Tuyen Chon 410 HPT Dai So Ver1

Nguyn Minh Tun
Sinh vin K62CLC - Khoa Ton Tin HSPHN
TUYN CHN 410 BI H

PHNG TRNH I S
BI DNG HC SINH GII V LUYN THI I HC - CAO

NG
H Ni, ngy 9 thng 10 nm 2013
Mc lc
Li ni u
1 Mt s phng php v cc loi h c bn
1.1
Cc phng php chnh gii h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Mt s loi h c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Tuyn tp nhng bi h c sc
2.1
Cu 1 n cu 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Cu 31 n cu 60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3
Cu 61 n cu 90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4
Cu 91 n cu 120 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5
Cu 121 n cu 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.6
Cu 151 n cu 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
2.7
Cu 181 n cu 210 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
2.8
Cu 211 n cu 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
2.9
Cu 241 n cu 270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Ti liu tham kho
228
Li ni u
H phng trnh i s ni chung v h phng trnh i s hai n ni ring l mt phn
quan trng ca phn i s ging dy THPT . N thng hay xut hin trong cc k thi hc
sinh gii v k thi tuyn sinh i hc - Cao ng.
Tt nhin gii tt h phng trnh hai n khng phi n gin . Cn phi vn dng tt
cc phng php, hnh thnh cc k nng trong qu trnh lm bi. Trong cc k thi i hc, cu
h thng l cu ly im 8 hoc 9.
y l mt ti liu tuyn tp nhng kh dy nn ti trnh by n di dng mt cun sch
c mc lc r rng cho bn c d tra cu. Cun sch l tuyn tp khong 400 cu h c sc,
t n gin, bnh thng, kh, thm ch n nh v kinh in. c bit, y hon ton l
h i s 2 n. Ti mun khai thc tht su mt kha cnh ca i s. Nu coi Bt ng thc
3 bin l phn p nht ca Bt ng thc, mang trong mnh s uy nghi ca mt ng hong th
H phng trnh i s 2 n li mang trong mnh v p gin d, trong sng ca c gi thn
qu lm say m bit bao g si tnh.
Xin cm n cc bn, anh, ch, thy c trn cc din n ton, trn facebook ng gp v
cung cp rt nhiu bi h hay. Trong cun sch ngoi vic a ra cc bi h ti cn lng thm
mt s phng php rt tt gii. Ngoi ra ti cn gii thiu cho cc bn nhng phng php
c sc ca cc tc gi khc . Mong y s l mt ngun cung cp tt nhng bi h hay cho
gio vin v hc sinh.
Trong qu trnh bin son cun sch tt nhin khng trnh khi sai st.Th nht, kh nhiu
bi ton ti khng th nu r ngun gc v tc gi ca n. Th hai : mt s li ny sinh trong
qu trnh bin son, c th do li nh my, cch lm cha chun, hoc trnh by cha p do
kin thc v LATEX cn hn ch. Tc gi xin bn c lng th. Mong rng cun sch s hon
chnh v thm phn s. Mi kin ng gp v sa i xin gi v theo a ch sau y :
Nguyn Minh Tun

Sinh Vin Lp K62CLC
Khoa Ton Tin Trng HSP H Ni
Facebook :https://www.facebook.com/popeye.nguyen.5
S in thoi : 01687773876
Nick k2pi, BoxMath : Popeye
Chng 1
Mt s phng php v cc loi h c
bn
1.1
Cc phng php chnh gii h phng trnh
I. Rt x theo y hoc ngc li t mt phng trnh

II. Phng php th
1. Th hng s t mt phng trnh vo phng trnh cn li
2. Th mt biu thc t mt phng trnh vo phng trnh cn li
3. S dng php th i vi c 2 phng trnh hoc th nhiu ln.
III. Phng php h s bt nh
1. Cng tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau
2. Nhn hng s vo cc phng trnh ri em cng tr cho nhau.
3. Nhn cc biu thc ca bin vo cc phng trnh ri cng tr cho nhau
IV. Phng php t n ph
V. Phng php s dng tnh n iu ca hm s
VI. Phng php lng gic ha
VII. Phng php nhn chia cc phng trnh cho nhau
VIII. Phng php nh gi
1. Bin i v tng cc i lng khng m
2. nh gi s rng buc tri ngc ca n, ca biu thc, ca mt phng trnh
3. nh gi da vo tam thc bc 2
4. S dng cc bt ng thc thng dng nh gi
IX. Phng php phc ha
X. Kt hp cc phng php trn
Mt s phng php v cc loi h c bn
1.2
Mt s loi h c bn
A. H phng
( trnh bc nht 2 n
ax + by = c (a2 + b2 6= 0)
I. Dng
a0 x + b0 y = c (a02 + b02 6= 0)
II. Cch gii
1. Th
2. Cng i s
3. Dng th
4. Phng php nh thc cp 2
B. H phng
( trnh gm mt phng trnh bc nht v mt phng trnh bc hai
ax2 + by 2 + cxy + dx + ey + f = 0
I. Dng
a0 x + b 0 y = c
II. Cch gii: Th t phng trnh bc nht vo phng trnh bc hai
C. H phng trnh i xng loi I
I. Du hiu
i vai tr ca x v y cho nhau th h cho khng i
II. Cch gii:
Thng ta s t n ph tng tch x + y = S, xy = P (S 2 4P )
D. H phng trnh i xng loi II
I. Du hiu
i vai tr ca x v y cho nhau th phng trnh ny bin thnh phng trnh kia
II. Cch gii:
Thng ta s tr hai phng trnh cho nhau
E. H ng cp
I. Du hiu
(
ax2 + bxy + cy 2 = d
ng cp bc 2
a0 x2 + b0 xy + c0 y 2 = d0
(
ax3 + bx2 y + cxy 2 + dy 3 = e
ng cp bc 3
a0 x3 + b0 x2 y + c0 xy 2 + d0 y 3 = e0
II. Cch gii:
Thng ta s t x = ty hoc y = tx
Ngoi ra cn mt loi h na ti tm gi n l bn ng cp, tc l hon ton c th a
v dng ng cp c .Loi h ny khng kh lm, nhng nhn nhn ra c n cn phi
kho lo sp(xp cc hng t ca phng trnh li. Ti ly mt v d n gin cho bn c
x3 y 3 = 8x + 2y
Gii h :
x2 3y 2 = 6
Vi h ny ta ch vic nhn cho v vi v s to thnh ng cp. V khi ta c quyn
chn la gia chia c 2 v cho y 3 hoc t x = ty
Nguyn Minh Tun - K62CLC Ton Tin - HSPHN. My facebook : Popeye Nguyn
Chng 2
Tuyn tp nhng bi h c sc
2.1
Cu 1 n cu 30

Cu 1
(x y) (x2 + y 2 ) = 13
(x + y) (x2 y 2 ) = 25
Gii
D dng nhn thy y l mt h ng cp bc 3, bnh thng ta c nhn cho ln ri chia 2

v cho x3 hoc y 3 . Nhng hy xem mt cch gii tinh t sau y:
Ly (2) (1) ta c : 2xy(x y) = 12 (3)
Ly (1) (3) ta c : (x y)3 = 1 x = y + 1
V sao c th c hng ny ? Xin tha l da vo hnh thc i xng ca h. Ngon lnh
ri. Thay vo phng trnh u ta c

y=2
2
2
(y + 1) + y = 13
y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 2), (2; 3)

Cu 2
x3 8x = y 3 + 2y
x2 3 = 3 (y 2 + 1)
Gii
nh sau : Phng trnh 1 gm bc ba v bc nht. Phng trnh 2 gm bc 2 v bc 0

(hng s).
R rng y l mt h dng na ng cp. Ta s vit li n a v ng cp
H cho tng ng :
3
x y 3 = 8x + 2y
x2 3y 2 = 6
Gi ta nhn cho hai v a n v dng ng cp

6 x3 y 3 = (8x + 2y) x2 3y 2 2x (3y x) (4y + x) = 0
TH1 : x = 0 thay vo (2) v nghim

TH2 : x = 3y thay vo (2) ta c:

6y = 6
y = 1, x = 3
y = 1, x = 3
TH3 : x = 4y thay vo (2) ta c:
r
6
6
y=
, x = 4
13
r
r 13
13y 2 = 6
6
6
y=
,x = 4
13
13
r !
r !
r
r
6
6
6
6
;
;
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (3; 1), (3; 1), 4
, 4

13
13
13
13

Cu 3
x2 + y 2 3x + 4y = 1
3x2 2y 2 9x 8y = 3
Gii
khi nhn 3 vo PT(1) ri tr i PT(2) s ch cn y . Vy
3 7
y=0x=
2
3.P T (1) P T (2) y 2 + 4y = 0
3 7
y = 4 x =
2
!
!
3 7
3 7
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) =
;0 ,
; 4
2
2

Cu 4
x2 + xy + y 2 = 19(x y)2
x2 xy + y 2 = 7 (x y)
Gii
Nhn xt v tri ang c dng bnh phng thiu, vy ta th thm bt a v dng bnh
phng xem sao. Nn a v (x y)2 hay (x + y)2 . Hin nhin khi nhn sang v phi ta s
chn phng n u

(x y)2 + 3xy = 19(x y)2
H cho tng ng
(x y)2 + xy = 7 (x y)
t x y = a v xy = b ta c h mi
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30
b = 6a
a2 + b = 7a
xy =0
a = 0, b = 0
xy = 0
xy =1
a = 1, b = 6
xy = 6
x = 0, y = 0
x = 3, y = 2
x = 2, y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (0; 0) , (3; 2) (2; 3)
Cu 5
x3 + x3 y 3 + y 3 = 17
x + xy + y = 5
Tu
n
Gii
in
H i xng loi I ri. No

problem!!!
(x + y)3 3xy(x + y) + (xy)3 = 17
H cho tng ng
(x + y) + xy = 5
t x + y = a v xy = b ta c h mi

x+y =2
3

3
a 3ab + b = 17
a = 2, b = 3
xy = 3
x+y =3
a+b=5
a = 3, b = 2
xy = 2
x = 2, y = 1
x = 1, y = 2
x(x + 2)(2x + y) = 9
x2 + 4x + y = 6
y
n
Cu 6
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 1)
Gii
Ng
u
y l loi h t n tng
rt quen thuc
tch
(x2 + 2x) (2x + y) = 9
H cho tng ng
(x2 + 2x) + (2x + y) = 6
t x2 + 2x = a v 2x + y = b ta c h mi

2

ab = 9
x + 2x = 3
x = 1, y = 1
a=b=3
a+b=6
2x + y = 3
x = 3, y = 9
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (3; 9)

Cu 7
xy = 3
x
+
y
x+1+ y+1=4
Gii
Khng lm n g c c 2 phng trnh, trc gic u tin ca ta l bnh phng ph s

kh chu ca cn thc
10
p
(2) x + y + 2 + 2 xy + x + y + 1 = 16
M t (1) ta c x + y = 3 + xy nn

q
xy = 9
x=y=3
(2) 3 + xy + 2 + 2 xy + xy + 4 = 16 xy = 3
x+y =6
Cu 8
Tu
n
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 3)
x
+
5
+
y 2 = 7
x2+ y+5=7
Gii
i xng loi II. Khng cn g ni. Cho 2 phng trnh bng nhau ri bnh phng tung
te ph s kh chu ca cn thc
iu kin : x, y 2
T 2 phng trnh ta c
Thay li ta c
in
p
p
x+5+ y2= x2+ y5

p
p
x + y + 3 + 2 (x + 5)(y 2) = x + y + 3 + 2 (x 2)(y + 5)
p
p
(x + 5)(y 2) = (x 2)(y + 5) x = y
x+5+
x 2 = 7 x = 11
y
n
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (11; 11)
Ng
u
p
2 + y2 +
x
2xy
=
8
2
x+ y =4
Cu 9
Gii
H cho c v l na i xng na ng cp, bc ca PT(2) ang nh hn PT(1) mt

cht. Ch cn php bin i bnh phng (2) s va bin h tr thnh ng cp va ph b
bt i cn
iu kin : x, y 0
H cho
p
p
2(x2 + y 2 ) + 2 xy = 16
2 (x2 + y 2 ) = x + y x = y
x + y + 2 xy = 16
Thay li ta c : 2 x = 4 x = 4
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30
11

Cu 10
6x2 3xy + x = 1 y
x2 + y 2 = 1
Tu
n
Gii
x
2y xy = 0
x 1 + 4y 1 = 2
Cu 11
in
Mt cch trc gic khi nhn thy h cha tam thc bc 2 l th xem liu c phn tch c
thnh nhn t hay khng ? Ta s th bng cch tnh theo mt n c chnh phng hay
khng. Ngon lnh l PT(1) x p nh tin.
Phng trnh u tng
ng (3x 1)(2x y + 1) = 0
2 2
1
Vi x = y =
3
3
"
x = 0, y = 1
4
3
Vi y = 2x + 1 x2 + (2x + 1)2 = 1
x = ,y =
! 5
5

1 2 2
4 3
;
, (0, 1), ;

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) =
3
3
5 5
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Phng trnh u l dng ng cp ri

1
iu kin x 1, y
4

T phng trnh u ta c :
x+ y
x 2 y = 0 x = 4y
Thay vo (2) ta c
x1+ x1=2x=2

1
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = 2;

2
Cu 12
xy+ x + y= x2 2y 2
x 2y y x 1 = 2x 2y
Gii
iu kin : x 1, y 0
Phng trnh u tng ng

(x + y) (2y x + 1) = 0
x = y
x = 2y + 1
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12
Vi x = y loi v theo iu kin th x, y phi cng du

Vi x = 2y + 1 th phng trnh 2 s tng ng
p
p
p
(2y + 1) 2y y 2y = 2y + 2 2y(y + 1) = 2y + 2 y = 2 x = 5
Tu
Cu 13
x+1+ y+2=6
x + y = 17
Gii
iu kin x, y 1
in
x+1+ y+2=6
H cho tng ng
(x + 1) + (y + 2) = 20
t x + 1 = a 0, y + 2 = b 0. H cho tng ng

a+b=6
a = 4, b = 2
x = 15, y = 2
2
2
a + b = 20
a = 2, b = 4
x = 3, y = 14
y 2 = (5x + 4)(4 x)
y 2 5x2 4xy + 16x 8y + 16 = 0
uy
n
Cu 14
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (15; 2), (3; 14)
Gii
Phng trnh 2 tng ng

2
y + (5x + 4)(4 x) 4xy 8y = 0 2y 4xy 8y = 0

"
Vi y = 0 th suy ra : (5x + 4) (4 x) = 0
y=0
y = 2x + 4
x=4
Ng
4
5
Vi y = 2x + 4 th suy ra (2x + 4)2 = (5x
+
4)(4
x)
x=0

4
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (4; 0), ; 0 , (0; 4)
5

Cu 15
x=
x2 2xy + x + y = 0
x4 4x2 y + 3x2 + y 2 = 0
Gii
H cho tng ng
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30
13
x2 + y = x(2y 1)
x2 (2y 1)2 + 3x2 (2y 1) = 0 x2 (2y 1)(2y 4) = 0
2
(x2 + y) + 3x2 (1 2y) = 0
Tu
n
x = 0, y = 0
1
y = (L)
2
y = 2, x = 1 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 2), (2; 2)

Cu 16
x + y + xy(2x + y) = 5xy
x + y + xy(3x y) = 4xy
Gii
Vi xy = 0 x + y = 0 x = y = 0
Vi x = 2y 1
xy = 0
x = 2y 1
P T (1) P T (2) xy(2y x) = xy
in
y = 1, x =
y = 9 41 , x = 1 + 41
(2y 1) + y + (2y 1)y(5y 2) = 5(2y 1)y
20
10
9 + 41
41 1
y=
,x =
20
10
!
!
1 + 41 9 41
41 1 9 + 41
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1),
;
,
;

10
20
10
20
Ng
u
y
n
Cu 17
x2 xy + y 2 = 3
2x3 9y 3 = (x y)(2xy + 3)
Gii
Nu ch xt tng phng trnh mt s khng lm n c g. Nhng 2 ngi ny b rng

buc vi nhau bi con s 3 b n. Php th chng ? ng vy, thay 3 xung di ta s ra mt
phng trnh ng cp v kt qu p hn c mong i
Th 3 t trn xung di ta c

2x3 9y 3 = (x y) x2 + xy + y 2 x3 = 8y 3 x = 2y
(1) 3y 2 = 3 y = 1, x = 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 1), (2; 1)
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14
p

x
+
y
+
x
y
=
1
+
x2 y 2
x+ y =1
Cu 18
Gii
iu kin :x y 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
x+y1=
xy x+y1

x = 1 y
x+y =1
xy =1
x= 1+y
p
x(y + 1)
in
Cu 19
2x y = 1 +
x3 y 2 = 7
Tu
y = 0, x = 1
1y+ y =1
y = 1, x = 0(L)
T
y+1+ y =1
y = 0, x = 1
Gii
uy
n
iu kin : x(y + 1) 0
T (2) d
y 1
thyx > 0
(1)
x y+1 2 x+ y+1 =0x=y+1
(y + 1)3 y 2 = 7 y = 1, x = 2
Ng
T cu 20 tr i ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn mt phng php rt mnh

gii quyt gn p rt nhiu cc h phng trnh hu t. gi h s bt nh
(trong y ti s gi n bng tn khc : UCT). S mt khong hn chc v d
din t trn vn phng php ny
Trc ht im qua mt mo phn tch nhn t ca a thc hai bin rt nhanh bng my
tnh Casio. Bi vit ca tc gi nthoangcute.
V d 1 : A = x2 + xy 2y 2 + 3x + 36y 130
Thc ra y l tam thc bc 2 th c th tnh phn tch cng c. Nhng th phn tch
bng Casio xem .
Nhn thy bc ca x v y u bng 2 nn ta chn ci no cng c
Cho y = 1000 ta c A = x2 + 1003x 1964130 = (x + 1990) (x 987)
Cho 1990 = 2y 10 v 987 = y 13
A = (x + 2y 10) (x y + 13)
V d 2 : B = 6x2 y 13xy 2 + 2y 3 18x2 + 10xy 3y 2 + 87x 14y + 15
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30
15
Nhn thy bc ca x nh hn, cho ngay y = 1000

B = 5982x2 12989913x + 1996986015 = 2991 (2x 333) (x 2005)
y1
, 2005 = 2y + 5
Cho 2991 = 3y 9 ,333 =
3

y1
(x 2y 5) = (y 3) (6x y + 1) (x 2y 5)
B = (3y 9) 2x
3
Tu
n
V d 3 : C = x3 3xy 2 2y 3 7x2 + 10xy + 17y 2 + 8x 40y + 16

Bc ca x v y nh nhau
Cho y = 1000 ta c C = x3 7x2 2989992x 1983039984
Phn tch C= (x 1999) (x + 996)2
Cho 1999 = 2y 1 v 996 = y 4
C = (x 2y + 1) (x + y 4)2
in
V d 4 : D = 2x2 y 2 + x3 + 2y 3 + 4x2 + xy + 6y 2 + 3x + 4y + 12
Bc ca x v y nh nhau
Cho y = 1000 ta c D = (x + 2000004) (x2 + 1003)
Cho 2000004 = 2y 2 + 4 v 1003 = y + 3
D = (x + 2y 2 + 4) (x2 + y + 3)
y
n
V d 5 : E = x3 y + 2x2 y 2 + 6x3 + 11x2 y xy 2 6x2 7xy y 2 6x 5y + 6

Bc ca y nh hn
Cho x = 1000 ta c E = 1998999y 2 + 1010992995y + 5993994006
2997 (667y + 333333) (y + 6)
o ha E=999 (2001y + 999999) (y + 6)
Cho 999 = x 1, 2001 = 2y + 1, 999999 = x2 1
E = (x 1) (y + 6) (x2 + 2xy + y 1)
Ng
u
V d 6 : F = 6x4 y + 12x3 y 2 + 5x3 y 5x2 y 2 + 6xy 3 + x3 + 7x2 y + 4xy 2 3y 3 2x2 8xy +

3y 2 2x + 3y 3
Bc ca y nh hn
Cho x = 1000 ta c F = 5997y 3 + 11995004003y 2 + 6005006992003y + 997997997
Phn tch F= (1999y + 1001001) (3y 2 + 5999000y + 997)
Cho 1999 = 2x 1, 1001001 = x2 + x + 1, 5999000 = 6x2 x, 997 = x 3
F = (x2 + 2xy + x y + 1) (6x2 y xy + 3y 2 + x 3)
Lm quen c ri ch ? Bt u no
x2 + y 2 = 1
5
Cu 20
57
4x2 + 3x
= y(3x + 1)
25
Gii
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16
Li gii gn p nht ca bi trn l

25.P T (1) + 50.P T (2) (15x + 5y 7)(15x + 5y + 17) = 0

2 1
11 2
n y d dng tm c nghim ca h : (x; y) =
,

;
;
5 5
25 25
14x2 21y 2 6x + 45y 14 = 0

35x2 + 28y 2 + 41x 122y + 56 = 0
Cu 21
Tu
Gii
Li gii gn p nht ca bi ny l
49.P T (1) 15.P T (2) (161x 483y + 218)(x + 3y 7) = 0
V n y cng d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (2; 3), (1; 2)
a1 x2 + b1 y 2 + c1 xy + d1 x + e1 y + f1 = 0
a2 x2 + b2 y 2 + c2 xy + d2 x + e2 y + f2 = 0
uy
n
Tng Qut:
in
Qua 2 v d trn ta t ra cu hi : V sao li th ? Ci nhm thnh nhn t th ti khng

ni bi t hn cc bn c n trn ri. V sao y l ti sao li ngh ra nhng hng s
kia nhn vo cc phng trnh, mt s tnh c may mn hay l c mt phng php. Xin tha
chnh l mt v d ca UCT. UCT l mt cng c rt mnh c th qut sch gn nh ton
b nhng bi h dng l hai tam thc. Cch tm nhng hng s nh th no. Ti xin trnh
by ngay sau y. Bi vit ca tc gi nthoangcute.
Gii
Ng
Hin nhin nhn xt y l h gm hai tam thc bc hai. M nhc n tam thc th khng
th khng nhc ti mt i tng l . Mt tam thc phn tch c nhn t hay khng
phi xem x hoc y ca n c chnh phng hay khng. Nu h loi ny m t ngay mt
phng trnh ra k diu th chng ni lm g, th nhng c hai phng trnh u ra rt
k cc th ta s lm nh no. Khi UCT s ln ting. Ta s chn hng s thch hp nhn vo
mt (hoc c hai phng trnh) p sao cho chnh phng.
Nh vy phi tm hng s k sao cho P T (1) + k.P T (2) c th phn tch thnh nhn t
t a = a1 + ka2 , b = b1 + kb2 , c = c1 + kc2 , d = d1 + kd2 , e = e1 + ke2 , f = f1 + kf2
S k l nghim ca phng trnh sau vi a 6= 0
cde + 4abf = ae2 + bd2 + f c2
D vng c hn mt cng thc gii h phng trnh loi ny. Tc gi ca n kh xut

sc !!!. Th kim chng li v d 21 nh
a = 14 + 35k, b = 21 + 28k, c = 0, d = 6 + 41k, e = 45 122k, f = 14 + 56k
S k s l nghim ca phng trnh
4(14+35k)(21+28k)(14+56k) = (14+35k)(45122k)2 +(21+28k)(6+41k)2 k =
15
49
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30
17
15
.P T (2) hay 49.P T (1) 15.P T (2)
49
Mt cht lu l khng phi h no cng y cc hng s. Nu khuyt thiu phn no th
cho hng s l 0. Ok!!
Xong dng ny ri. Hy lm bi tp vn dng. y l nhng bi h ti tng hp t nhiu
ngun.
Ng
u
y
n
in
2
x + 8y 2 6xy + x 3y 624 = 0
1.
2
24y 2 30xy 83x + 49y + 585 = 0
21x
2
x + y 2 3x + 4y = 1
2.
2
2y 2 9x 8y = 3
3x
y 2 = (4x + 4)(4 x)
3.
2
2
y 5x 4xy + 16x 8y + 16 = 0
xy 3x 2y = 16
4.
2
2
x2 + y 2x2 4y = 33
x + xy + y = 3
5.
2
x + 2xy2 7x2 5y + 9 = 0
(2x + 1) + y + y = 2x + 3
6.
1
xy2 + x =
2
x + 2y = 2y 2xy + 1
7.
2
y 2 = 2x y + 5
3x + 2xy
(x 1)2 + 6(x 1)y + 4y 2 = 20
8.
2
2
2
x 2+ (2y + 1) =
2
2x + 4xy + 2y + 3x + 3y 2 = 0
9.
2
2
x +2 y + 4xy + 2y = 0
2x + 3xy = 3y 13
10.
2
3y 2 + 2xy = 2x + 11
4x + 3y(x 1) = 7
11.
2
3y
2 + 4x(y 1) = 3
x + 2 = x(y 1)
12.
2
y 2 7 = y(x 2 1)
x + 2xy + 2y + 3x = 0
13.
xy + y 2 + 3y + 1 = 0
Tu
n
Nh vy l P T (1)
Cu 22
x3 y 3 = 35
2x2 + 3y 2 = 4x 9y
Gii
Li gii ngn gn cho bi ton trn l

P T (1) 3.P T (2) (x 2)3 = (y + 3)3 x = y + 5
Thay vo (2) ta d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (2; 3), (3; 2)
Cu hi t ra y l s dng UCT nh th no ? Tt nhin y khng phi dng trn na
ri. Trc ht nh gi ci h ny
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18

Gii h:
Tu
- Bc ca x v y l nh nhau
- Cc bin x,y c lp vi nhau
- Phng trnh mt c bc cao hn PT(2)
Nhng nhn xt trn a ta n tng nhn hng s vo PT(2) P T (1) + a.P T (2) a
c v dng hng ng thc A3 = B 3
P T (1) + a.P T (2) x3 + 2ax2 4ax y 3 + 3ay 2 + 9ay 35 = 0
Cn tm a sao cho vtri c dng (x + )3
(y + )3 = 0
3
3
= 35
a = 3
3 = 2a
= 2
Cn bng ta c :
32 = 4a
=3
3
3
Vy P T (1) 3.P T (2) (x 2) = (y + 3)
OK ?? Th mt v d tng t nh
x3 + y 3 = 91
4x2 + 3y 2 = 16x + 9y
Cu 23
x3 + y 2 = (x y)(xy 1)
x3 x2 + y + 1 = xy(x y + 1)
in
Gi : P T (1) 3.P T (2) (x 4)3 = (y + 3)3
Gii
uy
n
Hy cng ti phn tch bi ton ny. Tip tc s dng UCT

nh gi h :
-Bc ca x cao hn bc ca y
-Cc bin x,y khng c lp vi nhau
-Hai phng trnh c bc cao nht ca x v y nh nhau
V bc x ang cao hn bc y v bc ca y ti 2 phng trnh nh nhau nn ta hy nhn tung
ri vit li 2 phng trnh theo n y. C th nh sau :
2
y (x + 1) y (x2 + 1) + x3 + x = 0
y 2 x y (x2 + x 1) + x3 x2 + 1 = 0
Ng
By gi ta mong c rng khi thay x bng 1 s no vo h ny th s thu c 2 phng

trnh tng ng. Tc l khi cc h s ca 2 phng trnh s t l vi nhau . Vy :
x2 + 1
x3 + x
x+1
= 2
= 3
x=1
x
x +x1
x x2 + 1
Rt
mn ta tm c x = 1. Thay x = 1 li h ta c
may
2 (y 2 y + 1) = 0
2.P T (2) P T (1) s c nhn t x 1
y2 y + 1 = 0
C th l (x 1) (y 2 (x + 3) y + x2 x 2) = 0
TH1 :x = 1 thay vo th v nghim
TH2: Kt hp thm vi PT(1) ta c h mi :
2
y (x + 3) y + x2 x 2 = 0 (3)
x3 + y 2 x2 y + x + xy 2 y = 0
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30
19
Tu
n
Nhn xt h ny c c im ging vi h ban u l bc y nh nhau. Vy ta li vit li h

1
theo n y v hi vng n s li ng vi x no . Tht vy, l x = . Tip tc thay n
2
vo h v ta s rt ra :

2P T (2) P T (1) (2x + 1) y 2 (x 1) y + x2 x + 2
1
53 5
TH1 : x = y =
2
4
TH2 : Kt hp vi (3) ta c
2
y (x 1) y + x2 x + 2 = 0
y 2 (x + 3) + x2 x 2 = 0
2 (x + y) (25 xy) = 4x2 + 17y 2 + 105

x2 + y 2 + 2x 2y = 7
in
Cu 24
Vi h ny ta ch vic tr cho nhau s ra y = 1

x2 + 2 = 0 (V nghim)
!
!
1 53 5
1 5+3 5
, ;

Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = ;
2
4
2
4
Gii
y
n
Hnh thc bi h c v kh ging vi cu 23

Mt cht nh gi v h ny
- Cc bin x v y khng c lp vi nhau
- Bc cao nht ca x 2 phng trnh nh nhau , y cng vy
Vi cc c im ny ta th vit h thnh 2 phng trnh theo n x v y v xem liu h c
ng vi x hoc y no khng. Cch lm vn nh cu 23. Vit theo x ta s khng tm c y,
nhng vit theo y ta s tm c x = 2 khin h lun ng. Thay x = 2 vo h ta c

21y 2 42y + 21 = 0
P T (1) 21P T (2) (x 2) 2y 2 + 2xy + 4y 17x 126 = 0
2
y 2y + 1 = 0
Ng
u
TH1 : x
= 22 y = 1
2y + 2xy + 4y 17x 126 = 0
TH2 :
x2 + y 2 + 2x 2y 7 = 0
H ny c cch gii ri nh ??
3.P T (2) P T (1) (x y + 5)2 + 2x2 + x + 80 = 0 (V nghim)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1)
Tip theo chng ta s n vi cu VMO 2004.
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20

Cu 25
x3 + 3xy 2 = 49
x2 8xy + y 2 = 8y 17x
Gii
n y d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (1; 4), (1; 4)
Tu

P T (1) + 3.P T (2) (x + 1) (x + 1)2 + 3(y 4)2 = 0
Li gii ngn gn nht ca bi trn l :
Cu hi c t ra l bi ny tm hng s nh th no ? C rt nhiu cch gii thch nhng

ti xin trnh by cch gii thch ca ti :tuzki:
Lm tng t theo nh hai cu 23 v 24 xem no. Vit li h cho thnh
3xy 2 + x3 + 49 = 0
y 2 + 8(x + 1)y + x2 17x = 0
3y 2 + 48 = 0
y 2 16 = 0
in
Mt cch trc gic ta th vi x = 1. V sao ? V vi x = 1 phng trnh 2 s khng cn

phn y v c v 2 phng trnh s tng ng. Khi thay x = 1 h cho tr thnh
uy
n
Hai phng trnh ny tng ng. Tri thng ri !! Vy x = 1 chnh l 1 nghim ca

h v t h th hai ta suy ra ngay phi lm l P T (1) + 3.P T (2). Vic cn li ch l phn
tch nt thnh nhn t.
Tip theo y chng ta s n vi mt chm h d bn ca tng trn. Ti khng trnh
by chi tit m ch gi v kt qu
y 3 + 3xy 2 = 28
x2 6xy + y 2 = 6x 10y
Ng
Cu 26
Gi : P T (1) + 3.P T (2) (y + 1) (3(x 3)2 + (y + 1)2 ) = 0

Nghim ca h : (x; y) = (3; 1), (3; 1)

Cu 27
6x2 y + 2y 3 + 35 = 0
5x2 + 5y 2 + 2xy + 5x + 13y = 0
1
Gi : P T (1) + 3.P T (2) (2y + 5) 3 x +
2
2

2 !
5
+ y+
=0
2
2.1 Cu 1 n cu 30

Cu 28
21
x3 + 5xy 2 = 35
2x2 5xy 5y 2 + x + 10y 35 = 0
Gi : P T (1) + 2.P T (2) (x 2) (5(y 1)2 + (x + 3)2 ) = 0
Cu 29
x3 + 3xy 2 = 6xy 3x 49
x2 8xy + y 2 = 10y 25x 9
Tu
n
Gi : P T (1) + 3.P T (2) (x + 1) ((x + 1)2 + 3(y 5)2 ) = 0
3x2 + xy 9x y 2 9y = 0
2x3 20x x2 y 20y = 0
y
n
Cu 30
in
im qua cc cu t cu 23 n cu 29 ta thy dng nh nhng cu h ny kh c bit.

Phi c bit th nhng h s kia mi t l v ta tm c x = hay y = l nghim ca
h. Th vi nhng bi h khng c c may mn nh kia th ta s lm nh no. Ti xin gii
thiu mt phng php UCT rt mnh. C th p dng rt tt gii nhiu bi h hu t (k
c nhng v d trn). l phng php Tm quan h tuyn tnh gia x v y. V ta s
khng ch nhn hng s vo mt phng trnh m thm ch nhn c mt hm f (x) hay g(y)
vo n. Ti s a ra vi v d c th sau y :
Gii
Ng
u
Bi ny nu th nh cu 23, 24, 25 u khng tm ra ni x hay y bng bao nhiu l nghim ca

h. Vy phi dng php dng quan h tuyn tnh gia x v y. Quan h ny c th xy dng
bng hai cch thng dng sau :
- Tm ti thiu hai cp nghim ca h
- S dng nh l v nghim ca phng trnh hu t
Trc ht ti xin pht biu li nh l v nghim ca phng trnh hu t :
Xt a thc : P (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + .... + a1 x + a0
p
a thc c nghim hu t p l c ca a0 cn q l c ca an
q
OK ri ch ? By gi ta hy th xy dng quan h theo cch u tin, l tm ti thiu hai

cp nghim ca h ( Casio ln ting :v )
D thy h trn c cp nghim l (0; 0 v (2; 1)
Chn hai nghim ny ln lt ng vi ta 2 im, khi phng trnh ng thng qua
chng s l : x + 2y = 0 x = 2y
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22
Nh vy quan h tuyn tnh y l x = 2y. Thay li vo h ta c

9y (y + 1) = 0
20y (y + 1) (y 1) = 0
Sau ta chn biu thc ph hp nht nhn vo 2 phng trnh.
y s l 20 (y 1) .P T (1) + 9.P T (2)
Nh vy

20 (y 1) .P T (1) + 9.P T (2) (x + 2y) 18x2 + 15xy 60x 10y 2 80y = 0
Tu
TH1 : x = 2y thay vo (1)

TH2 : Kt hp thm vi PT(1) na thnh mt h gm hai tam thc bit cch gii
Nghim ca h :
!
!
15 + 145
15 145
; 11 145 ,
; 11 + 145
(x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 1), (10; 15),
2
2
in
S dng cch ny chng ta thy, mt h phng trnh hu t ch cn tm c mt cp

nghim l ta xy dng c quan h tuyn tnh v gii quyt bi ton. y chnh l u
im ca n. Bn c th vn dng n vo gii nhng v d t 23 n 29 xem. Ti th lm
cu 25 nh : Cp nghim l (1; 4), (1; 4) nn quan h xy dng y l x = 1. Thay li
vo h v ta c hng chn h s nhn.
Tuy nhin cch ny s chu cht vi nhng bi h ch c mt cp nghim hoc nghim qu
l khng th d bng Casio c. y l nhc im ln nht ca n
No by gi hy th xy dng quan h bng nh l nh.
uy
n
Vi h ny v phng trnh di ang c bc cao hn trn nn ta s nhn a vo phng trnh

trn ri cng vi phng trnh di. V bc ca x ang cao hn nn ta vit li biu thc sau
khi thu gn di dng mt phng trnh bin x. C th l
Ng
2x3 + (3a y) x2 + (ay 9a 20) x y (ay + 9a + 20) = 0()

Nghim ca (*) theo nh l s l mt trong cc gi tr 1, 12 , y2 , y, ....
1
Tt nhin khng th c nghim x = hay x = 1 c. Hy th vi hai trng hp cn li.
22
3y 18y = 0
* Vi x = y thay vo h ta c
y 3 40y = 0
Khi ta s phi ly (y 2 40).P T (1)
2 3(y 6).P T (2). R rng l qu phc tp. Loi ci ny.
y =0
* Vi x = y thay vo h ta c
3y 3 = 0
Khi ta s ly 3y.P T (1) + P T (2). Qu n gin ri. Khi biu thc s l

(x + y) 2x2 + 6xy 3y 2 + 27y + 20 = 0
Cch s hai rt tt thay th cch 1 trong trng hp khng tm ni cp nghim. Tuy nhin
yu im ca n l khng phi h no dng nh l cng tm c nghim. Ta phi bit kt
hp nhun nhuyn hai cch vi nhau. V hy th dng cch 2 lm cc cu t 23 n 29 xem.
N s ra nghim l hng s.
Lm mt cu tng t na. Ti nu lun hng gii.
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60
2.2
23
Cu 31 n cu 60

Cu 31
x2 y 2 + 3x + 3y 3 = 0
x2 y 4xy 3y 2 + 2y x + 1 = 0
Gii
Tu
n

P T (1) (y 1).P T (2) (x + y 1) 3y 2 + xy 2y + 2 = 0
TH1 :
x = 1 y . No problem !!!
3y 2 + xy 2y + 2 = 0
Th2 :
x2 y 4xy 3y 2 + 2y x + 1 = 0
y li l h c bit, ta tm c x = 3 l nghim ca h. Thay vo v rt ra kt qu
PT(1) + PT(2) (x 3) (xy 1) = 0
in
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 0)
Ng
u
y
n
Bi vit v phng php UCT hay cn gi l h s bt nh kt thc y. Qua hn chc

cu ta thy : s dng phng php UCT nng cao (tm quan h tuyn tnh gia cc n) l
mt phng php rt mnh v rt tt gii quyt nhanh gn cc h phng trnh hu t. Tuy
nhin nhc im ca n trong qu trnh lm l kh nhiu. Th nht : tnh ton qu tru b
v hi no. Hin nhin ri, dng quan h tuyn tnh kh, sau cn phi nhc cng phn
tch mt a thc hn n thnh nhn t. Th hai, nu s dng n mt cch thi qu s khin
bn thn tr nn thc dng, my mc, khng chu my m suy ngh m c nhn thy l lao
u vo UCT, c khc g lao u vo khng ?
Mt cu hi t ra. Liu UCT c nn s dng trong cc k thi, kim tra hay khng ? Xin
tha, trong nhng VMO, cng lm tng ca h l dng UCT dng c bn, tc l nhn
hng s thi. UCT dng c bn th ti khng ni lm g ch UCT dng nng cao th tt nht
khng nn xi trong cc k thi. Th nht mt rt nhiu thi gian v sc lc. Th hai gy kh
khn v c ch cho ngi chm, h hon ton c th gch b ton b mc d c th bn lm
ng. Vy nn : CNG NG LM RI MI DNG NH !! :D
y c l l bi vit ln nht m ti km vo trong cun sch. Trong nhng cu tip theo

ti s ci nhng bi vit nh hn vo. n xem nh. Nhng cu tip theo c th cn mt s
cu s dng phng php UCT. Vy nn nu thc mc c quay tr li t cu 20 m xem. Tm
thi gc li , ta tip tc n vi nhng cu tip theo.
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24

Cu 32
x5 + y 5 = 1
x9 + y 9 = x 4 + y 4
Gii
Nhn thy r rng y l loi h bn ng cp. Ta nhn cho hai v vi nhau c
x9 + y 9 = (x4 + y 4 )(x5 + y 5 ) x4 y 4 (x + y) = 0
Cu 33
x3 + 2xy 2 = 12y
8y 2 + x2 = 12
Tu
TH1 : x = 0 y = 1
TH2 : y = 0 x = 1
TH3 : x = y thay vo (1) r rng v nghim
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 0), (0; 1)
in
Gii
Li thm mt h cng loi, nhn cho hai v cho nhau ta c
Khi (2) s tng ng
x3 + 2xy 2 = y(8y 2 + x2 ) x = 2y
12y 2 = 12 y = 1, x = 2
uy
n
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 1), (2; 1)
2xy
x2 + y 2 +
=1
x+y
x + y = x2 y
Ng
Cu 34
Gii
iu kin : x + y > 0
R rng khng lm n c t phng trnh (2). Th bin i phng trnh (1) xem
(1) (x + y)2 1 +
2xy
2xy = 0
x+y
(x + y + 1)(x + y 1)
2xy(x + y 1)
=0
x+y
C nhn t chung ri. Vi x + y = 1 thay vo (2) ta c

1 = (1 y)2 y y = 0, y = 3
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60
25
Gi ta xt trng hp cn li. l x + y + 1 =
2xy
x+y
x + y + 1 = 1 x 2 y 2 x2 + y 2 + x + y = 0

Cu 35
Tu
n
R rng sai v t iu kin cho ngay x + y > 0

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 0), (2; 3)
2
x3
y 3 = 3(x yp
)+2
2
x + 1 x2 3 2y y 2 + 2 = 0
Gii
iu kin : 1 x 1, 0 y 2
Thng th bi ny ngi ta s lm nh sau. phng trnh (1) mt cht
(1) x3 3x = (y 1)3 3(y 1)
in
Xt f (t) = t3 3t vi 1 t 1 th f 0 (t) = 3t2 3 0

Suy ra f (t) n iu v t suy ra x = y 1 thay vo (2)
Cch ny n. Tuy nhin thay vo lm vn cha phi l nhanh. Hy xem mt cch khc rt mi
m m ti lm
p
(2) x2 + 1 x2 + 2 = 3 2y y 2 f (x) = g(y)
Ng
u
y
n
13
Xt f (x) trn min [1; 1] ta s tm c 3 f (x)
4
p
y+2y
Ta li c : g(y) = 3 y(2 y) 3
=3
2
Vy
f (x) g(y). Du bng xy ra khi
y=1
Thay vo phng trnh u ch c cp (x; y) = (0; 1) l tha mn
x = 1, x = 0
Cu 36
x3 3x = y 3 3y
x6 + y 6 = 1
Gii
D thy phng trnh (1) cn xt hm ri, tuy nhin f (t) = t3 3t li khng n iu, cn phi
b thm iu kin. Ta s dng phng trnh (2) c iu kin. T (2) d thy 1 x, y 1.
Vi iu kin r rng f (t) n iu gim v suy ra c x = y
Thay vo (2) ta c
1
2x6 = 1 x =
6
2

1 1
1
1
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) =
; ,
;

6
6
6
2 62
2
2
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26

Cu 37
x3 (2 + 3y) = 1
x(y 3 2) = 3
Gii
Tu
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng
3y + 1 = 1
x3 y = 1
3
x
+ 2 = y3
x
Thay li (1) ta c
x = 1 y = 1
1
x= y=2
2

1
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (1; 1),
;2
2
"
x2 + y 2 + xy + 1 = 4y
y(x + y)2 = 2x2 + 7y + 2
Cu 38
in
2x3 + 3x2 1 = 0
Gii
S dng UCT s thy y = 0 l nghim ca h. Thay li v ta s c
uy
n
y=0
2P T (1) + P T (2) y(x + y + 5)(x + y 3) = 0 x = 5 y

x=3y
Vi y = 0 thay li v nghim
Vi x = 5 y khi phng trnh (1) s tng ng
(y + 5)2 + y 2 y 2 5y + 1 = 4y V L
Ng
Tng t vi x = 3 y cng v nghim

Vy h cho v nghim
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60
(
Cu 39
27
x+y
x2 y 2 = 9
xy =
y
2
Gii
p
y2
2x 2 x2 y 2 =
4
n y nhn thy
p
x2 y 2 theo (2) bng 3. Vy suy ra
2x 6 =
y2
y 2 = 8x 24
4
Thay vo (2) ta c
Tu
n
iu kin : y min{x}
y
Ta khng nn t n tng hiu v vn cn st li s lm bi ton kh khn hn. Mt cch
2
trc gic ta bnh phng (1) ln. T (1) ta suy ra
x = 3 y = 0(T M )
x 8x + 15 = 0 x = 5 y = 4(T M )
x = 5 y = 4(T M )
in
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 0), (5; 4), (5; 4)
x y+1= 5
2
y + 2(x 3) x + 1 =
4
y
n
Cu 40
Gii
Ng
u
iu kin : x, y 1
Khng
quan h c th no. Tm thi ta t n d nhn
tm c mi
t x + 1 = a 0, y + 1 = b 0. H cho tng ng
a2 1 b = 5
2
3
2
2
b 1 + 2a(a 4) =
4
Ta th b =
7
a2 t (1) vo (2) v c :
2
7
a2
2
2
2
+ 2a(a 4) = 0
11
(L)
2
(
1
x=0
a = 2 b = (L)
2
3
5
y=
a = 1 b = (T M )
4
2
1
a = 2 b = (L)
2
a = 3 b =
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28

Cu 41

p
(x2 + xy + y 2 )px2 + y 2 = 185
(x2 xy + y 2 ) x2 + y 2 = 65
3
0;
4
Tu
Gii
Thot nhn qua th thy y l mt h ng cp bc 3 r rng. Tuy nhin nu tinh ta em

cng 2 phng trnh cho nhau s ch cn li x2 + y 2
Cng 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
p
p
2(x2 + y 2 ) x2 + y 2 = 250 x2 + y 2 = 5
Khi thay li h ta c
(25 + xy).5 = 185
(25 xy).5 = 65
x = 3, y = 4
xy = 12
x = 4, y = 3
2
2
x + y = 25
x = 3, y = 4
x = 4, y = 3
in
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 4), (4; 3), (3; 4), (4; 3)
uy
n
r
r
y
x
7
+
= +1
x
y
xy

x xy + y xy = 78
Cu 42
iu kin : xy 0
H cho tng ng
x + y = 7 + xy
xy
xy

xy(x + y) = 78
Ng
t x + y = a,
Gii
xy = b. H cho tng ng

a = 13

x
+
y
=
13
x = 9, y = 4
ab=7
b
=
6

ab = 78
a = 6
xy = 36
x = 4, y = 9
(L)
b = 13
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (9; 4), (4; 9)

2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60

Cu 43
29
x3 y 3 = 9
x2 + 2y 2 x + 4y = 0
Gii
Dng UCT
P T (1) 3.P T (3) (x 1)3 = (y + 2)3 x = y + 3

