYk; mtw;iw khRgLj;jhkYk; ,Ug;gJk; vkJ flikahFk;.

14
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.2 kdpjdhy; Mf;fg;gl;l #oy;

1.2.1 tptrhar; #oy; (Agricultural Environment)
kdpjd; jdJ NjitfSf;F Vw;g #oiyf; FbNaw;w Afj;jpd;
Muk;g fhyj;jpypUe;Nj khw;wpaikj;J te;Js;shd;. jdJ czTf;fhf
tpyq;Ffspy; kl;Lk; jq;fpapuhky; gapur
; n
; ra;ifapy; <Lgl;L vspa tptrhar;
#ow;nwhFjpfis cUthf;fpdhd;.

Nridg; gapu;r;nra;if

tpyq;F tsu;g;G

tay; (new;; nra;if)

njq;Fr; nra;if
Njapiyr; nra;if
,wg;gu;r; nra;if
cU 1.18 - rpy tptrhar; #ow;nwhFjpfs;

tptrhar; #ow;nwhFjpfis epu;khzpf;Fk; nghOJ tptrhapfspdhy;

gpd;tUk; khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;ld.
epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;jpg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; <Lgly;.
fhy;eil tsu;g;gpw;fhf epyj;ij xJf;Fjy;.
xg;gil - 4
tptrhar; #ow;nwhFjp xd;wpidj; njupT nra;J mjpy; mtjhdpf;ff;$ba
tpNrl ,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

tptrhar; #ow;nwhFjp nfhz;Ls;s ,ay;Gfs;

xNu ,dj; jhtuq;fs; ngupanjhU epyg;gug;gpy; gapuplg;;gl;bUj;jy;.

me;je;jg; gapu;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW epyk; gz;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp jhtu %Lgil mfw;wg;gl;bUj;jy;.
15
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

 ePu;g;ghrd trjpfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.

Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisf; nfhz;bUj;jy;.
tptrhar; #ow;nwhFjpapy; ,Ue;J cau;e;j gaidg; ngWtjw;F
tptrhar; #ow;nwhFjpiaAk; ,aw;ifahd #ow;nwhFjpiaAk; xg;gpLtJ
kpfTk; gaDs;sjhFk;.
tptrhar; #oy;
gapu;r;nra;iff;F Kd;G epyk;
gz;gLj;jg;gLk;.
nra;if gz;zg;gLk; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l XupU gapu;fs;
fhzg;gLk;;.
mWtil nra;ag;gl;L tpisr;ry;
mfw;wg;gLtjhy; epyj;jpd;
Nghriz FiwtilAk;.
gris ,lg;gLk;.
ePu;g;ghrdk; nra;ag;gLk;.

gPilfisf; fl;Lg;gLj; j gy;NtW

Kiwfs; ifahsg;gLk;.
kz;fhg;G Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
rpf;fyhd czT tiy
fhzg;glhJ.
#oy; khriljy; Vw;gLk;

,aw; i fr; #oy;

,aw;ifr; nrad;KiwfSf;F
mika #oy; tbtike;jpUf;Fk;.
cau; jhtug; gy;tifik
fhzg;gLk;.

jhtu> tpyq;Ff; fopTfs;;

mq;NfNa cf;Ftjdhy; kz;zpd;
Nghriz FiwtilahjpUf;Fk;.

gris ,lg;glhJ.
,aw;ifahd kioapdhy; ePu;
fpilf;Fk;.
gPilfs; ,aw;ifahfNt
fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
kz; ,aw;ifahfNt
ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.
rpf;fyhd czT tiy
fhzg;gLk;.
#oy; khriljy; Vw;glhJ

ml; l tiz 1.1

tptrhar; #oypy; ,Ue;J cau; tpisr;riyg; ngWtjw;F mJ

njhlu;ghd mwpTk; <LghLk; tptrhapfSf;F ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. gapuf
; Sf;F
Vw;w mstpy; ePu>; gris Nghd;wtw;iwg; nghUj;jkhd fhyq;fspy; ,l
Ntz;Lk;. gapu;fSf;F Vw;gLk; Neha;fisAk; me;Neha;fspy; ,Ue;J
gapu;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; KiwfisAk; mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
xg;gil - 5
tpUg;gkhd gapnuhd;iw cq;fs; tPl;Lj; Njhl;lj;jpy; gapupLq;fs;.
,jw;nfd rpwpa gapu;r;nra;if Nkilnahd;iw mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;
my;yJ jf;fthW rhbapy; gapupLq;fs;. mWtil nra;Ak; tiu mg;gapiug;
Ngz Ntz;ba Kiwiag; gw;wp ehl;Fwpg;Ngnlhd;wpy; vOJq;fs;.

xNu gapiuj; njhlu;e;J Xu; ,lj;jpy; gapu; nra;Ak;NghJ fpilf;Fk;

tpisr;rypd; msT gbg;gbahff; Fiwtilfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> Row;rp
Kiwg; gapu;r;nra;if (crop rotation) gy;ypdg; gapu;r;nra;if Kiwik
(multiple cropping system) vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpdw
; d.
16
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.2.2 ifj;njhopw; #oy; (Industrial Environment)

,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
,it mt; t g; g puNjrq; f spy; fpilf; F k; %ytsq; f Sf; F Vw; g
NtWgLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; gpujhdkhff;; fhzg;gLk;
njhopw;rhiyfshtd ,wg;gu;j; njhopw;rhiy> Njapiyj; njhopw;rhiy>
Milj; njhopw;rhiy kw;Wk; XL> nrq;fy;> rPnke;Jf;fw;fs; nra;Ak;
rpW ifj;njhopw;rhiyfs; vd;gdthFk;.
xU nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;aj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fs;>
%yg;nghUs;fs;> kdpjtY> rf;jp %yq;fs; Mfpa midj;Jk; xd;whfr;
Nru;e;J fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l njhFjpNa ifj;njhopw; #oyhFk;.
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpfF
; j; njhopwr
; hiyfs; mtrpakhdit. ,jpypUe;J
ehl;L kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd gy
nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. ePq;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; gw;J}upif>
rtu;ff
; huk;> kUe;J> ijf;fg;gl;l Milfs;> jahu; nra;ag;gl;l czTfs;>
tPlL
; j; jsthlq;fs; Nghd;wit ,yq;ifapy; nra;ag;gLk; rpy cw;gj;jpg;
nghUs;fshFk;.
,f;ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfs; %yk; kdpjDf;F mNef ed;ikfs;
fpilj;jhYk; njhopw;rhiyfspdhy; #oYf;Fg; ghjfkhd tpisTfSk;
Vw;gLfpd;wd. mtw;Ws; rpy gpd;tUkhW:

njhopw;rhiyfspy; Vw;gLfpd;w mjpf rj;jk;.

ntsptplg;gLk; er;RthAf;fs;> Gif> J}R> Ju;ehw;wk;.
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ntg;gkhd ePu;> mRj;j ePu; vd;gd ePu;epiyfspy;
fyj;jy;.
ghjfkhd ,urhadg; nghUs;fs; #oYf;F ntsptplg;gly;.

