Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A&G Aumufygjtwguf A':Atmifqef PK Unfygwd QKHK Jzwfcsufcsvdkufjyd
A&G Aumufygjtwguf A':Atmifqef PK Unfygwd QKHK Jzwfcsufcsvdkufjyd
A&G Aumufygjtwguf A':Atmifqef PK Unfygwd QKHK Jzwfcsufcsvdkufjyd
org
March 31, 2010 wdusrSefuef owif;rSef? vsifjrefaz:xkwf bufrvkyf Vol.2, Issue: 3
ajrjyifay:rSm pdkufxlxm;wJh
tjzLa&mif opfom;wdik }f u;D udk AHak rmif;
vl y sd K av;awG u sawmh v J
ysdKr,fav;awGudk a&avmif;&atmif cGifhrvGwfEdkifwJh em=unf;r_awG
wD ; oH a wG e J @ twl [ef c suf n D n D wH c G e f w d k i f a tmuf r S m ravmif ; bJ
0dkif;&HywfywfuaewJh vlysdKwpkudk
ysdKr,fav;wpku oajycufav;eJ@
wtdrw f ufwtdrq f if;jyD; AHak rmif;awG
eJ@ vSnfhvnfuckef+yD; avmif;=uyg
aysmufuG,foGm;apzdk‹ pmrsufESm (7) okd h _ _ _ _ _ _ _
urBmhowif; pmrsufESmodk‹ _ _ _ _
"gwfyHk - auwD
"gwfyHk - auwD
rwfv 5 &uf [k vGdKifaumf+rdKŒe,f xD;pcg;tkyfpk ygonf?
rdk;acgifonfh ESpfESifh }uHKae&I ukd;aygif;us;&Gmae v,form; trsKd; ajr,m raumif;onfh aus;&Gm
u&ifeDjynfolrsm;tay: ppftpdk;&rS orD;wOD;u ajymonf? rsm;onf tiSm;v,fjzifh v,fvkyf
p y g ; t c G e f a u m u f r _ r s m ; t j yi f ,cifEpS f rd;k OD;us&moD jzpfaomf pm;aeonf h v,f o rm;rsm;tzk d @
tjcm;aom oD;ESHrsm;udkvnf; tcGef vnf; u&ifeDjynf 'D;armhqdk+rddKŒe,f/ v,fyidk &f iS u
f dk tcGef jyefvnfay;aqmif
aumufr_rsm; &Sdaoma=umifh a'ocH z&l q d k + rd K Œe,f / vG d K if a umf + rd K Œe,f &efrSm rEkdifreif; jzpfonfh =um;u
jynfolrsm; tcuftcJESifh &ifqdkif&+yD; twG i f ; &S d a'owG i f rd k ; acgif + yD ; ppfwyfrS ,ckvkd tcGef tqufrjywf
pdwfqif;&Jr_ESifh cHpm; ae=u&onf[k v,f o rm;rsm; rd k ; pyg;twG u f aumuf c H v S s uf &S d a eaoma=umif h
v,form;rsm;u ajymonf? xG e f , uf p d k u f y d s K;&ef tcuf a wG @ a'ocHv,form;rsm; pm;0wfaea&;
“t&ifESpfu ppfwyfu ae&=u&onf? tcuf t cJ yk d r d k q k d ; &G m ;pG m cH p m;ae
usrwkd@ukd ajymif;aph xkwfay;w,f? “ajymif;wkd@ yJaphikHwkd@twGuf =u&onf[k a'ocHv,form; rsm;u
wtdrfukd wAl;wAl;pD a0ay;w,f? yk;d owfaq;eJ@ aq;jzef@r,fq&dk ifvnf; ajymonf?
r,lvnf; r&bl;wJh? tJh'geJ@ ,lvkduf vlukd tE Wm&m,f jzpfapw,f qkd+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh u&ifeDvlrsKd;
aum? ,l + yD ; awmh usrwk d @ u rjzef@&J=ubl;? pyg;qkd&if pyg;ESHu rsm;onf awmif,mvkyif ef;/ v,f,m u&ifeDjynfe,ftwGif;&Sd v,fpyg;cif;
4 yd \ avmuf jyef a y;&w,f ajzmifhajzmifhav;awG jzpfukefwm? vkyif ef; ponfh tvkyrf sm;ukd vkyu f idk f
ppf w yf a wG u k d ? pyg;awG oD ; ES H a wG &dwo f rd ;f vk@d r&awmhb;l ” [k uk;d aygi;f pm;aomuf ae=u&jcif ; jzpf + yD ; 12000 usyfaps; &Sd+yD; ,ckESpfwGif ausmf t xd aps;wuf o G m ;onf [ k
ratmifwJh =um;xJuae usrwkd@ukd aus;&Gmae v,form; trsKd;orD; ,cif ESpfrsm;wGif qefwtdwfvSsif qef w td w f v S s if 18000 usyf od&onf? Ò
"gwfyHk - tifwmeufpmrsufESm
wcgavmuf y J z rf ; wm? tck q k d & if
uE Wm&0wDwdkif;(rf) jzpfonf[k &Gmom;rsm;uqdkonf? c%c% zrf;w,f” [k rpuDemu
rwfv 31 &uf &Gmom;ESpfOD;tm; e,fpyftxd qdkonf?