Cu 44
Tu
n
n y d dng tm nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 1)
8x3 y 3 + 27 = 18y 3
4x2 y + 6x = y 2
Gii
y l mt h hay. Ta hy tm cch loi b 18y 3 i. V y = 0 khng l nghim nn (2) tng

ng
72x2 y 2 + 108xy = 18y 3
in
n y tng r rng ri ch ? Th 18y 3 t (1) xung v ta thu c
3
xy = 2
21 9 5
3 3
2 2
8x y 72x y 108xy + 27 = 0 xy =
21 + 9 5
xy =
4
Ng
u
y
n
Thay vo (1) ta s tm c y v x
y = 0(L)
r
3

3
1
3 8(xy) + 27
y
=
=
x
=
3
18
2
4
r
3

3
1
3 8(xy) + 27
y=
=
3+ 5 x=
3+ 5
18
2
4

3
3

1
1
3 5 ;
53 ,
3+ 5 ; 3+ 5
4
2
4
2
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30
Cu 45

1
=5
(x + y) 1 +
xy

1
2
2
(x + y ) 1 + 2 2 = 9
xy
iu kin : xy =
6 0
Ta c nhn ra . H tng ng
x2 + y 2 + x + y = 18
x(x + 1)y(y + 1) = 72
uy
n
Cu 46
in
Tu

1
1
1 1
+ y+
=5
x+
x+y+ + =5
x
y
x y

2
2
1
1
1
1
x2 + y 2 +
+
=
9
x+
+ y+
= 13
x2 y 2
x
y
1
1
3
5
x + = 2, y + = 3
x
=
1,
y
=
x
y
2
1
1
3
5
x + = 3, y + = 2
x=
,y = 1
x
y
2
!
!
3 5
3 5
,
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = 1;
;1
2
2
Gii
Gii
x = 2, x = 3
y = 3, y = 4
x = 3, x = 4
y = 2, y = 3
Ng
Mt bi t n tng tch cng kh n gin

t x2 + x = a, y 2 + y = b. Ta c
2
x +x=6

2
a + b = 18
a = 12, b = 6
y 2 + y = 12
x + x = 12
ab = 72
a = 6, b = 12
y2 + y = 6
Vy h cho c c thy 8 nghim
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60

Cu 47
31
x3 + 4y = y 3 + 16x
1 + y 2 = 5(1 + x2 )
Gii
H cho tng ng
x3 16x = y (y 2 4)
y 2 4 = 5x2
Nh vy phng trnh (1) s l
x 16x = 5x y
x = 0, y = 2
x2 16
y=
5x
Trng hp 2 thay vo (2) s l

2
"
x2 = 1
64
x =
31
2
x = 1, y = 3
x = 1, y = 3
(x2 16)
4 = 5x2
25x2
Tu
n
Cu 48
p
xp
+ y 2 x2 = 12 y
x y 2 x2 = 12
in
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 2), (0; 2), (1; 3), (1; 3)
y
n
Gii
2
2
iu kin
p :y x
x y 2 x2 sinh ra t vic ta bnh phng (1). Vy th bm theo hng xem. T (1)
ta suy ta
p
x2 + y 2 x2 + 2x y 2 x2 = (12 y)2
Ng
u
y 2 + 24 = (12 y)2 y = 5
Thay vo (2) ta c
x 25 x2 = 12 x = 3, x = 4
i chiu li thy tha mn

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 5), (4; 5)
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32

Cu 49
x4 4x2 + y 2 6y + 9 = 0
x2 y + x2 + 2y 22 = 0
Gii
P T (1) + 2.P T (2) (x2 + y)2 2(x2 + y) 35 = 0

(7 y)y + 7 y + 2y 22 = 0
Tu
TH1 : x2 + y = 7 x2 = 7 y thay (2) ta c
nu t x2 = a th h cho bin thnh h tam thc bc 2 ta hon ton bit cch

gii. C th y s l
y = 3 x = 2
y=5x= 2
in
Cu 50
x2 + y + x3 y + xy + y 2 x = 5
4
5
x4 + y 2 + xy(1 + 2x) =
4
TH2 : x2 + y = 5 x2 = 5 y. Hon ton tngt thay (2)

s cho y v nghim
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 3), (2; 3), ( 2; 5), ( 2; 5)
Gii
uy
n
y l cu Tuyn sinh khi A - 2008. Mt cch t nhin khi gp hnh thc ny l ta tin hnh
nhm cc s hng li
H cho tng ng
(x2 + y) + xy + (x2 + y)xy = 5

4
5
2
2
(x + y) + xy =
4
Ng
n y hng i r rng. t x2 + y = a, xy = b ta c
( 2
x +y =0
xy
=
a + b + ab = 5
a = 0, b =

4
4
4

x2 + y = 1
5
1
3
a2 + b =
a = ,b =
2
4
2
2
3
xy =
2
!
r
r

3
3 25
3 5
;
, 1;

4
16
2
r
5
3
3 25
x = 4 , y = 16
3
x = 1, y =
2
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60

Cu 51
33
x2 + 1 + y(y + x) = 4y
(x2 + 1)(x + y 2) = y
Gii
Hng i r rng. t
Tu
n
H gn nh ch l cu chuyn ca x2 + 1 v x + y. Tuy nhin y chen vo khin h tr nn

kh chu. Hy dit y i . Cch tt nht l chia khi m y = 0 khng phi l nghim ca
h. H cho tng ng
2
x +1
+x+y2=2
y
x2 + 1
(x + y 2) = 1
y
x2 + 1
= a, x + y 2 = b
y
Cu 52
y + xy 2 = 6x2
1 + x2 y 2 = 5x2
in
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 5)
H cho tr thnh

2

a+b=2
a=1
x +1=y
x = 1, y = 2
ab = 1
b=1
x+y =3
x = 2, y = 5
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Loi h ny khng kh. tng ta s chia bin v phi tr thnh hng s

Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng

y
1
2
+y =6
y +y =6
x x
2
x
x

2
1
y
1 + y2 = 5
+
y
2 =5
2
x
x
x
t
y
1
= a, + y = b. H tr thnh
x
x

ab = 6
b2 2a = 5
a=2
b=3

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2),
y = 2x
1
+y =3
x
"
x = 1, y = 2
1
x = ,y = 1
2

1
;1
2
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34

Cu 53
x2 + 2y 2 = xy + 2y
2x3 + 3xy 2 = 2y 2 + 3x2 y
Gii
mt cht y l h bn ng cp. Nu ta vit li nh sau

2
x + 2y 2 xy = 2y
2x3 + 3xy 2 3x2 y = 2y 2
Tu
T ta c

2y 2 (x2 + 2y 2 xy) = 2y 2x3 + 3xy 2 3x2 y 4y (y x) x2 xy + y 2 = 0
TH1 : y = 0 x = 0
TH2 : x = y = 0
TH3 : x = y thay vo (1) ta c
2y = 2y
x=y=0
x=y=1

Cu 54
in
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1)
2x2 y +
y 3 = 2x4 + x6
(x + 2) y + 1 = (x + 1)2
uy
n
Gii
iu kin : y 1
Khai thc t (1). C v nh l hm no . Chn chia cho ph hp ta s c mc ch, y
s chia cho x3 v x = 0 khng l nghim ca h. PT(1) khi s l
2
y
x
y 3
x
= 2x + x3
y
= x y = x2
x
Ng
Thay vo (2) ta s c
(x + 2)
x2
+ 1 = (x + 1) (x + 2)
x + 1 = (x + 1)
3, y = 3(T M )
x=
x = 3, y = 3(T M )
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 3; 3)

Ta s n mt cu tng t n
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60

Cu 55
35
x5 + xy 4 = p
y 10 + y 6
4x + 5 + y 2 + 8 = 6
Gii
5
4
Thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. Chia 2 v ca (1) cho y 5 ta c
iu kin : x
Tu
n
5
x
x
x
+ = y5 + y = y x = y2
y
y
y
Thay vo (2) ta c
4x + 5 +
x + 8 = 6 x = 1 y = 1
Cu 56
xy + x + 1 = 7y
x2 y 2 + xy + 1 = 13y 2
in
y l cu Tuyn sinh khi B

cho y 2 sau khi kim tra y = 0
x 1
x+ + =7
y y
x
1
x2 + +
=
13
y y2
Gii
- 2009. Cc gii thng thng nht l chia (1) cho y, chia (2)
khng phi l nghim. Ta s c
Ng
u
y
n
1 x

x+ + =7
y
y
a
+
b
=
7
a = 4, b = 3

2
1
x
a2 b = 13
a = 5, b = 12
x+
= 13
y
y

1
x+ =4
y
"

1
x
=
3y
x = 1, y =
3
x + 1 = 5
x = 3, y = 1
y
x = 12y
1
1;
3

, (3; 1)
Tip tc ta n thm mt cu tuyn sinh na
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36

Cu 57
x4 + 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9
x2 + 2xy = 6x + 6
Gii
T (1) s tng ng
2
x + x (6x + 6 x ) +
6x + 6 x2
2

3
= 2x + 9

x = 4
x=0
"
y=
VL
17
4
1+x+ 1y =2
x2 y 4 + 9y = x(9 + y y 3 )
Cu 58
in
17
4;
4
2
Tu
tht k nu ta th kho lo xy ln (1) s ch cn li phng trnh n x. D s l bc 4

nhng liu th n nhiu. H vit li
x4 + 2x2 (xy) + x2 y 2 = 2x + 9
6x + 6 x2
xy =
2
Gii
uy
n
iu kin : y 1
Khng lm n g c t (1). Xt (2). 1 to th (2) c th phn tch c thnh

x=y
3
(x y) (9 x y ) = 0
x = 9 y3
Ng
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta s c
a
=
1,
b
=
1
y = 0
a
+
b
=
2
p
p
3
3
2
a + b = 2 a = 1
3 11
1 + y+ 1 y = 2
3, b = 3 +
3 y=6
b0
a = 3 1, b = 3 3
y = 6 3 11
Vi x = 9 y 3 thay vo (1) ta s c
p
p
3
10 y 3 + 1 y = 2
Ta c
p
p
3
3
10 y 3 + 1 y 9 > 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (6 3 11; 6 3 11), (6 3 11; 6 3 11)
2.2 Cu 31 n cu 60
Cu 59
37
xy
+ 1y = y
2 y x 1 y = 1
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : x 1, 0 y 1
Thot nhn bi ton ta thy nh lc vo m cung nhng cn thc. Tuy nhin ch vi nhng
nh gi kh n gin ta c th chm p bi ton
Vit li phng trnh (2) nh sau

2 y x1= y1
T iu kin d thy V T 0 V P
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = 1
in
Cu 60
p

2+y
2
17
4x
x
p 19 9y = 3
17 4x2 + 19 9y 2 = 10 2x 3y
Gii
iu kin :
17
2
17
, 319
2
19
3
Ng
u
y
n
Bi ton ny xut hin trn thi th ln 2 page Yu Ton hc v ti l tc gi ca n.

tng ca
p sinh
n kh n gin, ph hp vi1 thi tuyn
2
2
x 17 4x lin quan n 2x v 17 4x , y 19 9y 2 lin quan n 3y v 19 9y 2 .
V tng bnh
l nhng hng s. y l c s ta t n
phng ca chngp
2
t 2x + 17 4x = a , 3x + 19 9y 2 = b. H cho tng ng

a + b = 10
a = 5, b = 5
2
2
a 17 b 19
a = 3, b = 7
+
=3
4
6
"
1
x= 2

2x + p17 4x2 = 5
x=2
TH1 :
3y + 19 9y 2 = 5
y = 5 13
6

2x + p17 4x2 = 3
TH2 :
(Loi)
3y + 19 9y 2 = 7
!
!
!
!
1 5 + 13
1 5 13
5 + 13
5 13
;
;
2;
2;

2
6
2
6
6
6
V y l tng gc ca n. Hnh thc n gin hn mt cht
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38
2.3
Cu 61 n cu 90
Cu 62
x3 xy 2 + y 3 = 1
4x4 y 4 = 4x y
Tu
p

2+y
2
x
5
x
p 5 4y = 1
Cu 61
5 x2 + 5 4y 2 = x 2y

1
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), 2;

2
Gii
R rng l mt h a v c dng ng cp bng cch nhn cho v vi v. Tuy nhin, bi

ny nu s dng php th tt ta s a v mt kt qu kh p mt
Phng trnh (2) tng ng
4x(x3 1) = y(y 3 1)
Thay tt c xung (2) v ta thu c
in
n y ta rt x3 1 v y 3 1 t (1). C th t (1) ta c
3
x 1 = y3 y2x
y 3 1 = xy 2 x3
y=1
x=0
x=1
y=0
x=y=1
4xy 2 (y x) = xy(x2 y 2 )
x=y
3
1
,x =
y=
4y = y + x
3
3
25
25

3
1
;
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 0), (1; 1),

3
3
25 25
uy
n
Ng
p
p
x + px2 y 2 + x px2 y 2 = 17
4
x x2 y 2 x + x2 y 2
x(x + y) + px2 + xy + 4 = 52
Cu 63
Gii
p
iu kin : x 6= x2 y 2 , x2 y 2 0, x2 + xy + 4 0
Hnh thc bi h c v kh khng b nhng nhng tng th l ht. Ta c th khai thc c
2 phng trnh. Pt(1) c nhiu cch x l : ng cp, t n, lin hp. Ti s x l theo hng
s 3. (1) khi s l

2
2
p
p
x + x2 y 2
x x2 y 2
17
2 (2x2 y 2 )
17
4x
+
=
=
y=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x (x y )
x (x y )
4
y
4
5
2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90
39
p
x2 + xy + 4 = t 0 th (2) tr thnh

t=7
2
t + t = 56
x2 + xy = 45
t = 8(L)
Tip tc khai thc (2). D thy t
Kt hp li ta c
x = 5, y = 4
4
x = 5, y = 4
y= x
x = 15, y = 12
x2 + xy = 45
x = 15, y = 12
Tu
n
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (5; 4), (5; 4), (15; 12), (15; 12)
Cu 64
p
p
x
+
y
+
x y =2
p
p
y+ x y x=1
Gii
in
iu kin : x, y 0 , y min{x} , x min{y}

Khng tm c mi lin h g t c hai phng trnh, ta tin hnh bnh phng nhiu ln
ph v ton b cn thc kh chu. Phng trnh (1) tng ng
p
p
2x + 2 x2 y = 4 x2 y = 2 x x2 y = x2 4x 4 4x y = 4
x+
3
2xy
= x2 + y
2
x 2x + 9
2xy
= y2 + x
y+ p
3
y 2 2y + 9
Ng
u
Cu 65
y
n
Lm tng t phng trnh (2) ta s c : 4x 4y = 1. Kt hp 2 kt qu li d dng tm

c x,y

17 5
;

12 3
Gii
Hnh thc ca bi h l i xng. Tuy nhin biu thc kh cng knh v li nhn xt thy
x = y = 1 l nghim ca h. C l s nh gi
Cng 2 phng trnh li ta c
!
1
1
x2 + y 2 = 2xy
+p
3
3
x2 2x + 9
y 2 2y + 9
T ta nhn xt c nghim th xy 0 v l 3 t2 2t + 9 2 nn ta nh gi

1 1
2
2
x + y 2xy
+
(x y)2 0
2 2
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40
Du bng xy ra khi (x; y) = (1; 1)
(
Cu 66
x
6 2 = 3x y + 3y
y
p
2 3x + 3x y = 6x + 3y 4
Gii
Tu
iu kin : y 6= 0 , 3x y, 3x + 3x y 0
Phng trnh (1) khi s tng ng
"
p
p
6x 2y = y 3x y + 3y 2 2 (3x y) y 3x y 3y 2 = 0
3x y = y
3y
3x y =
2
3x y = y. T y suy ra y 0 v 3x = y 2 + y thay tt c vo (2) ta c

2
p

2y + 7y 4 = 0
2
2
2 y + y y = 2 y + y + 3y 4
y = 4 x = 4
y0
in
TH1 :
9y 2
3y
+ y thay tt c vo (2) ta cng s tm
3x y = . T y suy ra y 0 v 3x =
2
4
8
8
c y = x =
9
9

8 8
;
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (4; 4),

9 9
uy
n
TH2 :
Cu 67
(3
x) 2 x 2y 2y 1 = 0
3
x+2+2 y+2=5
Gii
1
2
Ng
iu kin : x 2, y
p
p
p
(2 x) 2 x + 2 x = (2y 1) 2y 1 + 2y 1 f ( 2x 1) = f ( 2y 1)
Vi f (x) = x3 + x n iu tng. T suy ra

ta c
2x =
p
p
3
5 2y + 2 y + 2 = 5
a + 2b = 5
3
2
a + 2b = 9
2y 1 x = 3 2y thay vo (2)
a = 1, b =
2
3 65
23 + 65
a=
,b =
8
4
65 3
23 65
a=
,b =
4
8
2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90
41
y=2
233 + 23 65
y=
32
233 23 65
y=
32
Vy h cho c nghim
!
23 65 185 233 23 65
23 65 + 185 233 + 23 65
(x; y) = (1; 2),
;
;

16
32
16
32
1 + xy + 1 + x + y = 2
x2 y 2 xy = x2 + y 2 + x + y
Gii
2 2
in
iu kin : xy 1 , x + y 1
Mt cht bin i phng trnh (2) ta s c
Cu 68
Tu
n
S dng tnh n iu ca hm s cng l mt hng kh ph bin trong gii h phng trnh.

Ch cn kho lo nhn ra dng ca hm, ta c th rt ra nhng iu k diu t nhng phng
trnh khng tm thng cht no
x + y = xy
x + y = xy 1
x y + xy = (x + y) + x + y (xy x y)(xy + x + y + 1) = 0
TH1 : xy = x + y thay vo (1) ta c

p
2 1 + xy = 2 xy = 0 x = y = 0
y
n
TH2 : x + y = xy 1 thay vo (1) ta c

p
1 + xy + xy = 2(V L)
Ng
u
Cu 69
3x y
x+ 2
=3
x + y2
x + 3y
y
=0
x2 + y 2
Gii
Ti khng nhm th bi ton ny xut hin trn THTT, tuy nhn hnh thc ca h kh p
mt v gn nh nhng khng h d gii mt cht no. Hng lm ti u ca bi ny l phc
ha. Da vo tng h kh i xng ng thi di mu nh l bnh phng ca Moun m
ta s dng cch ny. Hng gii nh sau
PT(1)+i.PT(2) ta s c
x + yi +
3(x yi) (xi + y)

=0
x2 + y 2
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42
t z = x + yi khi phng trnh tr thnh

3z iz
3i
3z iz
z+
=3z+
=3
=3z+
2
z.z
z
|z|
z =2+i
z =1i
Tu
(6 x)(x2 + y 2 ) = 6x + 8y
(3 y)(x2 + y 2 ) = 8x 6y
uy
n
Cu 73
Cu 72
16x 11y
x+ 2
=7
x + y2
11x + 16y
y
=0
x2 + y 2
in
Cu 71
5x y
x+ 2
=3
x + y2
x + 5y
y
=0
x2 + y 2
Cu 70
5x
+
7
5y
x+
=7
2
2
x +y
7 5x 5y
y+
=0
x2 + y 2
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 1)

Hnh thc ca nhng bi h ny kh d nhn thy. Th lm mt s cu tng t nh.
Gi : Chuyn h cho v dng
6x + 8y
x+ 2
=6
x + y2
8x 6y
y+
=3
x2 + y 2
Ng
Nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 1), (4; 2)
Phc ha l mt phng php kh hay gii h phng trnh mang tnh nh cao. Khng
ch vi loi h ny m trong cun sch ti s cn gii thiu mt vi cu h khc cng s dng
phc ha kh p mt.
2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90

Cu 74
43
4x2 y 2 6xy 3y 2 = 9
6x2 y y 2 9x = 0
Gii
y l mt bi ton cng kh p mt. Thy x = 1 l nghim ca h . Ta suy ra

P T (1) + P T (2) (x 1)(4y 2 (x + 1) + 6xy 9) = 0
Tu
n
TH1 : x = 1 y = 3
TH2 : 4y 2 (x + 1) + 6xy 9 = 0
V x = 0 khng l nghim. Suy ra 4y 2 x(x + 1) + 6x2 y 9x = 0 (*)
V sao nhn x vo y. UCT chng ? Ti ch gii thiu cho cc bn UCT nng cao thi ch
ti ch dng bao gi. L do ch n gin ti mun xut hin 6x2 y 9x = y 2 t (2) thi
x2
y2
1
+
=
2
2
(y + 1)
(x + 1)
2
3xy = x + y + 1
Cu 75
in
Vy (*) 4y 2 x(x + 1) + y 2 = 0 y 2 (2x + 1)2 = 0

TH1 : y = 0 v nghim
3
1
TH2 : x = y = 3, y =
2
2

1 3
1

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 3), ; 3 , ;
2
2 2
Gii
y
n
iu kin x, y 6= 1
Bi ton ny c kh nhiu cch gii. Ti xin gii thiu cch p nht ca bi ny
p dng Bt ng thc AM GM cho v tri ca (1) ta c
2xy
2xy
1
2xy
=
=
=
(x + 1)(y + 1)
xy + x + y + 1
xy + 3xy
2

1 1
Du bng xy ra khi (x; y) = (1; 1), ;

3 3
Ng
u
VT
Cu 76
3y 2 + 1 + 2y(x + 1) = 4y
y(y x) = 3 3y
p
x2 + 2y + 1
Gii
iu kin : x2 + 2y + 1 0
Khng lm n g c t (2). Th bin i (1) xem sao. PT(1) tng ng
2

p
p
4y 2 4y x2 + 2y + 1 + x2 + 2y + 1 = x2 2xy + y 2 2y x2 + 2y + 1 = (x y)2
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44
p
x2 + 2y + 1 = 3y x
p 2
x + 2y + 1 = x + y
in
Tu
C v hi o nh ? Nhng mt cht th (1) c vc dng ca cc hng ng thc nn ta

ngh n hng ny
By gi x l hai trng hp kia th no ? Chc bnh phng thi. Tt qu ! Phng trnh s
ch cnp
li xy v y m nhng ci th (2) c c
TH1 : x2 + 2y + 1 = 3y x
"

3y x
x = 1, y = 1(T M )
3y x
2
6xy
=
9y
2y
1
415
17
x2 + 2y + 1 = 9y 2 6xy + x2
x=
, y = (T M )
2
xy = y + 3y 3(2)
51
3
p
TH2 : x2 + 2y + 1 = x + y
"

x+y 0
x = 1, y = 1
x+y 0
2
2xy
=
y
+
2y
+
1
41
7
x2 + 2y + 1 = x2 + 2xy + y 2
x = , y = (L)
2
xy = y + 3y 3
21
3

415 17

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1),
;
51 3
uy
n
Nh chng ta bit. Tam thc bc hai c kh nhiu ng dng trong gii ton v h cng
khng phi l ngoi l. Ch vi nhng nh gi kh n gin : t iu kin ca tam
thc c nghim m ta c th tm ra cc tr ca cc n. T nh gi v gii quyt nhng
bi ton m cc phng php thng thng cng b tay. Loi h s dng phng php ny
thng cho di hai dng chnh. Th nht : cho mt phng trnh l tam thc, mt phng
trnh l tng hoc tch ca hai hm f (x) v g(y). Th hai : cho c 2 phng trnh u l
phng trnh bc hai ca 1 n no . Hy th lt qua mt chm h loi ny nh.
Cu 77
698
81
x2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
x4 + y 2 =
Gii
Ng
Hnh thc ca h : mt phng trnh l tam thc bc hai mt c dng f (x) + g(y) v mt s
kh khng b. Ta hy khai thc phng trnh (2) bng cch nh gi
Vit li phng trnh (2) di dng sau
2
x + (y 3)x + (y 2)2 = 0()
y 2 + (x 4)y + x2 3x + 4 = 0()
7
3
4
(**) c nghim th y 0 (x 4)4 4(x2 3x + 4) 0 0 x
3
T iu kin cht ca hai n gi ta xt (1) v c mt nh gi nh sau
4 2
4
7
697
698
4
2
x +y
+
=
<
3
3
81
81
(*) c nghim th x 0 (y 3)2 4(y 1)2 0 1 y
2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90
45
Vy h cho v nghim
Th mt cu tng t nh
Cu 78
50
27
x2 + xy + y 2 y = 1
x3 + y 2 =
Gii
49
50
Lm tng t v t (1) ta s rt ra x3 + y 2
<
27
27
Cu 79
(2x2 3x + 4)(2y 2 3y + 4) = 18
x2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0
in
Gii
Tu
n
Hnh thc kh quen thuc nhng phng trnh u cho dng f (x).f (y). Ch sao ! C lm
nh ban ny.
T phng trnh (2) bng nh gi quen thuc ta rt ra
2 x 10
3
7
1y
3
y
n
iu kin trn f (x) v f (y) n iu tng v f 0 (x) = 4x 3 > 0 vi x nh trn

Vy ta c

7
10366
10
.f
18 f (x).f (y)
f (2).f (1) f (x).f (y) f
3
3
81
Ng
u
Du bng xy ra khi x = 2 v y = 1 thay li vo (2) thy khng tha.

Vy h cho v nghim
Cu 80
7
(2x2 1)(2y 2 1) = xy
2
x2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0
Gii
Mt cht bin i ta s a v ging cu 79

Nhn thy x = y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. Chia c 2 v phng trnh (1) cho xy v ta s
c

1
1
7
2x
2y
=
x
y
2
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46
Quen thuc ri nh. Bi ny vn v nghim

Cu 81
x2 y 2 2x + y 2 = 0
2x2 4x + 3 + y 3 = 0
Gii
Thay li v ta s tm c x = 1
Cu 82
x2 2x + 2 y 2 = 0
x2 y 3 2x + y = 0
uy
n
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1)
in
OK ? Ti s a thm 3 v d na cc bn test
Tu
Hnh thc bi h c v kh gn nh nhng khng d g gii c bng cc cch thng thng.

Nhng c hai phng trnh u l bc hai vi n x. Vy nn gi s c nghim x th r
rng x 0
Nh vy t c hai phng trnh ta c

1 y 1
1 y4 0
y = 1
y 1
4 2(3 + y 3 ) 0
Cu 83
x2 y 2 x2 + 4y 2 12x = 4
2x2 + 2y 2 8x + 9y + 18 = 0
Ng
Nghim : (x; y) = (2; 2)
Cu 84
x2 y 2 8x + y 2 = 0
2x2 4x + 10 + y 3 = 0
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2)
Nm r ri ch ? Tip tc n vi cc cu tip theo.
2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90

Cu 85
47
2
(x + 1)(y + 1) + 1 = (xp
+ x + 1)(y 2 + y + 1)
x3 + 3x + (x3 y + 4) x3 y + 1 = 0
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : x3 y + 1 0
Thot nhn bi ton c v d dng khi mt cht th (2) c dng hm s. Tuy nhin y
vn cha phi l nt tht. y l mt bi ton yu cu kh nng x l phng trnh bc cao
tt. Tam thi ta x l (2) trc .
p
t x3 y + 1 = t khi phng trnh (2) s l
x3 + 3x + t3 + 3t = 0 x3 + 3x = (t)3 + 3(t) t = x

x0
y = x3 x2 + 1
iu kin x 0 kh quan trng. N gip ta c nh gi tt hn sau y
P T (1) 1 = x2 y + x2 + y 2 x + y 2 + x2 y 2
1 = x2 (x3 x2 + 1) + x2 + x(x3 x2 + 1)2 + (x3 x2 + 1)2 + x2 (x3 x2 + 1)2
in
x8 x7 + 2x5 + x2 + x = 0
TH1 : x = 0 y = 1 (TM)
TH2 : x7 + 2x4 + x = x6 1
3
x(x + 1) = (x 1)(x + 1)
x = 1 y = 1(T M )
x4 x3 + x + 1 = 0()
y
n
1
1 1
() x4 + x + 1 = x3 x4 x2 + + x2 + x + + = x3
4
4 2

2
2
1
1
1
x2
+ x+
+ = x3
2
2
2
Ng
u
Do V T > 0 V P nn v nghim
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 1)
Cu 86
2
x3 (4y 2 + 1)
p+ 2(x + 1) x =
6
2
2
x y(2 + 2 4y + 1) = x + x2 + 1
Gii
iu kin : x 0
Hnh thc ca bi h r rng l kh rc ri. Tuy nhin, (2) nu ta chia c 2 v cho x2
th s c lp c x v y v hi vng s ra c iu g.
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. Chia 2 v ca (2) cho x2 ta c
r
p
1
1
1
+1
2y + 2y 4y 2 + 1 = +
x x x2
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48
R rng 2 v u c dng f (t) = t + t t2 + 1 v hm ny n iu tng. Vy t ta suy ra

1
c 2y = thay vo (1) ta c
x

1
3
+ 1 + 2(x2 + 1) x = 6
x
2
x
x3 + x + 2(x2 + 1) x = 6
7x
+
y
+
2x + y = 5
2x + y + x y = 2
Gii
Cu 87
Tu
R rng v tri n iu tng vi iu

kin
ca x. Vy x = 1 l nghim duy nht
1

2
in
y l cu trong VMO 2000-2001. Khng hn l mt cu qu kh

iu kin : y min{2x; 7x}
Xut hin hai cn thc vy th t 7x + y = a , 2x + y = b xem

Nhng cn x y th th no ? Chc s lin quan n a2 , b2 . Vy ta s dng ng nht thc
3
8
x y = k(7x + y) + l(2x + y) k = , l =
5
5
Vy h cho tng ng
uy
n
a+b=5
77
77
151
15
15
x = 10 77
7x + y =
a=
2
2
8b
3a
2
2
=2
b+
y = 11 77
51
5
77
5
77
5
5
2x + y =
b=
2
a, b 0
2
2
Ng
11 77

10 77;
2
Mt cch khc cng kh tt. t 7x + y = a, 2x + y = b v ta xy dng mt h tm sau

5x
a+b=5
a+b=5
b=
2
2
a b = 5x
ab=x
2
Thay vo (2) v ta c
5x
+ x y = 2 x = 2y 1
2
n y thay li vo (2) v ta cng ra kt qu

Mt v d tng t ca bi ny
2.3 Cu 61 n cu 90
49
Cu 89
Tu
n
11x y y x = 1
Cu 88
7 y x + 6y 26x = 3

37 81
Nghim : (x; y) =
;

20 10

=2
3x 1 +
x + y

=4 2
7y 1
x+y
Gii
in
y l cu trong VMO 1995-1996. Mt tng kh p mt m sng to

iu kin : x, y 0, x + y > 0
H cho tng ng
2
1
1
1
2
2
=
=
1+
1
2
2
1
x+y
3x
x+y
7y
3x
=
4 2
1
1
2 2
x+y
7y
3x
=
1= +
1
x+y
7y
7y
3x
!
1
2 2
+
7y
3x
1
1
8
=
21xy = (x + y)(7y 3x)

x+y
3x 7y
y
n
(y 6x)(7y + 4x) = 0 y = 6x
Thay vo phng trnh u ta c
Ng
u
11 + 4 7
1
2
22
8
1+
= x=
y=
+
7x
21
7
3x
7
Mt
cch khc c th s dng trong bi ny l phc ha. N mi xut hin gn y
t x = a > 0 , y = b > 0. Ta c h mi nh sau
a
2
=
a+ 2
2
a +b
3
b
4
2
=
b 2
2
a +b
7
a bi
2
4 2
P T (1) + i.P T (2) (a + bi) + 2
= + i
a + b2
3
7
t z = a + bi phng trnh cho tr thnh
1
2
4 2
z + = + i z a, b x, y
z
3
7
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50
8
11 + 4 7 22

;
+
21
7
7
Bi h ny c kh nhiu d bn phong ph. Ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn
n
Tu
Cu 90

6
x
1+
= 2
3
x + y
6
=1
y 1
x+y
Nghim : (x; y) = (8; 4)

12
=2
x 1
y + 3x

Cu 91
12
=6
y 1+
y + 3x
Nghim : (x; y) = (4 + 2 3; 12 + 6 3)
Cu 91 n cu 120
in
2.4
Ng
uy
n

=3
10x 1 +
5x +y

Cu 92
3
=1
y 1
5x + y

2
;4
Nghim : (x; y) =
5
Cu 93

1 2 x+ y
+
=2
x
x + y
4
1 2 x+ y
4y
=1
4
x+y
Tip theo ta n mt vi v d v s dng phng php lng gic ha trong gii h phng trnh
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120
Cu 94
51
p
x 1 y 2 + y 1 x2 = 1
(1 x)(1 + y) = 2
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : |x| 1 , |y| 1

h i
iu kin ny cho ta tng lng gic ha. t x = sina , y = sinb vi a, b ;
2 2
Phng trnh u tng ng
sinacosb + sinbcosa = 1 sin(a + b) = 1 a + b =
"
(1 sina)(1 + sinb) = 2 (1 sina)(1 + cosa) = 2
x = 1, y = 0(L)
x = 0, y = 1
2y = x(1 y 2 )
3x x3 = y(1 3x2 )
Cu 95
in
"
b=
2
b=
a=0
2
a=
Gii
y
n
Thot nhn ta thy c v h ny cng xong, ch c g khi vit n di dng

2
xy = x 2y
x3 3x2 y = 3x y
Ng
u
a n v dng ng cp, nhng ci chnh y l nghim n qu l. Vy th hng khc

xem. Vit li h cho sau khi xt
2y
x=
1 y2
3
y = 3x x
1 3x2
Nhn biu thc v phi c quen thuc khng ? Rt ging cng thc lng gic nhn i v
nhn ba ca tan. Vy tng ny ra

t x = tan vi ;
. T PT(2) ta s c
2 2
y=
3 tan tan3
= tan 3
1 3tan2
M nh th theo (1) ta s c
x=
2 tan 3
= tan 6
1 tan2 3
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52
T suy ra

k
2
2
tan = tan 6 =
= ; ; 0; ;
5
5
5
5 5

6
3
2
; tan
; tan
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = tan
, tan
, (0; 0)
5
5
5
5
3x x3
y=
1 3x2
3
x = 3y y
1 3y 2
Tu
Cu 96
Lm mt bi tng t nh.
Cu 97
x3 y(1 + y) + x2 y 2 (2 + y) + xy 3 30 = 0
x2 y + x(1 + y + y 2 ) + y 11 = 0
in
S dng phng php lng gic ha trong gii h phng trnh cn phi nm r cc hng
ng thc, ng thc, cng thc lng gic, v cn mt nhn quan tt pht hin mt biu
thc no ging vi mt cng thc lng gic.
Gii
uy
n
y l mt h kh mnh nhng hay. Nhn vo 2 phng trnh ta thy cc bin "kt dnh" vi
nhau kh tt v hng s c v nh ch l k ng ngoi. Vy hy vt hng s sang mt bn v
thc hin bin i v tri. H phng trnh cho tng ng

xy(x + y)(x + y + xy) = 30
xy(x + y) + x + y + xy = 11
Ng
n y tng r rng. t a = xy(x + y) , b = xy + x + y v h cho tng ng

xy(x + y) = 5

ab = 30
a = 5, b = 6
xy + x + y = 6
xy(x + y) = 6
a + b = 11
a = 6, b = 5
xy + x + y = 5

xy = 2

xy(x + y) = 6
x+y =3
x = 2, y = 1

TH1 :
xy + x + y = 5
x = 1, y = 2
xy = 3
(L)
x
+
y
=
2

xy = 5
5
21
5
+
21

(L)
x=
,y =
xy(x + y) = 5
x
+
y
=
1
2
2

TH2 :
xy + x + y = 6
xy = 1
5 + 21
5 21
x=
,y =
x+y =5
2
2
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120
53
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 1),
21 5
;
!
21

2
Tc gi ca n rt kho lo trn nhiu ln cch t n tng tch vo mt h, gy nhiu kh

khn cho ngi lm
Tu
n
Cu 98
r
r
r
1
1
20y
2
2
cos y +
=
sin x +
2 +
2
cos y r x + y
sin x r
r
1
1
20x
sin2 y +
=
cos2 x +
2 +
2
cos x
x+y
sin y
Gii
in
Bi ton xut hin trong VMO 2012-2013. Hnh thc bi h c s khc l khi c c hm
lng gic chen chn vo. Vi kiu h ny nh gi l cch tt nht
Ta s cng hai phng trnh vi nhau v s chng minh V T 2 10 V P

p dng Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v phi ta c
s
r
r

20y
20x
20y
20x
+
2
+
= 2 10
x+y
x+y
x+y x+y
Ng
u
y
n
Gi ta s chng minh : V T 2 10 tc l phi chng minh

r
r
1
1
2x +
sin2 x +
cos
10
+
cos2 x
sin2 x
s
s
2
2
2
2
1
1
VT =
sin x
+
2 +
cos x
+
2
sin x
cos x
s
2
2
1
1
+
(sin x + cos x) + 2 2
sin x cos x
Hin nhin ta c sinx + cosx 2 nn
1
1
4
4
+
(sin x + cos x)
2 2= 2
sin x cos x
sin x + cos x
2
Vy V T 2 + 8 = 10. Tng t vi bin y v ta c iu phi chng minh
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = + k2

4
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54
Cu 99
x x x=y y+8 y
xy =5
Gii
Tu
iu kin : x, y 0
h ny cho mt phng trnh n gin qu. Th thng ln (1) chng ? Khng nn ! Bin i
1 to ri hy th. Hng bin i kh n gin l lm ph v cn thc
x(x 1) = y(y + 8) x(x 1)2 = y(y + 8)2

n y thc hin th x = y + 5 ln (1) v ta c
(y + 5)(y + 4)2 = y(y + 8)2 y = 4 x = 9
in
Cu 100
y
2 x
1
+ =
+2
y
x x
y x2 + 1 1 = 3x2 + 3
Gii
uy
n
iu kin : x > 0, y 6= 0
R rng vi iu kin ny th t (2) ta thy ngay c nghim th y > 0

x+y
2 ( x + y)
x + y = 0(L)
=
y = 2x
x
y
Vi y = 2x thay vo (2) ta c
2x
2x 3
Ng

2
2
2x
x + 1 1 = 3x + 3 2x 3
x2 + 1 = 2x x2 + 1 =
R rng v
tri n iu
tng v v phi n iu gim nn phng trnh ny c nghim duy
nht x = 3 y = 2 3

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = ( 3; 2 3)
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120

Cu 101
55
y = x3 + 3x + 4
x = 2y 3 6y 2
Gii
Tu
n
Hnh thc bi h kh gn nh nhng cng khin nhiu ngi phi lng tng. Nhn xt
x = y = 2 l nghim. Ta tin hnh tch nh sau

y 2 = (x + 1)2 (x 2)
x 2 = (y + 1)2 (y 2)
n y nhn cho v vi v ta c
2(y 2)2 (y + 1)2 = (x + 1)2 (x 2)2
x3 xy 2 + 2000y = 0
y 3 yx2 500x = 0
in
Cu 102
D thy V T 0 V P . y ng thc xy ra khi x = y = 2
Gii
y
n
D dng a c v h ng cp. Nhng ta bin i mt to n ti u.

H cho tng ng
x=y

2
2
x (x y ) = 2000y
x = y
500x2 (x2 y 2 ) = 2000y 2 (x2 y 2 )
x = 2y
y(x2 y 2 ) = 500x
x = 2y
Ng
u
Thay li vi mi trng hp vo (1) v ta c
y = 0, x
r
r= 0
y = 10 10 , x = 20 10
r3
r3
10
10
y = 10
, x = 20
3
3
r
r !
10
10
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), 20
; 10

3
3
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56
Cu 103
3
y
+2 =1
2
+y 1
x
x
2
2
x + y + 4 = 22
y
x2
Gii
2
x + y2 = 8
2
7 2x2 = 7y
1
x + y 2 = 10
3
x = 3y
r
r
2
2
y = 4 53 , x = 14 53
x = 3, y = 1
r
2
; 4
53
2
53
in
x+ + x+y3=3
y
1
2x + y + = 8
y
Cu 104
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (3; 1) 14
3 + 2b = 1
a = 7, b =
a
a + = 21
a = 9, b =
b
y
= b . H cho tng ng
x
Tu
tng t n ph r rng. t x2 + y 2 1 = a ,
Gii
1
0, x + y 3
y
tng
r t n ph cng kh r rng.
1
t x + = a 0, x + y 3 = b 0 . H cho tng ng
y

1
x+ =1
x
=
4
10,
y
=
3
+
y

10
x = 4 + 10, y = 3 10
x
+
y
3
=
4
a+b=3
a = 1, b = 2

x = 3, y = 1
1
a2 + b 2 = 5
a = 2, b = 1
x
+
=
4
y
x = 5, y = 1
x+y3=1
Ng
uy
n
iu kin : y 6= 0, x +
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (3; 1), (5; 1)(4
10; 3 10)
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120

Cu 105
57
x3 (2 + 3y) = 8
x(y 3 2) = 6
Gii

Cu 106
Tu
n
y l mt cu kh ging cu s 37
Nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 2)
2x2 y + 3xy = 4x2 + 9y

7y + 6 = 2x2 + 9x
Gii
in
Bi ny nu li ngh c th dng mn v th thn chng y vo PT(1). Nhng hy dng UCT

y s tt hn.
Nhn thy y = 3 l nghim (ci ny gi li nh, ti khng gii thch na), thay y = 3 vo h
ta c
2
2x + 9x 27 = 0
27 2x2 + 9x = 0
y
n
Nh vy hng ca ta s cng hai phng trnh ban u li v nhn t y 3 s xut hin. Vy

P T (1) + P T (2) (3 y) 2x2 + 3x 2 = 0
!

16
1 1
3(3 33)
n y d dng gii ra (x; y) = 2;
,
;
,
;3
7
2 7
4
x2 + 3y = 9
y 4 + 4(2x 3)y 2 48y 48x + 155 = 0
Ng
u
Cu 107
Gii
y l mt cu kh hc, khng phi ai cng c th d dng gii n c.

Th 3y = 9 x2 t (1) xung (2) ta c
y 4 + 8xy 2 12y 2 16(9 x2 ) 48x + 155 = 0
2
y + 4x = 1
4
2
2
2
y + 8xy + 16y 12(y + 4x) + 11 = 0
y 2 + 4x = 11
TH1 :

y + 4x = 11
4
9 x2
3
2
+ 4x = 11 x4 18x2 + 36x 18 = 0
2
x = 18(x 1)
x2 32x + 32 = 0
x2 + 3 2x 3 2 = 0
www.VNMATH.com
58
p
p
3 2 18 12 2
12 2 6 36 24 2
y=
x=
2
p
12 p
3 2 18 12 2
12 2 6 36 24 2
x=
y=
2
12
TH2 :

y + 4x = 1
x2 6x + 12
9 x2
3
2
+ 4x = 1 x4 18x2 + 36x + 72 = 0

x2 + 6x + 6 = 0 x = 3 3 y = 1 2 3
Tu
Vy h c c thy 6 nghim nh trn
Mt thc mc nh l TH2 v sao x4 18x2 + 36x + 72 = (x2 6x + 12)(x2 + 6x + 6). Tch

nhn t kiu g hay vy ? Casio truy nhn t chng ? C th lm. Nhng thc ra phng trnh
bc 4 c cch gii tng qut bng cng thc Ferrari. i vi v d trn ta lm nh sau
x4 18x2 + 36x + 72 = 0 x4 2ax2 + a2 = (18 2a) x2 36x + a2 72
Ta phi tm a sao cho v phi phn tch c thnh bnh phng. Nh th ngha l

182 = (18 2a) a2 72 a = 9
in
Nh vy
x4 18x2 + 36x + 72 = 0 (x2 + 9)2 = 9(2x 1)2 (x2 6x + 12)(x2 + 6x + 6) = 0
uy
n
Chi tit v gii phng trnh bc 4 cc bn c th tm d dng trn google. Gi ta tip tc cc

bi h. Tip theo l mt chm h s dng tnh n iu ca hm s kh d nhn.
Cu 108

p

x + x2 + 1 y + y 2 + 1 = 1
35
y
=
y+ 2
12
x 1
Gii
Ng
iu kin : x2 > 1
Khng th lm n c g t (2). T (1) ta nhn xt thy hai hm ging nhau nhng chng
li dnh cht vi nhau, khng chu tch ri. Vy ta dt chng ra. Php lin hp s gip ta

p
p

p
p
x + x2 + 1 y + y 2 + 1
y 2 + 1 y = y 2 + 1 y x + x2 + 1 = y + y 2 + 1
Tch c ri nhng c v hai bn khng cn ging nhau na. Khoan

!! Nu thay y 2 = (y)2
2
th sao nh. Qu tt. Nh vy c hai v u c dng f (t) = t + t + 1 v hm ny n iu
tng. T ta rt ra x = y
Thay li vo (2) ta c
y
35
y+p
=
2
12
y 1
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120
59
y thc ra l mt phng trnh kh kh chu. Thot tin khi thy loi ny ta s bnh phng
2 v ln. iu kin bnh phng l y > 0 khi ta c
2
2
2y 2
y2
35
y4 y2 + y2
2y 2
35
2
y +p
+ 2
=
+p
=
2
12
y 1
12
y2 1 y 1
y2 1
Tu
n
y2
n y kh r rng . t p
= t > 0 v phng trnh tng ng
y2 1
49
5
2
2
t = (L)
y=
y
35
25
12
4
p
t2 + 2t
=0
=
25
5
21
12
12
y
t=
y=
12
3
Cu 109
(4x2 + 1)x +(y 3) 5 2y = 0

4x2 + y 2 + 2 3 4x = 7
in
i chiu iu kin bnh phng chly 2 gi

tr
dng.