njhopw;rhiyfspdhy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; ghjpg;Gfisf; Fiwj;Jf;

nfhs;s njhopw;rhiyfis epWTk;NghJk; mtw;iw elj;Jk;NghJk;
,t; t plq; f Sf; F g; nghWg; g hfTs; s mur epWtdq; f splkpUe; J
mDkjpiaAk; MNyhridiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhu rig> khfhz rigfs; kw;Wk; cs;@uhl;rp
epWtdq;fs; Nghd;wit ,t;tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfr; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
njhopwr
; hiyfSf;Fj; Njitahd %yg;nghUs;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;>
fopTfis mfw; W jy; > njhopyhsu; cly; e yj; i jg; NgZjy; >
njhopyhsu;fspd; ghJfhg;G vd;gd rk;ge;jkhd gy;NtW rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
eilKiwapy; cs;sd. njhopw;rhiyfspd; ghjfkhd
nraw; g hLfspdh
y; eP q ; f Nsh my; y J cq; f s; maytu; f Nsh
hLfspdhy
ghjpf;fg;gl;lhy; mJ rk;ge;jkhd
rl;leltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;s
cq; f Sf; F cupikAz; L .
17
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

xg;gil - 6
kj;jpa Rw;whly; mjpfhurig> efu mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig Nghd;w
epWtdq; f spd; Nrit njhlu; g hd gy tplaq; f isf; Nfl; l wpe; J
nfhs;Sq;fs;. rhjhuz kf;fshfpa cq;fshy; me;epWtdq;fSf;F
toq;ff;$ba xj;Jiog;Gg; gw;wpf; fl;Liu xd;iw vOJq;fs;.

ifj;njhopw; #oypy; ,Ue;J cr;rg;

gaidg; ngWtjw;F mjidr; rupahd
Kiwapy; NgZjy; mtrpakhFk;.

cU 1.19 - kdq;ftu; Kiwapy;

mikf; f g; g l; L s; s njhopw; r hiy

1.2.3 kdpjf; FbNaw;wq;fs; (Human Settlements)

#oiy khw;wpaikf;Fk; kdpjdpd; tiuaiwaw;w nraw;ghLfspy;
etPd FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. tptrha mgptpUj;jpj;
jpll
; q;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jp mikf;fg;gLk; FbNaw;wq;fs; Rje;jpuj;jpwF
; g;
gpdd
; u; mjpfkhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. c-k; : fy;Nyhahf; FbNaw;wj;jpll
; k;.
fpuhkpaf; FbNaw; w j; j pl; l j; j pw; F cjhuzkhf miktJ kfhtyp
mgptpUj; j pj; jpl; l j; j pd; f P o ; mikf; f g; g l; l FbNaw; w q; f shFk; .
,f;FbNaw;wq;fs; NghJkhd mbg;gil trjpfSld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lhYk;
gpdd
; u;> gbg;gbahfr; rdj;njhif mjpfupjJ
; mtw;wpy; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;
Njhd;wpd. c-k;: ,ltrjp Fiwjy;> r%f> fyhrhug; gpur;rpidfs;.
Njitahd msT
#upa xsp fpilf;fhik

,ltrjp
Nghjhik

fhw;Nwhl;lk;
Nghjhik

nghUj;jkw;w
efuf; FbNaw;wj;
jpl;lq;fs;

jpBu; jP tpgj;Jfshy;
Vw;gLk; Mgj;Jfs;

kioapdhy; ePu;
ngUf;nfLj;jy;

r%f> fyhrhug;
gpur;rpidfs;
Neha;fs; Ntfkhfg;
guTjy;

kyry$lq;fs;
Nghjpastpy;
fhzg;glhik

tPl;Lf; fopTg;nghUs;fis
mfw;Wtjpy; cs;s
rpukq;fs;

18
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhTk; gy;NtW mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspdhy;

fpilf;Fk; Ntiytha;gG
; fis vjpu;ghu;jJ
; k; kf;fs; efuq;fis Nehf;fpf;
FbNawpdu;. vdpDk;> NghjpasT efuf; FbNaw;wj;jpll
; q;fs; ,d;ikapdhy;
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpd.
NkNyAs; s gpur; r pidfSf; F j; jP u ; t hfj; jw; n ghOJ ed; F
jpl;lkplg;gl;l tPlikg;Gj;jpl;lq;fs; mikf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,q;F fhzg;gLk;
rpwpa ,lg;gug;gsitg; gad;gLj;jp gykhbf; fl;llq;fs; fl;lg;gLfpd;wd.
xg;gil - 7
tP l ; b Ys; s Njitaw; w nghUs; f isg; gad; g Lj; j p Kiwahd
FbNaw;wj;jpl;lk; xd;wpd; khjpupAUnthd;iw mikAq;fs;. ,jd;NghJ
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
epyj;jpy; ,Ue;J cr;rg; gaidg; ngWjy;.
NghJkhdsT #upa xsp> fhw;Nwhl;lk; vd;gd ,Uj;jy;.
kyry$l trjp.
Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;> ePu;trjp.
Xa;TNeu> nghOJNghf;F trjpfs;.
ghJfhg;G.
Vida md;whlj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; trjp.

cU 1.21 - jpl;lkplg;gl;l efuf; FbNaw;wk;

cU 1.20 - jpl;lkplg;glhj
efuf; FbNaw;wk;

,Jtiu ePqf
; s; fw;wtw;wpypUe;J kdpjdhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l tptrha>
ifj; n jhopy; FbNaw; w q; f s; vd; g tw; W ld; njhlu; G gl; l #oiy
tpQ;QhduPjpapy; gad;gLj;jp cr;rg; gaidg; ngWNthk;.

19
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.3 kdpjDf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; tpyq;Ffs;

vkJ ,yq;if gue;j capu;g; gy;tifik nfhz;l ehlhFk;.
gd;ndLq;fhykhfNt ,q;Fs;s kf;fs;> tpyq;FfSlDk; jhtuq;fSlDk;
,zf;fkhd njhlu;igg; Ngzp tho;e
; J
; tUfpdw
; du;. vdpDk;> kdpjDf;Fj;
jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; tpyq;FfSk; #oypy; cs;sd. ,tw;Ws; tplKs;s
(eQ;R) tpyq;Ffs; Kjd;ik ngWfpd;wd.
,t;tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; tplj;jpd; %yk; (eQ;rpd; %yk;) ,iu
nraypof;fr; nra;ag;gLfpwJ. Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; tpyq;Ffspd;
ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; mtw;wpd; tplk; cjTfpwJ. ,t;tpyq;Ffs; thOk;
,lq;fspNyh> mit rQ;rupf;Fk; ,lq;fspNyh mtw;wpd; tho;f;iff;
Nfhyj;jpw;Fg; gq;fk; Vw;gLkhW ele;Jnfhs;Sk;NghJ mit vk;ikj;
jhf;Ffpd;wd. MfNt> ,t;tpyq;Ffs; gw;wpa tptuq;fis mwpe;jpUj;jy;>
mtw;wpd; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis tpsq;fpfn
; fhs;sy;> mtw;iw ,dq;fhzy;
vd;gd Kf;fpakhdit. ,jd; %yk; mtw;wpypUe;J vk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;sTk; mtw;iw tPzhf mopg;gjdhy; #oYf;F Vw;gLk; jPqF
; fisj;
jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; KbAk;.