xdik ;f Edik if rH ,fa[mifaqmif+rdKŒ. vrf ; jycd k i f ; +yD ; aemuf jyef v G w f rGefwdkif;&if;om;rsm; aexdkif&m
taemuf a jrmuf b uf w G i f & S d a om ay;cJhonf? 0ef;usiu f vkd nf; 0ifa&mufzrf;qD;cJ&h m
wy&m;vJ aus;&GmteD;w0dkufwGif “usaemfwdk@udk a&mif;0,fa&; 'kuo Q nftjzpf todtrSwjf yKa=umif;
jrefrm ppftpdk;&wyfrsm; vufeuf (u&if e D j ynf b uf ) txd j yef y d k @ ukvor*~ (UN) u xkwaf y;xm;onfh
tjynfhtpHkjzifhr=umc% csif;uyfr_ cdkif;w,f? usaemfwdk@vJrjyef&Jbl;? vufrSwf udkifaqmifxm;ol 8 OD; ESifh
rsm; &S d o nf h t wG u f &G m ol § om; rd k i f ; awG r sm;w,f v d k @ ajymawmh w&m;r0if a exd k i f o l trsm;tjym;
wdk@. toufvHk+cHKa&;udk pdk;&drfae olusaemfwdk@udkjyefvGwfay;w,f?” tzrf;cH&onf[k od&onf?
=u&onf? [k vrf;jytjzpf ac:aqmifoGm;jcif; “tzrf;cH&wJh vlawGuawmh
&GmteD;w0dkufwGif ppftpdk;& cH&aom &Gmom;wOD;uajymonf? trsm;}uD ; ygyJ ? tJ ' D x J r S m UN
tzrf;cH&aom w&mr0ifaexdkifolrsm;
wyfajy;rsm; r=umc% a&mufvm vrf;jytjzpfac:aqmifomG ;jcif; vufrSwf&Sdxm;wJh trsdK;orD;eJ@ ol@&JŒ
wwf=u+yD; ntcsed Yf vlorl odatmif cH & aom aemuf x yf w OD ; uvnf ; {&m0wD ta,muf 40 ausmf 50 eD;yg;avmuf 8 vom; t&G , f e J @ 2 ES p f om;
aus;&GmxJtxd a&mufvm wwfonf “aemufxyfwcgjyefvm+yD; usaemf rwfv 29 &uf ygoGm;w,f” [k zrf;qD;aeonfudk t&G,f uav;ESpOf ;D udpu P kd usaemfw@dk
[k &Gmom;rsm;u ajymonf? wdk@udk roGm;&ifypfr,f? aoewfeJ@ rav;&Sm; EdkifiHwGif w&m;r0if rsujf rifawG@cJoh l trsKd ;om; 'Dru
kd a&pD aqmif & G u f a y;aew,f ” [k rG e f
“&G m pG e f & G m zsm;utd r f a wG q d k csd e f + yD ; vk y f & if b,f v d k vk y f r vJ ” EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;udk t&Sdefjr‡ifh zrf;qD; tzJ@G csKyf vGwaf jrmuf e,fajr (NLD- 'kuQonf ta&; aqmif&Gufay;aeol
olwdk@tdrfrSm rtdyf&J=ubl;? &Gmv,f [kajymonf? vsuf&Sd&m w&m;0if aexdkifolrsm;udk LA) rS trsdK;orD;a&;&m wm0efcH Edkif&GdKifrGef u ajymonf?
rSm pk+yD;tdyf=uw,f? &GmpGefbufrSm td r f a jcaygif ; 50&S d o nf h yg ppfar;jcif; r&SdbJ zrf;qD;aea=umif; rpuDemu qdkonf? rav;&Sm;EdkifiH vl0ifr_}uD;=uyf
reuf y d k i f ; x=unf h & if ol w d k @ &J h wy&m;vJ ac: ('GKd if;p,f)aus;&Gmonf od&onf? xkdokd@ 0ifa&muf zrf;qD;&mwGif a&;Xmeu zrf;qD;vSsif xdef;odrf;a&;
ppfzdeyfajc&m awGawG@&w,f?”[k xd k i f ; -jref r me,f p yf t rS w f - 8wG i f ,ckwywf paeESifh we*FaEG w&m;0if aexdkifolrsm;/ w&m;r0if pcef;odk@ wkduf&dkufydk@avh&Sd+yD; &Jrsm;u
wy&m;vJ &Gmom;wOD;uajymonf? wnf & S d + yD ; cr& 116 tajcpd k u f ae@rsm;u EdkifiHjcm;om; 400 ausmf aexdkifolrsm;udk cGJjcm;raebJ jrifjrif 0ifzrf;vSsifrl &Jpcef;wGif trsm;qHk;
+yD;cJhonfh 17&ufae@u cr& xm;onfhwyfESifh ig;uDvdk cef@om tzrf;cHcJh&onfhteuf trsm;pkrSm orSs ac:aqmifoGm;a=umif; ‚if;u 2 ywfcef@ xm;um &Hk;wifppfaq;r_
116rS wyfajy;wOD; aus;&GmtwGi;f od@k uG m a0;onf ? r,f a [mif a qmif jrefrmEkdifiHom;rsm; jzpf+yD; w&m;0if ajymonf? jyKvkyfavh&Sdonf[k olu qdkonf?