5 5
5 5
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ;
, ;

4 4
3 3
Gii
y
n
5
3
iu kin : y , x Vit li phng trnh (1) nh sau
2
4
p

p
p
2
2
(4x + 1)x = (3 y) 5 2y (4x + 1)2x = (6 2y) 5 2y f (2x) = f
5 2y
Vi f (t) = t3 + t l hm n iu tng. T ta c 2x =
2
4x +
5
2x2
2
2
5 2y x 0 thay vo (2) ta c
+ 2 3 4x = 7
Ng
u

3
Gi cng vic ca ta l kho st hm s v tri trn 0;
v chng minh n n iu gim.
4
Xin nhng li bn c
1
Vi hm s v tri n iu gim ta c x = l nghim duy nht y = 2

2
1
;2
2
Hy k mi tng quan gia cc biu thc trong mt phng trnh va ta s t mc ch
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60

Cu 110
y 3 + y = x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2
1 x2 y = 2 y 1
Gii
y 3 + y = (x + 1)3 + (x + 1) y = x + 1
Thay vo (2) ta c
iu kin : 0 y 2, 1 x 1
Tu
1 x2 1 + x = 1 x 1
t2 2
Phng trnh ny khng qu kh. t t = 1 + x + 1 x 1 x2 =
. Thay vo
2
phng trnh ta c

t2 2
t=0
1
x
+
1 + x = 0 x = 0, y = 1

=t1
t
=
2
1
x
+
1+x=2
2
in
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (0; 1)
Nhng bi ny thng s nng v gii phng trnh v t hn.
x+1+ x+3+ x+5= y1+ y3+ y5

x + y + x2 + y 2 = 80
uy
n
Cu 111
Gii
iu kin : x 1, y 5
Phng trnh u c dng
f (x + 1) = f (y 5)
Vi f (t) = t + t + 2 + t + 4 l hm n iu tng. T ta c y = x + 6 thay vo (2) ta

c
5 57
5 5+5
2
2
x + x + 6 + x + (x + 6) = 80 x =
y=
2
2
!
5 57 5 5+5
;

2
2
Ng
y ti a ra mt s cu h s dng tnh n iu ca hm s kh n gin. Ni l n

gin v t mt phng trnh ta nhn thy ngay hoc mt cht bin i nhn ra dng ca
hm cn xt. Ti s cn gii thiu kh nhiu nhng bi cn bin i tinh t nhn ra dng
hm, nhng cu sau ca cun sch.
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120
Cu 112
61
4
x+
32 x y 2 = 3
4
x + 32 x + 6y = 24
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : 0 x 32
C v y l mt h khc rc ri khi xut hin cn bc 4. Ta s dng cc nh gi gii
quyt ci h ny
x + 32 x + 4 x + 4 32 x = y 2 6y + 21
Hin nhin ta c : V P 12
Gi ta tin hnh nh gi v tri. p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v tri ta c
p
x + 32 x (1 + 1)(x + 32 x) = 8
q
4
4
x + 32 x (1 + 1)( x + 32 x) 4
Vy V T V P
in
Ti cn mt cu tng ging bi ny nhng hi kh hn mt cht. Bn c c th gii n
Cu 113
4
2
2x
+
2
6
y
=
2
2
4
2x + 2 6 x + 2 2y = 8 + 2
2)
x2 (y + 1)(x + y + 1) = 3x2 4x + 1
xy + x + 1 = x2
Ng
u
Cu 114
y
n
Nghim : (x; y) = (2;
Gii
Bi ny c l khng cn suy ngh nhiu. C th y + 1 ln (1) coi sao

Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim. Phng trnh (2) tng ng
x(y + 1) = x2 1 y + 1 =
x2 1
x
Thay ln (2) ta s c
x2 1
x(x2 1) x +
x

"
= 3x2 4x + 1
x = 2 y =
x = 1 y = 1
5
2

5
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), 2;

2
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62
Cu 115
4xy + 4(x2 + y 2 ) +
2x +
3
=7
(x + y)2
1
=3
x+y
Gii
Tu
a(x2 + y 2 ) + bxy = k(x + y)2 + l(x y)2
iu kin : x + y 6= 0
y l mt bi h khng n gin cht no. Tuy nhin ta c mt nhn xt kh tt sau y :
uy
n
in
Gi hy phn tch 4x2 + 4y 2 + 4xy = k(x + y)2 + l(x y)2

Cn bng h s ta thu c : 4x2 + 4y 2 + 4xy = 3(x + y)2 + (x y)2
Nh vy tng s l t n ph tng-hiu chng ? Cng c c s khi 2x = x + y + x y. Nh
vy tng s b l th. Bin i h thnh
3
2
=7
3(x + y) + (x y)2 +
(x + y)2
x+y+ 1 +xy =3
x+y

2
1
3
2
= 3 x+y+
6. Nh vy
ng vi t ngay. mt cht 3(x + y) +
(x + y)2
x+y
cch t n ca ta s trit hn.
1
t x + y +
= a, x y = b ta thu c h mi
x+y
2
"

1
b + 3a2 = 13
a = 2, b = 1
=2
x+y+
x+y =1
x=1
a+b=3
7
1
x+y
xy =1
y=0
xy =1
a = , b = (L)
|a| 2
2
2
OK cha ? Tip tc thm mt cu tng t nh
Ng
x2 + y 2 + 6xy
Cu 116
2y
9
1
=0
2 +
8
(x y)
1
5
+ =0
xy 4
Gii
iu kin : x 6= y
H cho tng ng

2
1
9
1
25
2
2
2
2(x
+
y)
(y
x)
+
=
0
2(x + y) y x +
+
=0
2
8
(y x)
yx
8

1
5
1
5
+ (x + y) + = 0
yx+
yx+
+ (x + y) + = 0
yx
4
yx
4
2.4 Cu 91 n cu 120
63
1
= b, |b| 2 ta c h mi
yx
(
5
y+x=
a + b = 5
a= 5
y x = 2
4
4
5
25
5
2
2
2a b =
b=
y+x= 4
8
2
1
yx=
2

7 3
13 3
;
,
;

8 8
8
8
t x + y = a, y x +
Nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1),
Cu 118
10
10 3
3
4+
!
10 3 10
;

3
3
(4x2 4xy + 4y 2 51)(x y)2 + 3 = 0

(2x 7)(x y) + 1 = 0
y
n
1
=5
xy
in
2x +
1
= 20
(x y)2
Cu 117
3
13
x = 8 , y = 8
7
3
x = ,y =
8
8
Tu
n
Ti s a thm 2 cu na cho bn c luyn tp
3(x2 + y 2 ) + 2xy +
Ng
u
Th ng no mt cht xem v sao !li a c v ging!3 cu trn ?
5+ 3 1 3
5 3 1+ 3
;
,
;

Nghim :(x; y) =
2
2
2
2
Cu 119
1
=2
y
y y 2 x 2y 2 = 2
2x2 + x
Gii
iu kin : y 6= 0
Phng trnh (2) tng ng vi
1
2
x2= 2
y
y
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64
2x2 + x a = 2
2
2a + a x = 2

Cu 120
Tu
x = 1, a = 1
x = 1, a =
1
1 3
31
x=
,a =
2
2
1 3
31
x=
,a =
2
2
!
1 3
;1 3
2
1
ta chuyn h v
y
4x2 + y 4 4xy 3 = 1
4x2 + 2y 2 4xy = 2
Gii
t a =
in
Hnh thc kh gn nh nhng cng rt kh chi. Mt cht tinh ta nhn thy y 2 = 1 l

nghim ca h. Thay vo v ta rt ra
P T (1) P T (2) y 4 4xy 3 2y 2 + 4xy + 1 = 0 (y 2 1)(y 2 4xy 1) = 0
Ng
uy
n
Vi y = 1 thay vo (2) ta tm c x = 0 hoc x = 1

Vi y = 1 thay vo (2) ta tm c x = 0 hoc x = 1
Vi y 2 = 4xy + 1. Khng cn ngh nhiu, th tru b vo cho nhanh !!!
y2 1
Ta rt ra x =
thay vo (2) ta c
4y
y = 1 x = 0
y=1x=0
2
2
y 1
1
1
4
+ 2y 2 + 1 y 2 = 2 5y 4 6y 2 + 1 = 0 y = x =
4y
5
5
1
1
y = x =
5
5

1
1 1
1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1), (0; 1), (0; 1), ; , ;
5
5
5 5
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150
2.5
65
Cu 121 n cu 150

Cu 121
x4 + x3 y + 9y = y 3 x + x2 y 2 + 9x
x(y 3 x3 ) = 7
Gii
Tu
n
Khng cn bit T quc ni u, chin phng trnh u

P T (1) (x y)(x(x + y)2 9) = 0
Vi x = y kt hp vi (2) r rng khng tha
Cn li ta kt hp thnh mt h mi

x (y 3 x3 ) = 7
x(x + y)2 = 9
t v tri l f (x). Ta c
6x6 + 14x2
x6 + 7x2 + p
3 3 (x6 + 7x2 )2
1 9x8 + 70x4 + 49
+ . p
>0
3 3 x2 (x4 + 7)4
y
n
f 0 (x) = 3x2 + 2
in
y l mt bi ton kh quen thuc v hp dn tng xut hin trn bo THTT, cch lm

ph bin nht vn l "tru b"
r
7
Trc ht c nh gi x > 0 v rt ra y = 3 x3 + . Thay xung ta c
x
!
r
2
p
7
3
3
x x + x3 +
= 9 x3 + 2x x6 + 7x2 + 3 x(x4 + 7)2 = 9
x
Vy f (x) = 9 c nghim duy nht x = 1 y = 2

Ng
u
Tip theo ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn mt s cu h s dng Bt ng thc M inkowski

gii. Bt ng thc Minkowski l mt bt ng thc khng kh v cng thng c dng,
bt ng thc cp n vn di ca vect trong khng gian m sau ny hc sinh quen
gi n l bt ng thc V ector
Vi hai vect
u ,
v bt k ta lun c
|
u | + |
v | |
u +
v|
Nu ta ha 2 vecto ny ta s thu c
q
p
p
2
2
2
2
a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 (a1 + a2 )2 + (b1 + b2 )2
ng thc xy ra khi (a1 , a2 ) v (b1 , b2 ) l 2 b t l

y l mt h qu hay dng trong gii h
Th khi no nhn vo mt bi h ta c th ngh n s dng Bt ng thc M inkowski. Thng
khi nhn thy tng hai cn thc m bc ca biu thc trong cn khng vt qu 2 th ta c
th chn hng ny. Ti s nu 3 v d bn c hiu r hn
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66

Cu 122
3x
p + 4y = 26
p
x2 + y 2 4x + 2y + 5 + x2 + y 2 20x 10y + 125 = 10
Gii
Tu
Tuy nhin nu ta s dng Bt ng thc M inkowski ngay by gi th n s l

p
V T (x 2 + x 10)2 + (y + 1 + y 5)2
tng s dng hin r ri. Bc u tin ta lm l phn tch biu thc trong cn
thnh tng cc bnh phng . V tri ca (2) khi s l
p
p
(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 + (x 10)2 + (y 5)2
Khng phi 10 na m l mt biu thc kh phc tp. Khi ta phi xem li cch vit cc
bnh phng ca mnh
nu l hng s v phi th khi cng vo ta phi lm trit tiu n i. Vy cn phi vit
nh sau
p
p
p
V T = (x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 + (10 x)2 + (5 y)2 (x + 2 + 10 x)2 + (y + 1 + 5 y)2 = 10
in
5y
10 x
=
3x 4y = 10
x2
y+1
Kt hp (1) d dng gii ra (x; y) = (6; 2)
Ok ri. ng thc xy ra khi
uy
n
Nh ta thy, s dng khng kh. Tuy nhin ci kh y chnh l ngh thut i du v

sp xp cc hng t ca bnh phng ta t c mc ich
Cu 123
x2 2y 2 7xy =p6
p
x2 + 2x + 5 + y 2 2y + 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2xy + 9
Gii
Ng
Xt phng trnh (2) ta c

q
q
q
2
2
2
2
V T = (x + 1) + 2 + (y 1) + 1 (x + y)2 + 32 = V P
ng thc xy ra khi x + 1 = 2(y 1) x
= 2y
3
5 1
Thay vo (1) v ta d dng gii ra (x; y) = ;
, (1; 1)
2 4
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150
Cu 124
67
p
p
2x2 + 6xy + 5y 2 + 5 = 2x2 + 6xy + 5y 2 + 14x + 20y + 25
x4 + 25y 2 2 = 0
Gii
Tu
n
By gi nu chuyn cn sang v tri, hngs sang v phi l cht d. Mu cht y l g ?

S 5 chng ? ng vy, ta phn tch 5 = 32 + 42 s dng bt ng thc Minkowski. Tuy
nhin cc i du v sp xp s hng nh th no. Ci ta phi quan tm n v phi
chn la cho ph hp. y s l
q
q
2
2
2
2
V T = (x + y) + (x + 2y) + 4 + 3 (x + y + 4)2 + (x + 2y + 3)2 = V P
x+y
x + 2y
=
x = 5y
4
3

1
1
, 1;

Thay vo (2) v ta d dng gii ra (x; y) = 1;
5
5
Cu 125
2y(x2 y 2 ) = 3x
x(x2 + y 2 ) = 10y
in
ng thc xy ra khi
Gii
y
n
Mt h a v dng ng cp r rng. Tuy nhin, ta hy x l s b h ny loi mt s

trng hp
T (2) d thy x.y phi cng du, m nu th (1) x2 y 2
Trc ht x = y = 0 l mt nghim ca h
Nhn cho 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
Ng
u
20y 2 (x2 y 2 ) = 3x2 (x2 + y 2 ) (x 2y)(2y + x)(5y 2 3x2 ) = 0

r
5
V x v y cng du nn nn t y ta suy ra x = 2y hoc x =
y
3
n y ch vic thay vo (1). Xin nhng li cho bn c
Vy h cho c nghim :
!
!
4
4
4
30375 4 135
30375
135
(x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 1), (2, 1),
;
,
;

6
2
6
2
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68
Cu 126
7
+
x
+
11 y = 6
7 + y + 11 x = 6
Gii

p
p
7 + x + 11 x + 7 + y + 11 y = 12
VT
Tu
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v tri ta c

p
p
(1 + 1)(7 + x + 11 x) + (1 + 1)(7 + y + 11 y) = 12
Cu 127
2x2 y 2 + x2 + 2x = 2
2x2 y x2 y 2 + 2xy = 1
in
Gii
Bin i 1 t, h cho tng ng

2 2

2x y + (x + 1)2 = 3
xy = 1 x
2
(xy + x + 1) = 4
2xy(x + 1) x2 y 2 = 1
xy = 3 x
uy
n
Vi xy = 1 x thay vo (1) ta c
"
2(1 x)2 + x2 + 2x = 2
x = 0(L)
2
1
x= y=
3
2
Vi xy = 3 x thay vo (2) ta c
Ng
1
8
x= y=
3
8
2(x + 3)2 + x2 + 2x = 3
1
x = 2 y =
2

2 1
8 1
1
;
, ;
, 2;

3 2
3 8
2
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150

Cu 128
69
(x 1)(y 1)(x + y 2) = 6
x2 + y 2 2x 2y 3 = 0
Gii
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 3), (3; 2)
Cu 129
(x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 + 3) = 3(x2 + y 2 ) + 2
4 x + 2 + 16 3y = x2 + 8
Gii
16
3
Phng trnh u tng ng
in
iu kin : x 2, y
Tu
n
Bi ny tng t n ph r rng
t x 1 = a, y 1 = b ta a v h sau

ab(a + b) = 6
a = 1, b = 2
x = 2, y = 3
2
2
a +b =5
a = 2, b = 1
x = 3, y = 2
Thay vo (2) ta c
x3 y 3 + 3(x y) = 3(x2 + y 2 ) + 2 (x 1)3 = (y + 1)3 y = x 2
4 x + 2 + 22 3x = x2 + 8
y
n
y l mt phng trnh v t khng hn l d xi. Ci hay ca bi ny y

Phng trnh cho tng ng

x+4
14 x
x+2
+
22 3x
= x2 x 2
4
3
3
Ng
u
9(x + 2) x2 8x 16 9(22 3x) x2 + 28x 196

4
+
= x2 x 2

x+4
14 x
9
x+2+
9
22 3x +
2
3

4
1
x = 1
2
+
= 0
x x2
1 +
x=2
x+4
14 x
9
x+2+
9
22 3x +
3
3
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (2; 0), (1; 3)

Cu hi t ra l v sao li chn c nhng biu thc kia lin hp. Mt s tnh c chng?
Khng ! L c mt phng php ! Ti xin vit 1 bi nh y tip
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70
p
p
2+x+y+1+x+
2
x
p
py + x + y + 1 + y = 18
x2 + x + y + 1 x + y 2 + x + y + 1 y = 2
Gii
Cu 130
Tu
i mt phng trnh v t, phng php hay dng nht l nhn lng lin hp. Tuy
nhin, nhn lin hp cng cn mt cht k thut. i vi bi ny ta tin hnh nh sau
Nhm hoc Casio ta thy phng trnh c nghim x = 1; x = 2
i vi phng trnh c 2 nghim tr nn th cch thm bt hng s vo mi cn ri lin hp
l khng ph hp,
y ta khng thm bt hng s m thm hn mt biu thc ax + b no
Trc ht vi x + 2 nh
Vi x = 1 thay vo cn c gi tr bng 1, thay vo biu thc thm ta c a + b = 1
Vi x = 2 thay vo cn c gi tr bng 2, thay vo biu thc thm ta c 2a + b = 2
1
4
Gii h ny ra ta c a = , b =
3
3
x+4
Vy biu thc cn chn vo l
3
Tng t vi 22 3x . OK ???
in
tng
l ri
p t n cng p
t x2 + x + y + 1 + y 2 + x + y + 1 = a 0, x + y = b ta c h mi

x+y =8 p
a + b = 18
a = 10
2
ab=2
b=8
x + 9 + y 2 + 9 = 10
y l mt h kh n gin v c nhiu cch. Ti u nht l
p
p
x2 + 32 + y 2 + 32 (x + y)2 + (3 + 3)2 = 10
uy
n
ng thc xy ra khi (x; y) = (4; 4)
Cu 131
12x
4 xy = 16
+ 3y
4x + 5 + y + 5 = 6
Ng
Gii
5
iu kin : x , y 5, xy 0
4
T phng trnh u ta thy ngay x, y > 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
p
12x + 3y = 16 + 2 4xy 16 + (4x + y) 4x + y 8
T phng trnh (2) ta li c

p
p
4x + 5 + y + 5 (1 + 1)(4x + y + 10) 6
ng thc xy ra khi

4x = y
4x + y = 8
x=1
y=4

2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150

Cu 132
71
2x + (3 2xy)y 2 = 3
2x2 x3 y = 2x2 y 2 7xy + 6
Gii
2x(1 y 3 ) = 3(1 y 2 )
TH1 : y = 1 thay vo (2) ta c
Tu
n
y l mt h cn kh nng bin i tng i tt.

T phng trnh u ta thy ngay
x3 7x + 6 = 0 x = 1, x = 3, x = 2
TH2 : Kt hp vi phng trnh (2) ta gy dng mt h mi

2x + 2xy + 2xy 2 = 3 + 3y()
2x2 x3 y = 2x2 y 2 7xy + 6
in
Nhng m phng trnh (2) li tng ng : (xy 2)(2xy + x2 3) = 0

Sao m phn tch hay th ? Casio thn chng chng. C th, nhng ta hy vit li phng
trnh (2) mt cht
(2) 2x2 y 2 + xy(x2 7) 2x2 + 6 = 0

2

2
xy = x2 7 8 2x2 + 6 = x2 + 1
y
n
Thy ri ch ? Coi xy l n chnh, tnh ra c kt qu m mn v t c hng phn

tch nhn t nh trn
TH1 : xy = 2 thay li (*) ta c
2x + 4 + 4y = 3 + 3y x =
1 y
2
y(1 + y) = 4
Ng
u
Phng trnh ny v nghim nn trng hp 1 v nghim

TH2 : 2xy = 3 x2 thay li (*) ta c
2x + 3 x2 + y(3 x2 ) = 3 + 3y y =

2x
2
1
x

2
1 = 3 x2 x = 1, y = 1
x
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1) , (3; 1) , (2; 1)
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72
(
Cu 133

p 3
x (x + y) + x + y = 2y
2y + 1
x2 y 5x2 + 7 (x + y) 4 = 6 3 xy x + 1
Gii
(x y) (x + 2y) =
2y x + y
(x y)
2y + x + y
Tu
P T (1) x2 + xy 2y 2 =
iu kin : y 0, x + y 0
Xut pht t phng trnh u, s dng phng php lin hp
1
< 0 nn t ta suy ra x = y
2y + x + y
Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
3
x3 5x2 + 14x 4 = 6 x2 x + 1
R rng x + 2y = x + y + y > 0,
in
y l mt loi phng trnh v t kh quen thuc. Cch gii tt nht vn l thm bt v xt

hm. Tuy nhin nu ca ta l thm bt x2 x + 1 vo 2 v xt hm t3 + 6t c v khng
thnh cng v v tri khng phn tch c v dng . Ta hy kho lo bin i mt cht nh
sau
Phng trnh cho tng ng
3
x3 + 3x2 + 6x + 4 = 8x2 8x + 8 + 3 8x2 8x + 8
3
(x + 1)3 + 3 (x + 1) = 8x2 8x + 8 + 3 8x2 8x + 8
uy
n
Nhn thy hm cn xt ri ch ? f (t) = t3 + 3t v hm n iu tng. T ta c
3
x + 1 = 8x2 8x + 8 x = 1, y = 1
Ng
S dng lin hp cng l phng php kh th v. Nu ta s dng n tt trong gii phng

trnh v t ri th khi i mt vi h phng trnh, ch cn mt cht nhn xt hnh thc ca
h v cc k nng tung ra, c th ta s thnh cng. Hy cnh gic vi nhng bi h m mt
phng trnh cha nhiu cn thc, c th lin hp s l n nh tt nht chm p n
Tip theo ta n vi mt cu h s dng lin hp kh kh. Mong bn c th li v ti khng
th din t ni v sao ti li lm vy. Mt kinh nghim khi tnh gii hn ca hm s gip
ti gii quyt c n.
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150
Cu 134
73
( p
y
x2 x y =
3
xy
2
2
2 (x + y ) 3 2x 1 = 11
Gii
Tu
n
1
iu kin : x 6= y, x , x2 x y 0
2
Phng trnh u tng ng
p
p
p
x2 x y. 3 x y = y x2 x y 3 x y 1 + x2 x y y = 0
p
x2 x y (x y 1)
x2 x y y 2
=0
q
+p
2xy+y
2
3
x
3
(x y) + x y + 1
p
2
x xy
x+y
=0
(x y 1) q
+p
2
2
3
x xy+y
(x y) + 3 x y + 1
y
n
in
Thnh qu cng c cht t ri. Gi y ta ch mong em trong ngoc lun dng hoc m
T phng trnh (1) ta thy ngay y v 3 x y phi cng du.

1
Gi s y < 0 th suy ra x y < 0 x < y < 0. R rng v l v iu kin l x .
2
Nh vy suy ra y > 0 x > y > 0 v hin nhin ngi p trong ngoc s lun dng
Th pho nh nhm c ri. Gi hng th thnh qu ! Vi y = x 1 thay vo (2) ta c

5
3
2 x2 + (x 1)2 3 2x 1 = 11 x = y = (T M )
2
2

5 3
;

2 2
x4 + 2xy + 6y (7 + 2y) x2 = 9
2yx2 x3 = 10
Ng
u
Cu 135
Gii

x4 7x2 + 9 2y(x2 x 3) = 0

(x2 x 3)(x2 + x 3) 2y x2 x 3 = 0
1 13
79 + 13
y=
x=
2
36
TH1 : x2 x 3 = 0
1 + 13
79 13
x=
y=
2
36
TH2 : 2y = x2 + x 3 thay vo (2) ta c
5
x= 5y =1
2
x2 + x 3 x2 x3 = 10
5
x= 5y =1+
2
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74
Vy h cho c nghim
!
1 13 79 + 13
;
,
(x; y) =
2
36
!
!
13 79 13
5
5
;
,
, 5; 1 +

5; 1
2
36
2
2
1 + xy + xy = x
1
1
+y y = +3 y
x x
x
Gii
iu kin : x > 0, y 0
C quy ng (2) ln . Phng trnh (2) tng ng
Tu
Cu 136
1+
1 + xy xy = x + 3x xy 1 + xy xy = (1 + 3 xy)x
xy = 0 x = 1, y = 0
x2 y + y = 2
1
x2 + 2 + x2 y 2 = 3
x
uy
n
Cu 137
in
1 + xy xy = (1 + 3 xy)(1 + xy + xy)
n y l mt phng trnh n xy . Gii phng trnh ny ta tm c
Gii
Ng
iu kin : x 6= 0
Bi ny nu th tru b y xung di n s ra bc 4 n x2 . Hi vt v. Tuy nhin, ch vi mt
vi bin i n gin nhng v cng tinh t, ta s a v mt phng trnh kh d gii
H cho tng ng
(
y(x2 + 1) = 2
1
y 2 (x2 + 1) = 3 2
x
Ly phng trnh di chia cho trn ta s thu c
y=
M theo (1) ta li c y =
x2
3x2 1
2x2
2
nh vy ta c
+1
3x2 1
2
= 2
x2 = 1 y = 1
2
2x
x +1
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150
75
1
= 2(x2 + y 2 )
2y
1
= y 2 x2
2y
Tu
n
Cu 138
+
x
1
Gii
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
ang thy tng v hiu ca 2 i tng. Theo bn nng ta s ln lt cng tr 2 phng trnh
a v mt i tng.
Vy ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) ta gy dng mt h mi

= 3y 2 + x2
2 = 3y 2 x + x3
x
1
1 = 3x2 y + y 3
= 3x2 + y 2
y
Ng
u
y
n
in
Lng lng mt h ng cp trc mt. Nhng i khng nh l m. Nu t x = ty s ra

nghim t xu nh mt con gu. Vi loi ny ta lm gi bng cch cng hoc tr cc phng
trnh. Nu l th hn phi c dng no c bit.
Coi hai phng trnh sau cng l (3) v (4). Ly (3) + (4) v (3) (4) ta c h mi
3

x= 3+1
3
2
2
3
x + 3x y + 3xy + y = 3
(x + y) = 3
2
3
3
2
2
3
x 3x y + 3xy y = 1
(x y)3 = 1
3
1
y=
2
!
3
3+1 331
;

2
2
Cu 139
x+ y
2x
1
+
=
3x 3y 2x2+ y
2(2x + y) = 2x + 6 y
Gii
Bi ton tng xut hin trong k thi vng 2 hc sinh gii thnh ph H Ni v nhanh chng
lan ta. mt cch tinh t ta s nhn ra s thun nht ca phng trnh u vi 2 bin x
v y
iu kin : y > 0, 3 x 6= 0
t y = tx y = t2 x2 thay tt c vo (1) ta c
1
2x
x + tx
+ 2 2 = 2
3x 3t x
2x + t2 x2
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76
Rt gn bin x ta a v phng trnh n t. C th l

(t 2)2 (t2 + t + 1) = 0 t = 2
y = 2x 0
Thay vo (2) ta c
Tu
4x2 + 8x = 2x + 6
1
25
4x2 + 10x +
= 2x + 6 + 2x + 6 +
4
4
2
2

1
5
=
2x + 6 +
2x +
2
2
17 3
13 3 17
y=
n y n gin ri ! Ch iu kin x 0. Ta s gii ra x =
4
2
!
17 3 13 3 17

;
4
2
2
3 (y + 1)
= xy
x + 8y = x y 9
in
Cu 140
Gii
uy
n
Mt cht nhm nghim a ta n tng nh gi cho bi ny

iu kin : x y 9
T phng trnh (1) ta thy ngay
x y = 3 (y + 1)2 3 x y 9
ng thc xy ra khi x = 8 v y = 1
Ng
y l mt v d dng phng php nh gi ni chung l n gin. Tuy nhin i vi nhiu

ngi, y vn l mt cu kh hc nu khng tinh nhn ra. Hin nhin ri ! nh gi lun
l phng php thuc loi kh nht trong gii h phng trnh. Vic s dng nh gi hon
ton l kinh nghim v k nng trong qu trnh lm bi ch n khng c mt cng thc hay
phng php no c. nh gi thng hay s dng nht thng l : a phng trnh v tng
cc i lng khng m, nh gi s rng buc tri ngc ca cc n, biu thc (v d trn),
hoc s dng cc Bt ng thc thng dng. nh gi tt trc ht phi nm chc cc bt
dng thc thng dng, nhn bao qut ton b h phc ra s rng buc ca cc n. Trong
cun sch ti s cn gii thiu kh nhiu nhng cu nh gi rt kh.
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150

Cu 141
77
x2 y 2 + y 4 + 1 = 3y 2
xy 2 + x = 2y
Gii
Tu
n
Thy y = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng

2
x2 + y 2 +
x2 + y +
=5
=3
y
y2

x
1
xy + = 2
x y+
=2
y
y
1
t a = y + , |a| 2 . H cho tng ng
y
x = 1, a = 2
2

2
x +a =5
x = 2, a = 1(L)
x = 1, y = 1
x = 1, y = 1
xa = 2
x = 1, a = 2
x = 2, a = 1(L)
y
n
Cu 142
1 1
+ = 3 xy
x y
2 2
1 + 1 = 7 3x y + 2
x2 y 2
xy
in
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
Gii
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
nu ta bnh phng (1) ri th xung (2) s ch cn li n xy
T (1) ta suy ra
Ng
u
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
+
+
=
(3
xy)
+
=
(3
xy)
x2 xy y 2
x2 y 2
xy
Thay xung (2) v ta thu c

1
xy = 1 +
2
2
x
= 7 3xy
(3 xy)2
1
xy
xy
xy = 2 +
x
1

=2
x=1
y
1
y=1
=1
y
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78
(xy + 3)2 + (x + y)2 = 8

y
1
x
+ 2
=
2
x +1 y +1
4
Cu 143
Gii
P T (1) x2 y 2 + 6xy + 9 + x2 + 2xy + y 2 = 8
(x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1) = 8xy
Tu
x2 y 2 + x2 + y 2 + 1 = 8xy
Mt bi ton ti nh gi l hay. Trc ht c l c khai trin ci (1) ra
n y chc hn nhn ra ri nh ? Nhn thy x = 0 hay y = 0 u khng l nghim ca

h. Phng trnh (1) khi s l
x2 + 1 y 2 + 1
.
= 8
x
y
x
y
=a, 2
= b. H cho tng ng
+1
y +1

1
x
1
2
a=
=

x +1
2
2
x = 1
1
y
(
1

a + b = 14
b=
y2 + 1 = 4
4
y = 2 3
x
1
x=2 3
= 8

a= 1

2
=
ab
x +1
4
4
y = 1
1
y
b = 1
2
=
y +1
2
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2 3), (1; 2 + 3), (2 3; 1), (2 + 3; 1)

x2
uy
n
in
n y t
Ng
Cu 144
x2 (y + 1) = 6y 2
x4 y 2 + 2x2 y 2 + y(x2 + 1) = 12y 2 1
Gii
Rt kh tm c g khi xt tng phng trnh, hoc c hai, tt nht hy dng s tru b

lm
H cho tng ng
2
(x + 1) (y + 1) = 7y 1
y 2 (x2 + 1)2 + y(x2 + 1) = 13y 2 1
Th x2 + 1 =
7y 1
xung (2) ta c
y+1

2
7y 1
7y 1
2
y
+ y.
= 13y 2 1
y+1
y+1
2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150
79
2

y=1
x +1=3
x= 2
1
36y 33y 5y + y + 1 = 0
x2 + 1 = 1
x=0
y=
3

1

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 2; 1), ( 2; 1), 0;
3
"

Cu 145
2
2
x
+y =5
y 1(x + y 1) = (y 2) x + y
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : y 1, x + y 0
Khng lm n g ct (1). Ta s phn tch (2)
t x + y = a 0, y 1 = b 0 . Phng trnh (2) s tng ng
b(a2 1) = a(b2 1) (a b)(ab + 1) = 0 a = b x = 1 y = 2
Cu 146
2x(x + 1)(y + 1) + xy = 6
2y(y + 1)(x + 1) + xy = 6
in
Gii
y
n
H nhn c v kh i xng nhng h s li i nhau. Thi quen khi thy kiu bi ny l ta

cng 2 phng trnh li.
P T (1) + P T (2) 2(x + y)(xy + x + y + 1) + 2xy = 0 (x + y + 1)(x + y + xy) = 0
Ng
u
TH1 : x = (y + 1) thay vo (2) ta c

2y 2 (y + 1) y(y + 1) = 6 y = 2 x = 1
TH2 : xy + x + y = 0 . Kt hp thm vi phng trnh (2) nh sau

(2) 2y(xy + x + y + 1) + xy = 6 2y + xy = 6 2y (x + y) = 6 y = 6 + x
Thay li vo trng hp 2 v ta tm thm (x; y) = ( 10 4; 10 + 2), (4 10; 2 10)
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 2), ( 10 4; 10 + 2), (4 10; 2 10)
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80

Cu 147
6x4 (x3 x)y 2 (y + 12)x2 = 6

5x4 (x2 1)2 .y 2 11x2 = 5
Gii
n y t x
1
= a. H tr thnh
x
(

1
y2 y = 0
x
2
1
y2 1 = 0
x
2
1
x
x

2
1
x
x
Tu
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim ca h ny

Chia c hai phng trnh cho x2 ta c

6
1
2
2
6x +
y y 12 = 0
x
6 x
x2
x

2
5
1
2
2
5 x
5x + 2 x
y 11 = 0
x
x
in
1
1
=
x
"
x
2
2
1
6a ay 2 y = 0
( y=1
a = ,y = 1
2
1
5a2 a2 y 2 1 = 0
a = 1, y = 2
x =1
x
y=2
17
x=
4
y=1
1 5
x=
2
y=2
1
uy
n
Nhiu bn s bn khon l h kia gii ra a v y th no. Th ti gi l chia c 2 phng trnh

1
y
cho a2 ri t y + = X, = Y
a
a
!
!
1 5
1 17
;1 ,
;2
4
2
Cu 148
x 2 y
+1=3
3
2
x 4x y + 1 9x 8y = 52 4xy
Gii
Ng
iu kin :y 1
Nhn thy y + 1 phng trnh (2) cho ta lin tng n php th y. C l s phi chi
tru b vi h ny
x2 6x + 5
. Thay tt c xung (2) ta c
T (1) ta suy ra 2 y + 1 = x 3 v y =
4

x = 3(L)
3
2
2
2
x 2x (x 3) 9x 2(x 6x + 5) = 52 x(x 6x + 5)
x=7y=3
Ti loi x = 3 v t phng trnh u c nghim th x 3

2.5 Cu 121 n cu 150
Cu 149
81
x2 + y 2 + x = 3
2xy
= 1
x2 4y 2 +
x+y1
Gii
iu kin : x + y 6= 1 Phng trnh (2) tng ng
Phn tch nhn t ta c
Tu
n
(x2 4y 2 )(x + y 1) + 2xy = (x + y 1)
(x + 2y 1)(x2 2y 2 xy + y + 1) = 0
TH1 : x + 2y 1 = 0 thay vo (1)
d dng tm c
!
1 2 14 3 + 14
2 14 1 3 14
(x; y) =
;
,
;
5
5
5
2
in
TH2: Kt hp vi (1) ta thit lp mt h mi

2
x 2y 2 xy + y + 1
x2 + y 2 + x = 3
H ny c cch gii bng phng php UCT ti nu khong cu 20. y s l

P T (1) P T (2) 3y 2 + xy + x y 4 = 0 (y + 1)(x + 3y 4) = 0
p
2
(x2 1)(x y)
2x
2xy
+
3x
2y
1
=
3
x + 1 + x y = 2x y + 2
Ng
u
Cu 150
!

2 14 1 3 14
11 17
;
, ;
, (1; 1), (1; 1), (2; 1)
5
2
10 10
y
n
n y d dng ri
H cho c nghim
!
1 2 14 3 + 14
;
,
(x; y) =
5
5
Gii
iu kin : x 1, x y
Phng trnh (1) cho kh rc ri nn th khai thc (2) xem sao. Vi hnh thc nh trn c l
bnh phng l gii php tt nht. PT(2) khi s tng ng
p
p
1
2x y + 1 + 2 (x + 1)(x y) = 2x y + 2 (x + 1)(x y) = ()
2
Tht tinh th v phi ca (1) s l

p
3
3 (x + 1)(x y)(x 1) = . x 1
2
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82
Kh gn p, nhng ta mun gn hn na c. T (*) ta li c

x2 xy + x y =
1
4
Mt cht bin i v tri ca (1) ta c

1
1
+x1=x
2
2
Cu 151 n cu 180

8x2 + 18y 2 + 36xy 5(2x + 3y) 6xy = 0

2x2 + 3y 2 = 30
Cu 151
in
2.6
Tu
Vy phng trnh (1) sau khi kt hp c t (2) s l
23
x = 2 y = 12
2x 1 = 3 x 1
5
41
x= y=
4
36

5 41
23
;
Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = 2;
,

12
4 36
2(x2 xy + x y) + x 1 =
Gii
TH1 :
uy
n
iu kin : xy 0
Nhn thy ngay s thun nht ca phng trnh u, t y = tx hoc chia cho x2 lun chng
? Khng nn. Hy bin i gim s cng knh .
Phng trnh u tng ng
p
p
p
2(2x + 3y)2 + 12xy 5(2x + 3y) 6xy (2x + 3y 2 6xy)(4x + 6y 6xy) = 0
Ng
p
2x + 3y = 2 6xy
x, y 0
2x = 3y
4x2 + 12xy + 9y 2 = 24xy
Thay vo (2) ta c
9y 2
+ 3y 2 = 30 y = 2 x = 3
2
TH2 :
p
4x + 6y = 6xy
x, y 0
16x2 + 48xy + 36y 2 = 6xy
x, y 0
8x2 + 21xy + 18y 2 = 0(V L)
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180
Cu 152
83
r
r
x2 + y 2
x2 + xy + y 2
+
=x+y
3
2
x 2xy + 5x + 3 = 4xy 5x 3
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : 2xy + 5x + 3 0
Nhn thy ngay s thun nht ca phng trnh (1). Tuy nhin nu t y = tx s ra mt
phng trnh n t khng phi l d chi. Tuy nhin nhn xt y x = y 0 tha mn (1).
C th c nh gi no chng ? Nu bn cn nh kiu tch nh cu 115 th s kh n gin.
Ta lm nh sau
r
r

x + y
x2 + y 2
1
1

=
(x + y)2 + (x y)2
2
4
4
2
r
r

x + y
x2 + xy + y 2
1
1
2
2

=
(x + y) + (x y)
3
4
12
2
x
+
x2 y 2
9x
p
=
5
x x2 y 2
x
3x
+
5
=
y
30 6y
y
n
Cu 153
in
Vy V T |x + y| x + y. ng thc xy ra khi x = y 0 thay vo (2) ta c

x 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 4x2 5x 3 2x2 + 5x + 3 + x 2x2 + 5x + 3 6x2 = 0

2x2 + 5x + 3 2x
2x2 + 5x + 3 + 3x = 0 2x2 + 5x + 3 = 2x x = 3, y = 3
Gii
Ng
u
iu kin : y 6= 0, y 6= 5, x2 y 2
Mt cu h thuc loi kh kh chi. Ta s khai thc t (2). Suy ra
y=
30x
30x
9x
6x
9x + 5 =
=
1
9x + 5
y
5
y
Th ln (1) ng thi cht t bin i ta c

2

p
x + x2 y 2
p
6x y
2
2
=
2x
y
+
2x
x2 y 2 = 6xy y 2
x2 (x2 y 2 )
y
"

x = 0(L)
x =p
0
5
x + x2 y 2 = 3y x2 y 2 = 9y 2 6xy + x2
x= y
3
5
Vi x = y d dng gii ra x = 5, y = 3 (TM)
3
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84
Cu 154
p
3p
+ 2x2 y x4 y 2 + x2 (1 2x2 ) = y 4
1 + 1 + (x y)2 + x2 (x4 2x2 2xy 2 + 1) = 0
Gii
D thy V T 2 V P
Du bng xy ra khi x = y = 1
in
Gii
Cu 155
1
1
2
+p
=

1 + 2xy
1 + 2x2
1 + 2y 2
p
p
x(1 2x) + y(1 2y) = 2

9
Tu
Tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c

p
p
4 (x2 y 1)2 = 1 + 1 + (x y)2 + (x3 y 2 )2
uy
n
Bi ton xut hin trong VMO-2009. Bi ny yu cu cn mt cht kin thc v bt ng

thc mi c th gii quyt c
1
iu kin : 0 x, y
2

1
t a = 2x, b = 2y , a, b 0; . Ta c
2
s

1
1
1
1
+
VT =
+
2
1 + a2 1 + b 2
1 + a2
1 + b2
Ta s dng b vi a, b > 0 v ab 1 ta c bt ng thc
Ng
1
1
2
+
2
2
1+a
1+b
1 + ab
Tht vy bt ng thc trn tng ng
(a b)2 (ab 1)
0 (ng)
(1 + ab)(1 + a2 )(1 + b2 )
Vy
2
VT
=VP
1 + ab
ng thc xy ra khi x = y thay

vo (2) v ta d dng
tm ra
!
!
9 + 73 9 + 73
9 73 9 73
(x; y) =
;
,
;

36
36
36
36
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180

Cu 156
85
xy x + y = 3
4x3 + 12x2 + 9x = y 3 + 6y + 5
Gii
Tu
n
Bi ton xut hin trong mt thi chn i tuyn hc sinh gii ca i hc Vinh. y l
mt bi ton kh kh v mang tnh nh cao v tng. C th s dng UCT dng nng
cao gii quyt n nhng ti khuyn khng nn dng. Ta lm nh sau. H tng ng

3xy 3x + 3y = 9
4x3 + 12x2 + 9x = y 3 + 6y + 5
Tr 2 phng trnh trn cho nhau ta c
4x3 + 12x2 + 12x + 4 = y 3 + 3xy + 9y

4(x + 1)3 + 4y 3 = 3y 3 + 3xy + 9y
4(x + 1 + y)[(x + 1)2 (x + 1)y + y 2 ] = 3y(y 2 + x + 3)
Bc then cht l y. Ta th x = xy + y 3 thay vo v phi ta c
in
4(x + y + 1)[(x + 1)2 (x + 1)y + y 2 ] = 3y(y 2 + xy + y 3 + 3)

4(x + y + 1)[(x + 1)2 (x + 1)y + y 2 ] = 3y 2 (x + y + 1)
(x + y + 1)(2x + 2 y)2 = 0
y
n
Vi y = x 1 thay vo (1) ta c x3 + 3x + 4 = 0 (V nghim)
3 + 17
x=
4
Vi y = 2x + 2 thay vo (1) ta c 2x2 + 3x 1 = 0
3 17
x=
4
!
!
3 + 17 1 + 17
3 17 1 17
;
,
;

4
2
4
2
Ng
u
Tht kh ngh c mt php th kh o nh th kia phi khng ? Bi ton ny c kh

nhiu phin bn khc, tht ngc nhin l cch gii gn nh ging ht phin bn ny. Ti s
gii thiu thm mt s cu cho bn c.
Cu 157
xy x y = 1
4x3 12x2 + 9x = y 3 + 6y + 7
Gii

3xy 3x 3y = 3
4x3 12x2 + 9x = y 3 + 6y + 7
H cho tng ng :
4(x 1)3 = y 3 + 3xy + 3y

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86
4(x 1)3 + 4y 3 = 3y 3 + 3xy + 3y
4(x + y 1)[(x 1)2 (x 1)y + y 2 ] = 3y(y 2 + x + 1)
4(x + y 1)[(x 1)2 (x 1)y + y 2 ] = 3y(y 2 + xy y 1 + 1)
4(x + y 1)[(x 1)2 (x 1)y + y 2 ] = 3y 2 (x + y 1)
(x + y 1)(2x 2 y)2 = 0
Cu 158
xy x + 2y = 4
4x3 + 24x2 + 45x = y 3 + 6y 20
in
Tu
Vi y = 1 x thay vo (1) ta c x2 x + 2 = 0 (V nghim)
5 17
x=
4
Vi y = 2x 2 thay vo (1) ta c 2x2 5x + 1 = 0
5 + 17
x=
4
!
!
5 17 1 17
5 + 17 1 + 17
,

;
;
4
2
4
2
Gii
6y 3x + 3xy 12 = 0
4x3 + 24x2 + 45x = y 3 + 6y 20
H cho tng ng
4x3 + 24x2 + 48x + 32 = y 3 + 3xy + 12y
uy
n
4(x + 2)3 + 4y 3 = 3y 3 + 3xy + 12y

4(x + y + 2) (x + 2)2 (x + 2)y + y 2 = 3y(y 2 + x + 4)
Th x = xy + 2y 4 vo v phi ta c

4(x + y + 2) (x + 2)2 (x + 2)y + y 2 = 3y(y 2 + 2y + xy 4 + 4) = 3y 2 (x + y + 2)

(x + y + 2) 4(x + 2)2 4(x + 2)y + y 2 = 0
Ng
Vi y = x 2 thay vo (1) ta c x2 5x + 8 = 0 (V nghim)
17 7
x
=
4
Vi y = 2x + 2 thay vo (1) ta c 2x2 7x + 4 = 0
17 + 7
x=
4
!
!
17 7 1 + 17
17 + 7 1 17
;
,
;

4
2
4
2
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180

Cu 159
x + 1 = a s a v cu 156

Cu 160
(y 1) x+ 1 = 3 y
(4x + 13) x + 1 = y 3 6(2x y) 7
x4 2x = y 4 y
(x2 y 2 )3 = 3
Tu
n
Gi : t
87
Gii
Thay tt c vo (1) v ta c

2
ab
2
2 !
a + 3b
ab(a2 + b2 ) = a + 3b
2
y
n
ab
a+b
2
in
Bi ton xut hin trong mt thi chn i tuyn ca trng THPT Chuyn - i Hc S
Phm H Ni. Thot nhn qua hnh thc ca h ny kh gn nh. Tuy nhin y l mt cu
thuc loi rt kh, yu cu kh nng bin i cao, c bit l s xut hin kh b n ca con
s 3 phng trnh (2).
t x + y = a, x y = b ta suy ra (ab)3 = 3
Phng trnh (1) tng ng : (x2 y 2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = 2x y
Gi hy a ht v a v b. Th ta c

2
2
a+b
ab
a + 3b
2
2
x +y =
+
, 2x y =
2
2
2
n y c v cha sng sa g hn ? Th nhng, con s 3 b n kia xut hin. Ta th thay

3 = (ab)3 vo xem sao. Khi (1) tr thnh
ab(a2 + b2 ) = a + (ab)3 b a(a2 b + b3 1 a2 b4 ) = 0 a(b3 1)(1 a2 b) = 0
Ng
u
Thnh qu n. Gi n gin hn rt nhiu ri

Vi a = 0 hin nhin v l
3
1
+
3
x=
x y = 1
3
2
Vi b = 1 a = 3
3
x+y = 33
y = 31
2
1
x+y =
x=
3
1
3
3
Vi a2 b = 1 (ab)a = 1 a =
b = ( 3 3)2
3
1
3
3
y =
x y = ( 3)2
3
3
!