1.3.1 tplKs;s efUaph;fs; - ghk;Gfs;

tplKs;s tpyq;Ffspy; ghk;Gfs; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; ngWfpd;wd.
CDz;zpfshd ghk;Gfs;> efUapu;fs; vd;Dk; tpyq;Ff; $l;lj;ijr;
Nru;ej
; it. ,tw;wpd; Njhypd; Nkyhfr; nrjpy;fisf; nfhz;l nrjpYiw
fhzg;gLk;. ,J clypypUe;J ePu; ntspNaWtijj; jLf;Fk;. rpy
khjq;fSf;F xU jlit nrjpYiw fow;wg;gl;L Gjpa nrjpYiw
Njhw; W tpf; f g; g Lk; . tapw; W g; G wkhf cs; s nrjpy; f s; ghk; G fspd;
,lg;ngau;r;rpf;F cjTk;.
ghk;Gfs; jk;kpYk; gyklq;F ngupa ,iuiaAk; czthff;
nfhs;Sk; Mw;wYilait. ,jw;nfd mtw;wpd; tha; rpwj;jyile;Js;sJ.
thapd; Nkw;whil> fPo;j;jhil vd;gd Nky;fPohf ed;whf tpuptilaf;
$bad. NkYk;> fPo;j;jhil kj;jpapypUe;J gf;fkhf tpupf;ff;$ba ,U
gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ. jhilfSld; ,ize;Js;s jirfs; jhilfis
tpupg;gjw;Fk; tpirAld; ,iuiaf; nfsTtjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wd.
ghk;Gfspy;;> ckpo;ePu;r; Rug;gpfs; er;Rr; Rug;gpfshf khwpAs;sd.
(tplKs;s ghk;Gfspy; kl;LNk er;Rr; Rug;gpfs; fhzg;gLk;). ,iuiar;
nraypof;fr; nra;tjw;Fk; rkpghlilar; nra;tjw;Fk; er;Rr; Rug;gpfspdhy;

20
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

Ruf;fg;gLk; tplk; cjTk;. ,g;ghk;Gfs; $upa tise;j er;Rg;gw;fisf;

nfhz;lit. ,iuiag; gpbf;Fk;NghJ er;Rg;gw;fspYs;s fhd;fspD}lhf
er;Rr; Rug;gpfspypUe;J tpLtpf;fg;gLk; tplk; ntspNaw;wg;gLk;.
u

ghk;gpd; tplk;

ghk;gpd; tplk; gy $Wfisf; nfhz;lJ. gpujhdkhfg; Gujq;fs;>

nehjpaq;fs;> ePu; kw;Wk; nghypngg;ijl;L er;Rg; gjhu;j;jq;fs; mjpy;
mlq;Ffpd;wd.
er;Rr; Rug;gp

cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

%f;Fj;
Jthuk;

ghk;gpdhy; jPz;lg;gLk; xUtUf;F

toq;fg;gLk;
eQ;nrjpupg;
gjhu;jj
; q;fis cw;gj;jp nra;aTk;>
njhONeha;> M];Jkh Nghd;wtw;
Wf;Fupa kUe;Jfisj; jahupf;fTk;
ghk;gpd; er;R gad;gLfpd;wJ.

fhd;
er;Rg;gy;
ehf;F

gy;Yiw

cU 1.22 - ghk;gpd; er;Rg;gw;fSk;

er; R r; R ug; g pfSk;

nfhba tplKs;s ghk;Gfs;

,yq;ifapy; 96 ghk;G ,dq;fs; ,Ug;gjhff; fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,tw;Ws; nfhba tplk; nfhz;lit 5 ,dq;fs; kl;LNk. mitahtd:

ehfk;
RUl;ilg; ghk;G
vz;nza;g; gidad;;) / vz;nza; tpupad; / fz;lq; fUtis
vz;nza; tpupad; / fl;L tpupad; (,yq;iff;FupaJ)
fz;zhb tpupad;;

jiuapYs;s tplKs;s ,g;ghk;Gfis tplr; rpy flw;ghk;GfSk;

nfhba tplk; nfhz;lit.

p d; / fz;lq; fUtis (Common krait)

vz;nza;g; gidad
gidad; / vz;nza; tpua

ePsk; :- 90 - 110 cm

rpwg; g pay; G fs; :- clypd; KJFGwk;

fUepwk; fye;j fgpyepwkhdJ. vz;nza;
Nja;j;jJ Nghy; gsgsg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.

elj;ijf;Nfhyk;

:- ,uT Neuj;jpy; czT

Njbr; rQ; r upf; F k; . gfypy; cyu; e ; j
rUFfs;> fha;e;j Gw;fs; vd;gdtw;Wf;Fs;
my;yJ jsu;e;j kz;zpy; xspe;jpUf;Fk;.
ePiu mz;ba ,lq;fspYk; fhzg;gLk;.
cU 1.23

21
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

ehfk; - Cobra ( Naja naja)

ePsk; :- 130 - 200 cm

rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

:- ehL KOtJk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.

jhilfis tpupj;Jg; glk; vLf;Fk;. glj;jpd;
tapw;Wg;Gwkhff; fUepwg;Gs;spfs; ,uz;Lk;
Nkw;Gwkhf
Nghd;w milahsKk; cs;sd.
clypd; Nkw;Gwk; ,sq;fgpy epwkhf my;yJ
rhk;gy; fye;j fWg;G epwkhff; fhzg;gLk;.
,ilapilNa nts;is epw my;yJ kQ;rs; epwf;
NfhLfs; cs;sd.

cU 1.24

elj;ijf;Nfhyk; :- gfy; Ntisfspy; ,iuNjLk;. ,utpy; Gw;Wfs;>

vyptisfs;> fw;Ftpay;fs;> tpwfLf;Ffs; Mfpatw;Ws; xspe;jpUf;Fk;.

vz;nza; tpupad;(Sri Lankan krait) / fl;Ltpupad;

ePsk; :- 90 cm
rpwg;gpay;Gfs; :- cly;> fWg;Gf; fye;j fLk;
Cjh epwkhdJ. clypy; FWf;fhf
tisaTUthd ntz;zpwf; NfhLfs;
fhzg;gLk;.

cU 1.25
elj;ijf;Nfhyk; :- ,utpy; ,iu NjLk;.
rpwpa ghk;gpdq;fis czthff;nfhs;Sk;. gfypy; cf;fpa kuf;Fw;wpfs;>
rUFfs;> fw;Ftpay;fs; Nghd;w ,Uz;l ,lq;fspy; xspe;jpUf;Fk;.
mr;rkilAk;NghJ clypDs; jiyiag; Gijj;Jf;nfhs;Sk;.

RUl;ilg; ghk;G (Saw scaled viper)

ePsk; :- 30 - 45 cm

rpwg;gpay;Gfs; :- jiy Kf;Nfhz tbthdJ. jiy eLNt ntz;zpwg;

Gs;sb fhzg;gLk;. clypd; KJFg;Gwk; fUik fye;j fgpy epwkhdJ.
clypy; rJutbt milahsq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;.

