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Acoustics 01
Acoustics 01
Acoustics 01
SOUND
ACOUSTICS
Objectives of acoustics
1. to reinforce needed sound
2. to eliminate unwanted sound
3. to prevent unwanted sound to be transmitted into an
enclosed space
rarefaction
- the instantaneous, local reduction in density of a
gas resulting from passage of a sound wave, or the region in
which the density is reduced at some instant
- elongation of sound
- the vibration from a body are called frequencies
frequencies
- cycles per second (cps) or vibrations per second
(vps) and the compressions and rarefactions are called
sound waves
PROPERTIES OF SOUND
speed of velocity
- 1125 ft/sec at 20F, the velocity increases 1ft/sec
for every 10 rise in temperature (in Fahrenheit)
where:
v = velocity
F = frequency
d = distance of the medium
through which the sound travels
frequency
- is the number of cycles of vibrations executed per
second. Humans can hear sounds within the 40 vps to
16,000 vps range
molecular absorption
- a sound maybe covered up or absorbed by another
sound. This phenomena is called masking of sound and
this is very useful in acoustics
- the sound masking is usually of lower frequency
than the sound it masks
soporific effect
- that effect brought about by a low-steady sound
WAVELENGHT
medium
Air
Water
Wood
Brick
Concrete
Steel
Glass
Aluminum
VELOCITY
meter per second
344
1410
3300
3600
3700
4900
5000
5800
At 22C
SPEED OF SOUND
As sound travels much slower than the speed of
light, the resulting defects in many rooms are echoes and
reverberations
When the reflected sound, which reaches an
observer, is delayed more than about 0.058 seconds relative
to the direct sounds, they are distinguished as echoes.
Reverberation consist of successive reflections of
sounds in a room, and since sound travels only about 1130
SOUND ABSORPTION
The sound phenomenon that happens to sound
when it strikes a surface is that the sound is absorbed by the
surface. Actually, what really happens is, when sound wave
strikes an absorbent surface, the sound waves through
friction on the pores of the surface are transformed into
heat energy
THE TYPES OF ABSORBENT SURFACES ARE:
soft and porous surfaces
- such as corkboard, foam or Styrofoam or any material
which has this property like draperies on the walls and
carpets on the floor
panel absorber
- consisting of two layers of materials with an airspace
between them. The outer layer, being of porous type and
the inner layer of solid background
cavity resonator
- Consisting of an enclosed body
of air which is connected by a
narrow passage with the space
containing the sound waves.
This type of absorber is
effective only at the resonant
materials
Wood
Plaster
Metal
Glass
Seats
-computation
-corrections
RT = 0.05V
a1s1
RT = .05(80,800)
504
= 4040
504
= 8.0 seconds
add 200 auditors at 4.17 each
200 x 4.17 = 834
+ 504
1338
RT = .05(80,800)
1338
= 3.0 seconds
from table: the ideal RT is from 1 to 1.5
seconds
1.5 = .05(80,800)
(1338 + x)
1.5(1338 + x) = .05(80,800)
x = 1355.3
TRANSIENT SOUND
- is the term applied to the direct sound which if the
originating body stops, vibrating also stops.
reverberant field
- near large obstructions such as walls
- is dominant and approaches a diffused condition
free field
- exist between the near and reverberant field
- the intensity varies as pressure squared and
inversely with the distance
MUSIC THERAPHY
Music makes a powerful impact on the senses. Often
touching feelings too deep or too difficult to express in
words. The approach of music therapy practitioners can be
classified into two:
6. The reflected paths should not exceed 50ft more than the
direct sound path.
- pieces of cloth
hung on the ceiling to
absorb sound not less
than 2 ft in depth; 2 ft
because the wavelength
of low frequency sound
is usually 2 ft
- the best location for the sound absorbents in a
room intended for speech is at the end of the room away
from the speaker and also to those surfaces which might
produce unwanted echoes, like the rear of the wall of the
hall, especially if the wall is concave.
1. definition
- refers to hearing clearly each type of musical instrument so
that they are readily distinguished from each other.
2. balance
- is the correct loudness ratio between the various sections
of the orchestra.
3. blend
- is the hearing of a body of instruments as a homogeneous
source rather than as a collection of individual sources.
4. a low level of intruding noise
LOUDSPEAKER
- to give natural as much as possible as well as to
make the sound louder
- diffuses low frequency sounds, projects
directionally high frequency sounds
- should be placed one at the left, the other at the
right
For good reaction of the microphone, the man speaking
should be from 18 to 2 ft from the microphone. If too close, the low
frequency sounds will be accentuated. If farther away, the
reverberant sounds will be picked up
For good hearing and reception, the main speaker should
stay in a fixed position and should not vary substantially the distance
between his mouth and the microphone
An ideal situation in the used of speech reinforcement
system is that the listener will hear not only the natural sound but
also the sound coming from a loudspeaker
4. temperature gradient
refers to the differences in the temperature of air
with respect to the distance from the ground, it is
higher than in the upper layers. The reverse is true
at nighttime. At night the air near the surface of the
earth is cooler
4. in long and low ceiling rooms, the reverberant sound will not
be uniform anymore. In some parts of the room, the
reverberant sound is louder than in the other parts. The
direct sound falls off with increase in distance. This is
practical in factories where noisy processes may be placed in
one end of the room.
SOUND INSULATION
Refers to treating a room acoustically so that the sound
coming from it will not be transmitted to the adjacent rooms
2 TYPES OF SOUND INSULATION
1. air borne sound insulation
- insulation against noise is originating in the air. Ex. voices
2. impact sound insulation
- insulation against impact noises. Ex. footsteps and falling
objects
smaller the opening and the greater the area of the sound
absorbents, the lesser is the noise level.
NOISE FROM INSIDE TO OUTSIDE OF THE BUILDING
With openings, the noise level just outside the opening is the
same as the reverberant sound level of the room, farther away, the
noise level depends on the area of the openings and the distance
from it.
VIBRATION CONTROL
VIBRATION
To and from movement of the structure
Some ways to reduce vibration
1. confine the building within its own
2. create a structurally massive foundation
3. use resiliency principle of wright
VIBRATION PRINCIPLE
The more massive the building, the less the vibration
Light frame construction (steel, wood, etc.) can transmit
sound as well as vibration
RESILIENCY PRINCIPLE
A greater resistance to vibration includes a greater damage,
therefore the structure should go with the vibration, like in Frank
Llyod Wrights Imperial Hotel, it survived the earthquake.