3
3
1+ 3 31
2
1
;
,
;

3
3
2
2
3
3
Ti s a thm mt cu tng tng t nhng mc kh hn mt to.
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88
Cu 161
3
1
4y 2x
(x2 y 2 )5 + 5 = 0
x4 y 4 =
Gii
4xy(x4 y 4 ) = 3x 2y 4xy(x2 y 2 )(x2 + y 2 ) = 3x 2y
4xy = (a + b)(a b),
x2 + y 2 =
Tu
Ta c
t x + y = a, x y = b th (ab)5 = 5. Phng trnh u tng ng
1
1
(x + y)2 + (x y)2 = (a2 + b2 ),
2
2
Thay tt c vo (1) ta c
3x 2y =
a + 5b
2
1
a + 5b
(a + b)(a b).ab. (a2 + b2 ) =
2
2
ab(a4 b4 ) = a + 5b ab(a4 b4 ) = a (ab)5 b
in
a(a4 b b5 1 + a4 b6 ) = 0 a(b5 + 1)(a4 b 1) = 0
uy
n
TH1 : a = 0 hin nhin v l
5
51
5
x
=
x+y = 5
5
2
TH2 : b = 1 a = 5
5
x y = 1
5
+1
y=
2
1
x+y =
1
15
5
15
4
3
3
4
,b = 5
TH3 : a b = 1 (ab) .a = 1 5a = 1 a = 15
5
15
5
x y = 54
Ng
15
55 1
x=
215 5
15
55 + 1
y=
2 15 5
!
5
51 55+1
;
,
2
2
Cu 162
15
55 1
55 + 1
;

2 15 5
2 15 5
15
x4 y 4 = 240
x3 2y 3 = 3(x2 4y 2 ) 4(x 8y) = 0
Gii
y l cu VMO-2010. Li gii ngn gn ca n s l

P T (1) 8.P T (2) (x 2)4 = (y 4)4
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180
89
n y d dng tm nghim : (x; y) = (4; 2), (4; 2)

Cu hi t ra y l s dng UCT. Ti xin trnh by 2 cch sau y.
Cch 1 : Tm quan h tuyn tnh da vo nghim
D thy cp nghim ca h l (4,2) v (-4,-2) nn ta ngh quan h y l x = 2y. Thay vo
h v ta rt ra

5 y 2 + 4 .P T (1) 2y.P T (2)
Tu
n
Tuy nhin, nhn vo y d dng thy y l mt cch kh tru b. y ta t x = y + t

gim bc ca (1) xung bc 3 ng thi (2) vn l bc 3.
V cp nghim l (4,2) v (-4,-2) nn ta ngh n x = 6 y hoc x = 6 y Vi x = 6 y th
h tr thnh

24 (y 2) (y 2 7y + 22) = 0
3 (y 2) (y 2 7y + 22) = 0

P T (1) 8P T (2) (x + y 6) (x y + 2) (x 2)2 + (y 4)2
Vi x = 6 y ta khng tm ra k l hng s nn loi.

Cch 2 : Nhn xt cc bin x, y c lp vi nhau nn ta hi vong a v c hng
ng thc
Nh vy ta s tm s k sao cho
in
P T (1) + k.P T (2) (x + )4 (y + )4 = 0
k = 8
= 2
Cn bng h s ta c
= 4
Vy P T (1) 8P T (2) (x 2)4 = (y 4)4 .
y
n
OK ri ch ? Ti li a thm mt v d na cho bn c
Cu 163
x4 y 4 = 1215
2x3 4y 3 = 9(x2 4y 2 ) 18(x 8y)
Ng
u
Gi : P T (1) 6.P T (2) (x 3)4 = (y 6)4

Nghim : (x; y) = (6; 3), (6; 3)
Cu 164
xy x + y = 2
x3 4x2 + x + 18 = 2y 3 + 5y 2 y
Gii
mi m mt cht ti xin dng phng php chn qu nht c th, l th tru b.

x+2
T (1) thy ngay x = 1 khng l nghim v ta suy ra y =
th xung (2) ta c
x+1

3

2
x+2
x+2
x+2
3
2
x 4x + x + 18 = 2
+5
x+1
x+1
x+1
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90
Rt gn ta a v mt phng trnh bc 6 nh sau

x6 x5 8x4 + 4x3 + 20x2 4x 16 = 0
Mt phng trnh bc 6 y . Ch t ta mong rng s tm ra t nht 2 nghim c th rt
gn xung bc 4. y dng Casio s rt ra c 2 nghim x = 2. Vy c nhn t l

x2 2 ri. Phng trnh tr thnh
(x2 2)(x4 x3 6x2 + 2x + 8) = 0
Tu
Gi ta xt phng trnh x4 x3 6x2 + 2x + 8 = 0. Ti s trnh by coi nh l phng php

gii phng trnh bc 4 tng qut lun cho bn c.
Trc ht hy a cc phn t x4 x3 tng ht vo trong mt bnh phng, phn cn li y
sang phi. Tc l

x2
25x2
x 2 25x2
x4 x3 +
=
2x 8 x2
2x 8
=
4
4
2
4
2

x 25x2
x
2x 8
+
x2 + k = k 2 + 2k x2
2
2
4

2
x
25
2
x + k = 2k +
x2 (k + 2)x + k 2 8
2
4
in
Ta phi tm k v phi tr thnh bnh phng. Tc l x 0

r

25
17
2
2
(k + 2) = 4 2k +
(k 8) k = 3, k =
4
2
Ng
uy
n
Tt nhin ta chn gi tr p nht l k = 3. Thay vo phng trnh ta c

2 x 2
x
x2 3 =
x+1
2
4
2 x
2

x
1
x2 3 =
2
2
1 17
}
n y d dng tm ra x = { 2;
2
!
1 17 1 17
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 2; 2),

;
2
4
Cu 165
xy1=2 y
(2x 5y)2
x+ y =
xy
Gii
iu kin : x, y 0, x 6= y
2
T (1) ta c x =
y + 1 thay vo (2) tng ng
h
i2
2
2
y
+
1
5y
y+1+ y =
(2 y + 1)2 = (4 y + 2 3y)2
2
y+1 y
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180
91
t 2 y + 1 = a, 3y = b th phng trnh cho tng ng

a=b
2
2
2
2
a = (2a b) 3a 4ab + b
3a = b

Cu 166
Tu
n
Vi a = b 3y = 2 y + 1 y = 1 x = 4
Vi 3a = b y = 2 y + 1 y = 3 + 2 2 x = 6 + 4 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (4; 1), (6 + 4 2; 3 + 2 2)
16x2 y 2 17y 2 = 1
4xy + 2x 7y = 1
Gii
Ta thc hien bin i (2) nh sau
y
n
in
(2) 4xy + 1 = 7y 2x 16x2 y 2 + 8xy + 1 = 4x2 28xy + 49y 2

x=y
2
2
2
2
2
17y + 8xy = 4x 28xy + 49y 4(x 9xy + 8y )
x = 8y
"
x = 1 y = 1(T M )
1
1
Vi x = y thay vo (2) ta c 4x2 5x + 1 = 0
x = y = (T M )
4
4
Vi x = 8y thay vo (2) ta c 32y 2 9y +1 = 0(V
L)

1 1
;

4 4
Ng
u
Cu 167
2p x2 y 4 + 2xy 2 y 4 + 1 = 2(3 2 x)y 2

x y2 + x = 3
Gii
iu kin : x y 2 , x2 y 4 + 2xy 2 y 4 + 1 0
R rng khng lm n c g t (2). Cng lm khai thc c ci iu kin. Ta s khai thc
(1). Bin i ta s c
p
(xy 2 + 1)2 y 4 = 2[xy 2 + 1 (3 2)y 2 ]

s
2

(xy 2 + 1)2
xy + 1
1=2
(3 2)
y4
y2
xy 2 + 1
= t > 0. Phng trnh cho tr thnh
y2
t2 1 = 2t 2(3
2) t = 3 xy 2 + 1 = 3y 2 y 2 =
1
3x
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92
Thay xung (2) ta c

r
x = 2 y = 1
p
2+1
x=4 2y =

p
p
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (2; 1), 4 2;

2 + 1 , 4 2;
2+1
Cu 168
x2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
17(x4 + y 4 14y 2 + 49) (x + 2y)4 = 8(xy + 7)(x2 + 2xy + 4y 2 14)
Tu
1
x
+x=3
3x
Gii
in
Hnh thc ca bi h qu khng b. Thot nhn ta thy h c 1 phng trnh l tam thc bc
2. Vy ta th xem liu c th phn tch thnh nhn t c khng ? y khng c, x
qu xu. Vy phi quay sang (2)

17 x4 + (y 2 7)2 = (x + 2y)4 8(xy + 7) (x + 2y)2 2(xy + 7)

17 x4 + (y 2 7)2 = (x + 2y)4 8(xy + 7)(x + 2y)2 + 16(xy + 7)2

17 x4 + (y 2 7)2 = (x + 2y)2 4(xy + 7)2

17 x4 + (y 2 7)2 = (x2 + 4y 2 28)2
uy
n

V T = (12 + 42 ) x4 + (y 2 7)2 (x2 + 4(y 2 7)2 ) = V P
ng thc xy ra khi 4x2 = y 2 7 kt hp vi (1) ta lp mt h mi
2
x + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
4x2 = y 2 7
Ng
Thot nhn y ng l h gm 2 tam thc bc 2 v ta s gii bng h s bt nh. Tuy nhin,

hng s k y tm c qu l, v ta s xoay sang hng khc l nh gi.
Vit li phng trnh u nh sau
2

0x 4
x + x(y 3) + y + (y 2)2 = 0
x 0
3
7
y 2 + (x 4)y + x2 3x + 4 = 0
y 0
1y
3
2
7
2
Vi iu kin kia th r rng y 7
7 < 0 4x2
3
Vy h cho v nghim
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180
Cu 169
93
p
r
r
2 y2
x
2xy
+
y
x
+
y
xy
=
+
14
2
2
s
3 s
3
x+y
xy
+
=9
2
2
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : y min{x}
Vi hnh
r ny ta thy ngaycn phi t n ph
r thc bi h nh
x+y
xy
x = a2 + b 2
t
= a 0,
=b0
y = a2 b 2
2
2
Nh vy thay vo (1) ta c
in
x3 y + x3 + xy + x = 1
4x3 y 2 + 4x3 8xy 17x = 8
y
n
Cu 170
2 (a2 + b2 ) (a2 b2 ) + 2 (a2 b2 ) ab

(1)
=a+b
14

7 (a + b) = a2 + b2 a2 b2 + a2 b2 ab
3

a b3 = 7
a=2
x=5
2
2
7 = (a b) a + ab + b
a3 + b3 = 9
b=1
y=3
Gii
Ng
u
Mt bi h yu cu kh nng rt th tng i tt.

3
x (y + 1) + x(y + 1) = 1
H cho tng ng
4x3 (y 2 + 1) 8x(y + 1) = 9x 8
T PT(1) ta th x(y + 1) = 1 x3 (y + 1) vo PT(2) v ta c
(2) 4x3 (y 2 + 1) 8[1 x3 (y + 1)] = 9x 8
4x3 (y 2 + 1 + 2y + 2) = 9x 4x2 [(y + 1)2 + 2] = 9()
V d thy x = 0 khng l nghim nn ta rt gn ra (*)

1
. Vy (*) tr thnh
M t phng trnh (1) ta li rt ra c y + 1 = 2 2
x (x + 1)
1

1
4
x = 1 y = 2
2
2
2
4x
+2 =9
+ 8x = 9 x = 1
3
x2 (x2 + 1)2
(x2 + 1)2
x = 1 y =
2

1
3
, 1;

2
2
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94
Cu 171

2 3
3
1
+ xy + = y 3
2
x
2
(xy + 2)2 + 1 = 2y + 4
x2
x
Gii
Tu
2

xy = 1 2
1
x
=0
xy + 2
1
2
x
y=
x2 x
iu kin : x 6= 0
3

3

3
1
2
1
1 1
1
2
1
+ t = (t2 2t)3
2
2
x
x 2
x
x
2

(2t 1) 6t4 12t3 + 2t2 + 4t + 3 = 0
in
1
3
TH1 : t = x = 2 y =
2
4
TH2 :
6t4 12t3 + 2t2 + 4t + 3 = 0
uy
n
S dng phng php ti nu cu 164 s a v

2

1
2
2
= (V L)
6 t t
3
3

3

4
Ng
Cu 172
p
x(x2 y 2 ) + x2 = 2p (x y 2 )3
76x2 20y 2 + 2 = 3 4x(8x + 1)
Gii
iu kin : x y 2 0
p
x3 + x(x y 2 ) 2 (x y 2 )3 = 0
t
p
x y 2 = u th phng trnh (1) tr thnh
x3 + xu2 2u3 = 0 x = u y 2 = x x2
Thay xung (2) ta c

96x2 20x + 2 =
3
32x2 + 4x
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180
95
Ti gii thiu thm mt cu gn tng t nhng kh hn.
Cu 173
p
2
y 2 + (4x 1)
= 3 4x(8x + 1)
40x2 + x = y 14x 1
Gii
Tu
n
Nu i vi nhng ai gii tt phng trnh v t th s nhn ra ngay dng bi ny thng s

1
dng phng php nh gi. Nhn thy x = l nghim v ch x 0 . Ta c hng tch
8
nh sau.
p
32x2 + 4x + 2
3
96x2 20x + 2 = 32x2 + 4x = 3 1.1.(32x2 + 4x)
3
1
7
3(96x2 20x + 2) 32x2 + 4x + 2 (16x 2)2 0 x = y =
8
8
!
7
1
;

8
8
1
14
Vi iu kin nh th th t (2) hin nhin y > 0. Ta c nh gi sau y
in
iu kin : x
y 2 + 14x 1
40x2 + x = y 14x 1
y 2 80x2 12x + 1
2
ng thi
y
n
T (1) ta li c
p
3
4x(8x + 1) = y 2 + (4x 1)2 80x2 12x + 1 + (4x 1)2 = 2(48x2 10x + 1)
p
p
1 + 1 + 32x2 + 4x
3
4x(8x + 1) = 3 1.1.(32x2 + 4x)
3
T suy ra
Ng
u
2
32x
+
4x
+
2
1
3
2(48x2 10x + 1)
2(8x 1)2 0 x = y =
3
8
2
!
1 3
;

8 2
x x y 1 = 1
y 2 + x + 2y x y 2 x = 0
Cu 174
Gii
iu kin : x 0, x y + 1
p
x1= xy1x2 x+1=xy1y =2 x2
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96
Thay vo (2) tng ng
4( x 1)2 + x + 4( x 1) x 4( x 1)2 .x = 0
1
4
x = 4
y=2
9 17
x=
8
x=
Cu 175
Tu
9 17
1
khng tha mn iu kin bnh phng (1).
Nghim x = , x =
4
8
p
x2 + 2y + 3 + 2y 3 = 0
2(2y 3 + x3 ) + 3y(x + 1)2 + 6x(x + 1) + 2 = 0
Gii
iu kin : x2 + 2y + 3 0
in
2(2y 3 + x3 ) + 3y(x + 1)2 + 6x2 + 6x + 2 = 0 2(x + 1)3 + 3y(x + 1)2 + 4y 3 = 0
uy
n
R rng y l mt phng trnh thun nht gia y v x + 1. y ta s rt ra 2y = (x + 1)

thay vo (1) ta c
14
5
x2 x + 2 = x + 4 x = y =
9
18

14 5

9 18
Cu 176
3
2x3 4x2 +
3x
1
=
2x
(2
y)
3 2y
p
3
x + 2 = 14 x 3 2y + 1
Gii
3
2
Hnh thc bi h qu tht khng n gin. phng trnh (1) chia c 2 v cho x2 6= 0 s
c lp c x v y, ta hi vng s ra c iu g
p
4
3
1
(1) 2 + 2 3 = (4 2y) 3 2y
x x
x
3

3 p
p
1
1
1
+ 1
=
3 2y + 3 2y
x
x
1
D dng thy 2 v c dng f (t) = t3 + t l hm n iu tng. T suy ra 3 2y = 1
x
thay vo (2) ta c
x + 2 3 15 x = 1
Ng
iu kin : x 2, y
2.6 Cu 151 n cu 180
97
111
R rng v tri n iu tng nn phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht x = 7 y =
98

111
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = 7;

98
Tu
n
Cu 177
8xy
2
2
x + y + x + y = 16
s
2
x
2x
x3 x2 y
8y + 3 = 3y + 4 2
Gii
x3 x2
+
0
3y
4
s
s
2
2
3
2
4x + 3y
x
x
4x + 3y
x
x2 4x x2 3y
x
+
=2
+
+
=2
. + .
8y
6
12y 16
8y
6
8y 6
8y 6
in
iu kin : y 6= 0, x + y 6= 0,
x2
4x + 3y
Nhn vo biu thc trn ta thy c nghim th
0,
0. Vy ta c
8y
6
"
x = 6y
x2
4x + 3y
2
a + b = 2 ab a = b
=
x = .y
8y
6
3
y
n
TH1 : x = 6y thay vo (1) ta c
28
168
(L)
y= x=
48
37
37
37y 2 + y = 16
4
24
7
y= x=
7
7
Ng
u
2
3
4 2
y + y 2 16y = 16
9
"
12
(L)
13
y = 12 x = 8(T M )
y=
Vic loi nghim ny da vo iu kin

(2) c nghim m ti nu on trn.

24 4
;
, (8; 12)
7 7
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98

Cu 178
x3 (3y + 55) = 64
xy(y 2 + 3y + 3) = 12 + 51x
R rng l mt h i xng. T ta suy ra y + 1 =

x
12
+ 52
x
Tu
H cho tng ng
3
64
3y + 55 =
3 (y + 1) + 52 = 4
3
x
x
12
4
3
2
+ 51 = y + 3y + 3y
3. + 52 = (y + 1)3
x
x
Gii
4
4
y = 1 thay vo (1) ta c
x
x
= 64 x = 1 y = 3
x4 + 2y 3 x = 1 + 3 3
4
y 4 + 2x3 y = 1 33
Cu 179
in
Gii
uy
n
Bi ton xut hin trong 1 hc sinh gii Thi Nguyn. Thot nhn c v kh i xng nhng
khng d nh vy. Cng 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
x4 + 2x3 x + y 4 + 2y 3 y =
1
2
1
1
+ (y 2 + y)2 (y 2 + y) + = 0
4
4
2
2

1
1
+ y2 + y
=0
x2 + x
2
2
1
1
x2 + x = 0
x=
2
2
3
2
y +y =0
y=
2
2
!
1 3 1 + 3
Th li v ta tm c nghim tha mn l (x; y) =
;

2
2
Ng
(x2 + x)2 (x2 + x) +
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210
Cu 180
99
x + 6 xy y = 6
p
6(x3 + y 3 )
2(x2 + y 2 ) = 3
x+ 2
x + xy + y 2
Gii
Tu
n
y l mt bi ton tng xut hin trn bo THTT. tng ca n l nh gi. Sau ny n

xut hin kh nhiu trn din n v c nhiu li gii khc. Ti xin trch dn 1 phn li gii
trong t bo.
iu kin : xy 0, x2 + y 2 6= 0
Nu x, y < 0 th r rng v tri ca (2) s < 0 v bi ton v nghim.
Vy x, y > 0.
Xt (1) ta c nh gi sau
p
6 = x + 6xy y x + 3(x + y) y = 2(2x + y) 2x + y 3()
Ta li c cc nh gi sau
x2 + y 2
3(x2 + y 2 )
3(x3 + y 3 )
2(x3 + y 3 )
x2 + xy + y 2
2
2
2
x + xy + y 2
x2 + y 2
2(x3 + y 3 ) p 2
Gi ta li chng minh
2(x + y 2 ) 2(x3 + y 3 )2 (x2 + y 2 )
x2 + y 2
Theo bt ng thc Holder ta c
in
xy
y
n
2(x3 + y 3 )2 = (13 + 13 )(x3 + y 3 )(x3 + y 3 ) (x2 + y 2 )3

2(x3 + y 3 ) p 2
3(x3 + y 3 )
2(x + y 2 )
Vy ta c : 2
x + xy + y 2
x2 + y 2
Gi xt phng trnh (2) ta c
p
p
p
6(x3 + y 3
2 + y2 x + 2
2 + y2)
3=x+ 2
2(x
2(x
2(x2 + y 2 )
x + xy + y 2
p
= x + 2(x2 + y 2 ) x + x + y = 2x + y
Ng
u
Vy ta li c 2x +y 3()
2x + y = 3
T (*),(**) ta c
x=y=1
x=y
2.7
Cu 181 n cu 210
(
Cu 181
4
2y 2 9y = 2
xp
4 x + 1 + xy y 2 + 4 = 0
Gii
y l 1 bi ton m tng xt hm c giu kh kn.

iu kin : 1 x 6= 0
Nhn thy x = 1 hoc y = 0 khng l nghim ca phng trnh. Phng trnh (2) tng
ng
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100
x
4
y 2 (y 2 + 4)
x+11
p
p
=
=
x+1
x+1
y y2 + 4
y y2 + 4
p
y2 + 4
1
y
x+1
=p
y
x+1
y2 + 4
1
v hm ny n iu tng. T suy ra
t
y
y2
4
4
x+1= p
x+1= 2
x= 2
= y2 + 4
2
y
+
4
y
+
4
x
y +4
Tu
n y ta thy ngay hm cn xt l f (t) = t
Thay li vo (1) ta c
4
y = 1 x = 5 (T M )
3y 9y + 6 = 0
1
y = 2 x = (T M )
2

4
1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ; 1 , ; 2
5
2
Cu 182
p
3
y3 1 + x = 3
x2 + y 3 = 82
in
Gii
uy
n
iu kin : y 0
H cho tng ng
9x
p
3
p
(9 x)
y3 1 =
(9 x) (9 + x). 3 y 3 1 = (y 3 1)
3+ x
y 3 1 = (9 x)(9 + x)
3+ x
Ng
TH1 : y = 1 x = 9
TH2 : x = 9 y = 1
p
2
TH3 : (9 + x)(3 + x) = 3 y 3 1
p
R rng v nghim v V T 27 cn 3 y 3 1 3
Cu 183
19
1
x + 2(y x 1) =
+ 2
5
y +1
2x + y 2 + y x + 1 = 3
Gii
iu kin : 2x + y 2 0, y x + 1 0, x 1
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210
101
2
1
19
+ 2
x 1 1 + 2y =
5
y +1
Nu y > 2 th ta c V T > 4 > V P . Vy y 2
Ta nh gi phng trnh (2) nh sau
s

p
1 p
1
2y 2x + 2
3y 3
V T = 2x + y 2 +
1+
2
2
Tu
n
ng thc xy ra khi y = 2 x = 2
Cu 184
2
2x + xy = 1
3xy
9x2
=1+
4
2(1 x)
2(1 x)2
in
Gii
Tri qua kh nhiu nhng cu h s dng nh gi, ta mi thy phng php ny kh v cn

k nng bin i tt nh th no.
iu kin : x 6= 1
Mt bi ton kh c sc v li gii cng sng to.
3x
= u ta lp thnh mt h mi nh sau
t
2(1 x)2
2
2x + yx 1 = 0
2u2 + yu 1 = 0
Ng
u
y
n
n y c v i xng ri. Nhng ta khng tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau m c nh gi nh

sau
R rng x v u l 2 nghim phn bit ca phng trnh X 2 + yX 1 = 0. Hin nhin v tch
c.a l tri du. Theo h thc V i et ta c
c
3x
1
1 3
xu = x.
= x=
y=2
a
2(1 x)2
2
2
!
!
1 + 3
1 3
;2 ,
;2
2
2
Cu 185
4x2 y 2 + xy 2 + 4xy 3y 3 + 1 = 7y 2
3xy 3y 2 y + 1 = 0
Gii
Mt cht bin i ta a h cho v thnh

(2xy + 1)2 = 7y 2 + 3y 3 xy 2
(y + 3y 2 xy)2 = 7y 2 + 3y 3 xy 2
2xy + 1 = y + 3y 2 xy
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102
y2 = 0
(1 + 3y x)2 = 7 + 3y x
TH1 : y 2 = 0 v nghim

x = 3y + 3
3y x = 3
TH2 : (1 + 3y x) = 7 + 3y x
x = 3y 2
3y x = 2
Vi mi trng hp ny thay vo (2) v ta d dng tm ra nghim
r
!

3 1
5 4 10
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), ;
, 1

;
2 6
2
6
Gii
Tu
Cu 186
2
xx + 6 + y px2 + 3 = 7xy
x x2 + 3 + y y 2 + 6 = x2 + y 2 + 2
in
y l mt bi ton tng hp kh nhiu cc k nng vo lm mt.

H cho tng ng
p
p

2+6+y

y
x2 + 3 + x
y 2 + 6 + y + y x2 + 3 + x = 9xy
+
=9
p

y
xp

x x2 + 3 x + y
y2 + 6 y = 2
x x2 + 3 x + y
y2 + 6 y = 2
3
=9
2+6y
x x2 + 3 x
y
y
p

x x2 + 3 x + y
y2 + 6 y = 2
p

2
2
t x x + 3 x = a, y
y + 6 y = b. H tr thnh
6
p
+
uy
n
Ng
( 6 3
(
a = 1, b = 1
+ =9
4
2
b a
a = ,b =
a+b=1
3
3
(
(

x=1
x x2 + 3 x = 1
p
1
TH1 :
y
y2 + 6 y = 1
y=
2
x x2 + 3 x = 2
x=
15
r
p
34
TH2 :
2
y2 + 6 y =
y=2
3
15
r !

1
2
2
, ;2

2
15
15
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210

Cu 187
103
(x + y)2 + 3x + 2y + 4 = 3 3 4x 4

2
2(y + 1)2 y + 1 3 18x x3 = 17 x 2 35 10x2

Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : x 2
Nhn vo ta thy phng trnh (2) qu khng b, gn nh khng th lm n c mt cht
2
no. Nhng hy mt cht, c mt phn t kh c bit l 17 x 2 . cn li

cn bnh phng !! Phi chng tc gi c vy nhm to iu kin cho x nh gi mt
ci g chng ? C l l t phng trnh (1).
Ta thc hin nh gi phng trnh (1) nh sau
p
(x + y)2 + 3x + 2y + 4 = 3 3 2.2.(x 1) 2 + 2 + x 1 = x + 3
(x + y)2 + 2x + 2y + 1 0 (x + y + 1)2 0
2
(y + 3)x + y 2 + 2 = 0
x
4
3 2
4 6x
x
x
x
4 3x
1
=0
2
+
2
y
y
y
y
y4
Cu 188
in
ng thc xy ra khi x = 3 v y = 4. Thay li vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn

Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Hng gii ca n kh ging cu 185.

iu kin : y 6= 0
H cho tng ng
2
2
x xy = 3x y 2 2
x xy = 3x y 2 2
2
x4 2x3 y + x2 y 2 = (4 3x)y 2 + y 4 + 4 6x
(x2 xy) = (4 3x)y 2 + y 4 + 4 6x()
2
() 3x y 2 2 = (4 3x)y 2 + y 4 + 4 6x
9x2 + y 4 + 4 6xy 2 12x + 4y 2 = (4 3x)y 2 + y 4 + 4 6x

9x2 3xy 2 6x = 0 3x(3x y 2 2) = 0
n y ta th li 3x y 2 2 = x2 xy t (1) vo phng trnh trn s c :
x = 0 y 2 + 2 = 0(V L)

2
y=x=1
3x (x y) = 0
2
x = y y 3y + 2 = 0
y=x=2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (2; 2)
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104
(
Cu 189
x2 + xy + x + 3 = 0

p
(x + 1)2 + 3(y + 1) + 2 xy x2 y + 2y = 0
Gii
Tu
p
P T (2) 2.P T (1) (x2 + 2) + 3y = 2 (x2 + 2)y
t x2 + 2 = a > 0, y = b 0. Phng trnh tr thnh

a = b y = x2 + 2
2
2
a + 3b = 2ab
a = 3b(L)
Cu 190
x3 y = 9
3x + y = 6
in
Gii
Thay tr li (1) ta d dng tm ra c nghim.

iu kin : y 0
uy
n
Vy h cho v nghim
Hnh thc bi h qu n gin. Ta c th chn cch th t (2) ln (1) gii phng trnh bc
4. Tuy nhin, ch vi nh gi kh n gin, ta c th gii quyt nhanh bi ny.
Nhn thy gi s h c nghim th x, y > 0. p dng bt ng thc AM-GM cho phng trnh
(2) ta c
p
3x + y = x + x + x + y 4 4 x3 y = 4 3 > 6
Cu 191
(x2 + y 2 )(x + y + 1) = 25(y + 1)

x2 + xy + 2y 2 + x 8y = 9
Gii
Ng
H cho tng ng
2
2
x + y2
x +y
(x + y + 1) = 25
(x + y + 1) = 25
y
+
1
y+1
2
x2 + y 2
x + y 2 + x(y + 1) + (y + 1)2 = 10 (y + 1)
+ (x + y + 1) = 10
y+1
x2 + y 2
= a, x + y + 1 = b ta c
y+1
"

2
x = 3, y = 1
ab = 25
x + y 2 = 5 (y + 1)
3
11
a=b=5
a + b = 10
x+y =4
x = ,y =
2
2

3 11
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (3; 1), ;

2 2
t
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210

Cu 192
105
4x3 + 4y 3 = 3x2 y + 2 3xy + 2x

x2 = y 2 + 1
Gii
y 3 + 3xy 17x + 18 = x3 3x2 + 13y 9

x2 + y 2 + xy 6y 5x + 10 = 0
Cu 193
in
Tu
n
y l mt cu thuc loi kh. Mang tnh nh mt cht. mt cht phng trnh

1
(2) nhn kh ging mt hng ng thc lng gic l 1 + tan2 x =
. Vy ta t
cos2 x
1
y = tana vi a [0; ]. Thay tt c vo phng trnh (1) ta c
x=
cosa
1
4
3
2
3
+
4tan
a
=
tan
a
+
2
3
.
tan
a
+
cos3 a
cos2 a
cos a
cos a
4 + 4sin3 a = 3 sin a + 2 3 sin a cos a + 2cos2 a

3 = sin 3a + 3 sin 2a + cos 2a 3 = sin 3a + 2 sin 2a +
6
2
1
R rng V T V P v ng thc xy ra khi a = x = , y =

3
3

6
2 1
3 3
Gii
S dng phng php h s bt nh ta s rt ra
y
n
P T (1) 3.P T (2) (y 1)2 + 2(y 1) = x3 + 2x x = y 1
Ng
u
n y d ri !
P/S : Thc ra vi bi ny ta nhn 3 vo PT(2) ri tr i c th do 1 cht kinh nghim nhm
loi b xy i ch khng nht thit phi sdngn h s bt nh.
5 8
;

3 2
Cu 194

45
2 2
(x + y 3) = 4y x y + xy +
4
2
x + 4y 3 = 2xy
3
Gii
T phng trnh (2) ta rt ra : x + y 3 = 2xy 2 3y

45
3
3
3
2 2
y (2xy 3) = 4y x y + xy +
4
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106
TH1 : y = 0 x = 3

4
45
xy = 4 x =
TH2 : (2xy 3) = 4 x y + xy +
4
y
n y thay li vo (2) d dng tm ra nghim.
!
3 73 3 73
,
;
2
8
Cu 195
3+
73 3 + 73

;
2
8
2 2
p
2x + 2 x + y x2 y 2 = 1
2x3 = 2y 3 + 1
Tu
Gii
Chuyn v v bnh phng (1) ta suy ra h mi sau

2
5x 3x 1 = y y 2
2x3 2y 3 = 5x2 3x + y 2 y
2x3 2y 3 = 1
(x y 1)(2x2 3x + 2xy + 2y 2 y) = 0
in
TH1 : x = y + 1 thay vo (2) d dng tm c nghim.

TH2 : Kt hp vi phng trnh (1) sau khi bnh phng ta lp mt h mi
2
2x 3x + 2xy + 2y 2 y = 0
5x2 3x + y 2 y = 1
uy
n
y l h gm 2 tam thc v ta bit cch gii bng !

phng php UCT.
3 3 3 3
;

6
6
Ng
Cu 196
p

p
1 + 1 x2 = x 1 + 2 1 y 2
2
1
1
=p
+

1+y
1 + xy
1+x
Gii
iu kin : |x| 1, |y| 1, xy 0

Vi iu kin trn ta tin hnh nh gi
s

1
1
2
VT 2
+
p
1+x 1+y
1 + xy
ng thc xy ra khi x = y. Thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
q

1 + 1 x2 = x 1 + 2 1 x2
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210
107
Vi loi phng trnh

h v
i t ny lng gic ha l cch tt nht.
t x = sint, t 0; . Phng trnh tr thnh
2
1 + cos t = sin t(1 + 2 cos t)
t
t
t
2 cos = 2 sin cos
2
2
2
t
3 4sin
2
2
Cu 197
2y 3 + 2x 1 x =
3 1xy
y = 2x2 1 + 2xy 1 + x
in
Gii
Tu
n
3t
2
t= x=
sin =
2
t
3t
6
2
3 sin 4sin =
h2 i2
2
2
2
t 0;
t= x=1
2
2

1 1
;

2 2
iu kin 1 x 1
k th phng trnh (1) c dng f ( 1 x) = f (y) vi f (t) = t3 + t n iu tng. Tuy

nhin, n y cha phi l ht. Nh ti ni trc, nhng h kiu ny thng kh nng
v gii phng
trnh v t pha sau.
Thay y = 1 x t (1) xung (2) v ta thu c
1 x = 2x2 1 + 2x 1 x2
t
2 sin = cos 2t + sin 2t
2
Ng
u
y
n
t x = cost, t [0; ] phng trnh cho tng ng
1 cos t = 2cos2 t 1 + 2 cos t 1 cos t
Cu 198
t
= sin 2t +
2
4
t [0; ]
sin
3
3
cos ; 2 sin
10
20
x = cos 3
3
t=
10 3
10
y = 2 sin
20

3(x3 y 3 ) = 4xy
x2 y 2 = 9
Gii
Mt bi h khng qu kh khn, ch cn ch mt cht trong php th

T (2) suy ra xy = 3 hoc xy = 3.
www.VNMATH.com
108
3
, thay tt c vo (1) ta c
x
3
3
3
x3 = 2 31 x = 2 31 y = p
3
2
31
3
x
=4
p
3
3
x
3
x = 2 + 31 x = 2 + 31 y = p
3
2 + 31
Vi xy = 3 y =

Cu 199
Tu
Tng t vi trng hp xy = 3. Tuy nhin trng hp ny

! v nghim.
!
p
p
3
3
3
3
2 31; p
,
2 + 31; p

3
3
2 31
2 + 31
x2 + y 2 = 1
2(x y)(1 + 4xy) = 3
Gii
uy
n
in
Phng trnh u khin ta lin tng n phng php lng gic ha.
t x = sin t, y = cos t, t [0; 2]. Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
6
(sin t cos t)(1 + 2 sin 2t) =
2
6
sin t cos t + 2 sin 2t sin t 2 sin 2t cos t =
2
6
sin t cos t + cos t cos 3t sin 3t sin t =
2

6
7 31 55 11 35 39
cos
3t
+
sin
3t
=
2 t 36 ; 36 ; 36 ; 36 ; 36 ; 36
t [0; 2]

; 31 ; 55
; 11
; 35
; 39

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (sin t; cos t) vi t 7
36 36
36
36
36
36
Ng
( p 4
5y x4 6(x2 y 2 ) 2xy = 0
1 2
(5y + x2 )2 18 = xy(6 5y 2 x2 )
2
Cu 200
Gii
iu kin : xy 0, 5y 4 x4 0
Mt h kh hay. y xt phng trnh (2) ta coi x2 + 5y 2 l n chnh.
H cho tng ng
(5y 2 + x2 )2 + 2 xy(5y 2 + x2 ) 12 xy 36 = 0
5y2 +x2 = xy + 12 xy + 36 = ( xy + 6)2

2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210
109
Qu tuyt vi khi n chnh phng. T ta s tnh c

2
x + 5y 2 = 6
x2 + 5y 2 = 2 xy 6(L)
n y thay 6 = x2 + 5y 2 vo (1) ta c
p
p
5y 4 x4 (x2 + 5y 2 )(x2 y 2 ) = 2xy 5y 4 x4 + (5y 4 x4 ) = 4x2 y 2 + 2xy
Thay vo x2 + 5y 2 = 6 ta s gii ra x = 1, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
Cu 201
(x 1) y + (y
1)
x
=
2xy
x 2y 2 + y 2x 2 = 2xy
Gii
Tu
n
R rng 2 v u c dng f (t) = t2 + t, t 0 v hm ny n iu tng. T rt ra

p
5y 4 x4 = 2xy x = y
y
n
in
Mt h kh i xng nhng khin nhiu ngi lng tng v cn thc.

iu kin : x, y 1
x1
y1
+
=1
x
y
p
1.(x 1)
1+x1
1
R rng
= , tng t vi y. Vy v tri 1. ng thc xy ra khi

x
2x
2
x = y = 2 thay vo (1) tha mn.
Ng
u
Tip theo chng ta s n mt chm h s dng cc php bin i ng thc. y l mt

k thut kh kh tuy nhin n rt hu dng gii mt s loi h phng trnh. Ch bng
mt vi php bin i xut pht t nhng ng thc quen thuc m ta c th qut dn c
bi h. Tuy nhin phng php ny kh kh bi n yu cu kh nng hiu bit v ng thc
tng i tt ng thi cn kinh nghim v 1 cht tinh qui. Bi vit ny ti trch mt phn
trong cun "Tuyn Tp Phng trnh - H phng trnh" do din n Mathscope bin son.
Cu 202
2
+ y 2 = 1 + xy
x

2
2
x
y
+
=1
y+1
x+1
Gii
iu kin : x, y 6= 1
Ta s dng kt qu sau : Nu x2 xy + y 2 = 1 th
x
y
+
=1
y+1 x+1
www.VNMATH.com
110
Chng minh :
x2 xy + y 2 = 1 x(x + 1) + y(y + 1) = xy + x + y + 1 = (x + 1)(y + 1)
y
x
+
= 1
y+1 x+1
x
y
= a,
= b ta c h mi
y+1
x+1

x = 1, y = 0
a = 0, b = 1
a+b=1
2
2
x = 0, y = 1
a = 1, b = 0
a +b =1
p dng vo bi ton trn . t
Tu
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (0; 1)
Cu 203
Gii
iu kin : x, y 6= 0, 1
1
1
+
= 1.
x+1 y+1
in
S dng kt qu sau : Nu xy = 1 th
x y
1
1
1
= 2 + 2 1
+
y x xy
x
y
2
y
x
xy + y 2
x
+
=
x+1 y+1
xy
Chng minh:
xy = 1 xy+x+y+1 = (x+1)+(y+1) (x+1)(y+1) = (x+1)+(y+1)
1
1
+
= 1
x+1 y+1
uy
n
Ta s dng kt qu ny vo bi ton trn.

Phng trnh u tng ng
(xy 1)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 0 xy = 1
1
1
+
= 1
x+1 y+1
Phng trnh (2) khi s tng ng

1
1
1
x2 xy + y 2
(x y)2 + xy
(x y)2
+1
=
1=
=
+1
x+1
y+1
xy
xy
xy
Ng
Vy suy ra x = y kt hp xy = 1 suy ra x = y = 1
Cu 204
2
1
2 = 2 xy
y
xy
4
1
+
=1
2
(x + 1)
(y + 2)2
Gii
Ta s dng kt qu sau : Nu xy = 2
1
2
+
=1
x+1 y+2
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210
111
Chng minh :
xy = 2 xy+2x+y+2 = 2(x+1)+(y+2) (x+1)(y+2) = 2(x+1)+(y+2)
1
2
+
= 1
x+1 y+2
Vy t
Tu
n
Phng trnh th nht tng ng

2
1
1
+
=1
(xy 2)
+
1
=
1
xy
=
2
y2
x+1 y+2
1
2
= a,
= b ta c
x+1
y+2

a+b=1
a = 0, b = 1
a2 + b 2 = 1
a = 1, b = 0
Ta loi c 2 trng hp v a, b 6= 0
Vy h cho v nghim
Cu 205
in
xy + x + y = 3
4
1
x+1
4
+
+
=
5y + 9 x + 6 (x + 1)(y + 2)
2
Gii
Ta s dng kt qu sau
Chng minh
1
a
ab
1
a
ab
+
+
=
+
+
= 1
2
1 + a + ab a + ab + abc ab + abc + a bc
1 + a + ab a + ab + 1 a + ab + 1
Ng
u
VT =
1
1
1
+
+
=1
1 + a + ab 1 + b + bc 1 + c + ca
y
n
abc = 1
9
, x 6= 6, (x + 1)(y + 2) 6= 1
6
1
t a = x + 1, b = y + 1, c = th h cho tng ng
4
(
abc = 1
x+1
1
1
1
x+1
= 1 x = 1, y = 1
+
+
=
2
1 + b + bc 1 + a + ac 1 + a + ab
2
iu kin : y 6=
112

Cu 206
x2 + xy + y 2 = 3
x5 + y 5 + 15xy(x + y) = 32
Gii
Ta s dng ng thc : (x + y)5 = x5 + y 5 + 5xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )

S dng ng thc trn vi (2) ta c
Tu
n
x5 + y 5 + 5xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 32 (x + y)5 = 32 x + y = 2

Kt hp vi phng trnh (1) ta d dng gii ra (x; y) = (1; 1)
Cu 207
x2 + xy + y 2 = 3
x5 + y 5
31
=
3
3
x +y
7
in
Gii
Ta s s dng ng thc ny i vi mt bi sau y.
Bi ny hon ton c th a v dng thun nht bc 5 c. Tuy nhin, gii mt phng

trnh bc 5 thi nghe thy khin nhiu ngi ngn ngm. Ta s dng mt s kt qu sau
x3 + y 3 = (x + y)3 3xy(x + y)
x5 + y 5 = (x + y)5 5xy(x + y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )
y
n
iu kin : x 6= y
S dng kt qu trn vo (2) ta c
31
(x + y)4 15xy
=
2
(x + y) 3xy
7
Ng
u
Tip theo t (1) ta th (x + y)2 = 3 + xy vo (2) ta c

"
xy = 2
(3 + xy)2 15xy
31
15
=
xy =
3 2xy
7
7
x = 2, y = 1
x = 1, y = 2
Vi xy = 2 x + y = 1
x = 2, y = 1
x = 1, y = 2
15
36
Vi xy =
(x + y)2 =
(Loi v S 2 < 4P )
7
7
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 2), (2; 1), (1; 2)
2.7 Cu 181 n cu 210
113
xy x = 2
1
16
+
=1
4
(x + 1)
(y + 1)4
Cu 208
Tu
n
Gii
2
1
+
=1
Ta s dng kt qu : xy = x + 2
x+1 y+1
Chng minh
xy = x + 2 xy + x + y + 1 = 2(x + 1) + (y + 1)
2
1
+
= 1
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 2(x + 1) + (y + 1)
x+1 y+1
1
2
p dng i vi bi ton trn ta t
= a 6= 0,
= b 6= 0. H tr thnh
x+1
y+1

a+b=1
a = 1, b = 0(L)
a4 + b 4
a = 0, b = 1(L)
Vy h cho v nghim
x2 + y 2 = 2
(x + y)(1 + xy)4 = 32
y
n
Cu 209
in
Tip theo im qua mt vi v d v php th hng s a v phng trnh ng bc.