22
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

elj;ijf;Nfhyk; :- ,uT Ntisfspy; czT

Njb miyAk;. gfypy; rUFfs;> gw;iwfs;>
jsu;thd kz; cs;s ,lq;fs; Mfpatw;wpy;
kiwe;jpUf;Fk;. gha;e;J ,iuiaj; jhf;fpagpd;
cldbahf Kd;dpUe;j ,lj;jpw;Nf kPzL
; k; tUk;.

fz;zhbg; Gilad;

(Russells Viper )

cU 1.26

ePsk; :- 80 - 120 cm

rpwg;gpay;Gfs; :- clypd; KJFg;Gwk; rptg;Gf; fye;j fgpy epwkhdJ.

tapw;Wg;Gwk; kQ;rs; fye;j ntz;zpwkhdJ. clk;gpd; kj;jpapYk; ,U
gf;fkhfTk; %d;W Gs;sp tupirfs; fhzg;gLk;.

elj;ijf;Nfhyk; :- jhf;Ftjw;F Kd;ghff;

fLikahfr; rPwp mr;RWj;Jk;. ,J> ,g;
ghk;ig ,dq;fhz cjTk; tpNrl
elj;ijahFk;. czitj; Njbg;ngUk;ghYk;
,uT Neuq;fspy; jpupfpd;wNghjpYk; gfy;
NtisfspYk; fhzg;gLk;.

cU 1.27

RUl;ilg; Gilad;> fz;zhbg; Gilad; Nghd;wtw;wpd; tplk;

FUjpr; Rw;Nwhl;lj; njhFjpapy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. FUjpapD}lhf
nkJthfg; gutp mrhjhuzkhd FUjpg; ngUf;if Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,g;ghk;G
jPz;ba Nehahspfspy; KuR> rpWFly;> Njhypd; fPo;g;gFjp Mfpa
gFjpfspypUe;J FUjp ntspNaWk;. ,uj;jthe;jp> ,Uky;> rpWePu>; kyk;
vd;gtw;Wld; FUjp ntspNawy;> fhaj;ijr; Rw;wpAs;s gFjpfspy;
fLk;Neh> tPf;fk; Mfpa mwpFwpfs; Vw;gLtij mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
u

tplKs;s ghk;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;

ghk;gpd; jiyapd; tbtk;> kw;Wk; jiyapd; Nkw;gug;G> cly;>

thy; vd;gtw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; nrjpy;fspd; jd;ik> thypd; jd;ik Nghd;w
,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; tplKs;s ghk;Gfis ,dq;fhzyhk;.
clypd; ,ay; G
1. jiyapd; tbtk;

Gilad; tifg;
ghk; G fs;
Kf;Nfhz tbtk;

ehfk; > tpupad;

tifg; ghk; G fs;
fuz;b tbtk;

2. nrjpy;fspd; jd;ik rpwpait

ngupait

3. thy;

ePz;lJ

FWfpaJ> kOq;fpaJ
ml; l tiz 1.2

23
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

cq; f Sf; F j; njupAkh?

kzy; Gilad; (Merrems hump nosed viper) vd;Dk;
,dg; ghk;Gfs; jPz;Ltjdhy; kuzk; rk;gtpf;Fk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; cs;sd. ,jdhy;> ,it nfhba
tplKs;s ghk;Gfshff; fUjg;gl;lNghjpYk; ,it
cz;ikapy; fLk; tplk; nfhz;litay;y. ,it
,uT Ntisapy; elkhLk;.
cU 1.28

mLj;jjhf ehk; XusT kw;Wk; rpwpjsT tplKs;s ghk;Gfs;

gw;wpAk; tplkw;w ghk;Gfs; gw;wpAk; Muha;Nthk;.
u

XusT tplKs;s ghk;Gfs;

,t;thwhd ghk;Gfs; fbj;j Nehahspfspy; fbthiar; Rw;wpa

,lj;jpy; fLk;Neh> tPf;fk; vd;gd Vw;gLk;. ,t; mwpFwpfs; rpy ehl;fs;
ePbf;Fk;. ,g;ghk;Gfspd; tplk; rpWePufq;fspd; nraw;ghl;ilg; ghjpf;Fk;
jd;ikiaf; nfhz;Ls;s NghjpYk; kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;jhJ kzy;Gilad;>
%f;Ftpupad;> gr;irtpupad Nghd;wd ,tw;Wf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
u

rpwpjsT tplKs;s ghk;Gfs;

rpwpJ tplKs;s ghk;Gfs; jPz;Lk;NghJ rpwpJNeh Vw;gLk;. rpykzp

Neuj;jpy; ,e;epiy mw;Wg;Ngha;tpLk;. fz;Fj;jpg;ghk;G> nfhk;Ngwp %f;fd;>
khgpyh> Gy;yupad; (cat snake) Mfpad ,tw;Wf;F cjhuzq;fshFk;.
u

tplkw;w ghk;Gfs;

,yq;ifapy; tplkw;w 59 ghk;G ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpdw

; d. ghk;Gfs;
ahTk; jPqF
; tpistpfF
; k; (tplk; nfhz;lit) vd;Dk; mr;rk; fhuzkhfg;
ngUk;ghYk; tplkw;w ghk;GfSk; nfhy;yg;gLfpdw
; d. ,jidj; jtpug
; g
; jw;F
tplkw; w ghk; G fis NtWgLj; j p ,dq; f hz; g J Kf; f pakhdjhFk; .
Nfhlupg;ghk;G> kiyg;ghk;G (python)> rhiug;ghk;G (rat snake), xU tif
ePu;g; ghk;G (jz;zPu;g; ghk;G)> ePh;ehfk; (checkered keel back) Mfpait
,tw; W f; F cjhuzq; f shFk; . tplkw; w dthapDk; ,it ahTk;
CDz;zpfshFk;. ,it capUld; jkJ ,iuia tpOq;Fk;.
u

ghk; G fsp d hy; Vw; g Lk; Mgj; J fisj; (jP q ; F fisj; ) jtp u ; j ; j y;

ghk;GfSf;F mtrpakhd czT> ghJfhg;G> jFe;j ntg;gepiy

vd;gtw;iw toq;ff;$ba fhLfs;> gw;iwfs;> gapu;epyq;fs; Nghd;w
24
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

,lq;fs; vkJ #oypYk; fhzg;glyhk;. ,jdhy;> mtw;wpypUe;J vk;ikg;

ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fupa eilKiwfisg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. NkYk;>
ftdaPdj;jpdhNyNa ghk;Gfs; kdpju;fisj; jPz;Lfpd;wd. vdNt>
mtw;iwj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfg; gpd;tUk; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

tPl;by; NrUk; Fg;ig$sq;fis xOq;fhf mfw;Wtjd; %yk;

Rw;whliyr; Rj;jkhfg; Ngzy;. (,jd; %yk; vyp> jtis Nghd;w
ghk;Gf;F ,iuahFk; tpyq;Ffs; ngUFtijj; jLf;fyhk;).

gioa Gj; j fq; f s; > gj; j pupiffs; vd; g it Ftpayhf

itf;fg;gLk;NghJ ntg;gj;ijg; ngWtjw;fhfg; ghk;Gfs; mtw;Ws;
GFe;Jnfhs;Skhjyhy; mtw;iw xOq;fhf mLf;fp itj;jy;;.
ghk;Gfs; GFe;J thof;$ba> tPl;bd; maypYs;s fiwahd;
Gw;WfisAk; vyptisfisAk; mopj;jy;.
nrq;fw;fs;> XLfs; vd;gtw;wpd; Ftpay;fSf;Fs; ghk;GfSf;Fj;
Njitahd ,iu> ghJfhg;G> ntg;gk; Mfpad fpilg;gjdhy;
mit tpUg;Gld; mt;tplq;fspy; FbGFe;Jnfhs;Sk;. vdNt> XLfs;>
nrq;fw;fs; Mfpatw;iwf; Ftpj;J itg;gijj; jtpu;j;jy;.

Gw;wiufs;> gw;iwfs; vd;gtw;wpD}lhf ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ

xypnaof; $ bathW mbnaLj; J itj; j y; ; epyj; j pd; k P J
jbnahd; w pdhy; jl; b athW nry; Y jy; ; NkYk; > fhiy
kiwf;ff;$bathW cau;e;j rg;ghj;ij (boot) my;yJ ePz;l
fhw;rl;ilia mzpjy;.