vuf e uf r sm;jzif h 0if a &muf v m+yD ; +rdKŒESifhqdkvsif uDvdk 20 uGma0;onf? aexdik o f rl sm;vnf; tzrf;cH cJ&h a=umif; “vrf ; axmif h a wG r S m yd w f + yD ; rav;&S m ;wG i f oG m ;a&muf
&G m om;ES p f O D ; tm; vrf ; jytjzpf xd k a us;&G m wG i f u,m; vl r sd K ;rsm; rsufjrifawGŒ&Sdolrsm;u ajymonf? zrf ; w,f ? wvrf ; ud k ta,muf tvk y f v k y f u k d i f o l jref r mjynf o m;
ac:oG m ;+yD ; aemuf &G m om;wd k @ . aexd k i f + yD ; xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H o m;rsm; jzpf “tzrf;tqD; t&rf;=urf;w,f? ESpfq,f oHk;q,favmuf 0ifw,f? 5 odef;cef@ &dSrnf[k rav;&Sm;EkdifiH
toufvHk+cHKa&; ydkrdkpdk;&drfvm&jcif; =uonf? Ò ae@v,f 11 em&D u ae nae 5 awGŒwJh EkdifiHjcm;om; tukefvHk;udk tajcpd k u f tvk y f o rm;ta&;
em&Davmuftxd zrf;w,f? um; 8 zrf ; w,f ? b,f v k d r S ajymvk d @ vkyaf qmifaeaom NGO tzJ@G rsm;u
pD;avmuf ygoGm;w,f? um;wpD;rSm rvG w f b l ; ? t&if u qd k & if wywf cef@rSef;onf? Ò
xkdif;EkdifiH a&G;aumufyGJopf jyefvnfac:ay;&ef
&SyfeD0wfrsm; awmif;qkd 0 e,fodkŒ qef ESifh pm;eyf&duQm wifaqmifcGifhydwfyif
uE Wm&0wDwkdif;(rf) aoG;rsm;avmif;+yD; qENjyjcif;/ uwHk; oSsrf;oHawmfqifh rpm;wm/ qef t &rf ; =urf ; awmh wyfpcef;wnf aqmufrGrf;rH&mrSm
rwfv 28 &uf &dwfjcif;/ +rdK@awmf. vrf;wavSsmuf rwfv 31 &uf 0ufbJauGs;w,f” [k trnfraz: tcuftcJjzpfatmif pufoHk;qDudk
xkdif;EkdifiHwGif a&G;aumufyGJopf wGif um;rsm;/ armfawmf qkid u f ,frsm; ewv 0ef x rf ; ES i f h NGO vdkonfh yefqef;tajcpdkuf 0 wyfrª; jzwf a wmuf c sif w J h oabm” [k
jynfvnfac:ay;&ef befaumufwGif pD w ef ; +yD ; vS n f h v nf armif ; ES i f + yD ; 0ef x rf ; rsm; cG i f h & uf ¶ S n f a y;I wOD;u oSsrf;oHawmfqifhodkŒ ajym.? awmifydkif; 0 wyfrª; wOD;uvnf;
oufqiftm; axmufccH o hJ nfh &Syef 0D wf [G e f ; rsm; ql n H a eatmif wD ; +yD ; ae&yfjyef&ef etz tm%mydkifrsm; ajrmufydkif; 0 a'oonf a'o ajymygonf?
acgif ; aqmif r sm;u vrf ; ay:wG i f enf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh qENjyygonf? n$e=f um;vku d +f yD;aemuf ydik ;f 0 e,foŒkd xGufoD;ESHtjyif w¶kwfjynfrS pm;eyf ppf t pk d ; & ES i f h typf & yf w d k Œ
ESpfywf=um qENjy=uonf? vGecf o
hJ nfh oH;k ESpwf iG f oufqif pm;eyf&u d mQ wifaqmifciG u hf ydk g ydwyf if &dumQ tcsKŒd ukd tm;xm;.? awmifyikd ;f t=um; EdkifiHa&;t& pkaygif;aqG;aEG;
wku
d &f u kd f aqG;aEG;r_ jyKvyk af y;&ef &S i f e m0yf u d k 0ef } uD ; csKyf &mxl ; rS vdkufonf[k pHkprf;od¶Sd&onf? 0wyfzGJŒ uvnf; xdkif;rS 0ifonfh tajz¶S m jcif ; r&ojzif h TuJ h o d k Œ
&Syef 0D wfacgi;f aqmifrsm;u 0ef}uD;csKyf tusifhysuf jcpm;r_rsm;jzifh jzKwfcscJh “Arm0ef x rf ; awG NGO pm;aomufukef toHk;rsm;.? wif;rmvmjcif;jzpf onf? 0 t}uD;
tzd q pf 0pf c smcsD 0 tm; awmif ; onfhtwGuf xkdif;EkdifiHa&; ESpfjcrf; 0ef x rf ; awG jyef a c:+yD ; aemuf y d k i f ; “txl;ojzifh wmcsDvdwfuae tuJrsm;ESifh wefŒ,ef;Y aqG;aEG;&ef
qkdcsufudk 0ef}uD;csKyfu vkdufavsm uGJcJh&+yD; rpPwm oufqifonf vnf; tck oHvGiftaemufjcrf;uvmwJh usaemfwdkŒawmifydkif; 0 XmecsKyfbuf {+yD 1 &ufwGif xyfrH csdef;qdkxm;onf
ay;cJhonf? ol@tay: pGJcsufrsm;ukd a&SmifvGJ&ef pm;eyf&u d mQ awG usaemfwŒkd bufjcrf;udk qefeJŒ pm;aomufukeftjyif tdrf [kowif; &xm;aomfvnf; rnfonfh
0ef } uD ; csKyf a [mif ; ouf q if twGuf ,ckcsdefwdkif jynfyEkdifiHwGif ay;rvmawmhbl;/ t"du uawmh aqmuf ypP n f ; / quf o H k ; qD a wG acgif;aqmifrsm;§tqifhjrifh udk,fpm;
&Sifem0yftm; axmufcHolrsm;onf ,m,DaexkdifqJ jzpfonf? bDbDpD qefaygh tppftaq;xlw,f” [k 0 wifydkŒcGifhydwfyifxm;w,f/ oGm;a&; vS , f r sm; yg0if r nf u k d r l rod &
e,fom;wOD;u ajymygonf? vma&;cufcJatmif/ ckcHumuG,fzdkŒ ao;ay? Ò
rwf c sf 24-25 aemuf y d k i f ;
"gwfyHk - tifwmeufpmrsufESm
t,f'Dwmhtmabmf
ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤐꤟꤥ꤬ - ꤊꤢꤩ꤬ꤒꤤ꤬
ꤊꤢ꤬ꤘꤢ꤬ꤚꤢ꤉ꤢ꤬ꤘꤤ꤬ꤓꤣꤧ꤭(ꤗ) ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤘꤛꤢꤏꤥ꤬ ꤕ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤔ ꤢ ꤗꤢ(ꤡ) ꤂꤃, ꤂꤀꤁꤀
ꤗꤢ(ꤡ) ꤂꤉, ꤂꤀꤁꤀ “ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤔꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤗꤤ꤬ꤢꤦ꤭ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ꤜꤢꤪ꤭ ꤊꤢ꤬ꤛꤢ꤭
ꤊꤢ꤬ꤛꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ꤖꤢꤨ ꤢ꤬ꤥ꤬ꤙꤤ ꤒꤟꤛꤣꤘꤣ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤊ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤢ꤬ ꤋ ꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤕꤟꤛꤢꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤏꤢꤧ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ
ꤖꤚꤢꤨ꤬ꤏꤥ꤬ꤠꤟꤤ꤭ ꤎ꤉ꤢ꤬ꤎꤤꤖꤥ꤬ ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤟꤢꤪ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤔꤢ ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ ꤟꤤ꤬ꤘꤣꤙꤤ ꤢ꤬ꤗꤢꤒꤣ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ ꤗꤤ꤬ꤢꤦ꤭
ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤋꤗꤛ ꤍꤟꤥꤟꤢꤪ, ꤘꤣ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ꤬ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤔꤟꤤ ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ꤟꤤ꤬ꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤆꤀ ꤖꤢꤦ꤬ꤙꤢ꤭