Loi ny thc ra ti c nu mt v d l cu 17. Gi ta nghin cu mt cht v k thut ny.
Gii
(x + y)2
2 + 2xy
=
. n y bi ton kh n gin.
2
2
Phng trnh (2) tr thnh (x + y)9 = 29 x + y = 2
n y kt hp vi (1) d dng gii ra (x; y) = (1; 1)
Ng
u
1 + xy =
Cu 210
x2 + y 2 = 2
(x + y)(4 x2 y 2 2xy) = 2y 5
Gii
Nhn xt phng trnh (2) c v tri l bc 5. V phi gm bc 1 v trong ngoc cao nht bc
4 nhng khng phi hng t no cng c bc 4. Vy ta tin hnh th hng s bng biu thc
t (1) xung di to nn s thun nht.
Th 2 = x2 + y 2 v 4 = (x2 + y 2 )2 . V sao khng th 4 = 2(x2 + y 2 ). n gin ti mun tt c
u l bc 4. Thay tt c vo (2) ta c

(x + y) (x2 + y 2 )2 x2 y 2 xy(x2 + y 2 ) = 2y 5 x5 + y 5 = 2y 5 x = y
114
n y kt hp vi (1) v ta d dng gii ra (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
2.8
Cu 211 n cu 240
Cu 211
3x3 y 3 =
1
x+y
Tu
n
x2 + y 2 = 1
Gii
iu kin : x 6= y
Phng trnh (1) quy ng s l bc 4. Vy ta ngh cc kt hp vi phng trnh (2) to
thnh mt phng trnh thun nht xem, nh th phng trnh (2) s phi l bc 4 v lm
c iu ta bnh phng 2 v ln. Nh vy ta s c
(3x3 y 3 )(x + y) = (x2 + y 2 )2
in
TH1 : 2x2 + xy + y 2 = 0 x = y = 0(L)

2x4 + 3x3 y 2x2 y 2 xy 3 2y 4 = 0 (x y)(x + 2y)(2x2 + xy + y 2 ) = 0
1
2y 2 = 1 x = y =
2
TH3 : x = 2y thay vo (2) ta c
y
n
1
2
5y 2 = 1 y = x =
5
5

2
1
2 1
1 1
1
1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ; , ; , ; , ;
5
5
5 5
2 2
2
2
81x3 y 2 81x2 y 2 + 33xy 2 29y 2 = 4

25y 3 + 9x2 y 3 6xy 3 4y 2 = 24
Ng
u
Cu 212
Gii
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. H cho tng ng
4
4
3
3
2
81x 81x + 33x 29 = 2

3(3x 1) + 2 (3x 1) = 24 + 2
y
y
3
24
4
2
2
25 + 9x2 6x =
+
+ 2. = 24 + (3x 1)2
3.
y3 y
y
y
t 3x 1 = a,
2
= b. H cho tr thnh
y
3
3a + 2a = 24 + b2
a=b
3b3 + 2b = 24 + a2
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
115
Thay vo mt trong 2 phng trnh ta c

3a3 a2 + 2a 24 = 0 a = 2 x = 1, y = 1
Cu 213
x2 + y 2 + 2x = 3
2(x3 + y 3 ) + 6x2 = 3(x2 + y 2 ) + 5
Tu
n
Gii
H cho tng ng
2

x + y 2 + 2x = 3
(x + 1)2 + y 2 = 4
2(x3 + y 3 ) + 6x2 = 3(3 2x) + 5

(x + 1)3 + y 3 = 8
in
t x + 1 = a, y = b h cho tng ng
2

a + b2 = 4
a = 2, b = 0 x = 1, y = 0
3
3
a +b =8
a = 0, b = 2 x = 1, y = 2
x2 + y 4 + xy = 2xy 2 + 7
x2 y + 4xy + xy 3 + 11(x y 2 ) = 28
y
n
Cu 214
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (1; 2)
Gii
Ng
u
Hnh thc bi h gm 2 a thc thuc loi khng b. Vi kinh nghim gp loi ny, th thng
ch c 2 hng chnh l phn tch nhn t hoc t n ph. Hng th 2 c v ng khi m
phng trnh (1) chuyn v xut hin (y 2 x)2 m n c phng trnh (2). H cho tng
ng.
2
2
(y x) = 7 xy
11(x y 2 ) + xy(y 2 x) = 28 4xy
t y 2 x = a, xy = b ta lp h mi nh sau

a2 = 7 b
ab 11a = 28 4b
y2 x = 0
a = 2, b = 3
=7
xy
a = 0, b = 7
y x = 2
xy = 3
y = 3 7, x = 3 49
y = 1, x = 3

3
49; 3 7
cu tip theo ti s ci thm mt bi vit ngn kh hay.
116

Cu 215
2
3
x3 + 3x
+
4x
+
2
=
y
+
2
y
3
3
x 3x + 3 y 3 3 = 0
Gii
Tu
n
Bi ny ch c g c bit nu nghim ca n khng l toc.
T PT(1) ta rt ra ngay 3 y = x + 1 do hm f (t) = t3 + t n iu tng. Thay vo (2) ta thu

c phng trnh sau :
x3 3x2 + 3x 3 = 0
in
Th bng Casio ta s thy phng trnh ny c 1 nghim rt xu. Vy phi lm nh th no

by gi. Trn thc th ta c th gii phng trnh ny bng cng thc Cardano. Tuy nhin y
l cng thc kh kh nh v cng khng ph hp cho lm. Vy cn cng c no khc khng
? Vn cn, l t n bng hm lng gic Hypebolic. Yu im
ca n
l ch gii c
1
nhng phng trnh bc 3 c nghim duy nht. Ta s t x = k a
ri sau thay li
a
ra phng trnh trng phng. Gi th p dng vi bi ny.
b
1
Trc ht hy a n v dng khuyt thiu bc 2 bng cch i bin z = x +
= x
3a
3
1
x = z + . Thay vo phng trnh ta thu c
3
2
z 3 + 2z = 0
3 3
y
n

1
gia bc 3 v bc 1 l du cng nn ta s t z = k a
. Thay vo phng trnh ta
a
c

3k 3 k 3
1
3 3
3
k a 3k a +
3 + 2k a
=0
a
a
a
Ng
u
1
Gi ta tm k sao cho a c v dng trng phng. Tc l phi lm mt phn a v . Vy
a
r
2
suy ra 3k 3 = 2k k =
.
3
r

2
1
Vy t z =
a
thay vo phng trnh ta c
3
a
r
r
3
3

a
=
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1
a
+2
a
= 0 2 a3 3 = 1 3
a =
3 3
a
3
a
a
3 3
2
r
r

3
3
3
3
a= 62
1
2
2
1
4
2
1
2
+
4
6
1 z=
a
=
2
=
x
=
6
a =
3
a
3
2
3
3
6
2
!3
3
3
3
3
1 2+ 4 1 2+ 4+ 3

;

3
3
Phng php t ny c th gii c mt s phng trnh bc 5 c bit. Ti s nu mt v
d cho bn c.
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
117
Gii phng trnhs: x5 + 10x3 +

18 =!0
s20x
9 + 113
4 2
Nghim : x = 2 5

5
4 2
9 + 113
Tu
n
Cu 216
p

x
+
x2 + y + 3
2 x + 4 + 3 y + 8 = 13
Gii
nhanh l h ny c nghim (x; y) = (0; 1). Nu nh th th
x+4
=
2
y+8
. R rng
3
c mt cht t tng nh gi y l dng Cauchy Schwarz

S dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho phng trnh (2) ta c
p
p
p
2 x + 4 + 3 y + 8 (22 + 32 )(x + y + 12) 13 13(x + y + 8) x + y 1
in
n y cha th ra c g. Ta hi vong t (1) s cho ta rng buc tri ngc l x + y 1.

Bnh phng (1) ta c
p
p
x + x2 + y + 3 + 2 x(x2 + y + 3) = 4 x + y = 1 x2 2 x(x2 + y + 3 1
Vy l c thnh qu. Gi ch vic cho cc ng thc xy ra.

Cu 217
x11 + xy 10 = y 22 + y 12p
7y 4 + 13x + 8 = 2y 4 . 3 x(3x2 + 3y 2 1)
y
n
Gii
Ng
u
C v bi ny hng i rt r rng khi m phng trnh u cho dng kh quen thuc. Tuy
nhin nhn vo s khng khip ca phng trnh (2) ta s thy h ny hay .
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim. Chia c 2 v ca phng trnh (1) cho y 11 ta c
11
x
x
+
= y 11 + y
y
y
Hai v u c dng f (t) = t1 1 + t v hm ny n iu tng. T suy ra x = y 2 > 0 thay

vo (2) ta c
p
7x2 + 13x + 8 = 2x2 3 x(3x2 + 3x 1)
y l mt phng trnh v t khng tm thng mt cht no.
1
Chia c 2 v cho x3 > 0 v t t = > 0 ta s a n v phng trnh
x
3
8t3 + 13t2 + 7t = 2 3 + 3t t2
118
y l dng phng trnh v t kh quen thuc m cch ti u vn l s dng tnh n iu

ca hm s. Mt cht kho lo ta a v
3
8t3 + 12t2 + 10t + 3 = 3 + 3t t2 + 2 3 + 3t t2
3
(2x + 1)3 + 2(2x + 1) = 3 + 3t t2 + 2 3 + 3t t2
Hai v u c dng f (t) = t3 + 2t v hm ny n iu tng. T ta c
2t + 1 =
3 + 3t t2
t = 1(L)
5 89
(L)
t=
6
89 5
t=
(T M )
6
Tu
n
Cu 218

1
2
2
(1 + x ) 1 + 4 = 8
y

1
(1 + y 2 ) 1 + 4 = 8
x
in
r
6
6
x=
y=
89 5
89 5

r
6
6
;

89 5
89 5
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Mt h i xng. C l khi gp bi ny ta thng c nhng hng sau : Cho 2 phng trnh

bng nhau, hoc l tin hnh chia 2 phng trnh cho nhau. Tuy nhin, vi bi ny, mt cht
tinh qui ta s c mt li gii ngn gn v p .
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
Nhn 2 phng trnh vi nhau ta c

1
1
2 2
2 2
1 + 4 = 64
1+x
1+y
1+ 4
y
x
n y ta s dng mt h qu ca Bt ng thc Holder nh sau:

Vi dy s dng a1 , a2 , . . . an ta c bt ng thc
(1 + a1 )(1 + a2 ) . . . (1 + an ) (1 +
a1 a2 . . . an )
p dng vo bi ton trn vi v tri ta c

1
(1 + x )(1 + x ) 1 + 4
x
2
r

6
1
1 2 2 1
6
2
2
(1 + y )(1 + y ) 1 + 4 1 + x .x . 4 .y .y . 4
= 64
y
x
y
2
ng thc xy ra khi x = 1, y = 1
Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1), (1; 1), (1; 1)
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
Cu 219
119
3x6 + 7x4 y 2 7x2 y 4 3y 6 = 2 3

y 2x
(x2 y 2 )7 + 7 = 0
Gii
3(x6 y 6 ) + 7x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 ) =
Tu
n
y l bi ton ti sng tc hon ton da vo tng ca cu 160 v 161. Nu 2 cu trn

phng trnh (2) ln lt l m 3 v 5 th cu ny ti nng n thnh m 7. y l mt bi
h thuc loi cc mnh v y tnh nh .
iu kin : x, y 6= 0. Phng trnh u tng ng
4x 3y
2xy
(x2 y 2 )(3x4 + 3x2 y 2 + 3y 4 ) + 7x2 y 2 (x2 y 2 ) =
4x 3y
2xy
2xy(x2 y 2 )(3x2 + 10x2 y 2 + 3y 4 ) = 4x 3y
2xy(x2 y 2 )(3x2 + y 2 )(3y 2 + x2 ) = 4x 3y

a+b
ab
,y =
th (ab)7 = 7 . Khi s c
2
2

2

2
a+b
ab
a2 b 2
2
2
, x + 3y =
2xy =
+3
= a2 ab + b2
2
2
2

2
2
a+b
ab
x+y
xy
a + 7b
+
= a2 + ab + b2 , 4x 3y =
+ 7.
=
3x2 + y 2 = 3
2
2
2
2
2
in
t x + y = a, x y = b x =
y
n
i
h
2
a2 b 2
a + 7b
.ab.(a2 + ab + b2 )(a2 ab + b2 ) =
ab(a2 b2 ) a2 + b2 a2 b2 = a + 7b
2
2
ab(a6 b6 ) = a + 7b ab(a6 b6 ) = a (ab)7 .b
a7 b ab7 = a a7 b8 a(b7 + 1)(a6 b 1) = 0
Ng
u
TH1 : a = 0 hin nhin v l
7
71
7
x=
x+y = 7
7
2
TH2 : b = 1 a = 7
7
x y = 1
y = 7+1
2
1
x+y =
1
1
35
35
6
5
5
6
b= 7
TH3 : a b = 1 (ab)a = 1 a =
a = 35
7
7
35
7
7
x y = 76
35
35
77 1
77 + 1
x=
, y=
35
2 7
2 35 7
!
!
35
35
7
71 77+1
77 1
77 + 1
;

;
,

2
2
2 35 7
2 35 7
120
Cu 220

x+1+ y+1=2
p
72xy
+ 29. 3 x2 y 2 = 4
xy
Gii
(x y)2 = 8(x + y)
Tu
n
iu kin : x 1, y 1, x 6= y
R rng kh lm n c g t phng trnh (2). Ta s xut pht t phng trnh (1). Bnh
phng 2 v ta c
p
x + y + 2 xy + x + y + 1 = 2 4(xy + x + y + 1) = (x + y)2 4(x + y) + 4
in
n y tng gn nh sng t. Ch khi bnh phng ln 2 th iu kin l x + y 2.

Lt ta s dng iu kin ny loi nghim.
Gi ta bin i (2), a n v n tng v hiu. phng trnh (2) tng ng
p
18 [(x + y)2 (x y)2 ]
+ 29 3 (x y)(x + y) = 4
xy

(x y)4
2
(x y)
18
29
64
+ (x y) = 4
xy
2
Ng
u
y
n
t x y = t. Phng trnh chuyn v

xy =4
x=3
t = 4 x + y = 2 y = 1 (T M )
xy =
x = 8
8
3
9
t=
8
16 (T M )
3
9t3 112t 108 = 0
x+y =
y=
9
9
4
5
xy =
x=
4
3
9 (T M )
t=
2
7
3
x+y =
y=
9
9

8 16
5 7
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (3; 1), ;
, ;

9 9
9 9
Cu 221
x2 + y 2 + xy + 2x = 7y
x3 + x2 y x2 + 2xy 6x + 3y = 0
Gii
Xt y = 0 th h c nghim x = 0 hoc x = 2
Vi y 6= 0. H cho tng ng
2
x + 2x
2
+ (x + y) = 7
x + 2x = y(7 x y)
y
(x2 + 2x) (x + y)
x2 + 2x
x3 + x2 y + 2x2 + 2xy 3(x2 + 2x) = 3y
3
= 3
y
y
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
t a =
121
x2 + 2x
, b = x + y. H cho tng ng
y
Tu
n
x + 2x
=
2
(V N )
y

a+b=7
a = 2 7, b = 5 + 7
x 2+ y = 5 + 7
ab 3a = 3
a = 2 + 7, b = 5 7
x + 2x = 2 7
x
+
y
=
5
7

q
4 7 5(7 + 4 7)

x=
2

14
7
+
5(7
+
4
7)

y=
2q
7
+
5(7
+
4
7)

x=
2
5(7
+
4
7)
14
y=
2
y
n
in
Vy h
q :
q
cho cnghim

4 7 5(7 + 4 7) 14 7 + 5(7 + 4 7)
(x; y) =
;
2
2
q
q
4 7 + 5(7 + 4 7) 14 7 5(7 + 4 7)
(0; 0), (2; 0)
;
2
2
y 2 + x + xy 6y + 1 = 0
y 3 x 8y 2 + x2 y + x = 0
Gii
Ng
u
Cu 222
y l mt bi ton kh th v. Hng rt quen thuc l t n ph tng tch. Tuy nhin

ci hay ca n l v phi khng phi l hng s m l mt biu thc theo n. Nhn nhn
loi h ny kh kh, cn mt cht tinh qui v may mn.
H cho tng ng
2

y + x + xy + 1 = 6y
(xy + 1) + (y 2 + x) = 6y
y 3 x + y 2 + x2 y + x = 9y 2
(y 2 + x)(xy + 1) = 9y 2
R rng y 2 + x v xy + 1 l 2 nghim ca phng trnh X 2 6yX + 9y 2 = 0 X = 3y. T
ta c :
2

y + x = 3y
x = 3y y 2
y=1
2
xy + 1 = 3y
(3y y ) y + 1 = 3y
x=2
122

Cu 223
x2 + xy + y 2 = 3y 1
x3 + x2 y = x2 x + 1
Gii
1
= 2(y 4 x4 )
2y
1
= (x2 + 3y 2 )(3x2 + y 2 )
2y
in
Cu 224

x
1
+
x
Tu
n
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. H cho vit li :
5+ 5
1 5
2
2
,y =
x + 1 + y(x + y 1) = 2y
x +1=y
x=
2
2
2
2
(x + 1).y(x + y 1) = y
y(x + y 1) = y
1 + 5
5 5
,y =
x=
2
2
!
1 5 5 + 5
1 + 5 5 5
;
,
;

2
2
2
2
Gii
y
n
Dng ny ging vi cu 138.

iu kin : x, y 6= 0
H cho tng ng

= 2y 4 2x4 + 3x4 + 3y 4 + 10x2 y 2
2 = 5y 4 x + x5 + 10x3 y 2
x
1
1 = 5x4 y + y 5 + 10x2 y 3
= 3x4 + 3y 4 + 10x2 y 2 2y 4 + 2x4

y
Ln lt cng tr hai phng trnh trn cho nhau ta c
x= 3+1
5
(x + y) = 3
x+y = 3
2
5
5
xy =1
3
1
(x y) = 1
y=
2
!
5
3+1 531
;

2
2
Ng
u
(
Cu 225
x2 + 2xy + y = 0

p
x3 + 3xy + 2 y + 1 x + x2 y + 2 = 4
Gii
y l mt bi h kh kh v nh .
iu kin : y 1, x2 y 2
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
123
Tu
n
T phng trnh (1) ta c x2 + y = 2xy. Gi hy kho lo s dng n.

p
x3 + xy + 2xy + 2x y + 1 + 2 y + 1 x2 y + 2 4 = 0
p
x(x2 + y) (x2 + y) + 2x y + 1 + 2 y + 1 x2 y + 2 4 = 0
p
x.(2xy) x2 y + 2x y + 1 + 2 y + 1 x2 y + 2 4 = 0
p

(x2 y + 2 + y + 1 2 y + 1 x2 y + 2) x2 (y + 1) 2x y + 1 + 1 = 0
p
2
2
x2 y + 2 y + 1 x y + 1 1 = 0
ng thc xy ra th
2

x (y + 1) = 1
x y+1=1
x2 y = y 1
x2 (y + 1)(y 1) = x2 y
x2 y + 2 = y + 1
x>0
y
n
in
TH1 : x = 0 y = 0 (Vl)
1+ 5
1
51
y=
=
x=
2
y+1
2
TH2 : y 2 y 1 = 0
1 5
1
5+1
=
y=
x=
2
2
y+1
Ta phi thay li vo phng trnh (1) v ch c cp s 2 l tha.
!
5+1 1 5
;

2
2
Cu 226
x3 + 3xy 2 = x2 + y 2 + 2
x4 + y 4 + 6x2 y 2 = 8
Gii
Ng
u
Phng trnh (1) tng ng x(x2 + 3y 2 ) = x2 + y 2 + 2 c nghim th x > 0 H cho

tng ng
2
2
(x + y 2 ) + (2xy)2 = 8
x2 + y 2 + 2 = x(x2 + y 2 ) + (2xy).y
Ta c
x2 + y 2 + 2
2

= x(x2 + y 2 ) + y(2xy) (x2 + y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 )2 + (2xy)2
(x2 + y 2 + 2)2 8(x2 + y 2 ) (x2 + y 2 2)2 0
Du bng xy ra khi
2
x + y2 = 2
2
2
x + y2
2xy
= 2x x = 1, y = 1
=
x
x
y
x>0
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
124
Cu 227
x2 + x + 1
2x + 1
=
2y
y2 + 3
x+ y+1=3
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : 1 y 6= 0
Nhn vo phng trnh (1) ta thy c nghim th 2x + 1 v 2y cng du.
s
s
p
2
2
2
y +3
x +x+1
x +x+1
y2 + 3
+
+
2x + 1
2y
4x2 + 4x + 1
4y 2
v
u
1
s
u
r
r
u x2 + x +
3
3
3
1
1
1
4 =
+ 2
+
+ 2
=
u
u
2
1
4 4y
4 4(2x + 1)
4 4y
t
4 x2 + x +
4
y 2 = (2x + 1)2 y = 2x + 1
in
x + 2x + 2 = 3 x = 1 y = 3
Cu 228
x + 3y 2 2y = 0
36 (x x + 3y 3 ) 27(4y 2 y) + 2 3 9 x 1 = 0
y
n
Gii
Ng
u
y l mt cu trong Olympic 30/4 nm 2013. Tt nhin l mt cu rt kh nu khng tinh

nhn ra.
iu kin :x 0
2
3x + (3y 1)2 = 1
Phng trnh (1) tng ng : 3x + (3y 1)2 = 1
Vy ta t 3y 1 = cos t, 3x = sin t, t [0; ]

Thay ht vo phng trnh (2) ta c
36x x + (2 3 9) x + 4(3y 1)3 3(3y 1) = 0
36sin3 t
sin t
+ (2 3 9) + 4cos3 t 3 cos t = 0
3 3
3
4 3sin3 t 3 3 sin t + cos 3t = 2 sin t

3 sin 3t cos 3t = 2 sin t sin 3t
= sin t
6
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
125

Cu 229
Tu
n
+ k
t=

12
7
19
7 k t
; ;
t=
+
12
24 24
24
2
t [0; ]
2

sin t 1 + cos t
7 19
;
vi t
; ;

3
3
12 24 24
x2 + 4y 2 = 1
16x5 20x3 + 5x + 512y 5 160y 3 + 10y + 2 = 0

Gii
y
n
in
mt phn ca phng trnh (2) biu thc rt ging cng thc nhn 5. V biu thc u
cng khin ta c c s lng gic ha cho bi ny.
t x = sin t, 2y = cos t, t [0; 2]. Thay tt c vo (2) ta c
16sin5 t 20sin3 t + 5 sin t + (16cos5 t 20cos3 t + 5 cos t) + 2 = 0

(
3 k2

t=
+
sin 5t + cos 5t = 2 sin 5t +
= 1
20
5
4
t [0; 2]

13 21 29 37
;
;
;
;
t
4 20 20 20 20

13 21 29 37
cos t
;
;
;
;
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) sin t;
vi t

2
4 20 20 20 20
2(x + y)3 + 4xy 3 = 0

(x + y)4 2x2 4xy + 2y 2 + x 3y + 1 = 0
Ng
u
Cu 230
H cho tng ng

Gii
2(x + y)3 + 4xy 3 = 0

(x + y)4 2(x + y)2 + (x + y) + (2y 1)2 = 0
t x + y = t ta c
0 = 2t3 + 4xy 3 2t2 + t 3 t 1

t4 2t2 + t + (2y 1)2 = 0
Ta c : t4 2t2 + t = t(t 1)(t2 + t 1) 0 vi t 1 v (2y 1)2 0
Vy v tri ca phng trnh (2) lun khng m.
126

1
2y 1 = 0
x=y=
x+y =1
2

1 1
;

2 2

Cu 231
(2x
+ y) + 6x 3y = 6
y + 2)(2x
2x + 1 + y 1 = 4
Gii
Tu
n
ng thc xy ra khi

3
;5
2
3
2
y=5
x=
in
a=b=2
1
iu kin : x , y 1
2
t a = 2x + 1 0, b = y 1 0 ta c h

a+b=4
a+b=4
2
2
2
2
2
2
(a b ) (a + b ) + 3 (a b 2) = 6
(a2 b2 ) (a2 + b2 + 3) = 0
y
n
Cu 232
p
2 + (4x 9)(x y) +
4x
xy = 3y
p
4 (x + 2)(y + 2x) = 3(x + 3)
Gii
Ng
u
y l mt loi h kh th v. Bn s cn gp khong 2,3 cu nh ny na trong cun sch.

t iu kin cho h phng trnh.
D thy 2 iu kin ni bt nht h c nghim l x, y 0
p

4x2 + (4x 9)(x y) 2y + ( xy y) = 0

4x2 + (4x 9)(x y) 4y 2
xy y 2
p
+
=0
xy + y
4x2 + (4x 9)(x y) + 2y
!
8x + 4y 9
y
(x y) p
+
=0
2
xy + y
4x + (4x 9)(x y) + 2y
n y bn mong i nht iu g ? By gi ch c sao 8x + 4y 9 na thi l xong trn

ri nh ? Vy chng minh kiu g ? Ly u ra ? phng trnh (2) ch u na ! mt
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
127
to l s lm xut hin 8x + 4y. T phng trnh (2) ta rt ra 8x + 4y =
9(x + 3)2
. Gi cng
4(x + 2)
vic ca ta l phi chng minh

9(x + 3)2
9 (x 1)2 0
4(x + 2)
Tu
n
Nh vy ta c thnh qu. T rt ra x = y thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c

"
27
p
x = (L)
4 3x(x + 2) = 3(x + 3)
13
x = 1 y = 1(T M )
y(xy 2) = 3x2
y 2 + x2 y + 2x = 0
Cu 233
in
Tip sau y chng ta n vi mt chm h s dng phng php nhn 2 phng trnh
vi nhau i n. Tc l ta s kho lo sp xp li h mt cht ri nhn 2 phng trnh
vi nhau to thnh mt phng trnh n mi (thng l n xy). y l mt hng lm
kh, n yu cu s tinh t v tinh qui trong vic nhn bao qut h v sp xp cc phng trnh.
Gii
y
n
H cho tng ng

y(xy 2) = 3x2
3x2 y 2 = xy(xy 2)(xy + 2)
x(xy + 2) = y 2
TH1 : x = y = 0
1
x=
xy
=
1
y
TH2 : 3xy = (xy)2 4
4
xy = 4
x=
y
1
3
1
3
2
Vi x = thay (2) ta c y + = 0 y = 3 x =
3
y
y
3
4
Vi x = tng t v ta tm ra y = 2 x = 2
y

1
3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (2; 2),
; 3
3
3
Ng
u
Loi h ny hnh thc cho thng kh gin n nh vy. Mt li khuyn nh ca ti l hy

a nhng phn t n c nh x, x2 , x3 , y, y 2 ... sang mt v, nhng phn t kt dnh vi nhau
nh xy, x2 y, y 2 x, ... sang mt v. Tt nhin n s c nhiu yu t khc, cn phi ng no
tm hng gii quyt. Gi tip tc n mt s cu cng tng.
128

Cu 234
x3 + xy 2 = 0
y 3 + 3xy + 3 = 0
Gii
Tu
n
y l mt cu trong thi th ca trng THPT Chuyn - HSPHN. tng ca n cng

nh trn.
H vit li nh sau
3
x = 2 xy
(xy)3 = (2 xy). 3(xy + 1) = 0
y 3 = 3xy 3
(xy)3 3(xy)2 + 3xy 1 = 7 (xy 1)3 = 7 xy = 1
T (2) ta c
Tt nhin n y ch ai in m rt x theo y v thay vo phng trnh (2). T 2 phng

trnh u ta hon ton c th tnh c x, y ri. T (1) ta c
q
3
3
3
3
x = 2 xy = 1 + 7 x = 1 + 7
3
3
y = 3xy 3 = 3 7 6 y = 3 7 6
p

p
3
3
1 + 3 7; 3 3 7 6
q
5x3 + 3y 3 2xy = 6
3x3 + 2y 3 + 3xy = 8
y
n
Cu 235
in
Gii
Ng
u
y l mt h rt hay l pht trin hn ca cu 234. y l khng th p dng nhn to n

mi ngay c. Mun c th phi a n v dng ging nh trn, tc l mi phng trnh
khng tn ti c 2 phn t x3 v y 3 . Lm cch no ? Rt n gin l coi x3 , y 3 l n chnh
cn xy l hng s. Nh th ta c mt h ca lp 9, rt n gin ta rt c x3 , y 3 theo xy.
y s l
3
3
5x + 3y 3 = 6 + 2xy
x = 13xy 12 (3)
3x3 + 2y 3 = 8 3xy
y 3 = 21xy
+ 22 (4)
xy = 1
x3 y 3 = (13xy 12)(21xy + 22)

xy = 137 19033
Vi xy = 1 t (3) v (4) d dng gii ra x = y = 1
q
Vi xy = 137 + 19033 t (3)(4) suy ra x = 3 13(137 + 19033) 12 =

q
p
p
3
3
13 19033 1793 v y = 3 21(137 + 19033) + 22 = 2899 21 19033
p
p
3
3
Vi xy = 137 19033 t (3)(4) suy ra x = 13 19033 1793, y = 2899 + 21 19033
2.8 Cu 211 n cu 240
129
p

p
3
3
13 19033 1793; 2899 21 19033
p

p
3
3
13 19033 1793; 2899 + 21 19033
Cu 236
x3 8y 3 = 1 + 3xy 3x2 y 2
8y 3 3x3 = 1 3xy + 9x2 y 2
Tu
n
Gii
Tc gi bi ton l thy L Trung Tn bn BoxMath. Nhn th c v kh ging cu trn nhng

thc ra bi ny level cao hn rt nhiu. Trc ht ta hy c lm quen thuc
H tng ng
(
x3 = 3x2 y 2 + 1 (1)
8y 3 = 3xy + 2 (2)
Ly (1) nhn (2) v theo v, ta c
x3 y 3 + 6x2 y 2 + 3xy + 2 = 0 (3)
in
y l mt phng trnh bc 3 n xy tuy nhin nghim kh xu. Hy th kt hp vi cc

phng trnh khc xem.
Ly (3) tr (1) v theo v, ta c
Th (4) vo (1), ta c
(xy + 1)3 = x3 xy = x 1 (4)
Ng
u
y
n
x3 + 3(x 1)2 + 1 = 0
3
3x
= (x 2)3
3
3x = x 2
x = 1 3 3 3 9
1+ 33
Thay li vo (4) v ta tm ra y =
2
!
1+ 33
3
3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = 1 3 9;

2
Cu 237
(x y)4 = 13x 4
x + y + 3x y = 2
Gii
iu kin : y min{x; 3x}

p
(x + y)(3x y) = 2
x 1
p
1 2x = 2 (x + y)(3x y)
2
(2x 1)2 = 3x2 + 2xy y 2
x + y + 3x y + 2
(x y)2 = 4x 1
130
Thay vo (1) ta c

Cu 238
Tu
n
3
y
=
16
(4x 1)2 = 13x 4 x =
13
16
y=
16

3
5 13
5
;
,
;

16 16
16 16
x2 y 2 9x + 4y 2 = 0
x3 + 3x2 24x + 2y + 31 = 0
Gii
x0
9x
9
3
3
y2
= y
4x
4
2
2
in
9x
y2 = 2
x +4
S dng kt qu ny kt hp vi phng trnh (2) ta c
x0
x3 + 3x2 24x + 31 = 2y 3 (x 2)2 (x + 7) 0 x = 2

3

2
y
n
Ti a thm 1 v d na cho cc bn lm. V t rt ra nhn xt v hnh thc ca chng.
x2 y 2 2x + y 2 = 0
2x3 + 3x2 + 6y 12x + 13 = 0
Ng
u
Cu 239
Nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1)
Cu 240
x3 3xy 2 x + 1 = y 2 2xy x2
y 3 3yx2 + y 1 = y 2 + 2xy x2
Gii
H kh i xng. Tuy nhin y m mt bi ton kh kh chi.

H cho tng ng
(
x(x2 y 2 ) 2xy 2 + (x2 y 2 ) + 2xy x + 1 = 0
y(y 2 x2 ) 2x2 y + (x2 y 2 ) 2xy + y 1 = 0
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270
131
Ly P T (1) i.P T (2) ta c

(x2 y 2 )(x + yi) 2xy(xi y) + (x2 y 2 )(1 i) + 2xy(1 + i) (x + yi) + 1 + i = 0
(x + yi)(x2 y 2 ) + 2xyi(x + yi) + (x2 y 2 )(1 i) 2xyi(i 1) (x + yi) + 1 i = 0
(x + yi)(x2 + 2xyi y 2 ) + (1 i)(x2 + 2xyi y 2 ) (x + yi) + 1 + i = 0
z 3 + (1 i)z z + 1 + i = 0
Tu
n
(x + yi)3 + (1 i)(x + yi)2 (x + yi) + 1 + i = 0

(z = x + yi)
(z i)(z 2 + z 1 + i) = 0
TH1 : z = i (x; y) = (0; 1)
TH2 : z 2 + z 1 + i = 0
1
1
+ i. ( 41 5)
(5 + 41) hoc
8
2
in
2 2(5 + 41)
a =
(5 + 41)
2
r
1
1
b = ( 41 5)
(5 + 41)
4
2
(
a2 b 2 = 5
= 5 4i = (a + bi)2
2ab = 4
n y ta tm c z =
4
q
r
2 + 2(5 + 41)
1
1
z=
i. ( 41 5)
(5 + 41)
4
8
2
q
2(5 +
Ng
u
2.9
Cu 241 n cu 270
Cu 241
1
(5 + 41),
2
y
n
4
q
r
2 + 2(5 + 41) 1
; ( 41 5)
(5 + 41)
4
8
2
41) 1
; ( 41 5)
8
2 xy
x
y
+
=
y+1 x+1
xy + 1
5
3
+
=4

y1
x1
Gii
iu kin : x, y > 1
Chnh v iu kin ny m ta c bt ng thc kh quen thuc sau
1
1
2
+
x+1 y+1
xy + 1
132
2 xy
y
x
+1+
+1=
+2
y+1
x
+
1
xy
+
1

2(2 xy + 1)
1
1
(x + y + 1)
+
=
x+1 y+1
xy + 1
()
=4x=y=5
x1
in
Cu 242
p
x2 + 2x 2 = y 2 4y 2
6x y 11 + 10 4x 2x2 = 0
Tu
n
x + y + 1 2 xy + 1
1
1
2
Vy (*) suy ra V T V P
M ta c
+
x+1 y+1
xy + 1
ng thc xy ra khi x = y thay vo (2) ta c
Gii
y
n
iu kin : y 2 + 4y + 2 0, 10 4x 2x2 0
Mt h kh kh chu. Khng lm n g ni t 2 phng trnh. nh gi c l l gii php cui.
y c cn nn c l s dng AM GM . Ta li m ra c nghim (x; y) = (1; 3). y l c
s ta nhn chia hng s ph hp. Ta c
p
y 2 4y 1
1(y 2 4y 2)
2
2
2
2x + 4x + y + 4y 3 0 ()
(1) x2 + 2x 2 =
Ng
u
Tng t vi (2) ta c
(2) y 6x + 11 =
10 4x 2x2 =
1p
4(10 4x 2x2 )
2
14 4x 2x2
x2 10x + 2y + 2y + 15 0 ()
4
Cng (*) vi (**) ta c

3x2 6x + y 2 + 6y + 12 0 3(x 1)2 + (y + 3)2 0
(
x=1
y = 3
Thay li vo h thy tha mn.

2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270

Cu 243
133
p
y 3 + x2 = 64 x2 y
3
(x2 + 3) = y + 6
Gii
Ta c
y + 6 = x2 + 2
3
23 = 8 y 2
y 3 + x2 8
p
64 x2 y
ng thc xy ra khi y = 2, x = 0 th li thy tha mn.

Gii
in
iu kin : x 4, y 1
Cu 244
2 xp
4 y1=2
x + 12x + y 2 = 19
Tu
n
Xt (1) ta c
x+2 y =1
1
1
1
=
xp
6
4x + y 2
Ng
u
Cu 245
y
n
y5
2(x 8)
=
2 x44= y12
y1+2
2 x4+4
p
Xt x > 8 y > 5 . Khi V T = x + 12x + y 2 > 8 + 121 = 19 = V P

Xt x < 8 y < 5 . Khi V T < V P
Vy x = 8, y = 5. Th li thy tha mn.
Gii
iu kin : x 2, y 0
V y = 0 khng l nghim y > 0. Vy ta suy ra
3(7 33)
x+2>1
x>
1
1
1
< +
y
>
0
x
6
4x
Gi s y < x 1 th
3(7 33)
x>
(1) ta c
2
x+2<1+ x1
x>2
134
3(7
33)
x >
3(7 33)
2
(2) ta c 1
<x<2
2
>1+ 1
x
6 x+1
R rng l v l. Tng t vi y > x 1
Vy y = x 1 thay vo (2) ta c
Tu
n
1
1
1
= +
x = 2 y = 1 (T M )
x
6 x+1
Cu 246
5
+
2y 4 = x y + 1
p
8 y(x 2) + 4 8y = (y x)2
Gii
iu kin : x 5, y 2
in
(2) 8 yx 2y + 4 8y = x2 2xy + y 2
4(xy 2y) + 8 xy 2y + 4 = x2 + 2xy + y 2
2

2 xy 2y + 2 = (x + y)2

2xy 2y + 2 = x + y (3)
2 xy 2y + 2 = (x + y) (4)
y
n
(4) loi v V T > 0 > V P

p
2
x2 y =0x=y+2
(3) 2 y(x 2) = (x 2) + y
Thay ln (1) ta c
p
p
y 3 + 2y 4 = 3 y = 4 x = 6 (T M )
Ng
u
Cu 247
y + 3y 2 2y + 6 + 3x2 = 3x + 7x2 + 7 + 2
3y 2 4x2 3y + 3x + 1 = 0
Gii
iu kin : 3y 2 2y + 6 + 3x2 0
Thy h ny cha mt tam thc bc 2. Vy th tnh xem sao. Khng c ri ! Qu xu.
Ngh hng khc. Nhn thy phng trnh (1) cha mt cn thc kh bt n. C l n lin
quan n phng trnh th (2). Th dng php th xem sao.
T (2) ta rt ra
3y 2 2y + 6 + 3x2 = 7x2 + y 3x + 5
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270
135
Thay ln (1) ta c
p
y 3x 2 + 7x2 + y 3x + 5 = 7x2 + 7
n y liu i tip c ch ? t 7x2 + 7 = u > 0, y 3x 2 = v ta c phng trnh
v + u2 + v = u u2 + v = u v
Ta c : 2u v + 1 = u + (u v) + 1 > 0
Vy suy ra v = 0 y = 3x + 2 thay vo (2) ta c
Tu
n
u2 2uv + v 2 = u2 + v v(2u v + 1) = 0
x = 1 y = 1 (T M )
7
25
x= y=
(T M )
23
23

7 25
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), ;

23 23
"
3(3x + 2)2 4x2 3(3x + 2) + 3x + 1 = 0
in
Cu 248
x
y
2
+
2
+p
=
p
2
2
(1 x )(1 y 2 )
(1 y)(1 x2 )
(1
r x)(1 y )
y
1
x
+p
=

2
2
2
(1 x )(1 y 2 )
1x
1y
Gii
Ta c :
y
n
iu kin : 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1

p
x 1 y 2 + y 1 x2 = 1
Ng
u
p
p
x2 + y 2 + 2 x2 y 2
x 1 y 2 + y 1 x2 (x2 + y 2 )(2 x2 y 2 )
=1
2
ng thc xy ra khi
(
x2 + y 2 = 1
p
y 1 y 2 = x 1 x2
x=y=
2
2
2
Thay vo (2) ch c x = y =
tha mn.
2
!
2 2
;

2 2
136
Cu 249
p
2 x + y 2 + y + 3 3 y= x + 2
y 3 + y 2 3y 5 = 3x 3 x + 2
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : y 0, x 2
Chc chn s xut pht t (1). Tng ng
p
2 x + y2 + y + 3 = 3 y + x + 2
Ta c
p
p
3 y + x + 2 = 3. 3y + 1. x + 2 2 3y + x + 2
Cu 250
x(x2 + 1) + xy(2x 3y) + y(x 2) = 2y 2 (1 + 5y)

(x2 + 17y + 12)2 = 4(x + y + 7)(x2 + 3x + 8y + 5)
in
Gi ta chng minh
p
p
2 3y + x + 2 2 x + y 2 + y + 3 (y 1)2 0 (Right)
ng thc xy ra khi y = 1 v y = x + 2 x = 1
Thay vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn.
Gii
Vn gi nguyn t tng khi gp loi h ny. Hoc nhm nhn t c hoc t n ph. Nu
nhm nhn t c l s xut pht t (1) v (2) qu s.
y
n
(x 2y) + (x3 + 2x2 y 3xy 2 10y 3 ) + xy 2y 2 = 0
(x 2y) + (x 2y)(x2 + 4xy + 5y 2 ) + y(x 2y) = 0
Ng
u
(x 2y)(x2 + 4xy + 5y 2 + y + 1) = 0

2
1
3
2
2
2
Hin nhin x + 4xy + 5y + y + 1 = (x + 2y) + y +
+ > 0. Vy ta rt c x = 2y
2
4
thay vo (2) ta c
(4y 2 + 17y + 12)2 = 4(3y + 7)(4y 2 + 14y + 5)
Ta c th nhn tung n ra ri gii phng trnh bc 4, tuy nhin mt cht th bi ton

gii quyt nhanh hn kh nhiu.
t 4y 2 + 14y + 5 = a, 3y + 7 = b. Phng trnh tng ng
11 3 17
11 3 17
x=
y=
8
4
(a + b)2 = 4ab (a b)2 = 0 4y 2 + 11y 2 = 0
11 + 3 17
11 + 3 17
y=
x=
8
4
!
11 3 17 11 3 17
11 + 3 17 11 + 3 17
;
,
;

4
8
4
8
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270
Cu 251
137
y2 + 2
y2 x
= 2x 2
x
p 2
y + 1 + 3 2x 1 = 1
Gii
r
2
y2 + 2
= 2x
x
Tu
n
iu kin : x > 0
y +2x
r
y2 + 2
y2
= 2 t2 t 2 = 0
x
x
2
t = 2 y = 4x 2
Thay vo (2) ta c
4x 1 + 3 2x 1 = 1
in
Ta t 2 cn v dng mt h tm sau

1
a+b=1
a=1
4x 1 = 1 x = y = 0
2
3
a 2b = 1
b=0
2

1
;0
2
Cu 252
x2 4 3x 2 + 10 = 2y
y 2 6 4y 3 + 11 = x
y
n
Gii
Ng
u
3
2
iu kin : x , y
3
4
Cng 2 phng trnh vi nhau ta c
x2 4 3x 2 + 10 + y 2 6 4y 3 + 11 = 2y + x
(3x 2 4 3x 2 + 4) + (x2 4x + 4) + (4y 3 6 4y 3 + 9) + (y 2 6y + 9) = 0

2
2
3x 2 2 + (x 2)2 +
4y 3 3 + (y 3)2 = 0
(
x=2
y=3
Thay li vo h thy tha mn.