,uT Neuq;fspy; ntspNa ele;J nry;Yk;NghJ kpd;#s; (Nlhu;r;)>

mupf;fd; tpsf;F vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jr; nry;yy;;.
tPl;bNyh> ntspapNyh jiuapy; gLj;Jwq;Ftij ,aYkhdtiu
jtpu;jj
; y;.

ghk;GfSf;Fg; Gwr;nrtp ,y;yhikahy; tspapD}lhf tUk; xypiaf;

Nfl;Fkhw;wy; FiwT. vdpDk;> epyj;jpD}lhf tUk; mjpuT
; fis mtw;why;
czu KbAk;. ,jdhy;> epyj;jpy; jl;Lk;NghJ jkJ ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp
ghk;Gfs; mt;tplj;jpypUe;J mfYk;.
xg;gil - 8
ghk; G fs; gw; w p epyTk; gy; N tW ek; g pf; i ffisg; gw; w p cq; f s;
tPlb
; Ys;stu;fsplk; my;yJ maypYs;s Kjpatu;fsplk; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
cq; f s; Mrpupaupd; topfhl; l ypd; f P o ; E}y; f spd; cjtpAld;
me; e k; g pf; i ffspYs; s tpQ; Q hdg+h; t khd jd; i k njhlh; g hfr;
rpw;Nwnlhd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

25
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

ghk;G jPz;lhky; vk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; eilKiwfisj;

njupej
; pUg;gJ Nghd;Nw ghk;G jPzb
; dhy; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;> vtw;iwj;
jtpu; f ; f Ntz; L k; vd mwpe; j pUg; g Jk; kpf Kf; f pakhdJk;
gad;kpf;fJkhFk;.
ghk;G jPz;baTld; nra;a Ntz;bad
nfhba tplKs;s my;yJ rpwpjsT tplKs;s ghk;Gfs; jPzb
; dhy;
Nehahspia cldbahf mur kUj;Jtkidf;F vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.
kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;irf;F Kd;ghfg; gpd;tUkhW KjYjtp mspf;fyhk;.

Nehahspapd; gaj;ijg; Nghf;fpj; ijupa%l;ly;.

,Wf;fkhd cil mzpe;jpUe;jhy; jsu;j;Jjy;.
ghk;G fbj;j ,lj;ijr; rtu;f;fhukpl;L ePupdhy; fOTjy;. Rj;jkhd
Jzpapdhy; fhaj;ij %ly; (gw;wPupah Nghd;wit
fhaj;jpDs;
GFtijj; jLj;jy;).
fhy; my;yJ if jPz;lg;gl;bUe;jhy; mg;gFjpia mirf;fhJ
itj;jpUj;jy;.

KjYjtpapd; N ghJ jtpu; f ; f Ntz; b ait

thia itj;J tplj;ij cwpQ;Rjy;> ghk;G fbj;j ,lj;jpy; ntl;Ljy;>

cNuhQ;Rjy; vd;gtw;iwr; nra;jy; $lhJ.
Nehahsp kaq;fpaepiyapy; ,Ue;jhy; thahy; vijAk; gUf;ff;
$lhJ.
ghk;G fbj;j ,lj;jpd; Nkyhf ,Wf;fpf; fl;LjYk; ~I];| itj;jYk;
jtpu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
%ypifr; rhWfs;> m];gpupd; khj;jpiufs; Mfpatw;iw Nehahspf;F
toq;ff; $lhJ.
mw;fNfhy;> ,sePu;> gourk; Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fbf;ff; $lhJ.

KjYjtpapd; gpd; Nehahspia kUj;Jtkidf;F tpiuthfTk;

ghJfhg;ghfTk; Nehahspf;F ,Nyrhd KiwapYk; nfhz;L nry;y
Ntz;Lk;. tplk; clypDs; nry;tijf; Fiwf;Fk; tifapy; Nehahspapd;
cliy mirf;fhjpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;iff;F ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLfpdw
; eQ;nrjpup nfhba tplKs;s
Ie;J ghk;Gfs; njhlu;ghfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tf;rPdhFk; (polyvalent anti
venin). ,t;tf;rPd; NehawpFwpfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ toq;fg;gLk;.

26
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.3.2. er;Rj; jd;ikAs;s Vida rpy tpyq;Ffs;

Fstp> NjdP> kl;ilj;Njs;> Njs;> rpye;jp Nghd;wit kdpjDf;Fj; jPqF
;
gaf;ff;$ba Mj;jpuNghlh tpyq;Ff; $l;lj;ijr; Nru;ej
; rpy tpyq;FfshFk;.

Fstp

kl; i lj; N js;

ngUq; F stp

Njs;

cU 1.29

NjdP

GypKfr; rpye;jp

NjdPf;fSk; FstpfSk;

NjdP (bee), ngUq;Fstp (hornet) vd;gd G+f;fspd; mKjj;ij (nectar)

czthf cl;nfhs;Sk;. Fstpfs; (wasp) jhtur;rhw;iw cwpQ;rpf;
Fbg;gJld; rpwpa G+r;rpfisAk; Flk;gpfisAk; czthff;nfhs;Sk;.
,tw;wpYs;s eQ;R> vjpupfspypUe;J ghJfhg;igg;ngw cjTfpwJ. Mgj;J
Vw;gLk;NghJ jkJ clypd; gpdG
; wj;jpYs;s nfhLf;fpdhy; ,it vjpupiaj;
jhf;Fk;. jhf;fg;gl;ltupd; clypDs; ~nfhLf;F| fow;wp tplg;gLtJld;
mjD}lhf eQ;Rg; gjhu;j;jKk; ntsptplg;gLk;. NjdPapd; eQ;rhy;
kdpjDf;Fg; ngupa ghjpg;G Vw;gLtjpy;iy. jhf;fg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; Neh>
tPf;fk; vd;gd Vw;gLk;. vdpDk;> FstpapdJk; ngUq;FstpapdJk; eQ;R
Mgj;jhdJ. ,jdhy;> ,wg;Gk; Vw;glyhk;.
NjdP> Fstp vd;gd nfhl;bajhy; Vw;gLk; typiaf; Fiwg;gjw;F
mtw;wpd; nfhLf;F mfw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
NjdPAk; ngUq;FstpAk; ehk; mtw;Wf;F ,ilA+W nra;ahjNghJ
vkf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. ,it> jkJ tijapy; Njidr;
Nrfupj;J itf;Fk;. tijapypUe;J Njidg; ngWtjw;fhf ,tw;wpd;
thoplq;fisr; Nrjg;gLj;Jk;NghJ ,it kdpjidj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.