꤅꤃꤁ ꤔꤢ ꤄꤂꤈ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤔꤟꤌꤣ꤭ꤘꤣ ꤜꤢ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤙ ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤡ ꤟꤛꤢꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤞ ꤤ꤭ ꤢ꤬ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤋꤥ꤭ꤑꤟꤢ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤢꤧꤞ ꤬ ꤤ꤭ ꤏꤥ꤭ꤘꤥ꤭
ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤧ꤭ ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤖꤢꤨꤏꤥ꤬ꤖꤢꤨ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤍꤟꤥꤒꤥ꤬ꤒꤥ꤬, ꤟꤢꤩꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤡꤟꤛꤢ ꤒꤢꤦꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤟꤤ꤬ ꤏꤥ꤭ ꤘ ꤥ꤭ ꤖ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤜꤢ꤭ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤔꤟꤤ
ꤟꤢꤩ ꤙ ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤊ ꤟꤢ꤬ ꤋ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤑ ꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤏ ꤢꤦ ꤬ ꤠꤟꤢꤧ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤍꤟꤥꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤬ ꤒꤟꤛꤣ꤭ ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ꤟꤢꤪ꤯
ꤡꤟꤛꤢꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ ꤠꤟꤢꤧꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯꤭ ꤢꤧꤞ ꤬ ꤤ꤭ ꤏꤢꤨꤘ ꤬ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤕꤟꤢꤧꤒ ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤡꤣ꤬ ꤏꤤ꤭ꤒꤢ꤬ꤚꤢꤧꤙꤥ꤭ꤚꤢꤪ ꤗꤟꤢꤩꤕ ꤬ ꤤ꤭ꤔꤟꤤ
ꤋꤢ꤬ꤙꤢꤧꤔ ꤬ ꤢꤪ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭ꤔꤢ ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤗ ꤬ ꤢꤦꤒ
꤭ ꤟꤢꤧꤕ꤬ ꤢꤪ꤬ ꤕꤟꤢꤧꤟ ꤬ ꤢꤩꤋꤛꤢꤩꤕ ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤢꤧꤞ ꤬ ꤤ꤭ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤓꤢꤩꤊ
꤬ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤨꤢ ꤬ ꤋ
꤬ ꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤥ꤬ꤗꤛꤢꤩꤔ ꤭ ꤟꤤꤊꤛꤢ꤭ꤚꤢꤪ
ꤢ꤬ ꤓ ꤛꤣ꤭ ꤒ ꤥ꤬ ꤙꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤓꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤊ ꤜꤛꤢ꤬ ꤥ ꤬ ꤉ ꤥ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤗ ꤛꤥ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤚ ꤢꤪ , ꤞꤢꤧ ꤕ ꤜꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤡꤢꤓꤛꤢ꤬ꤢꤦ꤭ꤔꤟꤤꤙꤤ ꤏꤛꤢꤩꤔꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤗꤢꤦ꤭
ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤗ ꤥ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤞꤢꤧ ꤑ ꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤔ ꤟꤤꤘꤢꤦ ꤬ ꤓꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤕ ꤢ꤭ ꤕ ꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤒ ꤥ꤬ ꤚ ꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤗꤢꤦ ꤭ ꤕꤟꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤪ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤕꤜꤛꤢꤩꤟ ꤬ ꤛꤢ꤭ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ ꤢꤦꤔ ꤭ ꤟꤤ
ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤚꤢꤩ꤬ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭꤯ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢꤩ꤬ꤒꤢꤩ꤭" ꤙꤤ ꤃꤀ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤩ ꤙꤢꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤖꤥ꤬ ꤚꤢꤪ
ꤎ꤉ꤢ꤬ ꤎ ꤤꤖꤥ꤬ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤙꤤꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤊ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤜ꤉ꤟꤤ꤭ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒ ꤢ꤬ ꤘ ꤢꤪ ꤭
ꤟꤤ꤬ꤋꤢꤨ꤬ ꤥ꤬ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ꤙꤤ ꤄꤀ ꤗꤢꤩ꤭ ꤙꤢꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯ ꤔꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤋꤢꤧꤕꤟꤢꤪ ꤢꤦ꤭ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤢꤪ꤭ꤕꤜꤤ꤭ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ꤡꤢꤪ꤯ ꤙꤤ ꤗꤟꤢꤪꤋꤤ ꤗꤤ꤬ ꤢꤦ꤭ꤘꤢꤨ꤬ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ꤏꤢꤪ꤭ ꤚꤢꤪ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤡꤣ ꤖꤛꤢꤩꤡꤟꤛꤢ ꤕꤢ꤭ꤒꤥ꤬꤬
ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤔꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭ ꤏꤤꤔꤛꤢ꤬ ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ ꤗꤟꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤞ ꤢꤧ ꤤ ꤬ ꤏꤢꤩ ꤭ , ꤗꤤ꤬ꤡꤢꤓꤛꤢ꤬ ꤢꤦ꤭ꤔꤟꤤꤜꤢꤨ꤭
ꤘꤣ ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤞ ꤤ꤭ ꤘ ꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤊ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤚ ꤢꤪ ꤔꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤡ ꤛꤣ ꤐꤟꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤊ ꤜꤛꤢ, ꤗꤟꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤔ ꤢ꤬ ꤟꤤ꤬ ꤟꤤ꤬ꤙꤛꤢ꤬ꤡꤢꤧ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤟ ꤢꤪ ꤘꤣ ꤗꤤ꤬ ꤊꤟꤢ꤬ꤋꤛꤢꤩꤞ ꤭ ꤛꤢ ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ꤕꤢ꤭ ꤏꤢꤧꤢ ꤬ ꤏ