138

Cu 253
2(x 2) x + 6 = 6 y
(x 2) y + 2 = y + 1 x2 4x + 5
Gii
iu kin : x 6, y 1
Tu
n
x2
y+1
x2
y+1
=
p
=q
2
y+2
x2 4x + 5
(x 2)2 + 1
y+1 +1
t
1
. Ta c f 0 (t) =
> 0. Vy f (t) n iu tng v t rt ra
2
+ 1(
t + 1(t2 + 1)
x2
x2= y+1
. Thay ln (1) ta c
y = x2 4x + 3
2(x 2) x + 6 = x2 + 4x + 3

x + 6 3 = x2 2x + 15
2(x 2)
Xt f (t) =
t2
x3 y 3 + 3xy 2 7y 3 = 1
x2 + 2x + (xy 1)2 = 2x2 y
y
n
Cu 254
in
x3
2(x 2)
= (x 3)(x + 5)
x+6+3
R rng vi iu kin khi rt th phng trnh ny ch c nghim x = 3 y = 0.
Gii
Ng
u
x2 + 2x + x2 y 2 2xy + 1 2x2 y = 0 (xy x 1)2 = 0
xy = x + 1
xy x 1 = 0
x+1
y =
x
Thay ht ln (1) ta c

3
x+1
x+1
3
(x + 1) + 3(x + 1)
7
=1
x
x
x3 (x + 1)3 + 3x2 (x + 1)2 7(x + 1)3 = x3
x3 (x + 1)3 + 3x2 (x + 1)2 + 3x(x + 1) + 1 = x3 + 3x(x + 1) + 1 + 7(x + 1)3
(x2 + x + 1)3 = 8(x + 1)3 = (2x + 2)3
1 5
1 5
y=
x=
2
2
x2 x 1 = 0
1+ 5
1+ 5
x=
y=
2
2
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270
139
!
1+ 5 1+ 5
;

2
2
xy 2
2
2x2 2 ( 2 + 1)(x 2 1) 2 2
=0
y
x y +1
y2
=2+ 2
4x + 2 2
x y +1
Tu
n
Cu 255
!
1 5 1 5
;
,
2
2
Gii
y
n
in
Tc gi bi ton l anh Nguyn Bnh. y tt nhin l mt bi ton rt kh, i hi ngh

thut bin i kh tt.
iu kin : y 6= 0
H cho tng ng

2
2.x 2
2
+
1
x
2
2
+
1
2x
y2
2x2 + 2
2.
2
2x
y
2. +
2+1
=0
2
y
y
2x + 2
y
2
t 2x = a,
= b. H cho tng ng
y
2a
2
2
a b
=
(
2+1 a 2
2 + 1)
a + b2
2b
2ab ( 2 + 1)b + 2
=0
a + b2
Ly P T (1) i.P T (2) ta c
2(a bi)
+
(
2 + 1) = 0
a2 + b 2
Ng
u
(a2 b2 + 2abi) ( 2 + 1)(a + bi)
t z = a + bi. Th phng trnh cho tng ng

2z
2
z2
2+1 z
+ 2 + 1 = 0 z2
2+1 z
+
2+1 =0
z.z
z
z= 2
2
1
3
z 2 (z z + 1)
= 0 z = 2 + 2 i
z
1
3
z=
i
2
2
Vi z = 2 a = 2, b = 0 (L)
a =
x =
1
3
2 2
2
Vi z = +
i
3
2
2
2
2
b =
y =
2
3
140

Cu 256
!
1 2 2
;
,
2 2
3
!
1
2 2
;

2 2
3
Tu
n
x=
1
3
2
2
i
Vi z =
2
2
2
2
y =
3
2
x y = 2y
+1
x + y + x 2y = 3y
Gii
iu kin : x + y 0, 2x y 0
R rng c nghim th y 0
2
p
2 p
x 2y =
x+y
x 2y
p
x + y = x 2y + 1
X l ci ny tt nht ta s s dng h tm. t x + y = a, x 2y = b. Ta c :

(
(
ab=1
ab=1
2a = 3y + 1 2 x + y = 3y + 1 4x = 9y 2 + 2y + 1
2
2
a b = 3y
a + b = 3y
x+y+
Thay ln (1) ta c
in
y
n
9y 2 + 2y + 1
= 2y 2 + y + 1
4
y = 3 x = 22
y = 1 (L)
Ng
u
xy
x + y4
3
4
(x + y)
x+y 8
1
3
+ =4
y
x
Cu 257
Gii
iu kin x, y > 0.
Thot nhn thy phng trnh (1) kh thun nht. t x = ty chng. Tuy nhin khi ta s
ra mt phng trnh n t khng d chi mt cht no. : du bng xy ra ti x = y. Vy
phi chng l dng bt ng thc ?
p dng bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz cho v tri ca (1) ta c
2
x4 + y 4
(x2 + y 2 )
(x + y)4
1
=
4
4
4
(x + y)
2(x + y)
8(x + y)
8
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270
141
p dng bt ng thc AM GM cho v phi ta c
xy
xy
3
3
1
=
x+y 8
2 xy 8
8
Cu 258
p
xy (x y)( xy 2) + x = y + y
(x + 1) y + xy + x(1 x) = 4
Gii
Tu
n
ng thc xy ra khi x = y. Thay vo (2) d dng gii ra x = y = 1

in
c hng gii v th xem loi h ny ri vo cu no ri nh !

xy + (x y) xy 2 y 2
xy
q
+
=0
x
+
y
xy + (x y) xy 2 + y
y + xy 2
1
(x y) q
+
= 0 ()
x
+
y
xy + (x y) xy 2 + y
Gi ta mong rng y + xy 2. Tht vy, t (2) ta c
y
n
y+
xy =
4
+ x2 x
x+1
Gi phi chng minh
4
+ x2 x 2 (x 1)2 (x + 2) 0 (Right)
x+1
Ng
u
Vy t (*) suy ra x = y thay vo (2) ta c

x=1
1 + 17
(x + 1) 3x x2 = 4 x =
4
1 17
x=
(L)
4
!
1 + 17 1 + 17
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1) ,
;

4
4
Mt cu gn tng t
142

Cu 259
3
x
+
3
=
3
y5y
p
2
x + 16(y x) + y = 2 xy
Gii

y
p
xy + y
2
x + 16(y x) + xy
!
= 0 ()
Tu
n
(x y)
x 16
Gi ta mong rng x 16.

y53 y5+x+33 x+3+2=0
y5 0 9 4(x + 3 3 x + 3 + 2) 0
6 + 2 10
4(x + 3) 12 x + 3 1 0 x + 3
x < 16
4
in
Vy t (*) suy ra x = y thay li vo (1) ta c

2x = 3
x + 3 + x 5 x4 9x3 + 9x2 + 324 = 0
(x 6)2 (x2 + 3x + 9) x = y = 6 (T M )
y
n
Cu 260
(xy + 1)3 + x(y 1) = x3 1

x3 4xy 4 = 0
Gii
Ng
u
(xy + 1)3 + (xy + 1) = x3 + x xy + 1 = x
Thay xung (2) ta c
x = 0 (L)
x3 4x = 0 x = 2 y = 2
1
x=2y=
2

3
1
, 2;

2
2
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270

Cu 261
143
(x
+
6y
+
3)
xy + 3y = (8y + 3x + 9)y
p
2
x + 8x 24y + 417 = (y + 3) y 1 + 3y + 17
Gii
iukin : y 1, x 3, x2 + 8x 24y + 417 0
t x + 3 = a 0, y = b > 0 th (1) tng ng
(a 2b)(a2 ab + 4b2 ) = 0 a = 2b
x + 3 = 4y
Thay xung (2) ta c
Tu
n
(a2 + 6b2 )ab = b2 (8b2 + 3a2 ) a3 3a2 b + 6ab2 8b3 = 0
p
p
4 (y + 4)(6 y) = (y + 3) y 1 + 3y + 17
x+y
2(x y)
2
+ xy =
+
xy
xy
x+ y
1
1
+x+y =4
y
x
y
n
Cu 262
in
Tap
c :
4 (y + 4)(6 y 2(y + 4 + 6 y) = 20
(y + 3) y 1 + 3y + 17 3y + 17 3.1 + 17 = 20
ng thc xy ra khi y = 1 x = 1
Gii
Ng
u
iu kin : x, y > 0
1 1
2

+ 2 x y + xy = 0
x y
xy

2

1
1
1
1

+ 2 xy
+ xy = 0
y
y
x
x

2
1
1
+ xy = 0
y
x
1
1
= xy
y
x
x y = xy x + y = x2 y 2 + 2 xy
xy = 1
2
xy + 2 xy (xy) 4 = 0 xy = 1 x + y = 3
x>y>0
x = 3 + 5
2
5
y =
2
144
C
v bn khun v sao x > y nh ? Nh li php bin i trn (1) c mt ng thc l
x y = xy. V xy > 0 x > y
!
3+ 5 3 5
;

2
2
Cu 263
y 3 + 3y 2 + y + 4x2 22x + 21 = (2x + 1) 2x 1

2x2 11x + 9 = 2y
Tu
n
Gii
1
2
iu kin : x
y 3 + 3y + y + 2(2y 9) + 21 = (2x + 1) 2x 1
(y + 1)3 + 2(y + 1) = (2x 1) 2x 1 + 2x 1
in
Hai v u c dng f (t) = t3 + 2t v hm ny n iu tng. T ta c y + 1 = 2x 1

thay xung (2) ta c

2
x=1y=0
2
2
2x 1 + 2
2x 11x + 11 = 2 2x 1 (2x 5) =
x=5y=2
p
x y x2 y 2
=2
p
1 px2 + y 2
y x x2 y 2
7
=
p
4
1 x2 + y 2
Ng
u
Cu 264
y
n
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (5; 2)
Gii
iu kin : 0 x2 y 2 < 1
Ly (1)+(2) v (1)-(2) ta c

p
2
2
1 x y (x + y)
15
p
=
(3)
2
2
4
1 x + y

p
1
+
x2 y 2 (x y)
p
=
(4)
2
2
4
1x +y
Ly (3).(4) ta c
(x2 y 2 )(1 x2 + y 2 )
15
15
=
x2 y 2 =
2
2
1x +y
16
16
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270
145
Thay li vo (1) v (2) ta thu c h mi sau
y
1
15
7
15
x
=
x=8+
2
4
y x 15 = 7
y = 7 + 2 15
4
16
!
7 15
; 7 + 2 15
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = 8 +
4
Cu 265
9xy 3 24y 2 + (27x2 + 40)y + 3x 16 = 0

y 2 + (9x 10)y + 3(x + 3) = 0
Gii
Tu
n
(T M )
in
tng bi ton ging cu 222 nhng hnh thc cng knh hn.
H cho vit li
(
(
9xy 3 + 27x2 y + 3x + y 2 = 25y 2 40y + 16
(9xy + 1)(y 2 + 3x) = (5y 4)2
y 2 + 9xy + 3x + 1 = 10y 8
(9xy + 1) + (y 2 + 3x) = 2(5y 4)
R rng 2 s 9xy + 1 v y 2 + 3x l nghim ca phng trnh
X 2 2(5y 4)X + (5y 4)2 = 0 X = 5y 4

T suy ra
y = 1 r
x=0
7
21
y =2
x=
r3
7
1 + 21
y =2+
x=
3
9
r !
r !
1 21
1 + 21
7
7
;2
;2 +
,
, (0; 1)
9
3
9
3
(
3x = 5y y 2 4
3y(5y y 2 4) + 1 = 5y 4
y
n
(
9xy + 1 = 5y 4
y 2 + 3x = 5y 4
Ng
u
Cu 266
p
x3
x+
= (y + 2) (x + 1) (y + 1)
+1
4xx
y + 1 + 8x = (4x2 4x 3) x + 1
Gii
iu kin : x > 1, y 1
khi chia 2 v ca (1) cho x + 1 ta s c lp c 2 n v hi vng n s c g c bit.
Thc hin php chia v ta thu c
p
x2
x
+
= (y + 2) y + 1
x + 1 (x + 1) x + 1
146
M ta c
x2
x
x3 + x2 + x
x3 + x(x + 1)
x3
x
+
=
=
=
+
x + 1 (x + 1) x + 1
(x + 1) x + 1
(x + 1) x + 1
(x + 1) x + 1
x+1
Tu
n
Nh vy phng trnh (1) s l

3

3 p
p
p
x
x
x
+
y+1 + y+1 y+1=
=
x+1
x+1
x+1
Hin nhin v f (t) = t3 + t n iu tng. Thay xung (2) v ta c

4x2
+ 8x = 4x2 4x 3 x + 1 4x2 + 8x x + 1 = 4x2 4x 3 (x + 1)

x+1

2x + 2x + 1 = (2x 1) x + 1
2
2
4x + 8x x + 1 + 4 (x + 1) = (2x 1) (x + 1)
2x + 2 x + 1 = (1 2x) x + 1
TH1 :
5
x=3y=
2x = (2x 3) x + 1
4+3 3
3
x=
y=
2
2
in
TH2 :
2x = (1 2x) x + 1 4x3 + 4x2 + 5x + 1 = 0
Phng trnh bc 3 ny c nghim duy nht nhng kh l. Cch gii loi ny ti nu cu

215.
1
i n x = z . Thay vo phng trnh v ta a n v
3
t z =
y
n
108z 3 + 99z 10 = 0
11
6

1
a
thay vo phng trnh ta c
a
159
10
3
159
3 10 3
3

a=

a
=
11 11
1
11
11
11
s 11
a3 3 = 10
10 + 3 159
2
a
159
3 10 + 3
a3 =
a
=
11 11
11 11
Ng
u
2 nghim ny lun c c im l tch ca chng bng 1. Vy nn 2 trng hp thay vo z

u ra mt kt qu. T suy ra
s
11
1
11
159
1
3 10 + 3
z=
a
=
s
6
a
6
11 11
159
3 10 + 3
11 11
!
q
1 3
11
=
10 + 3 159 p
3
6
10 + 3 159
2.9 Cu 241 n cu 270
147
T suy ra
q
3
10 + 3 159 p
3
1
3
10 + 3 159
!

5
3 4+3 3
a2
3;
,
;
, a;
1 vi
4
2
2
a+1
!
1 p
11
1
3
a=
10 + 3 159 p

3
6
3
10 + 3 159

Cu 267
11
x + y 2
+ 9 = 6 x + 5y
(2y x 4) x = y + 4
Gii
(
2
( x 3) = y(5 y) (3)
x 2(y 2) x + y + 4 (4)
in
iu kin : x 0
H cho tng ng
Tu
n
1
x=
6
T (3) ta c ngay y(5 y) 0

T (4) ta c 0x = y 2 5y 0 y(5 y) 0
T 2 iu trn ta thy ngay iu kin rng buc tri ngc nhau. Vy ng thc xy ra khi

y = 0 x = 9 (L)
y = 5 x = 9 (T M )
+ 10y + 11 = 10
x + 2y + 3 + 9x
12x + 13y + 14 + 28x + 29y + 30 = 20
Ng
u
Cu 268
y
n
Gii
y l mt loi h cc k kh chu ch tng khng kh my. Xut hin kh nhiu cn thc

v iu kin khng th gi gn c. Vy tm thi b qua bc ny.
Vi loi ny thng ta s t n c gng a n v thun nht. Tc l ngh cch t sao
cho hng s mt ht i.
t u = x + y + 1, v = y + 2. Ta c h mi nh sau
(

u + v + 9u + v = 10
12u + v + 28u + v = 2
u + v + 9u + v
12u + v + 28u + v = 20
Cn thc vn kh nhiu. Tuy nhin n ang thun nht. T ta c

5
12t + 1 + 28t + 1 = 2
t + 1 + 9t + 1 t =
4
148
5
T rt ra u = v. Thay vo (1) v ta tm c
4
(
(
u=5
x+y+1=5
v=4
y+2=4
(
x=2
y=2
Cu 269
Tu
n
y 1 x+ x 1 y = 1
1 y (1 + x) = 2
Gii
iu kin : 0 x, y 1
T (2) ta suy ra
1+
x=
2
2x1
1 y
in
M t iu kin : x 1. T suy ra x = 1 y = 0 (T M )
y
n
Cu 270:
p
(3y x)(y + 1)
x+3=2 r
x+5
3y 2
= xy 2y 2
2
Gii
iu kin : y 23 , x 5, 3y x
Ng
u
p
(1) 4(y + 1) = 3y x + y + 1 + 2 (3y x) (y + 1)

2
2
y + 1 = 3y
x
2 y+1 =
3y x + y + 1
x = 2y 1
3 y + 1 = 3y x (L)
Thay xung (2) ta c
Ta c
3y 2 y + 2 = 2y 2 3y 2
2 (y 2)
= (2y + 1) (y 2)
3y 2 + y + 2
2
3
7
, 2y + 1
3
3y 2 + y + 2
2
Tc l V P > V T , vy t suy ra y = 2 x = 1
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
2.10
149
Cu 271 n cu 300
Cu 271

4
6
3
2
x +
6 x 6x + 5 = x + 2
x
x

2
x + 10 x = y
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : 0 < x 10 , x3 6x + 5 0
Phng trnh u tng ng
6x2 . x3 6x + 5 = (x2 + 2x 6)(x3 + 4)
x3 y + xy = 5 + x
x2 (x4 y 2 y 2 + 2y) = 5 + x2
y
n
Cu 272
in
x3 6x + 5 = (x 1)(x2 + x 5) v x2 + 2x 6 = (x 1) + (x2 + x 5). Da vo iu

kin th hin nhin x 1 v x2 + x 5 cng du. Kt hp thm phng trnh (1) 2 i tng
trn phi > 0. M nh trn ta tch c v tng-tch. C v s dng AM GM . Nhn thy
x = 2 l nghim, ta da vo tch cho ph hp. Ta c

x3 x3
2
3
2
(x + 2x 6)(x + 4) = (x + x 5) + (x 1)
+
+4
2
2
p
2. (x 1)(x2 + x 5).3x2 = 6x2 . x3 6x + 5

p
ng thc xy ra khi x = 2 y = 3 2
p
p
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 3 2), (2; 3 2)
Ng
u
t x3 y = a, x xy = b . H tng ng
(
(
x3 y (x xy) = 5
ab=5
6 2
2
x y (x xy) = 5
a2 b 2 = 5
Gii
(
a=3
b = 2
(
x3 y = 3
x xy = 2
(
x=1
y=3
Cu 273
6x5 y
2
2
(x 1) + 3 = x2 + 2
s
4x 3x2 y 9xy 2
3y
x
=
x + 3y
Gii
Hnh thc bi h kh cng knh, iu kin li rc ri nn tm thi ta b qua bc ny.

Vi 3y x. H cho tng ng
150
(x4 2x2 + 4)(x2 + 2) = 6x5 y

4x
(3y x)2 + =
3xy
x + 3y
2
3y
= a, 2 = b ta thu c h mi
x
x
(
1 + a3 = 2b
2
2
3y
= 2 y=
a=b
3
x
x
3x
1 + b = 2a
Thay vo (3) ta c
Tu
n
8
6y
1 +
=
6
x 3 x
1 + 27y = 4
x3
x2
(
x6 + 8 = 6x5 y (3)
x3 + 27y 3 = 4x
in
2
x= 2y=
3
x= 2y= 2
2
x =2
3
p
x6 4x4 + 8 = 0
2
2
x =1+ 5
x= 1+ 5y = p
3
1
+
5
x= 1+ 5y = p
3 1+ 5
y
n
Ch cc iu kin ban u loi nghim.

TH3 loi v 3y < x
TH2 loi v khng tha cn
Ch c TH4 tha.
!
p
2

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = 1 + 5; p
3 1+ 5
2
(x y + 2)2 + (xp
+ 4x + 3)(y 2 1) = 81
x + y 2 = (x + 1)(y 1)
Ng
u
Cu 274
Gii
iu kin : x 0, y 2
p
x(y 2) = xy x + y 1
(xy 2x) 2 xy 2x + 1 = 0
x+y2+2
2
1
xy 2x 1 = 0 xy 2x = 1 y = + 2
x
Thay ln (1) ta c
!

2

2
1
1
x
+ (x2 + 4x + 3)
+ 2 1 = 81 4(x + 1)4 = 81x2
x
x
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
151
1
y=4
x = 2 y =2
13 3 17
x=

4
1
5
; 4 , 2;

2
2
Cu 275
x=
(L)
Tu
n
r
r
y
2x
=4
9x + + 2 y +
x
y

y

2x
9
= 18
y2
x2
Gii
Mu cht y c l l tm cch bin i kho lo phng trnh (2) bi (1) cho nh kia c l
ch gi cho chng ta hng t n ph.
in
(2x y 2 )(y 9x2 ) = 18x2 y 2 9x2 y 2 + 18x3 + y 3 = 2xy
Ng
u
y
n
18x2 y 2
9x2 y 2 + 18x3 + y 3
= 2 9xy +
+
+2=4
xy
y
x

2x
y
2x
y
2x
9x y +
+
y+
= 4 9x +
y+
=4
y
x
y
x
y
r
r
y
2x
= b ta c h
Nh vy t 9x + = a, y +
x
y
y
(
(
9x + = 4
a + 2b = 4
9x2 + y = 4x
x
a = 2, b = 1
y + 2x = 1
ab = 2
y 2 + 2x = y
y
"
(
x = 0 (L)
y = 4x 9x2
1
1
x= y=
(4x 9x2 )2 + 2x = 4x 9x2
9
3

1 1
;

9 3
Cu 276
x
5y
+
=4
x2 y x + y 2
2
2
5x + y + x 5y = 5
xy
Gii
Thot nhn c v n gin nhng y l mt bi tng i. Cn ch tht tt trong bin i
ng thc t c mc ch.
152
iu kin : x, y 6= 0, x 6= y 2 , y 6= x2
y+
n y t
x
5y
x + y2
x2 y
+ 5x
=5
+ 5.
=5
y
x
x
x
x2 y
x + y2
= a,
= b ta c h mi
x
y
3
x = 2, y = 3
x = 1, y = 2
3
3
x = ,y =
2
2
(
2(x2 y) = x
1
5
a = ,b =
2
2
2(x + y 2 ) = 5y
1
1
+
=2
(x + y + 1) (x y + 1)2
x2 + 2x = y 2
in
Cu 277

3
1
3 3
; 3 , 1;
,
;

2
2
2 2
Tu
n
1 + 5 = 4
a b
b + 5a = 5
iu kin : y 6= (x + 1)
T phng trnh (2) ta c
Gii
(x + 1)2 y 2 = 1 (x y + 1)(x + y + 1) = 1
1
1
= a,
= b ta c h mi
x+y+1
xy+1
(
(
(
a3 + b 3 = 2
a=1
x+y+1=1
ab = 1
b=1
xy+1=1
y
n
x=0
y=0
Ng
u
Cu 278
2
= 2xy(1 x)
2x y xy

2
1
2
2
(x + 2y ) 1 +
= 12
xy
Gii
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
H cho tng ng
2
) + 2x y = 2xy
(2x2 y xy

1
2
2
2
(x + 2y )
+
+ 1 = 12
x2 y 2 xy
2x(xy + 1) y(xy+ 1) = 2xy

1
2x
1
2y
2+
+ x2 + 2
+
+ y 2 = 12
2
y
y
x
x
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
153

xy + 1
xy + 1
=2
2
y
x
2
2

1
1
x+
+2 y+
= 12
y
x
1
1
+ x = a, + y = b ta c h mi
y
x
Tu
n
TH1 : D dng gii ra x = y = 1

TH2 : H cho tng ng
xy + 1 = 2 y
9
22
xy + 1 = x
9
x5 + 10x4 + 42x3 12x 56 = y 5 2y 3

23x2 + 29x + 26 = y 3
y
n
Cu 279
(V N )
y = 11x
1
22
+ 11x =
x
9
(
2a b = 2
a2 + 2b2 = 12
+x=2
y
1
"

a = 2, b = 2
+y =2
x
2
22
1
2
a = ,b =
+x=
9
9
y
9
1
+ y = 22
x
9
in

1
1
+x
+y =2
2
y
x
2
2

1
1
x+
+2 y+
= 12
y
x
Gii
Ng
u
Trc ht nhn vo phng trnh (1) thy s m kh cao. C l n gn l mt hng ng thc

no . Ta s phi thm mt lng ph hp t (2) vo. Tip tc v tri phng trnh (1)
c x5 + 10x4 . C v s l (x + 2)5 . V phi c y 5 vy ta th cho y = x + 2 thay vo h xem. Ta
s c
(
4x3 + 68x2 + 68x + 72 = 0
x3 17x2 17x 18 = 0
Vy ta ly P T (1) + 4.P T (2) v vi v v ta thu c
(x + 2)5 + 2(x + 2)3 = y 5 + 2y 3 y = x + 2
Thay vo (2) ta c
x3 17x2 17x 18 = 0 x = 18 y = 20
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (18; 20)
154

Cu 280
49152x8 + 16394y 8 = 1
3x + y = 1
Gii
Th y = 1 3x ln (1) ta thu c
3x8 + 3(1 3x)8 =
1
214
(x 1)2 . y + x(y 1) = 0

y
1
xy +
= 4y
x+
x
x
Cu 281
in
Tu
n
Mt phng trnh bc kh cao. Loi ny c l ch nh gi mi dit c. Nhn hnh thc c

l s dng Cauchy Schwarz nh gi.
Ta c
2
1 4
1
x + x4 + x4 + (1 3x)4
V T = (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)(x8 + x8 + x8 + (1 3x)8 )
4
4
2
1
1
= (1 + 1 + 1 + 1)2 x4 + x4 + x4 + (1 3x)4 . . . 14
64
2
1
1
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = .
4
4

1 1
;

4 4
Gii
y
n
iu kin : x 6= 0, y 0
Xt phng trnh (2) gi s c nghim th hin nhin x > 0. Ta c
r
r

y
1
y
xy
= 4y
x+
xy +
2 x. .2
x
x
x
x
Ng
u
Du bng xy ra khi
y
x =
x
xy = 1
x
x=y=1
Thay vo (1) thy tha mn.

Cu 282

( p
x2 + y + x2 + 3 x = y 3
p
x2 + y + x = x + 3
Gii
iu kin : x 0, x2 + y 0
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
155

(y 3)x
p
=y3
x2 + y x2 + 3
TH1 : y = 3 thay vo (2) ta c
x=x+3
Tin hnh bnh phng 2 ln ta thu c phng trnh sau :

4x3 25x2 48x 36 = 0
Tu
n
x2 + 3 +
in
Phng trnh bc 3 ny c nghim duy nht l. Phng php ti nu cu 215. Coi nh

mt bi tp cho bn
c.
p
p

1
3
3
Nghim : x =
25 + 45001 1080 251 + 45001 + 1080 251
12
p
TH2 : x2 + y x2 + 3 = x thay xung (2) ta c
x2 + 3 + x = 3 x = 1 y = 8
x2 + 2x y = y 2 . y
(4x3 + y 3 + 3x2 . x)(15 x + y) = 3 x(y y + x y + 4x x)2
y
n
Cu 283
Vy h cho
c nghim :

p
p

1
3
3
(x; y) = (1; 8),
25 + 45001 1080 251 + 45001 + 1080 251 ; 3
12
Gii
Ng
u
Tc gi bi ton l Hoanghai1195, mt Smod trn din n k2pi. Nhng bi h ca anh thng

l cc mnh, tng y tnh nh v thch thc.
iukin : x, y 0
t x = a, y = b h vit li thnh
(
a4 + 2a3 b = b5
2
(4a6 + b6 + 3a5 )(15a + b2 ) = 3a (b4 + a2 b + 4a3 )
Ta c : a = b = 0 l mt nghim ca h.
Gi xt a, b > 0. t b = ka. Phng trnh (1) khi tr thnh
1 + 2k = ak 5 a =
1 + 2k
k5
()
Phng trnh (2) tr thnh

4a6 + a6 k 6 + 3a5
2

15a2 + k 2 a2 = 3a k 3 a3 + a3 k + 4a3
156
Th a t (*) vo ta c

3k 5
1 + 2k
6
4+k +
5+
= (k 3 + k + 4)2
1 + 2k
3k 3
in
Cu 284
s

41
1
2
9
x +
= 3 + 40x
2
2x + y
x2 + 5xy + 6y = 4y 2 + 9x + 9
x, y > 0
ng thc xy ra khi k = 1 a = b = 3 x = y = 9.
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (9; 9)
Tu
n
2
s
p
2
5
p
3k
1 + 2k
2 + 12 )(4 + k 6 ) + k
V T 5(4 + k 6 ) +
.
=
(2
(4 + k 3 + k)2 = V P
1 + 2k 3k 3
Gii
Ta c
s

(12 + 92 ) x2 +
1
2x + y

1
6
9x + p 3
9x +
9x +

2x + y + 9
2x + y
9(2x + y)
Ng
u
VT =
y
n
Tip tc l mt cu cc mnh v hi no ca Hoanghai1195.

s

1
6 + 80x
82 x2 +
=
2x + y
9
6 + 80x
6
3x 2x2 xy + 6y 0 ()
9
2x + y + 9
Ly (*) cng vi PT(2) ta thu c

x2 + 4xy 4y 2 + 12y 6x 9 = 0 0 (x 2y + 3)2 0 x + 3 = 2y
cc du bng trn xy ra th x = y = 3
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
Cu 285
157
y
+ y2 = 0
1 + x2 + x
x2
+ 2 x2 + 1 + y 2 = 3
2
y
x+
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : y 6= 0
H cho tng ng

x
+y +
1 + x2 x = 0
y
2

x
+ y + 2 x2 + 1 x = 3
y
x + y 1 + x 2 x + y 2 = 0

2

x
+ y + 2 x2 + 1 x = 3
x
+ y = a, 1 + x2 x = b > 0. H cho tng ng
y
(
(
x + y = 1
a+b=0
a = 1, b = 1
y

x2 + 1 = x + 1
a2 + 2b = 3
a = 3, b = 3 (L)
(
x=0
y = 1
in
p

3x2 xy + 2y 2 + 2 + 1 = 3
(x y)2
2x2 + y 2 + xy = 1
y
n
Cu 286
Gii
Ng
u
Mt kinh nghim nh : khi nhn thy mt cn thc vi biu thc kh di nh kia, thng th
tc gi c vy nhm khin chng ta s dng php th t phng trnh cn li.
3x2 xy + 2y 2 = 1 + (x y)2
Thay ln (1) ta c
p

(x y)2
(x y)2 + 3 + 1 = 3 t
t+3+1 =3
t = (x y)2 0
(
(x y)2 = 1
t=1
2x2 + y 2 + xy = 1
y l mt h ng cp bc 2 kh n
n xin nhng li bn c.
gin,
vic
gii
3 1
3 1
,
;
, (0; 1), (0; 1)
4 4
4 4
158
Cu 287
x(y 2 + 1)
3
=
x2 + y 2
5
2
y(x
1)
4
x2 + y 2
5
iu kin : x2 + y 2 6= 0
Mt bi ton kh hay v c sc v mt tng.
H cho tng ng
2 2
x y + x2
3x
2
=
2
x +y
5
2 2
2
y
x
y
4y
=
2
x + y2
5
(3)
(4)
Ly (3)-(4) ta c
Tu
n
Gii
3x 4y
x2 + y 2
= 2
= 1 3x 4y = 5
5
5
x + y2
5 + 4y
thay vo (1) ta c
3
"

2
1
5 + 4y
5 + 4y 2
y = 1 x =
2
.(y + 1) = 3
5.
+ 3y
3
3
3
y=1x=3

1
; 1 , (3; 1)
3
4x2 + 1
2x2 + 3 = (4x2 2yx2 ) 3 2y +

x
3
2 + x3 + x + 2
p
2x
2 3 2y =
2x + 1
Ng
u
Cu 288
y
n
in
n y rt x =
Gii
1 1
3
iu kin : x 6= 0, x 6= , y
2 2
2
Chia 2 v ca (1) cho x2 ta c
1
4
3
+
+
2
=
(4
2y)
3 2y
x3 x2 x

3

1
1
1
+ 1
= (3 2y) 3 2y + 3 2y
x
x
1
1 = 3 2y
x
Thay vo (2) ta c
r
1
1+ =
x
2x2 + x3 + x + 2
2x + 1
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
159
1
3
(2x + 1) 1 + = (x + 2) + 2x2 + x3
x
r

r

2
1
1
3 2
+1 +
+1
2+
1+ =
x
x
x
x
r
r

1
1
3 2
3
1+ =
+ 1 t + 1 = 2t + 1
=t
x
x
x
0 6= t 1
51
3+ 5
1+ 5
x=
y=
t=
2
(t + 1)3 = (2t + 1)2
2
2
4
!
51 3+ 5
;

2
4
1
6y
=
y
x
x3 y 3 4x2 y 2 + 2xy + 5y 3 = 1
x+
in
Gii
Cu 289
Tu
n
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
H cho tng ng
(
x2 y + x = 6y 2
(xy 1)3 = 5y 3 + x2 y 2 + xy
y
n
Ta c : 5y 3 + x2 y 2 + xy = 5y 3 + (6y 2 x)y + xy = y 3
Vy (2) tng ng
1
xy 1 = y y =
x1
Thay ln (1) ta c
6
x+x1=
x=2y=1
x(x 1)
Ng
u
Cu 290
x+y
1 2y
=
1 + xy
2y
1 3x
xy
=
1 xy
3x
Gii
Thot nhn th hnh thc ca bi h ch c g to tt c. Tuy nhin, y l mt h cc

mnh, mt siu h ch thc. Tc gi ca n hn sng tc da vo cc php ton ca hm
Hypebolic. Ti s gii thiu cho bn c 2 cch ca bi ny. Mt cch hc c cn mt cch
l lm c.
iu kin : xy 6= 1, x 6= 3, y 6= 2
160
Cch 1 :
v1
u1
,y =
. H cho tng ng
t x =
u+1
v+1
uv
2u
=
u+v
2+u
3v
uv 1
=
uv + 1
3+v
Tu
n
p dng tnh cht t l thc cho phng trnh (1) ta c

uv
2u
2v
2 + v 2u
=
=
=
u+v
2+u
2u + v + 2
2v
(2 v)2 + (2 + v)2 4u2 u2 = 2v
Tng t p dng cho (2) ta c
()
3v
3u uv
3u 1
3u + 1 2uv
uv 1
=
=
=
=
uv + 1
3+v
3u + uv
3u + 1 + 2uv
3u 1
5
u = 12u u = 12, v =
6
in
T (*) v (**) ta c h mi
(
u2 = 2v
u2 v 2 = 3u
(3u 1)2 = (3u + 1)2 4u2 v 2 3u = u2 v 2
r
5
9
2
9
1
2
y= r
5 9
+1
2
5
y
n
5
12 1
x=
,
5
12 + 1
()
Ng
u
Cch 2:
x+y
1 2y
(x + 1) (y + 1)
3 (y 1)
+1=
+1
=
1 + xy
2y
1 + xy
2y
x+y
1 2y
(y + 1)
(x
1)
(y
1)
1=
1
=
1 + xy
2y
1 + xy
2y
(x + 1) (y + 1)
1 + xy
3 (y 1)
2 y 3 (x 1) (y 1)2 = (x + 1) (y + 1)2
(x
1)
(y
1)
1
+ xy
y+1
2y
Tng t vi phng trnh (2) ta cng c
xy
1 3x
(x + 1) (y 1)
4 (x 1)
+1=
+1
=
1 xy
3x
1 xy
3x
xy
1 3x
(x
1)
(y
+
1)
2
(x
+ 1)
1=
1
=
1 xy
3x
1 xy
3x
2(x 1)2 (y + 1) = (x + 1)2 (y 1)
()
()
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300

T (*) v (**) ta t a =
y+1
x1
,b =
v ta lp mt h mi
x+1
y1
r
r
x
1
1
9
b= 5
= 5
3a = b2
r 2 x + 1 r 12
1
y+1
9
2a2 =
1
a= 5
= 5
b
y1
2
12
r
1
5 12 1
2

,r
5
12 + 1 5 9
+1
2

Cu 291
x2 (y 2 + 1) + 2y(x2 + x + 1) = 3
(x2 + x)(y 2 + y) = 1
in
Gii
5 9
r
y =
5 9
+1
12 1
x
=
5
12 + 1
Tu
n
161
Ng
u
y
n
Phng trnh (2) khng t nhin khi v tri khng y nhn t chung ra ngoi. C l nu
nh vy c kh nng s l tng t n ph. Ta mng tng ra mt phn tng, gi
ch cn bin i na thi.
H cho tng ng
(
(
(
(xy + x)2 + 2(xy + y) = 3
(xy + x)2 + 2(xy + y) = 3
a2 + 2b = 3
xy(x + 1)(y + 1) = 1
(xy + y)(xy + x) = 1
ab = 1
(
xy + x = 1
"
1
5
xy + y = 1
a = 1, b = 1

x=y= 2
1
xy + x = 2
51
a = 2, b =
x=y=
2
1
2
xy + y =
2
!
1 5 1 5
51 51
;
,
;

2
2
2
2
Cu 292
2y + (x + y + 7) 3 y + 7 + x2 + 7x = 0
3x2 + 35x + 98
3
+
3(x
+
7)
=
y
x
+
7
2y
3
x+7
Gii
Hnh thc ca bi h kh cng knh. Nn t n gim bt cng knh.

iu kin : x 6= 7
162
t
3
x + 7 = a, y = b. H cho tng ng
(
2a5 + a6 7a3 + 2a2 b + 2b3 = 0
3a6 7a3 + 3a4 2ab2 a2 b = 0 ()
H ny bc kh cao. Tuy nhin mt cch hi bn nng l ta tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau,

l do kh hi hc v hin nhin l lm mt 7a3 i. Tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau ta c
(a2 b) (2(a4 + a2 b + b2 ) 2a(a2 + b) + 3a2 ) = 0
Tu
n
a6 2a5 + 3a4 + 2ab2 3a2 b 2b3 = 0 2(a6 b3 ) 2a(a4 b2 ) + 3a2 (a2 b) = 0
(a2 b) ((a4 2a3 + a2 ) + (a4 + 2a2 b + b2 ) + (a2 2ab + b2 ) + a2 ) = 0

(a2 b) ((a2 a)2 + (a2 + b)2 + (a b)2 + a2 ) = 0 b = a2
Thay ln (*) ta thu c
3a6 7a3 + 3a4 2a5 a4 = 0 3a3 + 2a2 + 2a 7 = 0

a = 1 b = 1 x = 6, y = 1
p
p
2
y(x
2)
+
8
(y 2)(x 4)
(x
y)
+
4(x
+
3y)
=
28
+
8
p
p
(y 2)(x 4) + 2 (y 3)(x 5) = (y x)2
Cu 293
in
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Bn c c nhn xt thy rng nhng hng t trong cn c v rt khiu khch ngi lm khng
? Chng khc nhau nhng u tun theo 1 quy lut. C v nh l x = y + 2. Vy c kh nng
s rt c bng cch lin hp hoc nh gi mt phng trnh no . Nu lin hp th chc
chn phi xut pht t (1). Ta chuyn 28 sang ri lin hp 2 cn xem c g khng? C v
khng ra. Vy phi dng nh gi dit, tt nhin bi ny nh gi kh kh.
Phng trnh (1)
p
p
x2 + y 2 2xy + 4x + 12y + 4 = 32 + 8 y(x 2) + 8 (y 2)(x 4)
h
i
p
p
x2 + (y + 2)2 = 2 xy 2x 4y + 16 + 4 y(x 2) + 4 (y 2)(x 4)
h
i
p
p
x2 + (y + 2)2 = 2 (y 2)(x 4) + 4 (y 2)(x 4) + 8 + 4 y(x 2)

2
p
p
2
2
x + (y + 2) = 2
(y 2)(x 4) + 2 + 4 y(x 2) + 4
Ta thc hin cc nh gi sau
x2 + (y + 2)2 2x(y + 2) = 2[x 2 + 2](y + 2)
p
2
h
i
p
2
y(x 2) + 2 = 2 (y 2 + 2)(x 4 + 2) + 4 y(x 2) + 4

2
p
p
2
(y 2)(x 4) + 2 + 4 y(x 2) + 4 = V P
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
163
ng thc xy ra khi
x=y+2
x 2
2
=
y
2
2
x
y2
2
x=y+2
Thay xung (2) v ta thu c

|y 2| + 2|y 3| = 4
10 4
;
3 3
Cu 294
in
r
3x
= 2x y
(x 2) 1 +
y
r
3x
y2 1 +
= 2x2 + y 2 4x
y
y=4x=6
4
10
y= x=
3
3
Tu
n
"
Gii
3x
+10
y
H cho tng ng

x
ry
1+
r
2
3x
2x
1+
=
1
y
y2 y
3x
x
4x
=2
+1
y
y
y
1
x
= a, = b. H cho tr thnh
y
y
(
(a 2b) 1 + 3a = 2a 1
1 + 3a = 2a2 4ab + 1
Ng
u
y
n
iu kin : y 6= 0,
TH1 : 2a =
1 + 3a(a 2b + 1) = 2a(a 2b + 1)
1 + 3a a = 1 x = y. Thay vo (1) ta c
TH2 : a + 1 = 2b
2(x 2) = x x = y = 4
2
x
+ 1 = x + y = 2. Thay ln (1) ta c
y
y
s
3(2 y)
y 1 +
= 2(2 y) y y = 2 x = 0
y
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (4; 4), (2; 0)
164
(
Cu 295
p
y 6 + y 3 + 2x2 = xy x2 y 2
p
1
8xy 3 + 2y 2 + = 4x4 + 3x2 + x + 2 1 + (2x y)2
2
Gii
iu kin : 0 xy 1
Ta c cc nh gi sau
Tu
n
p
1
xy + 1 xy
=
xy(1 xy)
2
2
6
3
2
6
3
2
2y + 2y + 4x 1 1 2y + 2y + 4x ()
y 6 + y 3 + 2x2 =
8xy 3 + 2y 3 +
1
4x4 + 3x2 + x + 2 ()
2
Cng (*) vi (**) v vi v ta c
3
2y 6 + 2y 3 + 4x2 + 4x4 + 3x2 + x + 2
2
1
2y 6 8xy 3 + 4x4 + 7x2 + x + 0
2

1
1
6
3
2
4
2
2
2(y 4xy + 4x ) + 4x 2x +
+ x +x+
0
4
4

2
2
1
1
2
3
2
2(y 2x) + 2x
+ x+
0
2
2
(
1
x=
(T M )
2
y = 1

1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ; 1
2
y
n
in
8xy 3 + 2y 3 +
Ng
u
Trc khi n cu tip theo ta cng xem xt bi ton sau :

Xt s phc
z = a + bi = (x + yi)3 = x3 + 3x2 yi + 3xy 2 i2 + y 3 i2 = (x3 3xy 2 ) + (3x2 y y 3 )i
Cn bng phn thc v o ta c h sau

(
x3 3xy 2 = a
3x2 y y 3 = b
Chn a, b v ta c nhng h ng cp bc 3 v cng nh . Ti s nu mt vi v d cho

bn c.
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
Cu 296
165
x3 3xy 2 =
2
5
3
2
3
3x y y =
2
Gii
Tu
n
R rng l mt h ng cp bc 3 tuy nhin nghim thuc loi siu xu, n gin v n ch t

bi ton kia ra. Ta s suy ngc li gii n.
Nhn phng trnh (2) vi i ta c
3
5
3x2 yi 2y 3 i =
i
2
Bin i mt cht ng thi cng vi phng trnh (1) ta c
5
5
3
x3 + 3xy 2 i2 + 3x2 yi + y 3 i3 = +
2
2
!

1

3
z=5
+ i.
= 5 cos + i sin
(z = x + yi)
2
2
3
3
in
Theo cng thc M oivre ta thu c cc nghim sau

z = 3 5 cos + i sin
9
9
7
7
3
z = 5 cos
+ i sin
9
9
13
13
3
z = 5 cos
+ i sin
9
9
Ng
u
y
n
Vy h cho c nghim :

7
7
13
13
3
3
3
3
3
3
(x; y) =
5 cos ; 5 sin
,
5 cos ; 5 sin
,
5 cos
; 5 sin

9
9
9
9
9
9
Cu 297
x3 3xy 2 = 1
3x2 y y 3 = 1
Gii
Lm tng t ta s c

(x + yi) = 1 + i = 2 cos + i sin
4
4
3
T ta tm c nghim :

3
3
17
17
6
6
6
6
6
6
(x; y) =
2 cos ; 2 sin
,
2 cos ; 2 sin
,
2 cos
; 2 sin

12
12
4
4
12
12
Mt v d na l bi tp cho bn c
166

Cu 298
x3 3xy 2 = 1
3x2 y y 3 = 3

Cu 299
4(x + y)(x + 1)(y +p

1) = 5xy + (x + y + 1)3
p
(2 x)(x 1) = (3 y)(y 1)
Gii
Tu
n
Nu bi ton gc pha trn ta nng thnh bc 4,5 th ta s c nhng h ng cp bc 4,5

kh nh . Mt li khuyn nh cho cc bn : khi gp nhng h ng cp nghim qu l, hy
nh n bi ton trn, rt c th tng ca n l th.
in
Mt bi ton hp dn. Hy cng ti phn tch n.

p
(2 x)(x 1) =
Trc
ht
nhn
thy
s
bt
n
trong
phng
trnh
(2).
Ti
sao
li
l
p
(3 y)(y 1) ch khng phi l (2 x)(x 1) = (3 y)(y 1). Phi chng tc gi c
nh vy hng to iu kin ca n nh gi mt ci g ?
Tip theo chng ta phng trnh (1). Nu tinh ta s nhn ra s thun nht ca 3 bin
x, y, 1. c bit nghim ca h li l x = y = 1. Phi chng l 3 bin bng nhau ? C v mi
bt ng thc thoang thong u y. a v 3 bin ta khng ngi t thm n.
iu kin : 1 x 2, 1 y 3
t z = 1 th x z, y z
(x + y + z)3 + 5xyz = 4(x + y)(x + z)(y + z)
y
n
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 5xyz = (x + y)(y + z)(x + z)

x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 5xyz = xy(x + y) + yz(y + z) + xz(x + z) + 2xyz
x3 + y 3 + z 3 + 3xyz = xy(x + y) + yz(y + z) + xz(x + z)
Ng
u
n y nhng ai yu mn bt ng thc khng th khng nhn ra y l mt dng ca bt

ng thc Schur. Ta c V T V P . ng thc xy ra khi 3 bin bng nhau hoc 2 bin bng
nhau, bin cn li bng 0. Tt nhin trng hp (2) khng xy ra do iu kin.
Cu 300
x + y + 2x y = 3
2
125
(x + y + xy + 1)(2x y + 1) =
64
Gii
Tip tc n mt bi h thuc loi kh d.

mt cht th phng trnh (2) s l
2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300
167
(x + 1)(y + 1)(2x y + 1) =
125
64
Tu
n
Nhvy phng trnh

(2) xut hin bnh phng 3 ci cn ca phng trnh (1). Vy ta th
a, b, c 0. H khi s l
t x = a, y = b, 2x y = c
a + b + c = 3
2
125
(a2 + 1)(b2 + 1)(c2 + 1) =

64
nhng c im sau :
Ba bin khng m
1
2
C v nh li l mt bi bt ng thc na ri. Vy ra bi h ny ch l hnh thc che giu
mt bi bt ng thc thc s.
3
Ta s chng minh. Nu a, b, c 0 v a + b + c = th
2
H ny li c nghim khi a = b = c =
125
64
in
(a2 + 1)(b2 + 1)(c2 + 1)
Cch chng minh "chn qu" nht vn l dn bin.

t v tri l f (a, b, c). Trc ht ta s chng minh
f (a, b, c) f (a, t, t)
Ta c
b+c
t=
2
y
n

f (a, b, c) f (a, t, t) = (a2 + 1)(b c)2 8 (b + c)2 4bc 0
Ng
u
V (b + c)2 + 4bc 2(b + c)2 < 8 nn (*) l ng.

Gi ta phi chng minh
3
3
a
a
125
125
f a, 2
,2
f (a, t, t)
64
2
2
64
()
3
(a + 2t = )
2
2
2
3
2 a
125
(a2 + 1)
+
1
2
64
(a2 + 1)(4a2 12a + 25)2 500 (2a 1)2 (4a4 20a3 + 69a2 100a + 125) 0
Bt ng thc cui ng v 4a4 20a3 + 69a2 100a + 125 = (2a2 5a)2 + 34a2 100a + 125 > 0
1
1
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = x = y =
2
4

1 1
;

4 4
168
2.11
Cu 301 n cu 330
Cu 301
s

2
2
2x
+
4y
2
3
=4
(x + y) 1
xy
y x
q
(x + 1)2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5 2xpx(y + 3) = x + y + 3
Tu
n
Gii
in
Hnh thc bi h qu khng b, iu kin cng kh nhiu.

Nhn xt thy s thun nht t phng trnh th nht. Mc d n phc tp nhng chc chn
khai thc tt ta s rt ra c x = ty no .
p
2x2 + xy + 4y 2 = 4 (2x 3y) x (x + y) y
p
(4y 2 + 4xy) + (2x2 3xy) = 2 (2x2 3xy) (4xy + 4y 2 )

x = 4y
2
2
2x 3xy = 4y + 4xy
()
y = 2x
y
n
Thnh qu c cht t, th nhng thay vo phng trnh (2) vn kh phc tp. Hn n phi
rt gn c.
q
p
x2 2x x (y + 3) + x (y + 3) + 2 (x + y + 3) = x + y + 3
r
2
p
p
x x (y + 3) + 2 (x + y + 3) = x + y + 3 2 (x + y + 3)
p
2
x + y + 3 + 2 x (y + 3) 2 (x + y + 3)
x y + 3 0 x = y + 3 ()
Ng
u
Kt hp (*) vi (**) d dng ra nghim y = 1, x = 4 l tha.

Cu 302
x + 2y + 2 p
4x + y = 1
2(x + 3) = 46 2y(3 + 8x + 8y)
Gii
iu kin 4x + y 0, y(3 + 8x + 8y) 23

4x2 + 24x + 36 = 46 6y 16y(x + y)
4x2 + 16xy + 16y 2 + 24x + 6y = 10
4(x + 2y)2 + 6(4x + y) = 10
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
4x + y = b 0. H cho tng ng
(
4a2 + 6b2 = 10
a + 2b = 1
(
a = 1
b=1

Cu 303
3 5
;
7 7
(
x + 2y = 1
4x + y = 1
x = 3
7
y =
7

Tu
n
n y t x + 2y = a,
169

(
p
2
2
2
x + 1 3x y + 2
4y + 1 + 1 = 8x2 y 3
x2 y x + 2 = 0
Gii
in
H
p ny gm mt phng trnh kh phc tp v mt phng trnh li kh gn nh. cht
4y 2 + 1 + 1 lin hp s c 4y 2 rt gn c vi bn phi. Phn di mu ta nhn cho ln
ng thi th th con s 2 = x x2 y ln (1) xem. Bi v n hin kh b n phng trnh (1).
Nh vy ta s c phng trnh (1) l

p

2
2
2
2 3
2
2
x + 1 3x y + x x y .4y = 8x y
4y + 1 1
y
n
TH1 : y = 0 khng l nghim.