27
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

NjSk; kl;ilj;NjSk;

kl;ilj;NjSk; NjSk; CDz;zpfshFk;. ,tw;wpd; eQ;R ,iuiar;

nraypof;fr; nra;tjw;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ. ,it ,utpy;
czT Njb elkhLk;. ,jdhy;> nghJthf ,uTNtisfspNyNa ,it
jkJ ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp kdpjidj; jhf;Ffpd;wd.
kl;ilj;Njspd; jhilapy; fhzg;gLk; eQ;R ,iuiar; nraypof;fr;
nra;a cjTk;. ,J gfy;Ntisfspy; fw;fs;> rUFfs; vd;gdtw;wpd;;
fPOk; kug;nghe;Jfs;> cf;fpa kuq;fs; vd;gtw;wpDs;Sk; fhzg;gLk;.
Njs;> gfypy; Fg;igNkLfspYk; cf;fpa kuq;fs;> fw;fs; vd;gtw;wpd;
fPOk; kiwe;J ,Uf;Fk;. Njspd; thypy; nfhLf;Ff; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
nfhLf;fpd; %yk; ,iuiaj; jhf;Fk;NghJ nfhLf;fpYs;s eQ;R ,iuiar;
nraypof;fr; nra;tJld; rkpghl;ilAk; ,yFthf;Fk;.
u

GypKfr; rpye;jp

mjpf eQ;R nfhz;lJ. rpye;jp ,dq;fSf;F Vw;g er;Rj;jd;ik

NtWgLk;. cly; cNuhkq;fshy; %lg;gl;bUf;Fk;. kug;nghe;JfspYk;
njd;id> gid vd;gtw;wpd; cr;rpapYk; fhzg;gLk;. nghJthf kiof;
fhyq;fspy; fPopwq;fpj; jpupAk;. ahjhapDk; xU tpyq;fpdhy; jdf;F
Mgj;J Vw;glg;NghfpwJ vdf; fUJk;NghJ mt;tpyq;fpd;kPJ gha;e;J
jhf;FtJ ,jd; rpwg;ghd elj;ijahFk;.
xg;gil - 9
NkNy Fwpg; g plg; g l; l tpyq; F fshy;
jhf; f g; g Lk; N ghJ cq; f s;
gpuNjrj;jpy; iff;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w kuGtopahd rpfpr;ir Kiwfis
ngupNahu;fsplkpUe;J Nfl;lwpe;J tFg;giwapy; rku;g;gpAq;fs;.

tplKs;s tpyq;Ffshy; Vw;gLk; jhf;fq;fisf; Fiwg;gjw;Nfh

jLg;gjw;Nfh mtw;wpd; elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fis mwpe;jpUg;gJ mtrpak;.
xg;gil - 10
tplKs;s ghk;GfsplkpUe;Jk; Vida tpyq;FfsplkpUe;Jk; vk;ikg;
ghJfhj; J f; n fhs; t jw; F Nkw; n fhs; s f; $ ba topKiwfs; mlq; f pa
Rtu;g;gj;jpupif xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

28
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tplKs;s tpyq;Ffspdhy; vkf;Fg; ghjpg;G

Vw; g l; l hYk; #oypd; ,af; f j; jd; i kia Vw; g Lj; J tjw; F (#ow;
rkepiyiag; NgZtjw;F) mtw;wpd; gq;fspgG
; kpf Kf;fpak; tha;ej
; jhFk;.

1.3.3 tplKs;s tpyq;Ffspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

vkJ #oypYs;s vy;yh capupdq;fspdJk; vz;zpf;if khwhky;
Ngzg;gly; #oypd; rpwg;gpay;Gfspy; xd;whFk;. ,t;thwhf ,aw;ifr;
rkepiyia Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ,iunfstp tpyq;Ffs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jit.
,iunfstp vd;gJ Vida mq;fpfis czthff;nfhs;Sk;
mq; f pahFk; . ,iunfstpfs; mtw; W f; F ,iuahFk; mq; f pfspd;
vz;zpfi
; fiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk;. mtw;Wf;fhd rpy cjhuzq;fs; tUkhW:
tplKs;s ghk;Gfs;> Njs;> kl;ilj;Njs; vd;gd CDz;Zk;
,iunfstpfshFk;. ,it gapu;j; jhtuq;fspy; gPilfshff; fhzg;gLk;
G+r;rpfisg; gpbj;Jz;gjhy; mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;if fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
vyp> jtis> Xzhd;> rpwpa ghk;Gfs; vd;gtw;iw tplk; nfhz;l
ghk; G fs; ,iuahff; n fhs; t jhy; mit ngUkstpy; ngUfhJ
jLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
NjdPff
; Sk; FstpfSk; G+f;fspd; kfue;jr;Nru;fi
; ff;F cjTfpdw
; d.
ngUk;ghyhd G+f;Fk; jhtuq;fspy; fha;fs; cz;lhtjw;Fg; G+r;rpfshy;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; kfue;jr; Nru;f;if mtrpakhfpwJ.
NkNy Fwpgg
; plg;gl;l vy;yh tplaq;fspypUe;Jk; tplKs;s tpyq;Ffs;
czT tiyapd; xU ,izg;ghf ,Ug;gJ njspthfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;>
#oypd; ,af;fj; jd;ikapy; ,t;tpyq;Ffs; Kf;fpakhditahFk;. NkYk;>
#oypd; gy;tifikia Vw;gLj;JtjpYk; ,it Kf;fpa gq;fhw;Wfpd;wd.
tplKs;s tpyq;FfSk; #oypd; ez;gu;fNs. kdpjDf;Fj; jPq;F
tpistpfF
; k; vdf; fUjp mtw;iw mopgg
; jhy; #ow; rkepiy ghjpff
; g;gLk;.
vdNt> mtw; i w vkJ #oy; ez; g u; f shff; (eco friends) fUjp
mtw;wpypUe;J vk;ikg; ghJfhj;Jf;nfhs;tJld; mt; tpyq;Ffisj;
Njitaw;w tpjj;jpy; mopg;gijj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;.

29
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.4 ru;tNjr tpQ;Qhdf; FwpaPLfs;

fP N o jug; g l; L s; s FwpaP L fspd; kP J cq; f s; ftdj; i jr;
nrYj;Jq;fs;.

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

cU 1.30

,f;FwpaPLfs; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; jfty;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

i. NgUe;Jj; jupg;G epiyak;
ii. gps;isfs; ghijiaf; flf;Fk; ,lk;
iii. kUj;Jtkid
,it ru;tNjrf; FwpaPLfshFk;. ,f;FwpaPLfSf;fhd jfty;fis
cyf kf;fs; midtUk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wdu;.
jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gz;ila fhyj;jpypUe;Nj
FwpaL
P fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpdw
; d. NtWgl;l gpuNjrk;> ehL> kf;fs; FOf;fs;
vd;gdtw;why; gy;NtW FwpaL
P fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. cyf kf;fspilNa
njhlu; G fs; mjpfupj; j NghJ cyfshtpauP j papy; gad; g Lj; j f; $ ba
nghJthd FwpaPLfSf;fhd Njit Vw;gl;lJ. jfty; njhlu;ghly;
njhopDl;g tpUj;jp fhuzkhf cyf kf;fspilNa njhlu;Gfs; mjpfupj;j
epiyapy;> ru;tNjruPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l FwpaPLfs; cUthf;fg;
gl;Ls;sd. Fwpj;j xU jftiy ve;jnthU gpuNjrj;jpNyh ehl;bNyh
trpg;gtUk; ve;j ,dj;ijr; Nru;e;jtUk; thrpf;fj; njupahjtu;fSk;
Gupe;Jnfhs;Sk; Kiwapy; ,f;FwpaPLfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
xg;gil - 11

gy;NtW nfhs;fyq;fspYk; njUf;fspYk; ntt;;NtW ,lq;fspYk;

ePq;fs; fhZk; FwpaPLfisf; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

,f;FwpaPLfs; Rl;b epw;Fk; jfty;fis ,dq;fhz KaYq;fs;.

nghUs;fisAk; NritfisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;> gy;NtW

cgfuzq;fisf; ifahsy;> thdpiyia mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;> ntt;NtW
Jiwfspy; njhopy; Gupjy;> gpuahzk; nra;jy; Nghd;w re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
,t;thwhd FwpaPLfs; %yk; toq;fg;gLfpd;w jfty;fisg; gpd;gw;wp
30
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

elf;f Ntz;ba Njit Vw;gLfpdw

; J. ,f;FwpaL
P fs; ru;tNjr epakq;fSf;F
mikthd gUkd; > tbtk; > epwk; vd; g tw; i wf; nfhz; b Uf; F k; .
mtw;wpypUe;J gy;NtW jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;. ,jdhy;>
,t;thwhd FwpaPLfisAk; mtw;wpdhy; jug;gLk; jfty;fisAk;
mwpe;jpUj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
Ma; $ lk; > njhopw; r hiy> kUj; J tkid> thdpiy mwpf; i f
Mfpatw;wpy; gy FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;FwpaPLfisg;
gw;wp Muha;Nthk;.