꤬ꤩ ꤢꤧꤥ
꤬ ꤭
ꤟꤤ꤬ꤋꤢꤨ꤬ ꤃꤅ ꤟꤤ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤓꤢꤩ꤬ꤊꤜꤛꤢ꤬ ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤡꤛꤢꤩ꤭, ꤕꤟꤢꤦꤢꤩ꤬ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ꤜꤟꤢꤪ꤭ ꤓꤛꤢ ꤚꤢꤪꤟꤢꤩꤔꤢ “ꤊꤟꤢꤩꤊꤢꤨꤋꤢꤧ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤋꤥ꤭ꤑꤟꤢ ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤜꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤯ ꤞꤢꤧ ꤕ ꤜꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬꤯
ꤡꤛꤣꤥ꤬ ꤒꤣꤜꤟꤢꤪꤊ ꤭ ꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤔꤢ ꤏꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤒꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭ꤔꤟꤤ ꤖꤢꤨꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤋꤢꤧꤔ꤭ ꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤢꤧꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤤ꤬ ꤕꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤧꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤗꤟꤥ꤬ ꤕ ꤢ꤭ ꤒ ꤥ꤬ , ꤕꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤊ ꤜꤥ꤭ ꤊꤟꤢꤩ ꤊ ꤢꤨ ꤋ ꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬ ꤟ ꤥ꤭
ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤞ ꤤ꤭ ꤕꤟꤌꤣꤠꤟꤛꤢꤗꤟꤌꤣꤖꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤟꤤꤜꤢ꤬ꤋꤛꤢ꤭ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭꤯ ꤡꤛꤣꤗꤛꤢ ꤜꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤠꤤ꤬ ꤘ ꤤ꤬ ꤛ ꤥ꤬ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤞꤛꤢꤖꤢꤨ ꤓꤢꤪ꤭ꤗꤟꤥ꤬ ꤡꤢꤩꤡꤢ꤬ ꤙꤢꤗꤥ꤭ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤏꤛꤣꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤧ꤭ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬
ꤘꤣꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤢ ꤬ ꤚ ꤟꤛꤣ꤬ , ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ꤚꤢꤪ ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤖꤢꤨꤏꤥ꤬ꤖꤢꤨ ꤘꤣꤢ꤬ꤊꤜꤢꤪ꤭꤯ ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤊꤟꤢ꤬ꤒꤟꤛꤣꤋꤢꤧ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤥ꤬ꤕꤢ꤭ꤒꤥ꤬ꤟꤢꤪ"꤯ ꤟꤥ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤡꤛꤣ ꤗꤛꤢꤒꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭
ꤓꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤊ ꤜꤛꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤥ ꤬ ꤒꤟꤛꤣꤜꤟꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤟꤢꤩꤡꤛꤣꤕꤟꤥꤔꤢ “ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤔꤢ ꤢꤧꤞ ꤬ ꤤ꤭ ꤏꤤ꤭ꤒꤢ꤬ꤚꤢꤧꤙꤥ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤠꤢ꤭ ꤙꤤ ꤗꤤ꤬ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤔꤟꤤ ꤢ꤬ꤏꤛꤣ ꤠꤤ꤬ꤘꤤ꤬ꤛꤥ꤬ ꤕ꤉ꤟꤥꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤯ ꤗꤟꤌꤣꤖꤢꤧ꤭
ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤙꤤ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤩꤛ꤉ꤤ꤬ꤔꤢ ꤘꤢ꤭ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤟ ꤢꤪ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤏꤢꤨ ꤬ ꤘ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤞꤢꤧꤑꤢꤩꤊ ꤭ ꤟꤌꤣ꤭ꤕꤢ꤬ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤠꤢ꤭ꤥꤗ ꤬ ꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤔꤟꤤ ꤢ꤬ ꤋ ꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤊ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤘꤣ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤗꤛꤢꤚꤛꤢ ꤤ꤬ꤞꤛꤥꤤ꤬ꤕꤢꤪ꤭
ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ꤊꤟꤢꤩꤊꤢꤦ꤭ ꤊꤢ꤬ꤛꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤓꤢꤦꤡꤢꤩꤗ ꤭ ꤛꤢ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭ꤡꤢꤪ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤯꤬ ꤢꤧꤡꤛꤣ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤟ ꤢꤪ ꤙꤤꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤢ꤬ ꤋ ꤢꤧ ꤭ , ꤢ꤬ꤚꤟꤛꤣ꤬ꤔꤢ ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤘꤛꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤨ꤬ ꤚꤛꤢꤘꤛꤢꤩ ꤖꤢꤨꤜꤟꤛꤢꤩ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤒꤥ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ
ꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤕꤟꤛꤢꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤏꤢꤧ꤭ ꤥ꤬ꤔꤟꤤ ꤢ꤬ꤋꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤘꤣ ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤊ ꤜꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤞ ꤤ꤭ , ꤘꤢ꤭ ꤡ ꤛꤣ ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ ꤕ ꤢ꤭ ꤚ ꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤢ꤬ ꤖ ꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤔ ꤢ ꤢ꤬ ꤠ ꤟꤛꤢ ꤥ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤜꤢꤦ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤜ꤉ꤟꤥ꤭ ꤢ꤬ꤓ꤉ꤟꤥ꤭ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ ꤟꤢꤪ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬
ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤙꤤ ꤗꤢ(ꤡ)ꤜꤢꤧ꤭ ꤁꤈ ꤞꤢꤧ꤭ꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤧ꤭ ꤒꤟꤛꤣꤔꤢ ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤟ ꤢꤪ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤋ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤓ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤡꤟ꤉ꤥꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤜꤢꤩ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤔ ꤢ ꤘꤢꤪꤊ
꤭ ꤢꤨ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤗ꤉ꤥ꤭ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭
ꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯ ꤗꤟꤢꤩꤡ ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢꤕꤢ꤭ ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤖ ꤬ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤗ ꤬ ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤢꤩ꤬ꤚꤟꤛꤢ꤬ ꤒꤥ꤭ꤒꤢꤦꤕꤟꤥꤘꤣ ꤔꤢ꤭ꤏ꤉ꤢꤧ꤬ ꤗꤤ꤬ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ ꤏꤢꤪ꤭ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤪꤔꤢ ꤓꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤜꤣ ꤘꤛꤢꤩꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯
ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤊ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤖ ꤢꤨ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤘ ꤣ ꤘꤣ ꤟꤤ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤡꤣꤒꤥ꤬ꤟꤢꤪ, ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤭꤯ " ꤙꤢ꤭ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤨ꤬ꤢ꤬ꤋꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤚꤢꤪ꤬ ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤡꤟꤛꤢ ꤙꤤ ꤊꤢ꤬ꤛꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤙꤢꤧ꤬
ꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤡꤟꤛꤢꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ꤍꤟꤥ ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤘ ꤢ꤭ ꤊꤟꤢ꤬ ꤜ ꤢ꤭ ꤟ ꤤꤒꤥ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ꤕꤢ꤭ꤚꤢꤪ꤬ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤕꤣꤒꤢ꤬ꤚꤤ ꤔꤟꤤꤕꤢ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤡꤣꤒꤥ꤬ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤟꤤ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤕꤟꤛꤢꤏꤢꤧ꤭ ꤢ꤬ꤗꤢ ꤁ ꤋꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤢ꤬ꤊꤢꤨ꤭
ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤚ ꤢꤪ ꤋꤛꤢꤙꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤔ ꤢꤪ ꤔ ꤢ ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ ꤙꤢꤧꤊ
꤬ ꤟꤢ꤬ ꤔꤟꤤꤜꤢ꤭ꤟꤤꤒꤥ꤬ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤙꤢꤧꤡꤛꤣ ꤔꤟꤤ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤊ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤜ ꤉ꤟꤤ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤘꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤊꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤥ꤬ ꤂꤀ ꤊꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤓꤛꤣ꤭
ꤊꤜꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤗ ꤢꤦ ꤭ ꤕ ꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤜ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ꤔꤢ ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨꤔꤛꤣ꤬"꤯ Ò ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ “ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤘꤣ ꤜꤟꤢꤩꤢꤩ꤬ꤜꤟꤢꤩꤥ꤭ ꤘꤣ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤨ ꤗꤤ꤬ꤢꤦ꤭ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ ꤟꤤ꤬ꤖꤛꤢ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬
ꤕꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤘꤛꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤜꤢꤪ ꤥ꤬ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤘ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤜꤢꤪ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤒꤤ꤬ꤙꤤ꤬ꤙꤤ꤬ꤎꤤ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤛꤢꤩꤒ ꤭ ꤢ꤬ꤖꤟꤌꤣ ꤢ꤬ꤜꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤨ
ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤡ ꤟꤢꤨ ꤬ ꤕ ꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤜꤢꤪ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤕꤜꤢꤪ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤘꤛꤢꤩꤒꤟꤢ꤭ ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤡ꤉ꤟꤥ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤪ꤬ ꤢꤧꤜꤣ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤕꤚꤢꤧ꤯ Ò
ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤐꤟꤥ꤬ - ꤊꤢꤩ꤬ꤣꤢꤧ(ꤎ)ꤘꤢ꤬ꤙꤜꤢꤨ꤬ꤘꤤ꤬ꤎꤤ꤬
ꤕꤢꤚꤢꤧ꤬ ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ꤓꤢꤨ꤭ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤕꤜꤢꤪ ꤢ꤬ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤞꤤ꤭ꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯ ꤞꤢꤚꤢ/ꤗꤟꤌꤣ
ꤗꤢ(ꤡ) ꤂꤉, ꤂꤀꤁꤀ ꤘꤛꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤨ꤬ꤥ꤬ ꤔꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤢ ꤬ ꤑ ꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤢ꤬ ꤚ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤋ ꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬
ꤙꤤ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤩꤏꤤꤒꤥ꤬ꤠꤟꤤ꤭ ꤙꤢꤗꤢꤔꤣꤧ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤟꤤꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭꤯ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤘꤛꤢꤩꤠꤟꤢꤧ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤔꤢ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤎꤢꤪ
ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤏꤥ꤬ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤓ꤉ꤟꤥ꤭ꤗꤟꤌꤣ ꤓ꤉ꤟꤥ꤭ꤖꤢꤧ꤭ “ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤡꤢꤪꤙꤢꤨ꤬ꤡꤢꤪꤙꤢꤧ꤬꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤙꤤꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤒꤟꤛꤣ꤭, ꤛꤢꤩꤒ ꤭ ꤢ꤬ꤔꤢ꤬ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ꤬
ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤙꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤐ ꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤥ ꤬ ꤑꤢ꤬ ꤡ ꤢꤪ ꤘꤣ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤗ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤡ ꤉ꤟꤥ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤜꤢꤩ ꤊ ꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤘꤛꤢꤩ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤎꤢꤪꤔꤢ ꤑꤛꤢ꤭ꤚꤤ"꤯
ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨꤜꤟꤛꤢꤩ꤬ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤꤖꤢꤧ ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤞ ꤤ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤒ ꤢꤊꤤ꤬ , ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤔ ꤢꤚꤢꤪ ꤬ ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬ꤟꤥ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤘꤣ ꤢ꤬ꤓꤛꤢ꤬
ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤗꤢ꤬ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤒꤢꤩ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ ꤘꤣ ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤤ ꤬ ꤞ ꤛꤥꤤ꤬ ꤞ ꤛꤢ꤬ ꤔꤟꤤ ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ ꤊ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤟ ꤢꤪ ꤒꤟꤥꤋꤢ꤭ ꤏ ꤛꤢꤩ
ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬ꤟꤥ꤭ ꤞꤢꤚꤢꤗꤟꤌꤣ ꤜꤣꤙꤢ꤭ ꤕꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤧ ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ ꤞꤛꤢꤔꤢ ꤜꤤ꤬ꤙꤥ꤭, ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬ꤟꤥ꤭ꤙꤤ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤩꤏꤤꤒꤥ꤬ꤠꤟꤤ꤭
ꤒꤥ꤬ꤔꤢ ꤜꤟꤢꤩꤤ꤬ꤞꤛꤥꤤ꤬ꤞꤛꤢ꤬ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ ꤜꤤ꤬ꤢꤨ ꤜꤟꤢꤩꤚꤢ꤭, ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤟ ꤬ ꤢꤩꤞꤛꤥ ꤜꤤ꤬ꤢꤨ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤒ ꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤢꤧ ꤒ ꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤤ꤬
ꤗꤟꤌꤣꤒꤤ꤭ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤗꤟꤢ ꤜꤣꤙꤢ꤭ ꤒꤥ꤬ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤞꤤ꤭ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤥ꤬ꤕ꤉ꤟꤥ꤭ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤔꤢꤒꤥ꤬꤯ ꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤓ ꤛꤢ꤬ ꤕꤜꤛꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤓ ꤢꤦ ꤭ ꤜ ꤢ꤭ ꤘ ꤣ
ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤟꤤꤜꤢ꤬ꤋꤛꤢ꤭ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭꤯ ꤜꤟꤢꤩꤚꤢ꤭ ꤜꤤ꤬ꤢꤨ ꤞꤤ꤭ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤞꤤꤚꤤꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤠꤟꤤ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ , ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤔꤢ
ꤋꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤙꤤꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤛꤢꤩꤗ ꤭ ꤢ꤬ ꤥ꤬ꤙꤛꤢꤩ꤬ꤠꤟꤢꤧ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤢꤨꤔꤛꤢꤩ꤭ꤢꤨꤞꤤ꤭"꤯ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤘ ꤣ ꤢ꤬ ꤋ ꤢ꤬ ꤜ ꤟꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤋ ꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤛꤢ꤭
ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤥ ꤬ ꤁꤂ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤚ ꤢꤪ ꤒꤟꤥꤋꤢ꤭ ꤏ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤞꤢꤚꤢ/ꤗꤟꤌꤣ ꤘꤣ ꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤙꤢꤧꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤚꤢꤦꤓ ꤭ ꤢꤧꤒ
꤭ ꤥ꤬ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤜꤢꤪ
ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬ ꤟ ꤥ꤭ ꤥ꤬ ꤙ ꤤ ꤁꤁ ꤗꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ ꤤ꤬ꤞꤛꤥ ꤕꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤧ ꤜꤤ꤬ ꤙꤤꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ ꤕꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤧꤖꤢꤨ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭
ꤗꤢ꤬ꤔꤢ ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬ꤟꤥ꤭ ꤞꤢꤚꤢꤗꤟꤌꤣ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤘꤣ ꤢ꤬ ꤕ ꤜꤢꤪ ꤢ ꤬ ꤗ ꤟꤢꤨ ꤬ ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤡ꤉ꤟꤥ ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤢꤩ꤬ꤚꤟꤛꤢ꤬ ꤡ꤉ꤟꤥ