TH2 : Do x = 0 khng l nghim nn ta c bin i sau
p

x2 + 1 + x 4x2 y = 2x2 y
4y 2 + 1 1
p

2
2
2
x + 1 + x = 2x y
4y + 1 + 1
r
p
1 1 1
1
2+1 y =
+
+
1
=
2y
+
2y
4y
x x x2
2x
Thay tr li (2) ta c
Ng
u
x
1
x + 2 = 0 x = 4, y =
2
8

1

8
Cu 304
2
xy
.
1 x2 y 2 + x
3
=
2
2
5
p x +y
2
2 y2 y
x
y.
1
x
4
=
x2 + y 2
5
Gii
iu kin : 0 < x2 + y 2 1
H cho tng ng
170
Ly (3) (4)
x>0
y<0
2 2p
x y 1 x2 y 2 + x2
3x
=
2
2
5
p x +y
2 2
2 y2 y2
x
x
y
4y
=
x2 + y 2
5
3x 4y
=1
5
5
M ta li c
(3)
(4)
Tu
n

p
2
2
2
x y 1x y +1
=
2
2
5

p x +y
2
2
2
y x 1x y 1
=
2
2
x +y
5
v"
u 2 2 #
4
3
3x 4y u
t
+
(x2 + y 2 ) 1
5
5
5
5
ng thc xy ra khi
in
x2 + y 2 = 1
x = 3
4
5
y= x
y = 4
3
5
x > 0, y < 0

3 4
;

5 5
y
n
Cu 305
x + y = 3 24

1
1
+
=2
( x + y)
x + 3y
y + 3x
Gii
Ng
u
Nhn xt mt cht h ny. Phng trnh (2) l dng thun nht ri. Phng trnh (1) cho s
xu th kia c l ch lm n c g. phng trnh (2) biu thc v tri kh i xng. M
x = y li tha mn. Vy c l dng bt ng thc.
Ta c

y
x
1
x
x+y
1 1
2y
+
2 x + y x + 3y
2 2 x + 3y
x + 3y
x + 3y

x+ y
1
x
3

+
2 x+y 2
x + 3y
Tng t ta c

x+ y
1
y
3
+
2 x+y 2
3x + y
Cng 2 bt ng thc li th tac V T 2

3
24
ng thc xy ra khi x = y =
2
!
3
24 3 24
;

2
2
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
Cu 306
171
1
1
35
+p
=

2
2
12
1x
1y
x
7
y
=
p

12
1 x2
1 y2
Gii
(5 x)(1 + x4 y 4 ) = (1 + x2 y 2 )3
x2 y 2 + x2 + x + y 2 = 4
Ng
u
Cu 307
x= 2
1

y =
3

x = 1
y =
2
y
n
in
Tu
n
iu kin : 1 < x < 1, 1 < y < 1

Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) ta c
r
r
1
+
x
1y
7
+
=
2
r1 x r1 + y
1
x
1
+
y
7
+
=
1+x
1y
3
r
r
1+x
1+y
t
= a,
=b
a, b > 0 ta c
1x
1y
r
1+x
1x =3
r
1+y
"
1
7

a + =
a = 3, b = 2
1y =2
b
2
r
1
1
1+x
1
7
1
a
=
,
b
=

+b=
2
3
1x = 2
a
3
r
1+y
1
=
1y
3

1 1
1 1
;
, ;

2 3
3 2
Gii
y l bi ton ti sng tc ra. Thc ra cng ch kh lm nu mt cht.

x2 y 2 + x2 + y 2 + 1 = 5 x 5 x = (x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1)
Thay ln (1) ta c
(1 + x2 )(1 + y 2 )(1 + x4 y 4 ) = 1 + x2 y 2
3
n y ta s dng mt bt ng thc quen thuc.

Vi a, b, c > 0 ta lun c bt ng thc
3

3
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c) 1 + abc
172
p dng vo bi trn ta c
3
p
3
3
6
6
(1 + x )(1 + y )(1 + x y ) 1 + x y
= 1 + x2 y 2
2
4 4
Cu 308

p
3
6
x +y 2+
x4
x3 + 5y 6
3
3
2y
y
9
4 3
=
x
x + 5y 6
10x2

=
Tu
n
ng thc xy ra khi x2 = y 2 = x4 y 4 x = 1, y = 1. Khi thay li xung (2) ch c x = 1

l tha.
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
22x2
5
Gii
y
n
in
y l mt bi kh kh chi bi hnh thc cng knh ca n che giu i tng ca bi

ton. Mt ln tnh c xem li cu VM0 95-96. Ti v tnh pht hin ra s tng ng gia
n v bi ny, t gii thnh cng n. Hin nhin bi ny level cao hn.
iu kin : x3 + y 6 0, x 6= 0, x3 + 5y 6 6= 0
y3
Ta chia phng trnh (2) cho 4 v lp mt h mi sau y
x
x4
22x2
p
2
+
=
x3 + 5y 6
5 x3 + y 6
4
x
9x2
2 3
=
x + 5y 6
10y 3
Ng
u
n y hn cng c ngi nhn ra tng quen thuc ca VMO. H cho tng ng
11x2
9x2
p
2
=
+
5 x3 + y 6 20y 3
x4
11x2
9x2
p
=
3
x + 5y 6
5 x3 + y 6 20y 3
Nhn 2 phng trnh v vi v v ta suy ra

2x4
121x4
81x4
=
x3 + 5y 6
25 (x3 + y 6 ) 400y 6
Hin nhin rt gn c x4 6= 0. Cn li mt phng trnh thun nht gia 2 bin x3 v y 6 .

Nh vy ta nn chia c 2 v cho x3 6= 0. Phng trnh tr thnh
1

2
121
81
y6
t = 15
=
t= 3
81
1 + 5t
25(1 + t) 400t
x
t=
565
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
173
Nghim t th hai loi do iu kin cn thc. T suy ra y 6 =
r
x3
x3
+
2 +
15
x3
thay ln (1) ta c
15

4 x
3x
22x
22x2

2+
=
3 =
x
5
4
5
15
x3 +
3
x4
2y
1
+ 2 + 2y = 5 + 4x
x x
x2 + x y 2x y = 2x 1
(x + y)2 +
in
Cu 309
Tu
n
Phng trnh ny khng kh. Bnh phng gii bc 3 thi. Ta s gii ra

r
64
4
6
x = 15 y = 50625
80
102400
y=6
x=
3
81
!
!
r
r
4
64
80
102400
; 6
,
; 6

15
50625
3
81
Gii
1
= a, 2x y = b 0. Ta c
x
(
ab=2
a2 2b2 = 7
Ng
u
t x + y +
y
n
iu kin : x 6= 0, 2x y 0.
H cho tng ng
(x + y)2 + 2(x + y) + 1 2(2x y) = 7

x
x2
x + y 2x y = 2
x

2
1
x+y+
2(2x y) = 7
x
x + y + 1 2x y = 2
x
(
a = 3, b = 1
a = 5, b = 3
TH1 : a = 3, b = 1 ta c
x + y + 1 = 3
x
2x y = 1
"
1
1
x = ,y =
3
3
x = 1, y = 1
TH2 : a = 5, b = 3 ta c
x + y + 1 = 5
x
2x y = 9
13 + 2 46
,y =
x=
3
3
7 + 46
2 46 13
x=
,y =
3
3
46
174
Vy h cho c nghim :
!

7 46 13 + 2 46
1 1
;
,
;
,
(x; y) = (1; 1),
3 3
3
3
Cu 310
46 2 46 13
;

3
3
2x3 + 3x2 y = 5 3x2
y(y + 12x + 3) + 3y(1 + 2x) = 6(1 x)
Tu
n
7+
Gii
iu kin : y 0
H cho tng ng

3
8x + 12x2 y + 1 = 20
3
2
(2x + y + 1)3 = 27 y + 1 = 3 2x
y + 1 + 6x y + 1 = 7
Thay ln (1) ta c
"

2

1
1
1
x
+
+x
=0
x
x3 y
1
3x2 + 2 = 4
y
Ng
u
Cu 311
y
n
in
x=1

1
5 105
x=
8

1
Tuy nhin php rt y = 2 2x th x 1. Vy ta loi bt x =

5 + 105 .
8
Vi x = 1 y = 0

3
1
Vi x =
5 105 y =
19 + 105
8
8

3

1
5 105 ; 19 + 105
8
8
2x3 + 3x2 (3 2x) = 5
Gii
H cho tng ng
2
x
x2 + 2 + = 2
x
y
1
2
3x +
=4
y2
4
2x
2x2 + 2 +
=4
x
y
3x2 +
=4
y2
Tr v vi v 2 phng trnh trn ta c
1

2
=x
1
4
y
x
= 2 1
y
x
=x+
y
2
x
2
x
(3)
(4)
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
175
Thay (3) vo (2) ta c

2

2
x = 1 y = 1
3x + x
=4
x = 1 y = 1
x
2

2

2
= 4 (V N )
3x + x +
x
2
Tu
n
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1)
2
+ y) x2 + y + 3x2 (x 1) = 3x(1 y) + 1
(4x
2
r
p
y
+ 1 = 3 x(1 y) + 2
1x
Cu 312
p
x2 + y + x
3
= (x + 1)3
p
x2 + y = 1 y = 1 x2
in
Gii
y
iu kin : x 6= 1,
0, x(1 y) 2, x2 + y 0
1x
p
p
(x2 + y) x2 + y + 3x2 x2 + y + 3x(x2 + y) + x3 = x3 + 3x2 + 3x + 1
Thay vo (2) ta c

2
3
3
1 + x + 1 = x3 + 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 = x3 + 2 x + 2
y
n
6(x + 1)2 0 x = 1
Ng
u
r
r
1
1
2+
x2 +
+
y
=
2
7
x2
y2
6 + 1 =1
x + y xy
Cu 313
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
H cho tng ng
r
r
1
1
2
x +
+ y2 + 2 = 2 7
2
x
y
x
+
y
=x+y
6 +
xy
Gii
s
s
2
2
1
1
x
y
+2+
+2=2 7
y

x

1
1
+ y
=6
x
x
y
176
(
a+b=6
2
a + 2 + b2 + 2 = 2 7
(V N )
Vy h cho v nghim
Tu
n
Cu 314
p
p
2 + 2xy + 2y 2 +
5x
5y 2 + 2xy + 2x2 = 3(x + y)
3
2x + y + 1 + 2. 7x + 12y + 8 = 2xy + y + 5
Gii
Nhn thy ngay s thun nht ca phng trnh (1) v d thy x = y th phng trnh (1)
ng, vy ta tin hnh tch cho ph hp. Ta c
q
q
2
2
V T = (x y) + (2x + y) + (x y)2 + (2y + x)2 |2x + y| + |2y + x| 3 (x + y)
in
ng thc xy ra khi x = y 0. Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
3x + 1 + 2 3 19x + 8 = 2x2 + x + 5
y
n
Ta tm c 2 nghim l 0, 1. T c hng thm bt lng lin hp cho tt. Phng trnh

tng ng

3x + 1 (x + 1) + 2 3 19x + 8 (x + 2) = 2x2 2x
x+7
1
+ 2 = 0
+ 2. q
(x x2 )
2
2
3
3x + 1 + x + 1
3
(19x + 8) + (x + 2) 19x + 8 + (x + 2)
Ng
u
Hin nhin em trong ngoc lun dng do iu kin ca (1).

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1)
Cu 315
5x2 + 6x + 3xy + y + 5 = 0
9x3 + 21x2 + 27x + 2y 3 + 7 = 0
Gii
H cho tng ng

4(x + 1)2 + (x 1)2 + y (3x + 1) = 0

8(x + 1)3 + (x 1)3 + 2y 3 = 0
t 2(x + 1) = a, x 1 = b. H cho tng ng

2

a + b2 + y (a + b) = 0
(a + b)2 2ab + y (a + b) = 0 ()
a3 + b3 + 2y 3 = 0
(a + b)3 3ab (a + b) + 2y 3 = 0 ()
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
177
Th ab t (*) xung (**) ta c

3
1
(a + b)3 (a + b)2 y + 2y 3 = 0 ( )
2
2
D dng nhn ra y l mt phng trnh thun nht. Set
a+b
= t (y 6= 0). Khi (***)
y
tng ng

t = 1 y = a + b = 3x + 1
t = 2 2y = 3x + 1
Thay tng trng hp vo (1) v ta d dng tm ra nghim.

y2
7x
=
2
x
2y
x2
7y
=
2
y
2x
in
Gii
Cu 316
x2 y +
2
3
y2 x +
2
Tu
n
1
3
t3 t2 + 2 = 0
2
2
iu kin : x, y 6= 0 Hnh thc h l i xng. Tuy nhin vi hnh thc nh th ny tr (2)

phng trnh cho nhau l khng nn. Ta s bin i kho lo nh sau. H cho tng ng

y 2 7 x
=
+y
x+
x
2
y

2
x
y
7
y+
x+
=
y
2
x
y
n
x
y
= a, y + = b. H cho tng ng
x
y
"
a2 = 7 b
a=b=0
2
7
b 2 = 7 a
a=b=
2
2
Ng
u
t x +
TH1 :
x + x = 0
x
y + = 0
y
TH2 :
x = y = 1
3
x
=
3,
y
=
2
7
5
2 x = ,y = 5
7
2
2
2
3
x = ,y = 3
2

5 5
3
3
;
, 3;
,
;3
2 2
2
2
x + =
x
x
y + =
y
178

Cu 317
4+ x + y 1 = x + 1
+ 3y + 6
x3 + x2 + 4x + 4 = 8 x2 + 4. 3y + 6
Gii
M theo (1) ta c
x2

p
+4
x + 1 + 3y + 6 = 8
x+1+
3y + 6 4 , x2 + 4 2
Vy V T 8
ng thc xy ra khi
(
x=0
x+y1=0
(
x=0
y=1
in
p
2 x + 1 + 1 2 = 3 x2 + 4y + 16
p
4y
x2 +
= 2(9x 1) 2x3 y
x
Cu 318
Tu
n
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
y l mt loi h cng kh kh chu nu khng tht tinh nhn ra.

iu kin : 2x3 y 0, 1 x 6= 0
Phng trnh th 2 tng ng
p
x3 + 4y = 2x(9x 1) 2x3 y
p
t t = 2x3 y 0 y = 2x3 t2 thay vo phng trnh trn ta c
x3 + 4(2x3 t2 ) = (18x2 2x)t 9x3 18x2 t + 2xt 4t2 = 0
(9x2 + 2t)(x 2t) = 0 x = 2t 0 4y = 8x3 x2
Thay vo (1) v ta c
2
3
x + 1 + 1 = x3 + 2
Phng trnh ny ti gii cu 312. Ra x = 1 (L)

Vy h cho v nghim
Ti s gii thiu thm cho bn c mt cu hnh thc kh tng t.
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
179
p
2y
x3 y =
x(4x 1)
p
7 4y
3
2x2 + 8y =
x(x + 1)
Cu 319
Gii
1
4
p
(4x2 2x) x3 y = 2y
t
p
x3 y = t 0 y = x3 t2 thay li vo ta c
Tu
n
iu kin : x3 y, x 6= 1, 0,
(4x2 x)t = 2(x3 t2 ) 2x3 4x2 t + xt 2t2 = 0
(x 2t)(2x2 + t) = 0 x = 2t 0 4y = 4x3 x2
8x3 =
3
7 4x3 + x2
2x2 (x + 1) = 7 4x3 + x2 x = 1 y =
x(x + 1)
4

3
1;
4
in
Thay xung (2) ta c
y
n
1
2
(x y 2 )2

+ 2xy 1
3x y
+ 3x + y = 9
2
x y2
Ng
u
Cu 320
2
2
5(x + y ) 1 +
1
2
(x y 2 )2

= 35
Gii
y l bi ton ti sng tc. Hnh thc c v hi cng knh. Mun gii c bi ny cn k

nng bin i tng i tt.
iu kin : x2 y 2
H cho tng ng
5(x2 + y 2 ) 2xy
2
2
= 35
5(x + y ) + 2xy +
(x y)2 (x + y)2
2(x y) + x + y
+ 2(x + y) + x y = 9
(x y)(x + y)
3(x y)2 + 2(x + y)2
= 35
3(x + y)2 + 2(x y)2 +
(x y)2 (x + y)2

1
1
+ xy+
=9
2 x + y +
x+y
xy
180

1
1
2
2
+ 2 (x y) +
= 35
3 (x + y) +
(x +
y)2
(x y)2

1
1
+ xy+
=9
2 x + y +
x+y
xy
1
1
,b = x y +
,
x+y
xy
(
3a2 + 2b2 = 45
2a + b = 9
|a|, |b| 2. H cho tng ng

"
a = 3, b = 3
39
21
a = ,b =
11
11
x+y =
(L)
3+ 5
2
3 5
2
3+ 5
2
3 5
2
t a = x + y +
Tu
n

2

2
1
1
3 x + y +
+2 xy+
= 45
x + y
x y

1
1
2 x + y +
+ xy+
=9
x+y
xy
1
=3
x+y
x y +
=3
xy
x+y =
in
x + y +
xy =
xy =
7x + y 2x + y = 4
2 2x + y 5x + 8 = 2
Ng
u
Cu 321
y
n
Nh vy s xy ra 4 trng hp. Vi mi trng hp s ra mt nghim. Xin nhng li cho

bn c.
!
!
!
!
3
5
3 5
3 5
3+ 5
;
,
;
,
;0 ,
;0
2
2
2 2
2
2
Gii
Hnh thc bi h kh ging cu 87, tc l cu VMO 2000-2001. Tuy nhin, bi ny level cao
hn.
8
iu kin : y min{2x, 7x}, x
5
7x + y = 4 +
2x + y
7x + y = 2x + y + 8 2x + y + 16
5x + 8 = 8 2x + y + 24
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330
181
2x + y = a 0, 5x + 8 = b 0. H cho tng ng
(
(
(
x = 56
2a b = 2
a=5
2x + y = 25
5
13
b2 = 8a + 24
b=8
5x + 8 = 64
y =
5

56 13
;

5 5

Cu 322
Tu
n
n y kt hp vi (2) ta t
(x + y)(3xy 4 x) = 2
(x + y)(3xy + 4 y) = 2
Gii
in
i vi loi h "sut sot" i xng th ny. Ta thng cng hoc tr hai phng trnh cho
nhau.
iu kin : x, y 0
Ly (1) + (2) v (1) (2) ta c h mi
(
(
3xy = 2( x y)
()
(x + y)(3xy 2 x + 2 y) = 0
(x + y)( x + y) = 1
1 = (x + y)( x + y)
n y tinh ta hon ton a n v thun nht c. Nhn v vi v ta c

3xy = 2(x + y)(x y) (x 2y)(2x + y) = 0 x = 2y
Thay ln () ta c
y
n
v
!2
u

u
y
=
0
(L)
2
3
6y 2 = 2 y
21
y=t
3
3 y = 21
3
Ng
u
v
!2 v
!2
u
u
u
u
21
21
3
3
;t

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = 2t
3
3
Cu 323
r
2
1
1
+
5y
=
y
+
2
y
+
1
4 1+ 2 +
x
(x + 1)2
r
2
1
1
+
5x
=
x
+
2
y
+
1
4 1+ 2 +
y
(y + 1)2
Gii
Hnh thc bi h r rng l i xng. Tuy nhin vi hnh thc nh th ny cc phng php
thng thng kh c th chi c. Tuy nhin nu ai ch th ng thc trong cn thc kh
quen thuc.
182
iu kin : x, y > 0
Trc ht ta bin i biu thc trong cn
1+
1
1
x2 (x + 1)2 + (x + 1)2 + x2
x2 (x + 1)2 + 2x(x + 1) + 1
+
=
=
x2 (x + 1)2
x2 (x + 1)2
x2 (x + 1)2
(x(x + 1) + 1)
=
=
x2 (x + 1)2
1
1+
x(x + 1)
2
in
Tu
n
Vy h cho tng ng

p
p
1
1
+ 5y = 5y + 4 + 4 y(y + 1)
= y(y + 1)
4 1 +
x(x + 1)
x(x + 1)

p
p
1
1
= x(x + 1)
+ 5x = 5x + 4 + 4 x(x + 1)
4 1 +
y(y + 1)
y(y + 1)
p
p
a, b > 0. H cho tr thnh
t x(x + 1) = a, y(y + 1) = b,
(
1
1
+
5
a =
x =
x(x
+
1)
=
1
2
b
2
a=b=1
1
y(y + 1) = 1
b =
y = 1 + 5
a2
2
!
1 + 5 1 + 5
;

2
2
y
n
Cu 324
11 2y 2
+ 1 + 2x = y 4 10x2 24x 14
3
3

2y 3x + 4(2x + 3) = 2xy 2 + 3y 2 + 6x2 + 17x + 12
Gii
Ng
u
Vi hnh thc bi h th ny, gn nh phng trnh (1) ch lm n c g. Ta s khai thc t

phng trnh (2).
1
11
iu kin x , y 2
2
2
2y 3x + 4(2x + 3) = y 2 (2x + 3) + (2x + 3)(3x + 4) (2x + 3)(y 3x + 4)2 = 0
n y rt ra y 2 = 3x + 4 thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
1 2x + 1 + 2x = 2 x2
2 + 2 1 4x4 = x4 4x2 + 4
x4 (x4 8x2 + 20) = 0 x = 0 y = 2
2.11 Cu 301 n cu 330

(
Cu 325
183
qp
4
xy 9 y 4 = y(1 x)
1+
p
4
x2 y 3 + 4 xy y + 1 = 4 y
Gii
ng thc xy ra khi
(T M )
(2x + y 1) x + 3 + xy + x = 8 x
2
x + 3 + xy + xy = 2x(6 x)
Cu 326
in
(
x = 1
y xy = 1
p
2
y = 2
xy 9 y 4 = 0

1
;1
2
Tu
n
Tc gi bi ton l mt ngi bn ca ti trn facebook : H Lan Tm Nh - Lp 12C1 THPT

ng Thc Ha, Thanh Chng, Ngh An.
Vi hnh thc h nh ny c l ch c nh gi mi dit c
H ny c nhiu iu kin, trong c mt iu kin l y xy 1.
qp
4
xy 9 y 4 1
y xy = 1 +
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Nhn xt x = 0 khng l nghim. H cho tng ng

x
+
3
+ y+1 =8
(2x + y 1)
x
!2
r
x
+
3
+ y + y = 2(6 x)
x
r
x+3
t 2x + y = a,
+ y = b > 0 ta c h mi
x
(
(
(
(a 1)(b + 1) = 8
a=3
x=1
a = 12 b2
b=3
y=1

Cu 327
4x2 3y = 0
(2x2 + y)[4x4 3x2 + y(4x2 + y + 6)] = 8
Gii
Bi ny tt nhin c th gii bng cch rt y t (1) xung (2) to phng trnh n x2 c th

gii c. Tuy nhin nu bin i tinh t mt cht th bi ton s p hn nh sau.
184
H cho tng ng vi
(
2x2 + y + 2(x2 2y) = 2
(2x2 + y) [(2x2 + y)2 3(x2 2y)] = 8
t 2x2 + y = a, x2 2y = b ta c h mi
(
a=2
b=0
r
Cu 328
4 2
;
5 5
r
,
4 2
;
5 5
!
x + x + 2y = y 2 + y + 2
y 2 + 3xy + x + y 10 = 0
in
Gii
x = 4
5
y = 2
5
(
2x2 + y = 2
x2 2y = 0
Tu
n
(
a + 2b = 2
a(a2 3b) = 8
iu kin : x + 2y 0
x + 2y +
p
x + 2y y 2 3y 2 = 0
y
n
Ta c : x+2y = 1 + 4(y 2 + 3y + 2) = (2y + 3)2
x + 2y = y + 1
Qu tuyt vi khi n chnh phng. T ta c
x + 2y = y 2
2
TH1 : x + 2y = y + 1 x = y + 1 thay vo (2) ta c
4y 3 + y 2 + 4y 9 = 0 y = 1 x = 2
x + 2y = y 2 x = y 2 + 2y + 4 thay vo (2) ta c
Ng
u
TH2 :
3y 3 + 8y 2 + 15y 6 = 0 y =
1
3
(L)
Cu 329
2
2
10x
p + 5y 2xy
p38x 6y + 41 = 0
3
x + xy + 6y y 3 + x2 1 = 2
Gii
Phng trnh (2) kh c th lm n c g. Nhn thy phng trnh th nht ang l tam
thc nn th khai thc n xem.
Phng trnh (1) vit li nh sau
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360
185
10x2 2x(y + 19) + 5y 2 6y + 41 = 0

Ta c : 0x = 49(y 1)2 .
Gi s h ny c nghim th suy ra y = 1. Thay ln (1) ta c
10x2 40x + 40 = 0 x = 2

Cu 330
Tu
n
Thay vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn.

p
3x2 + 4x 5 = y 2 6y 1
x + 1 = 17 4y 16x
Gii
p
1 y 2 6y 1
y 2 6y 1
2
in
3x2 + 4x 5 =
Vi kiu h kh chu th ny c l nh gi s l n nh tt nht.

T phng trnh th nht ta c
6x2 + 8x 10 + y 2 + 6y 0
()
Ly () () ta c
T phng trnh th hai ta li c

p
x + 1 = 17 4y + 16x x2 + 18x + 4y 16 = 0
()
y
n
(
x=1
5(x 1)2 + (y + 1)2 0
y = 1
Ng
u
Thay li h thy khng tha mn.

Vy h cho v nghim
2.12
Cu 331 n cu 360

Cu 331
12x3 + 12x2 + 367x 54y 3 54y 2 18y = 144

x2 + y 2 + xy 7x 6y + 14 = 0
Gii
Nhn xt phng trnh (2) l tam thc, phng trnh (1) l hai hm ring bit ca n. Chc
nhn ra loi ny ri ch ? Mi bn c xem li t cu 77.
Ta vit li phng trnh th hai nh sau
(
(
1 y 7
x2 + x(y 7) + y 2 6y + 14 = 0
y 0
3
10
y 2 + y(x 6) + x2 7x + 14 = 0
x 0
2 x
3
186
Gi quay ln xt phng trnh th nht. N c dng

f (x) g(y) = 144
Vi f (x) = 12x3 + 12x2 + 367x n iu tng, v g(y) = 54y 3 + 54y 2 + 18y n iu tng. T
ta c

7
f (x) f (2) = 878, g(y) g
= 1022
3
Tu
n
f (x) g(y) 878 1022 = 144
x = 2
ng thc xy ra khi
7 . Thay li vo phng trnh (2) thy tha mn.
y =
3

7

3
8
100
5
x3 y 3 + (x + y)2 5x2 xy + 13x =
3
3
3
x2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
in
Cu 332
Gii
y
n
Dng rt ging cu trn, tuy nhin phng trnh u cc bin x, y khng hon ton ri nhau
na m b rng buc bi xy. Vy c cch no dt c bn ny ra khng ? Xin tha l c.
Tht kho lo ta th xy t (2) ln (1) l ta s tch hon ton c x, y. Nh vy th xy t (2)
ln (1) v ta dng mt h mi sau y
(
3x3 + 18x2 + 45x + 2y 2 3y 3 + 8y = 108
x2 + y 2 + xy 3x 4y + 4 = 0
Ng
u
n y qu quen thuc ngay trn ri. Xin nhng li cho bn c gii nt. Bi ny lu hn
bi trn ch ta phi lp bng
bin thin
hm g(y) v n khng n iu.

4 4
;

H cho c nghim : (x; y) =
3 3
Cu 333
y(xy 1)
2
=
2
y +1
5
x(xy
1)
1
=
2
x +1
2
Gii
Da vo phng trnh ta thy c nghim th xy(xy 1) 6= 0.

H cho tng ng
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360
187
1
1
= a, = b ta c h mi
x
y
1 ab
2
=
2
a(b + 1)
5
1
ab
1
=
2
b(a + 1)
2
2
a(b + 1)
5
=
1 ab
2
b(a + 1) = 1
1 ab
2

1
1
a= +b
2
2
ab=
Tu
n
2
y
1 + 1
2
y
1
x =1
1 + 1
2
x
(
x=1
y=2
a = 1
1
b =
2
in
Thay li v ta d dng tm c
y
n
Cu 334
x + y = 4xy
p
(2x + 3) 4x 1 + (2y + 3) 4y 1 = 2 (2x + 3)(2y + 3)

Gii
Ng
u
1
1
iu kin : x ; y
4
4
Ch ng thc sau
x + y = kxy (kx 1)(ky 1) = 1
p dng vo phng trnh (1) ta c : (4x 1)(4y 1) = 1

p dng AM GM vo phng trnh (2) ta c
q
p
p
p
(2x+3) 4x 1+(2y+3) 4y 1 2 (2x + 3)(2y + 3) (4x 1)(4y 1) = 2 (2x + 3)(2y + 3)
ng thc xy ra khi (2x + 3) 4x + 1 = (2y + 3) 4y 1 x = y

1
2x = 4x2 x =
2
188
(
x + y + 1 + 1 = 4(x + y)2 +
3
2x y =
2
Cu 335
3(x + y)
Gii
(2x + 2y + 1)(2x + 2y 1) + p
2x + 2y 1
=0
3(x + y) + x + y + 1
2x + 2y = 1
in
Cu 336
x4 3 y = 3x + y
x y(y 1) = 3(x + y)
Kt hp phng trnh (2) qu d dng.

2 1
;

3 6
Tu
n
iu kin : x + y 0 Phng trnh th nht tng ng

p
p
4(x + y)2 1 + 3(x + y) x + y + 1 = 0
Gii
()
y
n
t t = y 0. H cho tng ng
(
2

x4 t2 = 3x + 3t
4
2
3
2
t
=
xt
xt
(x
t)
x(x
+
xt
+
t
)
+
t
=0
xt3 xt = 3x + 3t
Ng
u
Gi ta tm thi xt phn kh trc. Kt hp vi (2) ta c h mi sau

(
x(x2 + xt + t2 ) + t = 0
(3)
3
xt xt 3x 3t = 0
(4)
Ta c
x(x2 + xt + t2 ) + t =
xt(x2 + xt + t2 ) + t2
xt(x2 + xt + t2 ) + t2 (xt3 xt 3x 3t)
=
t
t
=
(x + t)(x2 t + t + 3
t
Vy (*) c th vit li l
(x2 t2 )(x2 t + t + 3) = 0 x = t
(Dot 0)
n y gii ra x, t v tr li bin y
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 0), (1; 1), (2; 4)
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360

Cu 337
189
x3 6x2 y = 8y 3
6
2
4xy + x = 2y + 2y x + 1 + 1
Gii
Cng 2 phng trnh v vi v ta c

(2y x)3 = 3(2y x) + 3
Tu
n
iu kin : 2y x + 1 0
H cho tng ng
(
x3 6x2 y 8y 3 = 6
12xy 2 = 3(2y + 1 x) + 3 2y + 1 x
p
2y x + 1 3
3
t+1+1
=0
t 2y x = t phng trnh cho tng ng

3
t = 3t + 3 t + 1 3 t t2 + 3 +
in
T suy ra x = 2y thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
1
1
3
y=
x
=
2
3
4
4

1
3
; 2
3
4
4
3
5x2 + y 2 6x 11 = 0
x + 2x p
3 y2 7 6
x2 + x = p
y2 7
Ng
u
Cu 338
y
n
y3 =
Gii
iu kin : y 2 7
Vy t x2 + x = a,
TH1 :
(x2 + x 6)(x2 + x) + (y 2 7) = 4
p
y 2 7 = b 0. H cho tng ng

a(a 6) + b2 = 4
a = 0, b = 2
3b 6
a = 1, b = 3
a =
b
(
x2 + x = 0
p
y2 7 = 2
(
x = 0, x = 1
y = 11
190
TH2 :
1
x=
y = 4
(
x2 + x = 1
p
y2 7 = 3

Cu 339
(x2 + 1)y 4 + 1 = 2xy 2 (y 3 1)

xy 2 (3xy 4 2) = xy 4 (x + 2y) + 1
Gii
Ly (1) (2) ta c
y 4 (1 2xy) = xy 5 (2 3xy)
V y = 0 khng l nghim. T suy ra
"
1
thay vo (1) ta c
y
in
TH1 : xy = 1 x =
xy = 1
1
xy =
3
3(xy)2 4xy + 1 = 0
Tu
n
T kt lun nghim (nhiu cp qu !)
1 5
1 5
x=
y = (y + 1) y =
2
2
TH2 : xy =
1
1
x=
thay vo (1) ta c
3
3y
y
n
3y 4 = (y + 3)2
(L)
!
1 5 1 5
;

2
2
Ng
u
Cu 340
2x y +
x 1 = 2x 2 + 2(2x y)2
y 2 + 4x x 1 = 17
Gii
Bi ton xut hin trong thi th ca Chuyn Nguyn Hu. Mt bi ton kh c sc.
iu kin x 1
t 2x y = a, x 1 = b phng trnh (1) tng ng
p
a + b = 2(a2 + b2 ) a = b
2x x 1 = y 4x2 + x 1 = y 2 + 4x x 1
T suy ra
4x2 + x 1 = 17 x = 2 y = 3
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360

Cu 341
191
x2 + y 2 + xy = 3x 2
4
(x2 + xy)4 + (y 2 + 2) = 17x4
Gii
(
x2 + xy = x
y 2 + 2 = 2x
TH2 :
(
x2 + xy = 2x
y2 + 2 = x
x = 1, y = 0
x = 3, y = 2
in
TH1 :
Tu
n
Phng trnh (2) kh phc tp khi hng ng thc bc 4. T tng vn gi nguyn khi gp
loi ny : phn tch nhn t hoc t n ph.
Nhn thy x = 0 khng l nghim ca h.
H cho tng ng
2
x + xy y 2 + 2
+
=3
x2 + xy + y 2 + 2 = 3x
x
x

4
4
2
2
4
x
+
xy
y
+
2
(x2 + xy)4 + (y 2 + 2) = 17x4
+
= 17
x
x
(

a+b=3
a = 1, b = 2
4
4
a = 2, b = 1
a + b = 17
x = 2, y = 0
x = 3, y = 1
y
n
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 0), (3; 2), (2; 0), (3; 1)
Gii
Ng
u
Cu 342
3x2 2x 5 + 2x x2 + 1 = 2(y + 1) y 2 + 2y + 2
x2 + 2y 2 = 2x 4y + 3
Tr 2 phng trnh cho nhau v vi v ta c

p
x2 + x x2 + 1 = (y + 1)2 + (y + 1) (y + 1)2 + 1
Cng vic ca ta l xt hm f (t) = t2 + t t2 + 1 v chng minh n n iu tng, xin nhng

li cho bn c.
T ta c x = y + 1 thay vo (2) d dng tm
nghim.
ra
2 5

;
3 3
192
(
Cu 343
1
2
4x(x3 x2 + x 1) = y 2 + 2xy 2
x2 + y 2 =
Gii
1
x2 t (1) xung (2) ta c
2
4x4 4x3 + 5x2 4x = 2xy
3
2
1
Ta c 2xy x2 + y 2 = . Nh vy (*) suy ra
2
Tu
n
Thay y 2 =
()
4x4 4x3 + 5x2 4x + 1 0 (2x 1)2 (x2 + 1) 0 x =

(3x 4x3 )(3y 4y 3 ) =
1
2
Cu 344
x2 + y 2 = 1
in
1 1
;
2 2
1
1
y=
2
2
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Nhn tng quan h ta thy cc biu thc kh ging cc cng thc lng gic. Vy ta t
x = cost, y = sint vi t [ ; ].
2
t = + k
3
12
2 sin 3t cos 3t = 1 sin 6t = 1
t [ ; ]
2
k = 0, 1, 2

3

5
5
3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = cos ; sin
, cos ; sin
, cos ; sin

12
12
12
12
4
4
Cu 345

x
y
+
x2=2 p
p
2
2
x + y xy(x y) + xy y 2 = 2 2(x y 1)
Gii
H cho tng ng
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360
193
(x
y)
x
y
+
(x
y)
xp
2 = 2x 2y
p
2
2
2x + 2y 2xy (x y) + 2xy 2y 2 = 4 (x y 1)
q
( q
3
(x y) + (x y)2 (x 2) = 2x 2y
p
p
2x2 + 2y 2 2xy (x y) + 2xy 2y 2 = 4 (x y 1)
q
q
p
p
3
2
2
(x y) 2x + 2y 2xy (x y) + (x y)2 (x 2) 2xy 2y 2 = 4 2x + 2y

(x y 2)
x2 +y 2
(xy)3 +
2x2 +2y 2 2xy(xy)
x2 xy
(xy)2 (x2)+
2xy2y 2
xy2=0
2+
x2=2x=84 2y =64 2
+2
=0
in
Cu 346
x4 + 8y = 4(x3 1) 16 3
y 4 + 8x = 4(y 3 1) + 16 3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (8 4 2; 6 4 2)
Tu
n
Gii
y
n
Bi ton ny c cng 1 tng vi 1 bi ton khc ti nu phn gia cun sch H phng
trnh cho tng ng vi:
4
x 4x3 + 8y = 4 16 3
y 4 4y 3 + 8x = 4 + 16 3
Ng
u
Cng hai phng trnh ca h, ta c:

x4 4x3 + 8x + y 4 4y 3 + 8y = 8
2
2
x2 2x 2 + y 2 2y 2 = 0
(
x=1 3
y =1 3
Thay li vo h th.

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = 1 + 3; 1 3
194

x + 1 + y+ 1 = 3
x y+1+y x+1+ x+1+ y+1=6
Cu 347
Gii
Tu
n
Ly P T (2) 2P T (1) ta c
p
p
( x + 1 + y + 1)( x + 1 y + 1 2) = 0
(
x+1=1
(

y+1=2
x+1 y+1=2
x = 0, y = 3
x = 3, y = 0
x+1+ y+1=3
x+1=2
y+1=1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 3), (3; 0)
3 x9 18y 27x 29
x y 1 = 2x + x2 + x 2
3
p
x(x3 + 2xy 2x + 2) + (y 2)2 + 7 = 6 3 4(x y + 1)
in
Cu 348
Gii
Ng
u
y
n
Mt bi ton tng xut hin trn diendantoanhoc.net . Hnh thc kh khng b.

Vi loi h kiu ny hng i thng l t, phng trnh (1) chc ch khai thc c g. Th
xt phngtrnh (2) xem no.
xy10
xy+1
iu kin
x2 + x 2 0
x2 + x 2 0
Phng trnh th (2) tng ng
p
x4 + 2x2 y 2x2 + 2x + y 2 4y + 11 = 6 3 4(x y + 1)
p
(x2 + y)2 2(x2 + y) + 2(x y + 1) + 8 = 6 3 4(x y + 1)
p
(x2 + y 1)2 + 2(x y + 1) + 8 = 6 3 4(x y + 1)
Ta c
p
p
6 3 4(x y + 1) = 3 3 2(x y + 1).4.4 2(x y + 1) + 4 + 4
T suy ra
(x2 + y 1)2 + 2(x y + 1) + 8 2(x y + 1) + 4 + 4 (x2 + y 1)2 0

ng thc xy ra khi

x2 + y 1 = 0
2.(x y + 1) = 4
x = 1, y = 0
x = 2, y = 3
Sau thay 2 cp va ri vo (1). Lm nt i nh ! Lc vit khng c Casio :sad:
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360

Cu 349
195
x3 + xy 2y 3 = 0
3y 3 + 3xy + 1 = 0
Gii

x3 + xy 2 3xy 1 = 0
3
3
3y = 3xy 1
Tu
n
Liu ban c cn nh y l loi h no khng ? Chc ch nh, y cng chng loi vi nhng
bi h s dng phng php nhn 2 phng trnh vi nhau to n mi.
Thay y 3 t phng trnh (2) ln (1) ta c h mi sau y
(
3x3 = 9xy 2
3y 3 = 3xy 1
Nhn (3) vi (4) v vi v ng thi t xy = t ta c
(3)
(4)
9t3 = (9t + 2)(3t + 1) 9t3 27t2 15t 2 = 0
in
Phng trnh ny c 1 nghim duy nht l, cch gii bn c xem li cu 215. T y ta s

gii ra
3 + 3 3 7 + 3 49
t=
3
n y ta thay li (3) v (4) tr li x, y (kh l khng khip)

9a 2 3a 1
3 + 3 3 7 + 3 49
;

vi a =
3
3
3
y
n
Ng
u
Cu 350
3x + 4
x + 3y + 1 = y 2 1 +
y
x+1
9y 2 +
3
7x + 2y + 2 = 2y + 3
Gii
2
9
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng:
iu kin : x 1, y
x + 3y + 1 = y 2
1
1
+3 x+1+
y
x+1
1
1
x+13 x+1
= y 2 3y (?)
y
x+1
Xt hm s f (t) = t2 3t
1
trn (0; ) ta c
t
f 0 (t) = 2t 3 +
1
2t3 3t2 + 1
(t 1)2 (2t + 1)
=
=
0
t2
t2
t2
196
Vy hm ng bin trn (0; ) suy ra phng trnh (?) tng ng y = x + 1 x = y 2 1

Th vo phng trnh (2) ca h, ta c:
p
9y 2 + 3 7y 2 + 2y 5 = 2y + 3

p

y + 2 9y 2 + y + 1 3 7y 2 + 2y 5 = 0
y 3 4y 2 + y + 6
y 2 5y + 6
+
=0
A
y + 2 + 9y 2

y+1
1
2
+
=0
(y 5y + 6)
A
y + 2 + 9y 2
p
p
Vi A = (y + 1)2 + (y + 1) 3 7y 2 + 2y 5 + 3 (7y 2 + 2y 5)2 > 0
2
y+1
1
Do y nn
+
> 0 T suy ra
9
A
y + 2 + 9y 2

y=2x=3
2
y 5y + 6 = 0
y=3x=8
p
x 1 y 2 + y 1 x2 = 1
3x2 xy 2 + 4x = 1
Cu 351
in
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (3; 2), (8; 3)
Tu
n
Gii
y
n
Nu tinh th dng ca phng trnh th nht kh quen thuc.

p
V T (x2 + 1 x2 )(y 2 + 1 y 2 ) = 1
Ng
u
ng thc xy ra khi x2 + y 2 = 1 thay vo phng trnh th 2 ta c
3
x3 + 3x2 + 3x 1 = 0 (x + 1)3 = 2 x = 2 1
T tm nt y
2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 3 2 1; 1 3 2 1 )
Cu 352
2
2x
p 2y = xy 4x
12x2 + 3y + 84 = 2x + 2 x + 2 + 20 y
Gii
Bi ny nu nhn qua th ch c g c bit khi m phng trnh (1) l

y = 2x
(2x y)(x + 2) = 0
x = 2
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360
197
Nhng kch hay pha sau, c lm i .

TH1 : x = 2 thay vo phng trnh th 2 ta c
p
p
132 + 3y = 4 + 20 y y = 26 6 5
TH2 : y = 2x khi (2) s l
12x2 + 6x + 84 = 2x + 2 x + 2 + 20 2x (3)
Tu
n
Phng trnh ny ta nhm c nghim x = 2 t c th c hng nhn lin hp. Tuy nhin,
gii quyt phn cn li kh kh khn. Mt cch tinh t ta tin hnh nh gi phng trnh
ny.
Ta c
p
1
1p
1
V P = 2x + 4(x + 2) +
16(20 2x) x + (6 + x) + (36 2x)
2
4
8
Nh vy
(x2 1) + 1 = 2y(2x + 1)
x2 y 2 = 3
y
n
Cu 353
in
1
1
12x2 + 6x + 84 2x + (6 + x) + (36 2x)
4
8
15
9
12x2 + 6x + 84 ( + x)2
2
4
111
(x 2)2 0 x = 2
16
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 26 6 5), (2; 4)
Gii
Mt bi ton kh hay. Ta c nh gi sau
Ng
u
(1) (x2 1)2 + 9 = 4xy + 2y + 8
p dng bt ng thc AM GM ta c
x2 + 4y 2 + 2y + 8 4xy + 2y + 8 = (x2 1)2 + 9 6(x2 1) x2 + 4y 2 + 2y + 8 6(x2 1) (?)
Thay x2 = 3 + y 2 t (2) vo (*) ta c

5(3 + y 2 ) 4y 2 2y 14 0 (y 1)2 0 y = 1
Thay vo h ta c x = 2
198
Cu 354

3
= (x 1) x3 + 2 + 1
y
y = x2 + x + 1
Gii
Tu
n
Mt bi ton mang tnh "la tnh" kh cao c xut bi thy L Trung Tn. k khi
nhn 2 phng trnh v vi v s ch cn li x. Ta thc hin bin i nh trn thu c

3 = x3 1
x3 + 2 + 1
t t = x3 + 2 x3 = t2 2, t > 0
Khi phng trnh tr thnh

3
3 = (t + 1) t2 3 (t 2) t2 + 3t + 3 = 0 t = 2 x = 2
Cu 355
x(x2 + y 2 ) = 42
2x2 + x y 2 + 2y + xy = 11
in
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 3 2; 3 4 + 3 2 + 1)
Gii
y
n
Lu lm khng lm h s bt nh nh ? Quay li 1 bi cho vui.

Vit li h cho theo bin y (v bc ca n thp hn)
(
xy 2 + x3 + 42 = 0
y 2 + y(x + 2) + 2x2 + x + 11 = 0
Ng
u
Nu h ny c nghim x l s no th khi thay vo h ta phi thu c 2 phng trnh

tng ng n y.
Mt s tinh qui ta ngh n ngay x = 2 v khi thay vo (2) s mt y, nh th mi mong 2
phng trnh tng ng c. Thay th vo ta thu c
(
2y 2 + 34 = 0
y 2 + 17 = 0
i gii i tng ng ri. Tri thng ta ! Nh vy hng s cn nhn y l 2. Vy

P T (1) 2P T (2) (x + 2) (x 3)2 + (y 1)2 = 0
TH1 : x = 2 y = 17
TH2 : x = 3; y = 1 thay li h thy khng
tha.
2.12 Cu 331 n cu 360

Cu 356
199
x4 2x3 11y 2 + 12y + 41 = 0

y 4 2y 3 11x2 + 12x + 31 = 0
Gii
Tu
n
Tr tru thay ! Hnh thc kh i xng th m hng s cht tit kia khin hi vng tr thnh
tht vng. Khi bn c nhng cu c hnh thc kiu na n i xng th ny th li gii thng
lm g. Cn g na ! Cng 2 phng trnh li cho ti.
Ly P T (1) + P T (2) ta c
(x4 2x3 11x2 + 12x + y 4 2y 3 11y 2 + 12y + 72 = 0 (x2 x 6)2 + (y 2 y 6)2 = 0
Nh vy tc l
(
x2 x 6 = 0
y2 y 6 = 0
(
x = 3, x = 2
y = 3, y = 2
Cu 357
x2 y + y = 2x
y 4 x2 = 2(1 x)
in
Tt nhin ta phi thay li h xem cp no tha mn

Gii
H cho tng ng
y
n
y = 2x
1 + x2
y 4 = (x 1)2 + 1
Ng
u
Hy k n dng buc ca y.
T phng trnh (2) ta c ngay y 4 1 y 2 1
2x
T phng trnh (1 d chng minh 1
1 1 y 1 Vy rng buc ca y tri
1 + x2
ngc. N tha mn khi y = 1, x = 1
Cu 358
p
1 + 4 y(x 1) = 4y + (x y)2
y+x3=0
Gii
iu kin : y 0, x 1
p
2
(x y)2 2(x y) + 1 + 2(x 1 + 2 y(x 1) + y) = 0 (x y 1)2 + 2 y x 1 = 0

200
Nh vy tc l suy ra x = y + 1 thay vo (2) ta c

y+
y2=0y =1x=2

Cu 359
x4 = 2x2 y + 3xy
y 2 = 4x2 3x3
Gii
H cho tng ng

(x2 y)2 = y 2 + 3xy

y 2 = 4x2 3x3
Cng 2 phng trnh v vi v ta suy ra
Tu
n
(x2 y)2 + 3x(x2 y) 4x2 = 0
in
R rng l phng trnh thun nht gia 2 n x2 y v x. T ta c

2
x y = x y = x2 x
x2 y = 4x y = x2 + 4x
y
n
Vi mi trng hp trn thay li vo phng trnh th nht.