1.4.1 tpQ;Qhd Ma;$lj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;

tpQ;Qhd Ma;$lj;jpy; gy;NtW ,urhadg; nghUs;fs;> kpd;rhuk;>
eP u ; > fz; z hb cgfuzq; f s; > Vida cgfuzq; f s; Nghd; w d
fhzg;gLfpdw
; d. Ma;$lq;fspy; jpBu; tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk; tha;gG
; fSs;sd.
Mifahy;> Ma;$lj;jpy; kpff; ftdkhfTk; mtjhdkhfTk; ele;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;. tpQQ
; hd Ma;$lj;jpYs;s FwpaL
P fs; %yk; jug;gLk; jfty;fs;
Ma;$lj;jpy; ftdkhfTk; xOq;fhfTk; nraw;gl cjTfpd;wd. ,jd;
%yk; Ma; $ lj; j py; Vw; g Lk; tpgj; J fisf; Fiwj; J f; n fhs; s Tk;
Ma;$lj;ij xOq;fhfg; guhkupf;fTk; KbAk;.

cU 1.31 - tpQ;Qhd Ma;$lk;

Ma;$lj;jpy; nghJthff; fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfSk; mtw;wpdhy;

Fwpf;fg;gLk; jfty;fSk; ml;ltiz 1.3 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sd.

31
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

FwpaPLfs;

FwpaPLfspdhy; jug;gLk; jfty;fs;

jPg;gw;wf;$baJ. cuhAk;NghJ my;yJ mjpu;tpd; %yk;
ntbf;ff;$ba gjhu;j;jk;.

NtW gjhu; j ; j q; f Sld; jhf; f kile; J ngUksT

ntg;gj;ij ntsptplf;$ba gjhu;j;jk;.

tpiutpy; jPg;gw;wf;$ba gjhu;j;jk;.

Njhypy; gLk; N ghJk; Rthrj; j pd; %yNkh NtW

KiwfspNyh clypDs; GFk;NghJk; fLk; Nehia
my;yJ kuzj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba gjhu;j;jk;.
Njhypy; gl;lTld; Njhiyr; rptg;G epwkhf;fp Ntjidia
Vw;gLj;jf;$baJk; Njhypy; ePuf
; ; nfhg;gsq;fis my;yJ
rpwpa nfhg;gsq;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$baJkhd gjhu;j;jk;.
capUs;stw;wpd; clypYk; capuw;wtw;wpd; Nkw;gug;gpYk;
gLk;NghJ mupg;ig cz;lhf;ff;$ba gjhu;j;jk;.

,urhadg; gjhu;j;jk; fz;zpy; gl;lhy; fz;izf; fOt

mikf;fg;gl;l ,lk;.

,urhadg; gjhu;jj
; k; clypy; gl;L vupfhaq;fs; Vw;gl;lhy;
cliyf; fOt mikf;fg;gl;l ,lk;.
ml;ltiz 1.3 - Ma;$lnkhd;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfSk; mtw;wpdhy;
jug;gLk; jfty;fSk;

xg;gil - 12

ghlrhiyapy; fhzg; g Lk; ,urhadg; gjhu; j ; j q; f s; mlq; f pa

Nghj;jy;fspy; FwpaPLfs; cs;sdth vdg; ghUq;fs;;.
Nghj;jy;fspy; Fwpf;fg;gl;l FwpaPLfspd; %yk; mtw;wpy; cs;s
gjhu;j;jj;jpd; ,ay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.

32
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.4.2 njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;

njhopwr
; hiyfspy; fhl;rpgg
; Lj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk; FwpaL
P fs; %yk; mq;F
njhopy; GupAk; njhopyhsu; f s; > ntspapy; ,Ue; J tUk; egu; f s;
Nghd;Nwhupd; ghJfhg;G cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
njhopwr
; hiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; rpy FwpaL
P fSk; mit FwpjJ
;
epw;Fk; jfty;fSk; fPOs;s ml;ltizapy; jug;gl;Ls;sd.
FwpaPLfs;

FwpaPLfspdhy; jug;gLk;

jfty;fs;

Gifj;jy; $lhJ.

cl;gpuNtrpf;ff; $lhJ.

njhLtijj; jtpu;f;f.

czTg;nghUs;fis cl;nfhs;s Ntz;lhk;.

jpBu; jPtpgj;Jfspd;NghJ ntspNaWk; ,lk;.

fz; ghJfhg;Gf; ftrj;ij mzpf.

fhijg; ghJfhf;Fk; ftrj;ij mzpf.

gad;gLj;jhj re;ju;gg
; q;fspy; Mspia %b itf;f.
ml;ltiz 1.4 - njhopw;rhiyfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfSk;
mtw;wpdhy; jug;gLk; jfty;fSk;

33
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.4.3 thdpiyAld; njhlu;ghd FwpaPLfs

fs;
thdpiyj; jfty;fis kf;fSf;Fj; njuptpf;fj; jfty; njhlu;G
Clfq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. thdpiyj; jfty;fs; njhlu;ghfg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; rpy fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
FwpaPLfs;

FwpaPLfspdhy; jug;gLk; jfty;fs;

,uTthdk;

njspthff; fhzg;gLk;.

gfw;fhyq;fspy; mjpf #upa xsp fpilf;Fk;.

gfw;fhyq;fspy; rhjhuz kio nga;Ak;.

J}wy;kio nga;Ak;.

fLk;kio nga;Ak;.

kpd;dYld; $ba fLq;fhw;W tPRk;.

fLk;gdp nga;Ak;.
ml;ltiz 1.5 - thdpiyAld; njhlu;ghd FwpaPLfSk; mtw;wpdhy;
jug;gLk; jfty;fSk;

,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf thdpiyj; jfty;fis mwpfi

; fg;gLj;Jk;NghJ my;yJ
tiuGfspy; fhl;Lk;NghJ thdpiyAld; njhlu;Gila tpQQ
; hdpfshy;
ru;tNjruPjpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaL
P fs; rpytw;iwg; ghu;gN
; ghk;.
FwpaP L fs;

thdpiyj; jfty;fs;
vjpu;tUk; fhyq;fspy; rpwpa kio cz;lhFk;.

rhjhuz my;yJ fLk; kio.