Vy h cho c nghim :
!
!
13 1
1 13
; 4 + 13 ,
; 4 s 13 ,
(x; y) = (0; 0),
2
2
!
73 11 53 7 73
,
;

2
2
!
73 53 + 7 73
;
2
p
x 4 y 2 = y 4 x2
y 2 x3 + 3x = 2
Ng
u
Cu 360
11
2
Gii
iu kin : 2 x, y 2
Phng trnh th nht ta suy ra
4x2 x2 y 2 = 4y 2 x2 y 2 y 2 = x2
Thay vo (2) ta c
x3 x2 3x + 2 = 0
x=2
1 5
x=
2
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
201
2.13
Cu 361 n cu 390

Cu 361
1
2
!
5 1 5
;

2
Tu
n
Vi x = 2 y
= 2
1 + 5
1 + 5
y=
Vi x =
2
2
1 5
1 5
Vi x =
y=
2
2
Tt nhin phi loi nghim ngoi lai do php bnh phng (1)
!
1 + 5 1 + 5
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 2), (2; 2),
;
,
2
2
9y 3 x3 = 8
y 2 xy + 8x = 8
Gii
H cho tng ng
in
3
x y 3 + 8(x3 + 1) = 0
y 2 xy + 8(x + 1) = 0
(1)
(2)
(x3 y 3 ) + (xy y 2 )(x2 x + 1) = 0 (x y)(y + 1)(x2 + y) = 0
y
n
TH1 : x = y 8x3 = 8 x = y = 1
TH2 : y = 1 x = 1
TH3 : y = x2 thay xung (2) ta c
x4 + x3 + 8x + 8 = 0 x = 2, y = 4
Ng
u
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (2; 4)
Cu 362
4x3 + y 3 3xy 2 = 8
3x2 + 24x + 3xy = 24
Gii
H cho tng ng
(
4x3 + y 3 3xy 2 = 8
3x3 + 24x2 + 3x2 y = 24x
Cng 2 phng trnh trn cho nhau ta c
7x3 + y 3 3xy 2 + 3x2 y + 24x2 = 24x 8 (x y)3 = 8(x + 1)3 y = x 2
202
Thay xung (2) ta c
Cu 363
Tu
n
2
4
3x2 24x 3x(x + 2) = 24 x = y =
3
3

4 2

3 3
2
y2
x
+
xy =1
y
x
x+y
(x y)4 =
xy
Gii
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
Phng trnh (1) suy ra
in
(x + y)(x2 xy + y 2 xy)
= 1 (x + y)(x y)2 = xy
xy
Thay vo (2) ta c
(x + y)3 = x3 y 3 x + y = xy
Nh vy (2) s l
(?)
(x y)4 = 1 x y = 1
Ng
u
y
n
Thay vo (?) d dng tm c nghim

Vy h cho c nghim :!
!
3 5 1 5
1 5 3 5
(x; y) =
;
,
;
,
2
2
2
2
Cu 364
!
1+ 5 3+ 5
;
,
2
2
!
3+ 5 1+ 5
;

2
2
1 1
+ = 2 1 2x + 2y + 1
x y
x2 7xy + y 2 + 1 = 0
x+y+
Gii
Mt bi ton
kh hc ba ca thy L Trung Tn.
x 1 ; x 6= 0
2
iu kin :
1
y
; y 6= 0
2
Phng trnh (2) khng th lm n c g. Mu cht c l l t (1). Nhn thy biu thc
cha 2 bin ri nhau hon ton, nh vy c th s xt hm s hoc nhm chng li ra ci
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
203
g c bit.
Thc hin php bin i (1) ta c
1
1
2 1 2x + y + 2 2y + 1 = 0
x
y
1 2
1 2
x 2x 1 2x + 1 2x +
y 2y 2y + 1 + 2y + 1 = 0
x
y
2 1
2
x 1 2x +
y 2y + 1 = 0
x
y
Tu
n
x+
(x + y)(x2 + y 2 ) = 15
y4 + y = x
y
n
Cu 365
in
Nhng mt iu cha lm ta tha mn l cha bit x, y c cng du hay khng ? Nu n cng

du th tt qu, khi (1) s l tng ca cc i lng khng m hoc khng dng, cn tri
du th....C cch no bit n cng hay tri du khng ? Cng du hn l xy > 0, vy phng
trnh (2) lm g ? Dng n vo lc ny thi.
Xt (2) nu xy < 0 th v tri lun dng (v l). Vy x, y cng du. Tc l du bng (1)
xy ra khi
(
(
x = 1 2x
x = 1 2
y = 2y + 1
y =1 2
(
(
x = 1 2
x = 1 + 2
hoc
So vi iu kin th ta suy ra
y =1+ 2
y =1 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1 + 2; 1 + 2), (1 2; 1 2)
Gii
Ng
u
y l mt dng quen thuc nhng kh p mt nn ti vn mun gii thiu cho bn c.

Vit li h nh sau
(
(x + y)(x2 + y 2 ) = 15
y4 = x y
Hn l nhn ra c th a v dng ng cp ri phi khng ? Nhn cho ln ta c
(x y)(x + y)(x2 + y 2 ) = 15y 4 x4 y 4 = 15y 4 x = 2y
Vi x = 2y, P T (2) y(y 3 1) = 0 y = 1 x = 2
Vi x = 2y, P T (2) y(y 3 + 3) = 0 y = 3 3 x = 2 3 3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (2 3 3; 3 3)
204

Cu 366
p
x3 + x2 +2y + 1 = x2 y + y + 1
(x + y 1) y + 1 = 10
Gii
iu kin : y 1, x2 + 2y + 1 0
p
x2 + 2y + 1 (y + 1) = 0
Tu
n
x2 (x y) +
x2 y 2
x (x y) + p
=0
x2 + 2y + 1 + y + 1
!
x
+
y
=0
(x y) x2 + p
x2 + 2y + 1 + y + 1
in
4x2 y 2 + 8xy 3y 2 = 1
6xy + 4x + y = 3
y
n
Cu 367
D thy y + 1 0 ng thi (2) c nghim th x + y 1

Vy suy ra x = y thay vo (2) ta c
p
(2y 1) y + 1 = 10 y = 3
Gii
Ng
u
y l bi ton do thy L Trung Tn tng ng trn Boxmath. y l mt dng cng kh

quen thuc trong cun sch ti c gii thiu 1 cu nhng qun khuy mt ch no ri :sad:.
Bi ton ny thy L nh Mn c mt hng gii kh hay. l
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h.
Vi y 6= 0 chia PT(1) cho y 2 v PT(2) cho y ri tr v vi v ta c

1 3
2x +
y 2
2
=
25
4
Tt nhin y l mt hng kh p mt nhng khng phi d ngh, hon ton da vo kinh

nghim. Ti xin gii thiu cho bn c mt tng khc ca ti cho bi ny.
H vit li
(
4x2 y 2 + 1 = 3y 2 8xy
3(2xy + 1) = y 4x
Bnh phng phng trnh (2) ta suy ra 9(4x2 y 2 + 1) + 36xy = y 2 + 8xy + 16x2
Th lng 4x2 y 2 + 1 = 3y 2 8xy t trn xung ta c
9(3y 2 8xy) + 36xy = y 2 + 8xy + 16x2
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
205
Cu 368
5x
2y x = 1
2 2y x + 3xy = 2x2 + y 2 + 3x 1
Gii
Tu
n
y l phng trnh thun nht bc 2 kh n gin. Ta rt c x theo y. Vic gii n xin

nhng cho bn c.
!
!
4 42 42 4
4 + 42 4 42
;
,
;

4
13
4
13
x
y 5x
2
H cha 2 cn thc. Bn c xem 2 2y x n sinh ra t u ? l chuyn v v bnh phng

(1).Nh vy phng trnh (1) tng ng
p
p
p
p
5x y = 1 + 2y x 5x y = 1 + 2y x + 2 2y x 2 2y x = 6x 2y 1
iu kin :
Thay xung (2) rt gn ta c
y
n
in
2x2 3(y + 1)x + y 2 + 3y = 0 (x y)(2x y 3) = 0
Vi x = y thay (1) ta c 4x x = 1 x = 1
22
Vi y = 2x 3 thay (1) ta c 3x + 3 3x 6 = 1 x =
3

22 35
;

3 3
Ng
u
Cu 369
x
2
y1=1
p
x + 8x + y 2 = 8
Gii
Mt li gii p cho bi ny.

iu kin : y
1, x 2
T (1) ta c x 2 = 1+ y 1 1 x 3
T (2) ta c V T 3 + 8.3 + 1 = 8
ng thc xy ra khi x = 3, y = 1
206

Cu 370
(x2 + 9)(x2
+ 9y) = 22(y 1)2
x2 2 4y y + 1 = 0
Gii
Thay vo phng trnh th (2) d dng

tm ranghim.
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 2; 0), ( 2; 0)

p
(x 2y) 3x + 8y + 4 x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 = 6

p
(y 4x) 3y + 2x + 2 x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 = 10
in
Gii
Cu 371
Tu
n
iu kin : y 1
t x2 + 9 = a, y 1 = b. Phng trnh th nht tng ng

2
a = 11b
x = 11y + 2
2
a(a + 9b) = 22b
a = 2b
x2 = 2y 11
Ng
u
y
n
Bi ton xut hin trong 1 thi th ca page Hi nhng ngi n thi i hc trn
facebook. Khng hiu tn no ngh ra th loi h ny ?
p
(x 2y)(3x + 8y) + (y 4x)(3y + 2x) 2(2x + 3y) x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 = 16
p
5x2 10xy 13y 2 2(2x + 3y) x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 = 16
p
(x2 4xy + 4y 2 16) + 2(2x + 3y) x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 + (2x + 3y)2 = 0

2
p
2x + 3y + x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 = 0
p
x2 4xy + 4y 2 16 = (2x + 3y)
Thay li vo c 2 phng trnh ta c
(
(x 2y)(5x + 4y) = 6
(y 4x)(3y + 2x) = 10
H ng cp r rng ri nh. T gii nt
nh
!
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 2; 2), ( 2; 2)
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
Cu 372
207
121x 122y
x4 y 4 =
4xy
122x + 121y
4
2
2
x + 14x y + y 4 =
x2 + y 2
Gii
Tu
n
iu kin : x, y 6= 0
H cho tng ng
121x 122y
4xy(x2 y 2 ) =
(1)
x2 + y 2
122x + 121y
x4 + 14x2 y 2 + y 4 =
(2)
x2 + y 2

Cu 373
in
Dng ny nu ai ch th ti nu 1,2 cu kiu ny ri. Ta thc hin

5

(1).x + (2).y
y + 10x2 y 3 + 5x4 y = 121
(x + y)5 = 35
(2).x (1).y
x5 + 10x3 y 2 + 5xy 4 = 122
(x y)5 = 1
(
x+y =3
x = 2, y = 1
xy =1
x2
y2 = 1
2011
x 2011 y = ( 2013 y
x)(x + y + xy + 2014)
2013
y
n
Gii
Ng
u
T phng trnh (1) ta c 1 x, y 1

Th th x + y + xy + 2014 = (1 + x)(1 + y) + 2013 > 0
R rng nh th t phng trnh (2) ta phi suy ra x = y thay vo (1) v ta tm c
1
x=y=
1
x = y =
2

1 1
1
1
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ; , ;
2 2
2
2
Cu 374
x2 + y 2 = 1
x10 + y 10 =
1
8
Gii
Liu c thm no chi m 5 phng trnh th nht ri a v dng ng cp bc 10 khng ?

Chc ch ai in. Ta bin i phng trnh (1) thnh
208
x2
1
1
+ a, y 2 = a thay ht vo (2) ta c
2
2

5
5
1
5
1
1
1
+a +
a = 5a4 + a2
=0
2
2
8
2
16
r

1 1
a=
30 5
2 5
Tu
n
T suy ra x2 =
1
1
= y2 = a
2
2
in
n y thay tr li d dng tm c
sx, y
s
!
q
q
1
1
5 5( 30 5) ;
5 + 5( 30 5)
10
10
s
s
!
q
q
1
1
5 5( 30 5) ;
5 + 5( 30 5)
10
10
s
s
!
q
q
1
1
5 5( 30 5) ;
5 + 5( 30 5)
10
10
s
s
!
q
q
1
1
5 5( 30 5) ;
5 + 5( 30 5)
10
10
s
s
!

q
q
1
1
5 + 5( 30 5) ;
5 5( 30 5)
10
10
Cu 375
2x2 + xy + y = 5
x4 + x3 y + x2 (y + 1) + xy + y = 9
y
n
Ng
u
H cho tng ng
2
(x + 1) + (x2 + xy + y) = 6
(x2 + 1) (x2 + xy + y) = 9
Gii
x2 + 1 = 3
x2 + xy + y = 3
x=
2y=
1
x= 2y = 21

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 2; 1 2), ( 2; 2 1)
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
Cu 376
209
(
x2 y 2 + 4x2 y 3xy 2 + x2 + y 2 = 12xy + 3x 4y + 1
3x2 2y 2 = 9x + 8y + 3
Gii
Tu
n
Ta s dng phng php h s bt nh cho bi ny. Vit li h cho theo n x

(
x2 (y 2 + 4y + 1) 3x(y 2 + 4y + 1) + y 2 + 4y 1 = 0
3x2 9x 2y 2 8y 3 = 0
Th cho cc h s t l vi nhau. Tc l
y 2 + 4y + 1
y 2 + 4y 1
y 2 + 4y + 1
=
=
y = 2, 0, 4
3
3
2y 2 y 3
Thay y = 2 li vo h c
in
Nh vy ta cn lm l ly P T (1) + P T (2). S c
(
3x2 + 9x 5 = 0
3x2 9x + 5 = 0
x2 y 2 + 4x2 y 3xy 2 + 4x2 y 2 = 12xy + 12x + 4y + 4
n gin nhiu ri.
(x2 3x 1)(y + 2)2 = 0
21
; 2 ,
13
!
;0 ,
13
!
; 4
y
n
P/S : Thay y = 0, y = 4 ta cng c nhng cch khc p mt tng t. Him lm ti mi

thy mt bi h nghim ng nhiu nh ny.
x2 + y 2 + xy + 2x = 5y
x3 + x2 y x2 + 2xy 6x + 3y = 0
Ng
u
Cu 377
Gii

P T (1) + P T (2) (x3 + xy + 2x2 ) + (y 2 + x2 y + 2xy) (2y + 2x2 + 4x) = 0
(x + y 2)(x2 + 2x + y) = 0
TH1 : y = 2 x
P T (1) x2 + (2 x)2 + x(2 x) + 2x 5(2 x) = 0 (x 1)(x + 6) = 0

x = 1; y = 1
x = 6; y = 8
210
TH2 : y = x2 2x
P T (1) x2 + (x2 2x)2 + x(x2 2x) + 2x 5(x2 2x) = 0 x(x + 2)(x + 4) = 0
x = 0; y = 0
x = 2; y = 0
x = 4; y = 8
Cu 378
Tu
n
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (6; 8), (0; 0), (2; 0), (4; 8)
(
2x2 xy + x3 + y 3 = 4x2 y
p
y + x = 2x2 + 14y 9
Gii
iu kin : x, y > 0
Ta c nh gi sau
in
x2 xy + x2 xy + x3 + y 3 4 4 x2 xyx2 xyx3 y 3 = 4x2 y
Ng
u
y
n
Tc l V T V P ng thc xy ra khi x = y
x + x = 2x2 + 14x 9 x2 + 2x x + x = 2x2 + 14x 9 3x2 + 2x x 13x + 9 = 0
t t = x > 0 nh vy ta c

3t4 + 2t3 13t2 + 9 = 0 3t2 t 3 t2 + t 3 = 0
1 + 37
19 + 37
x=
t=
6
18
1 + 13
7 13
t=
x=
2
2
!
19 + 37 19 + 37
7 13 7 13
;
,
;

18
18
2
2
Cu 379
1
3
1
=

2
x 7x y
6
1
+
=2
y 7x y
Gii
iu kin : x, y > 0
Ta thc hin php bin i sau a v h mi
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
(
2.P T (1) + P T (2)
P T (2) 4.P T (1)
211
2
1
+ = 3
y
x
18
1
4
+ =0
7x y
y
x
2
1
3 = +
y
x
18
1
4
7x y
y
x
Nhn v vi v ta c

2
1
+
y
x

4
1

y
x
Tu
n
54
=
7x y
R rng l mt phng trnh thun nht, t x = ty, t > 0. Phng trnh tr thnh

8
2
54
t=1x=y
= + 1
t = 4 x = 4y
7t 1
t
t
Vi x = y thay vo (1) ta c
1
1
1
= y=1x=1

y 2y
2
in
Vi x = 4y thay vo (1) ta c
1
1
4
16
1
= y= x=

2 y 9y
2
9
9

11 xy 3 4
3x 4x2 + 12y 2
2 +
=
y
x3 + y 3
px
2
2
11 x3 y 4
3y 4y + 12x
+
=
x2
x3 + y 3
y
Ng
u
Cu 380
y
n
16 4
;
9 9
Gii
y l mt bi ton kh kh v mang tnh nh v mt tng. Ti xin gii thiu cho bn

c mt cch gii tt trn Boxmath.
iu kin : x3 y 4
T iu kin suy ra x, y cng du, nn nu (x; y) l nghim th (x, y) cng l nghim. Vy
y
nn ta ch cn xt i din trng hp y x < 0 . t t = 1. T (2) suy ra
x
3t2 +
4t + 12
11 (t 1)(3t4 + 3t3 8t2 t 1) 0
t3 + 1
T y suy ra t < 2. V nu t 2 suy ra

(t 1)(3t4 + 3t3 8t2 t 1) = (t 1)(2t2 (t2 4) + (t4 1) + (t3 t)) > 0.
(V L)
212
Nh vy ta c

12(x2 + y 2 )
x
y
11 11
3
+
+
+
2
2
3
3
y
x
x +y
x
y
(x y)2 (3x4 5x3 y 8x2 y 2 5xy 3 + 3y 4 ) 0

(x y)2 .x4 .(3t4 5t3 8t2 5t + 3) 0

3
x
y
+ 2
2
y
x
12(x2 + y 2 )
11 11
+
+
=
3
3
x +y
x
y
Tu
n

!
p
p
xy 3
yx3
+
x
y
(3).
11 11
11 11
+
trong khi V P (3)
+
(do x, y > 0). Du bng xy ra
x
y
x
y
khi
(
x3 y = 4 = y 3 x
4
x=y= 4
x=y

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = ( 4 4; 4 4), ( 4 4; 4 4)
Cu 381
xy + x + y = 3
1
1
2
2
+ 2
=
x + 2x y + 2y
3
in
Nh vy ta c V T (3)
Gii
a = 2, b = 2
a = 2, b = 2
Ng
u
y
n
y l mt bi ton khng kh nh p mt.

iu kin :x, y 6= 0, 2
H cho tng ng
ab = 4
(x + 1)(y + 1) = 4
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
+
=
+ 2
=
2
2
(x + 1) 1 (y + 1) 1
3
a 1 b 1
3

x=y=1
x = y = 3
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (1; 1), (3; 3)
Cu 382
(
[(x + 1)(y + 1)]2 = 9xy
(x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1) = 10xy
Gii
H cho tng ng
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
213
2
(x + 1 + 2x)(y 2 + 1 + 2y) = 9xy
(x2 + 1)(y 2 + 1) = 10xy
y2 + 1
x2 + 1
= a,
= b ta c h mi
x
y
(
(a + 2)(b + 2) = 9
ab = 10
Tu
n
V x, y = 0 khng l nghim ca h nn tng ng

2
2

x +1
y +1
+2
+ 2 = 9
x 2
2 y
x +1
y +1
= 10
x
y
5
a = 4, b = 2
5
a = , b = 4
2
(
p
x + x2 + 1 = y + y 2 1
x2 + y 2 xy = 1
Gii
y
n
Cu 383
in
TH1 :
x2 + 1 = 4x
x = 2 3
5
1
y 2 + 1 = y
y = 2 y =
2
2
Trng hp 2 tng t ch l hon i gi tr nghim.
Nh vy h c tt c 8 cp nghim
iu kin :|y| 1
Phng trnh th nht ca h c vit li nh sau:
p
x y 2 1 = y x2 + 1
Ng
u
Bnh phng 2 v ta thu c:

p
p
1 2x y 2 1 = 1 2y x2 + 1 y x2 + 1 = 1 + x y 2 1
p
x2 y 2 + y 2 = 1 + x2 y 2 x2 + 2x y 2 1
p
(x y 2 1)2 = 0 x2 y 2 = 1
Ch x2 xy + y 2 =
3(x y)2 (x + y)2

+
4
4
Nh vy h s l
a = 1, b = 1
a = 1, b = 1
a = , b = 3
1
a = ,b = 3
3
(x y)(x + y) = 1
3(x y)2 (x + y)2
+
=1
4
4
(
ab = 1
3a2 + b2 = 4
214
x = 0, y = 1
x = 0, y = 1
2
2
x = ,y =
3
3
1
2
x = , y =
3
3
Cu 384
x3 + y 2 x + 3x2 + y 2 = 2y 3x 1
2y 3 + xy 2 + y 2 3x 3 = 0
in
Tt nhin ta phi i chiu iu kin bnhphng na.

1 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), ;
3 3
Tu
n
(
x y = 1
x+y =1
(
xy =1
x + y = 1

1
x y =
3

x+y = 3

1
xy =
x+y = 3
Gii
H cho bin i thnh
(
(x + 1)3 + y 2 (x + 1) = 2y
2y 3 + y 2 (x + 1) = 3 (x + 1)
y
n
k hon ton a v ng cp c. Nhn cho pht ta c

3 (x + 1)4 + 3 (x + 1)2 y 2 = 4y 4 + 2y 3 (x + 1)
3 (x + 1)4 + 3 (x + 1)2 y 2 2 (x + 1) y 3 4y 4 = 0
Ng
u
Xt y = 0 x = 1 l mt nghim ca h.
Xt y =
6 0, chia c 2 v cho y 4 ta c
4

2

x+1
x+1
x+1
+3
2
4=0
3
y
y
y
x+1

=1
y =x+1
y
x+1
x = y(1 3) 1
=1 3
y
n y vic thay li xin nhng c cho bn c :brick:

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (1; 0), (0; 1)
2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
Cu 385
215
(
(x y)(x2 + y 2 ) = x4 1
(x + y)(x4 + y 4 ) = x4 + 1
Gii
k khi nhn v vi v s rt gn hng lot.

Nh vy nhn v vi v suy ra
Vi y = 1. Thay vo phng trnh (2) ta c
Tu
n
x8 y 8 = x8 1 y = 1 y = 1
(x + 1)(x4 + 1) = x4 + 1 x = 0
Vi y = 1. Thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) = x4 1 x = 1 x = 2
in
Cu 386
(
x2 y 2 + 2y 2 + 16 = 11xy
x2 + 2y 2 + 12y = 3xy 2
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 1), (2; 1)
Gii
y
n
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. Chia phng trnh (1) cho y 2 , phng trnh (2) cho
y 2 ta c.

2
11x
16
4
x
+2=3
x
x + 2 + 2 =
y
y
y
2
y
2
x
12
4
x
= 3x
+2+
+2=3 x
y
y
y
y
(

a2 3b = 2
a=b=1
2
a=b=2
b 3a = 2
Ng
u
n y d dng thay li tm nghim.

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (2; 1), (4; 2),
Cu 387
!
17 1 17
;
,
2
2
1+
!
17 1 + 17
;

2
2
2
x + 2y 2 + 3xy + 3 = 0
x y + 18
2 = 9 xy
(x + y)
Gii
Nhn hnh thc c l bi ny a v t n tng hiu l tt nht.

iu kin : x y 0, x + y 6= 0
216
t x y = a (a 0) ; b = x + y(b 6= 0)
x y = a2
x+y =b
2x = a2 + b
2y = b a2
Suy ra :
2

2
2

b a2
a +b
b a2
a2 + b
+2
+3
x + 2y + 3xy =
2
2
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
4
2
4
6b 2ba2
a + 2a b + b + 2 (b 2ba + a ) + 3 (b a )
=
=
4
4
2
Tu
n
T ta c h phng trnh :
2
2
3b ba2 + 6 = 0
9b 3ba2 + 18 = 0 (1)
2
2
a + 18 = 9b a
a2 9b2 a + 18 = 0 (2)
Tr (1) cho (2) theo tng v s c :
9b a
+ 3ba (3b a) = 0 (3b a) (3b + a + 3ba) = 0
in
Ta xt trng hp kh trc, mong cho n v l.

Vi 3b + a + 3ba = 0 thay vo (1) ta c
3b a = 0
3b + a + 3ba = 0
9b2 + 3a (3b + a) + 18 = 0 3b2 + 3ba + a2 + 6 = 0
R rng v tri lun dng. Vy ch cn a = 3b thay vo (1) s tm c

(
(
a=3
xy =9
x = 5, y = 4
b=1
x+y =1
(
x3 y 3 + xy 3 + y 2 = 4xy 2 1
x2 y 2 + x2 + y 2 = 4xy 1
Ng
u
Cu 388
y
n
Gii
Phng trnh th (2) bin i s thnh

x2 y 2 + x2 + y 2 = 4xy 1 (xy 1)2 + (x y)2 = 0

x=y=1
x = y = 1
Thay ln phng trnh (1) ch c cp th nht l tha mn.

2.13 Cu 361 n cu 390
217
x2 1 + y 2 1 = xy + 2
1
+ y12 = 1
x2
Cu 389
Gii
iu kin : |x|, |y| 1
p
x2 y 2 (x2 + y 2 ) + 1 = 0
Tu
n
x2 + y 2 4 xy + 2
in
t a = xy, b = x2 + y 2 ta thu c h mi

a = 1, b = 1
b 4 a + 2 a2 b + 1 = 0
2
a = 2, b = 4
b=a
(
xy = 1

x2 + y 2 = 1
2
x
=
y
=
(
xy = 2
x=y= 2
2
2
x +y =4

2; 2 , 2; 2
Gii
y
n
Cu 390
x(y 9) + y 1 + 1 = 0
y(18x2 + 1) = 3x + 22 + (xy + 1)2
iu kin y 1
Phng trnh th nht suy ra
(x(y 9) + 1)2 y + 1 = 0 x2 y 2 18yx2 + 2xy + 81x2 18x + 2 y = 0
Ng
u
Phng trnh th hai th :
18yx2 + y 3x 23 x2 y 2 2xy = 0
Cng 2 ch li ta c
2
81x 21x 21 = 0 x =
Thay li tm y (kh l)
805
54
!
p
805 327 3 805 36782 842 805

;
54
28
!
p
7 805 327 + 3 805 + 36782 + 842 805

;

54
28
7+
218
2.14
Cu 391 n cu 410
Cu 391
(
x = (y 2 1) (y + 2) + 1
xy (xy 1)2 + x2 y 2 = (x + 1) (x2 + x + 1)
Gii
Tu
n
Bin i phng trnh (2) tr thnh

xy(x2 y 2 xy + 1) = (x + 1)[(x + 1)2 (x + 1) + 1] f (xy) = f (x + 1)
Vi f (t) = t3 t2 + t n iu tng, t ta c ngay xy = x + 1 x =
c.
1
thay ln (1) ta
y1
y=0
1
= (y 2 1)(y + 2) + 1
1 13
y1
y=
2
!
13 1 13
;
; ,
2
2
3+
13
13 1
2
!
in
T tr li bin x
Cu 392
(
x3 x2 y = x2 x + y + 1
x3 9y 2 + 6(x 3y) 15 = 3 3 6x2 + 2
y
n
Gii
(x2 + 1)(x y 1) = 0 y = x 1
Ng
u
Thay vo (2) ta s c
3
(x 1)3 + 3(x 1) = 6x2 + 2 + 3 6x2 + 2
Do f (t) = t3 + 3t n iu tng nn suy ra
3
x 1 = 6x2 + 2 x3 9x + 3 3 = 0
Phng trnh ny nghim duy nht kh l, ta c th lm bng t n kiu Hypebolic ti

gii thiu cu 215. Tuy nhin, tinh t ta s bin i n v
2+1
3
3
3
(x + 1) = 2(x 1) x + 1 = 2(x 1) x = 3
21
!
3
2+1
2
;

3
21 321
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410
Cu 393
219
2y
y 2 + 3x =
x
2x
2
x + y =
y
Gii
y(y ) = 3x
x
2
x(x + ) = y
y
(1)
(2)
Nhn (1) vi (2) v vi v ta c

2
4
2
=3
(y )(x + ) = 3 xy
x
y
xy
Tu
n
iu kin :x, y 6= 0
H cho tng ng
xy = 4
xy = 1
n y n gin ri !
in

2
3
; 2 3
3
3
y
n
Cu 394
4 + (5x2 + 2y 1) x y = 5x2 + y (2 + 3x2 )

2 (3x2 + 5)
5x
4x + 5 y +
y
y
Gii
iu kin :y > 0
Phng trnh th nht ca h tng ng
3x2 y (5x2 + 2y 1)x y + 5x2 + 2y 4 = 0, (1)

2
Ng
u
xy = (5x2 + 2y 1) 12(5x2 +2y4) = (5x2 + 2y 1) 12(5x2 +2y1)+36 = (5x2 + 2y 7)

3x y 5x2 2y + 4 = 0
(2)
2
Do (1) 3x y 5x 2y + 4 x y 1 = 0
x y1=0
(3)
Phng trnh th hai ca h tng ng
4x y + 5y + 6x2 + 10 = 5x, (4)
Thc hin 4.(2) 3.(4) c 38x2 + 15x 14 = 23y > 0 v l v x = 1903 < 0
Xt (3) y = x1 thay vo (4), c f (x) = 6x4 5x3 + 14x2 + 5 = 0

D thy phng trnh ny v nghim.
Vy h cho v nghim
220
Cu 395

2x + 1 2y p
+1=yx
2 2
16x y + 5 = 6 3 4x2 y + x
Gii
Thay vo (2) ta c
3
16x4 + 5 = 6 4x3 + x
Tu
n
Nhiu ngi nhn xt cu ny chng c g c bit khi t phng trnh (1) rt ra c

x = y ri. Tuy nhin ci hay sau
1
iu kin : x, y
2

2
(1) (x y)
+1 =0x=y
2x + 1 + 2y + 1
i vi hnh thc h ny nh gi l cng c tt nht. Nhm c nghim x =
1
v ta tin
2
in
hnh tch ghp ph hp.

phng trnh c nghim hin nhin x > 0
Ta c
p
6 3 4x3 + x = 3 3 2.4x. (4x2 + 1) 2 + 4x + 4x2 + 1

16x4 + 5 4x2 + 4x + 3
y
n
1
(2x 1)2 (2x2 + 2x + 1) 0 x =
2

1 1
;

2 2
Ng
u
Cu 396
3x2 2x 5 + 2x x2 + 1 = 2(y + 1) y 2 + 2y + 2
x2 + 2y 2 = 2x 4y + 3
Gii
Tr hai phng trnh v vi v ta c

h
x2
+1+x
D thy hm s cn xt l f (t) =
x = y + 1 thay vo (2) ta c
i2
q
2
(y + 1) + 1 + y + 1
2
t2 + 1 + t v hm ny n iu tng. T suy ra
"
(y + 1) + 2y = 2(y + 1) 4y + 3

5 2
;
3 3
y = 2 x = 1
2
5
y= x=
3
3

2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410
Cu 397
221
p
7 16 y 2 = (x 1)(x + 6)
(x + 2)2 + 2(y 4)2 = 9
Gii

T phng trnh u ta c (x 1)(x + 6) 0
x1
x 6
(x + 2)2 9 5 x 1
Vy suy ra x = 1 v y = 4
h
in
Cu 398
x + 2y p x 2y = 2
3
x + 3 + x2 4y 2 = 5
Tu
n
T phng trnh (2) ta li c
Gii
iu kin : x 3, x 2y
p
phng trnh (2) c lng x2 4y 2 sinh ra t vic bnh phng (1). Vy bnh phng
(1) suy ra
p
x 2 = x2 4y 2
y
n
Thay xung di ta c
x + 3 + x 7 = 0 x = 5 y = 2
Ng
u
Ch n iu kin bnh phng (1) ta loi y = 2

Cu 399
y3
x2 + xy + y 2 + x +
=2
x+1
2
2x + y + y = 2
x+1
Gii
H cho tng ng
y2
(x + y + 1)(
+ x) = 2
x+1
2
(x + y + 1) + ( y + x) = 3
x+1
222
y2
+ x = b ta c h mi
x+1

x + y = 0
x = 0, y = 1
2
x = 1, y = 0
(
y +x=2

ab = 2
a = 1, b = 2
17
17 1
1
x
+
1
x=
,y =
a = 2, b = 1
x
+
y
=
1
a+b=3
4
4
2
1 + 17
1 17
y
x=
,y =
+x=1
4
4
x+1
!
!
1 17 17 1
1 + 17 1 17
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), (1; 0),
;
,
;

4
4
4
4
2y + 2 + x (y 2 + 2y) = 0
x3 3x
y+1 2
=0
3x 1
Gii
in
1
iu kin : x 6=
3
t y + 1 = a th h cho tr thnh
2a + x(a2 1)
x3 3x
a =
3x2 1
Cu 400
Tu
n
t x + y + 1 = a,
2a
1 a2
a = x 3x
3x2 1
x =
Ng
u
y
n
n y hn phi nhn thy t tng lng gic ha ri nh ? Xin nhng li cho bn c lm

nt.
p

p
q
Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (0; 1), 5 2 5; 1 2 5 2 5 + 5(5 2 5)

p
p

q
5 2 5; 1 2 5 2 5 5(5 2 5)
Cu 401
x2 + 1 y x + y = y
x2 (x + y 2) + x 2 = 5y
Gii
iu kin : x + y 0
Nhn thy y = 0 khng l nghim ca h. H cho vit li thnh
2
x +1
(
(
x+y =1
a=3
a
b
=
1
y
2
x +1
a(b2 2) = 6
b=2
(x + y 2) = 6
y
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410
223

Cu 402
11 + 53
3 53
,y =
x= 2
2
53 3
11 53
x=
,y =
2
2
!
!
3 53 11 + 53
53 3 11 53
;
,
;

2
2
2
2
Tu
n
(
x+y =4
x2 + 1 = 3y
x2 + y 2 = 3x 4y + 1
3x2 (x2 + 9) 2y 2 (y 2 + 9) = 18(x3 + y 3 ) + 2y 2 (7 y) + 3
Gii
H cho tng ng
in
(
x(x 3) + y(y + 4) = 1
3x2 (x 3)2 2y 2 (y + 4)2 = 3
(

3
13
a+b=1
a = 1, b = 0
,y = 0 4
x=
2
2
2
a
=
5,
b
=
6
3a 2b = 3
VN
!
!
3 13
3 13
;0 ,
;4
2
2
y
n
Cu 403
83y + 4 = x + 85
2
16(x3 y) + 6x(3 4x) = 16y + 21 + 6
3
y+1
Gii
Ng
u
4
3
Phng trnh th 2 tng ng
iu kin : y
p
p
16x3 24x2 + 18x = 16y + 6 3 y + 1 16x3 24x2 + 18x + 16 = 16(x + 1) + 6 3 y + 1
Nhn vo hnh thc ny c l s xt hm. Tuy nhin v phi c dng khuyt thiu bc 2 trong
b
1
khi v tri li c. Vy ta i bin x = u
= u+ ,
t = 3 y + 1. Nh vy phng trnh
3a
2
(2) s l
1 p
16u3 + 16u = 16t3 + 16t u = t x = + 3 y + 1
2
Thay ln (1) ta c
p
p
5
8 3y + 4 + 3 y + 1 = 42 y = 7 x =
2
224


5
;7
2
2x 1 y 1 + 2 2x 1 = 8
y 2 + y 2y 1 4x 2x + y = 13
Cu 404
Tu
n
Gii
y l mt bi h kh kh, tuy nhin anh Nguyn Xun Nam, mt ngi bn ca ti trn

facebook chi n bng 5 cch khc nhau. Ti xin gii thiu cho bn c cch l d hiu nht
i vi bi ny. ng nh li nh nhn xt : y l mt v d cho cu ni "Cn c b thng
minh"
1
3
iu kin : x , y
2
2
t 2x 1 = a 0. T phng trnh (1) ta rt ra
a+8
1 + 2a
2

+
a+8
1 + 2a
t v tri l f (a). Ta c
0
15
.
(1+2a)2
4a3 2a2 4a + 13
a+8
2a2 +
= 14
1 + 2a
1 + 2a
4a3 2a2 4a+13

1+2a
a+8
1+2a
16a3 16a2 4a30

2
q (1+2a)
4a3 2a2 4a+13
2.
1+2a
4a
15
(1+2a)2
<0
y
n
f (a) =
30(a+8)(2a+1)
(2a+1)4
s
a+8
1 + 2a
in
y=
Vy phng trnh ny c nghim duy nht a = 1 x = 1, y = 2

2
2x
3y
+
5 x + y = 7
3 5 x + y 2x y 3 = 1
Ng
u
Cu 405
Gii
Bi ton trn xut hin 3 cn thc kh chu. Nu ta t chng ln lt l a, b, c > 0 th c

2 phng
trnh, cntm thm mt phng
trnh na biu din mi quan h gia 3 n.
t 2x 3y = a, 2x y 3 = b, 5 x + y = c,
a, b, c > 0 h cho tng ng
2a
+
c
=
7
2x 3y = 9
a = 3, b = 2, c = 1 2x y 3 = 4 x = 3, y = 1
3c b = 1
a + b2 + 4c2 = 17
5x+y =1
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410
Cu 406
225
x5 + x4 + 1
x2 + x + 1
2
x + y 2 3xy x + 3y 1 = 0
y2 =
Gii
Tu
n
Phng trnh (2) khng p. S phi khai thc t (1). Vi hnh thc th kia c l v phi s
rt gn c. V mu khng th phn tch c nn d on trn t s c nhn t x2 + x + 1.
Tin hnh nhm ta s c x5 + x4 + 1 = (x3 x + 1)(x2 + x + 1)
Nh vy h s l
(
y 2 = x3 x + 1
x2 + y 2 3xy x + 3y 1 = 0
Thay y 2 t (1) xung di ta c
(x 1)(x2 + 2x 3y) = 0
x2 + 2x
thay vo (1) ta gii ra
3
x = 3
y=5
13
3
13
x=
y=
2
2
3 + 13
1 + 13
y=
x=
2
2
Vy h cho c nghim :
13 3
;
!
13
,
2
1+
13 3 +
;
!
13

2
p

2 2x + 2 + 4 y 2 2y + 2 = 2
x
4
x+ y+3=3
Ng
u
Cu 407
y
n
(x; y) = (1; 1), (1; 1), (3; 5),
in
Vi x = 1 y = 1 Vi y =
Gii

p
p
(x 1)2 + 1 + 4 (y 1)2 + 1 = 2
D thy V T V P .
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = 1 thay vo (1) tha mn.
226
Cu 408
3
3
2x
y
+
3x 2y = 2
3
2 3x 2y + 5x + y = 8
Gii
t a = 2x y, b = 3x 2y
S dng ng nht sau
5x + y = 13(2x y) 7(3x 2y)
Tu
n
Vy h cho tng ng
(
a+b=2
a=b=1
2b 7b3 + 13a3 = 8
(
2x y = 1
x=y=1
3x 2y = 1
Cu 409

p

(2x + 1) 2 + 4x2 + 4x + 4 + 3y 2 + 9y 2 + 3 = 0
4x3 3y + 3 1 3y = 5
in
Gii
phng trnh (1) 2 bin x, y hon ton tch ri nhau v ta hi vng n s ra c iu g

, vi hnh thc ny c l l hm s. Phng trnh (1) vit li thnh
p
p
(2x + 1)(2 + (2x + 1)2 + 3 = 3y(2 + 9y 2 + 3)
y
n
Cha phi cng 1 dng hm. Nhng 9y 2 = (3y)2 . Khi 2 v u c dng
f (t) = 2t + t t2 + 3
Hm ny n iu tng, t ta suy ra 2x + 1 = 3y thay vo (2) ta c
4x3 + 2x + 3 2x + 2 = 6 x = 1
Ng
u
V v tri ng bin nn phng trnh

c nghim duy nht.
ny
1

3
Cu 410
3
2
1
27y 3x + 9y
s =

x2
4
2
x + 3y = 72 9 + y
Gii
iu kin : x, y 0
phng trnh th (2)
2.14 Cu 391 n cu 410
227
( x + 3y)4 4(x + 3y)2 8(x2 + 9y 2 ) = V P

ng thc xy ra khi
x = 3y x = 3y.
Thay ln (1) ta c
Tu
n
1
x3 3x2 + 3x 1 = 0 x = 1 y =
3

1

3
Ng
u
y
n
in
R ca s hc tp th ng, qu ca s hc tp th ngt.

Tuyen Chon 410 HPT Dai So Ver1

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Tuyen Chon 410 HPT Dai So Ver1

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Nguyn Minh Tun

Sinh vin K62CLC - Khoa Ton Tin HSPHN

TUYN CHN 410 BI H

BI DNG HC SINH GII V LUYN THI I HC - CAO

H Ni, ngy 9 thng 10 nm 2013

1 Mt s phng php v cc loi h c bn

Cc phng php chnh gii h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cu 211 n cu 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Cu 241 n cu 270 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

2.10 Cu 271 n cu 300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Nguyn Minh Tun

Cc phng php chnh gii h phng trnh

I. Rt x theo y hoc ngc li t mt phng trnh

X. Kt hp cc phng php trn

Mt s phng php v cc loi h c bn

D dng nhn thy y l mt h ng cp bc 3, bnh thng ta c nhn cho ln ri chia 2

nh sau : Phng trnh 1 gm bc ba v bc nht. Phng trnh 2 gm bc 2 v bc 0

TH1 : x = 0 thay vo (2) v nghim

TH3 : x = 4y thay vo (2) ta c:

khi nhn 3 vo PT(1) ri tr i PT(2) s ch cn y . Vy

Vy h cho c nghim :(x; y) = (0; 0) , (3; 2) (2; 3)

H i xng loi I ri. No

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (1; 2), (2; 1)

Khng lm n g c c 2 phng trnh, trc gic u tin ca ta l bnh phng ph s

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (3; 3)

x+5+ y2= x2+ y5

Vy h cho c nghim : (x; y) = (11; 11)

H cho c v l na i xng na ng cp, bc ca PT(2) ang nh hn PT(1) mt

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (4; 4)

Phng trnh u l dng ng cp ri

Vi x = y loi v theo iu kin th x, y phi cng du

Vy h cho c nghim (x; y) = (15; 2), (3; 14)

Phng trnh 2 tng ng

y + (5x + 4)(4 x) 4xy 8y = 0 2y 4xy 8y = 0

P T (1) P T (2) xy(2y x) = xy

Nu ch xt tng phng trnh mt s khng lm n c g. Nhng 2 ngi ny b rng

T cu 20 tr i ti xin gii thiu cho cc bn mt phng php rt mnh

Nhn thy bc ca x nh hn, cho ngay y = 1000

V d 3 : C = x3 3xy 2 2y 3 7x2 + 10xy + 17y 2 + 8x 40y + 16

V d 5 : E = x3 y + 2x2 y 2 + 6x3 + 11x2 y xy 2 6x2 7xy y 2 6x 5y + 6

V d 6 : F = 6x4 y + 12x3 y 2 + 5x3 y 5x2 y 2 + 6xy 3 + x3 + 7x2 y + 4xy 2 3y 3 2x2 8xy +

Li gii gn p nht ca bi trn l

14x2 21y 2 6x + 45y 14 = 0

49.P T (1) 15.P T (2) (161x 483y + 218)(x + 3y 7) = 0

V n y cng d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (2; 3), (1; 2)

Qua 2 v d trn ta t ra cu hi : V sao li th ? Ci nhm thnh nhn t th ti khng

D vng c hn mt cng thc gii h phng trnh loi ny. Tc gi ca n kh xut

Li gii ngn gn cho bi ton trn l

Gi : P T (1) 3.P T (2) (x 4)3 = (y + 3)3

Hy cng ti phn tch bi ton ny. Tip tc s dng UCT

By gi ta mong c rng khi thay x bng 1 s no vo h ny th s thu c 2 phng

Nhn xt h ny c c im ging vi h ban u l bc y nh nhau. Vy ta li vit li h

2 (x + y) (25 xy) = 4x2 + 17y 2 + 105

Vi h ny ta ch vic tr cho nhau s ra y = 1

Hnh thc bi h c v kh ging vi cu 23

n y d dng tm ra nghim (x; y) = (1; 4), (1; 4)

Li gii ngn gn nht ca bi trn l :

Cu hi c t ra l bi ny tm hng s nh th no ? C rt nhiu cch gii thch nhng

Mt cch trc gic ta th vi x = 1. V sao ? V vi x = 1 phng trnh 2 s khng cn