34
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

1.4.4 kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;

itj;jparhiy> rj;jpu rpfpr;iraiw> kUj;Jt Ma;$lk; vd;gtw;wpy;
flik Gupgtu;fs;> Nehahsu;fs;> mq;F tUk; ntspegu;fs; Nghd;Nwhupd;
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; mt;tplq;fis xOq;fhd Kiwapy; guhkupf;fTk; ,f;
FwpaPLfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
FwpaPLfs;

FwpaPLfspdhy; jug;gLk; jfty;fs;

Kfg; ghJfhg;Gf; ftrj;ij mzpf.

ifAiwia mzpf.

iffisf; fOTf.
capupay;> tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; Mgj;jhd ,lk;.
c-k;: Neha; tpistpf;Fk; Ez;zq;fpfs; njhlu;ghd
gupNrhjidfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; ,lk;.
clYf;Fj; jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; fjpu;fs;
ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ,lk;. c-k; : X fjpu;g;glk; vLf;Fk;
,lk;. jPq;F tpistpf;Fk; fjpu;fis ntsptpLk;
gjhu;j;jq;fs; fsQ;rpag;gLj;jg;gLk; ,lk;.
ml;ltiz 1.6 - kUj;Jtkidapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfSk;
mtw;wpdhy; jug;gLk; jfty;fSk;

,Jtiu ePq;fs; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

FwpaL
P fs; gw;wpf; fw;wuP f
; s;. ,it Fwpjj
; Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk;
NjitfSf;F Vw;g NtW Jiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fSk;
cs;sd.
,f; F wpaP L fs; jtpu; e ; j NtWgy FwpaP L fSk; cs; s d. ,f;
FwpaPLfshy; jug;gLk; jfty;fSf;F Vw;g elg;gjhy; cq;fSf;Fk;
VidNahUf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf; fpilf;fpdw
; J. NkYk;> vkJ #oiy cau;ej
;
ghJfhg;ghd kl;lj;jpy; NgzTk; KbAk;.
xg;gil - 13
cq; f s; ghlrhiy> tFg; g iw> tpQ; Q hd Ma; $ lk; vd; g tw; w py;
gad;gLj;jj;jf;f FwpaPLfisj; njupTnra;J mjpgupd; mDkjpAld;
nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.

35
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

gapw; r p;
1.. vl;lhk; tFg;G khztu;fs; Rw;Wyhr; nrd;wpUe;jNghJ mtjhdpj;j
#ow;nwhFjpfs; njhlu;ghd Fwpg;Gfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
mtjhdpj; j tplaq; f s;

jhtu cr;rpfisj; njspthf %d;W

gilfshf NtWgLj;j KbAk;.
,Uz;ljhfTk; MWfs; > Xil
fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk; fhzg;gLk;.

,iyfs; v z ; z p f ; i f a p y ;
FiwthfTk;
rpw p j h f T k ;
rijg;gpbg;ghdjhAk; fhzg;gLk;.
jz;Lfs; Kl;fisf; nfhz;lJ.
cyu;ej
; fhw;W tPRk;. fLk; #upa
xsp fhzg;gLk;.

jhtuq;fs; XusT Fl;ilahAk;

jz;Lfs; KWf;Fz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.

kuq;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilntsp
mjpfk; . ,jdhy; > ,Ul; l hff;
fhzg;glhJ. fPNo rpwpa jhtuq;fs;
fhzg;gLk;. kuq;fs; nghUshjhu
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;ej
; it

#oy; mtjhdpj; j tplaq; f s; #oy;

Gy; y pdq; f s; epyj; i j %bf;

fhzg;gLk;. ,ilapilNa kuq;fs;
cz; L . Fspu; f hw; W tP R k;
Fspur; r; pahd #oy; fhzg;gLk;.

kzy; Nknlhd;wpd; %yk;

fly; gpupf; f g; g l; L s; s J.
ctu;ePiuf; nfhz;lJ.
,why;> ez;L mjpfstpy;
fhzg;gLk;. ,jid mz;ba
gpuNjrq;fspy; jhio kw;Wk;
fz;ly;
jhtuq;fs;
fhzg;gLk;

epiyahd ed;dPu;. mz;ba

gpuNjrq;fspy; gd;Gy;
fhzg; g Lk; . jtisfs; >
ghk;Gfs;> kPdf
; s; fhzg;gLk;.
eP u py; jhkiu> eP u hk; g y;
Nghd;w
jhtuq;fs;
fhzg;gLk;.

epyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; rpwpa

jh t u q;fs; fh zg;gLk ;.
,ilapilNa Gju;fs;
cz;L. khdh> ,Yf; Gy;
mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLk;.

fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s #ow;nwhFjpfs; Fwpg;gpLk; ,yf;fj;ij NkNy

jug;gl;Ls;s mtjhdpg;GfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; vOJf.
(1)
(4)
(6)
(7)

madkz;ly kiof;fhLfs;
(2) <ug;gj;jid
(3) cyu;gj;jid
Kl;Gju;fSk; gw;iwfSk;
(5) madkz;ly kiyf;fhL
madkz;ly vd;Wk; gRikahd cyu; fyg;Gf;fhL
fldPNuup
(8) jkid> jyht

2. ghlrhiyj; Njhl;lj;jpy; Fg;igfs; epiwe;j ,lj;jpy; ghk;nghd;iwf; fz;l

khztu;fs; $wpa rpy $w;Wfs; fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sd.
(i) er;Rg;ghk;igf; nfhy;yhjtd; Gj;jpaw;wtd;. MfNt> ,e;jg; ghk;igf;
nfhd;Wtpl Ntz;Lk;.

36
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf

(ii) vy;yhg; ghk;GfSk; tplKs;sitay;y. MfNt> me;jg; ghk;igg; Nghf

tpLq;fs;.
(iii) Fg;igfs; mjpfkhdjhy;jhd; ghk;Gfs; tUfpd;wd.

(iv) jbahy; epyj;ij jl;LNthk;. mJ Ngha;tpLk;.

(v) ghk; G fs; tplj; i jf; nfhz; b Ug; g pDk; mit #oYf; F kpf
Kf;fpakhd tpyq;FfshFk;.
3. NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s $w;Wf;fSf;fhd tpQ;Qhd tpsf;fj;ijj; jUf. fPNo
jug;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfis ,dq;fz;L jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil
vOJf.

(i) NkNy jug;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfs; Fwpf;Fk; jfty;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

(ii) ,f;FwpaPLfs; fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;glf;$ba ,lq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(iii) FwpaPL (a) fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,lj;jpy; cile;j Njitaw;w nghUs;fs;
Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis vOJf.
(iv) FwpaP L (b) fhl; r pg; g Lj; j g; g l; l
nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

,lj; j py;

jtpu; f ; f

Ntz; b a

(v) ~~rpy jfty;fis vOjpf; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtijtplf; FwpaPLfspd; %yk;

fhl;rpg;gLj;JtJ gaDs;sjhFk;|| ,f;$w;Wf;Fr; rhjfkhd cq;fs;
fUj;Jfis Kd;itf;f.
4. ,yq;ifapd; jiug;; ghijapd; topNa gazpf;Fk;NghJ ,aw;iff;fhLfs;
jtpu;e;j kPs;fhlhf;fy; Kiwapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l fhLfisAk; fhzf;
$bajhfTs;sJ.
(i) jho;epy> <utya> jyht Gd;dpyq;fs; cs;s gpuNjrq;fspy; kPs;
fhlhf;fYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jhtuq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
(ii) kiyehl;Lg; gpuNjrj;jpy; kPs; fhlikj;jYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
jhtuq;fs; vit?
(iii) xU tay; epyj;jpy; fgpyj;jj;jpapd; jhf;fk; taiy Kw;whf mopf;fyhk;
Mdhy; fhl;by; G+r;rpg; gPilfspd; jhf;fk; fhl;il Kw;whf mopf;fhJ>
tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy; FiwthFk;. tpsf;Ff.
5. njhopw;rhiyj; #ow;nwhFjp xd;iw mikf;Fk;NghJ ,yq;ifau; vd;w
uPjpapy; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; vit?

37
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpwf
; hf