ꤔꤢ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤤ꤬ꤞꤛꤥꤤ꤬ꤞꤛꤢ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤡ꤉ꤟꤥꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤔꤟꤤꤜꤟꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤗꤟꤌꤣꤖꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤞ ꤤ꤭
ꤗꤟꤌꤣꤒꤤ꤭ ꤒ ꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤜꤣꤙꤢ꤭ ꤒ ꤥ꤬ ꤢ꤬ ꤥ ꤬ ꤘꤛꤢꤩꤔꤢ ꤢꤧꤞ ꤬ ꤤ꤭ ꤚꤢꤦꤓ ꤭ ꤢꤧ꤭ ꤜꤢꤧꤊ
꤭ ꤢꤧ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤡꤣ ꤞꤛꤥꤜꤤ꤬ꤟꤥ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤥ꤬ꤘꤣ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤩꤏꤤꤒꤥ꤬ ꤋꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤛꤢꤩ꤭
ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯
ꤖꤢꤨꤔꤛꤣ꤬꤯ ꤒꤥ꤬, ꤚꤢꤪ ꤘꤣ ꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤ꤭ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ ꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤗꤛꤢ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤕ ꤣꤒꤢ꤬ ꤚ ꤤꤔꤟꤤ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤟꤤꤕꤟꤢꤩꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭꤯ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭꤯
ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ꤚꤢꤪ ꤋꤢ꤭ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤙꤤꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤕꤢꤨ꤭ꤔꤟꤤꤕꤟꤢꤩ ꤟꤤ꤬ꤖꤛꤢ꤭ꤔꤢ ꤜꤟꤢꤩꤢꤩ꤬ ꤊꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤏꤥ꤬ ꤊ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤙ ꤤ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒ ꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤗꤢ꤬ꤔꤢ ꤕꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤧ ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤞ꤬ ꤤ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤩ ꤏ ꤤꤒꤥ꤬ ꤠ ꤟꤤ꤭ ꤊ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭
ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤕꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤧ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤞꤤꤖꤢꤧ ꤜꤟꤢꤩ ꤥ ꤭ ꤢ ꤬ ꤑ ꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤓꤛꤣ꤭ ꤕ ꤢ꤭ ꤕꤢ꤬ ꤡ ꤟꤢꤧ ꤕ꤉ꤟꤥ꤭ꤜꤢꤧ꤭ ꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ ꤒꤟꤛꤣ ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤖ꤬ ꤢꤧ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤗꤟꤢꤩꤡ ꤬ ꤉ꤟꤥꤔꤢ ꤁꤂ ꤘꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤒ ꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤗ ꤢ꤬ ꤢ꤬ ꤗ ꤟꤢ
ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ ꤊꤢꤧꤒꤢ꤬ꤜꤤ ꤢ꤬ꤕꤜꤢꤪꤢ꤬ꤗꤟꤢꤨ꤬ ꤔꤢ ꤢ꤬ꤑꤢꤩ꤭ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤒꤥ꤭ꤙꤢꤧ꤬ꤜꤟꤢꤪ꤭ꤊꤛꤢ꤭ ꤔꤟꤤꤕꤢ꤭ ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤗꤟꤛꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤜꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤡ ꤣꤒꤥ꤬ , ꤢ꤬ ꤓ ꤛꤣ꤭ ꤒ ꤥ꤬ ꤊꤢ꤬ ꤛ ꤢ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤚꤤꤘꤢ꤭, ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤠꤢꤧ꤬ꤚꤢꤪ, ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤒꤢ꤬ꤔꤢꤪ꤭,
ꤢ꤬ꤕꤜꤢꤪꤢ꤬ꤗꤟꤢꤨ꤬ꤘꤣ ꤢ꤬ꤚꤟꤛꤣ꤬ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤕꤢ꤬ꤡꤟꤢꤧ ꤗꤟꤌꤣ ꤢꤧꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤥ ꤬ ꤊ
꤬ ꤢꤨ, ꤙꤤ ꤒꤟꤢꤧꤥ ꤬ ꤊ
꤬ ꤢꤨꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤙꤤꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤢꤧꤒꤢ꤬ꤊꤤ꤬ ꤡꤟꤛꤢ ꤔꤢꤪꤕ
꤬ ꤜꤢꤨ, ꤘꤢꤪꤒ꤭ ꤢ꤬ꤋꤢꤨ,꤭ ꤜꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤘꤢꤨꤋ ꤬ ꤣ꤭,
ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤗ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤬ ꤡ ꤉ꤟꤥꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤞ ꤤ꤭ ꤖꤢꤧ꤭ꤒꤢ꤬ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤟꤤ ꤘꤢꤦ꤬ ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭꤯ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤟꤢꤩꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤥꤒ ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭ꤔꤢ ꤜꤤ꤬ꤡꤟꤛꤢꤜꤢꤧ꤬ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤜꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤘ ꤢꤨ ꤬ ꤋꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤏ ꤢ, ꤊꤜꤢ꤬ ꤜ ꤢꤧ ꤭ ,
ꤒꤢ꤬ ꤘꤣ꤬ ꤚꤢꤪ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤕꤟꤛꤢꤏꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩꤔꤢ “ꤒꤟꤢ꤭ꤗꤟꤌꤣꤒꤤ꤭ꤒꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤗꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤘꤢꤨ꤬ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ ꤓꤢꤨ꤭ꤓꤛꤢ꤬ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ꤘꤛꤢꤩ ꤖꤢꤨ ꤔ ꤛꤣ꤬ ꤚ ꤢꤪ ꤘꤛꤢ꤬ ꤘ ꤢꤨ ꤬ ꤘ ꤛꤢ꤬ ꤓ ꤢꤨ ꤭ ꤔ꤉ꤢꤢ꤬ ꤜ ꤢꤩ , ꤡꤢꤨ ꤜ ꤢꤧ ꤭ ꤔꤛꤢꤩ ꤭ ꤘ ꤢꤪ ꤭
ꤢ꤬ꤥ꤬ꤕꤢ꤭ꤕꤢ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤊꤢ꤬ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤤ꤬ ꤘꤣ ꤕꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤋ ꤢ꤬ ꤜ ꤢꤪ ꤭ ꤋ ꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ ꤜꤢ꤬ꤟꤛꤢ꤭ ꤞꤤ꤭ꤘꤢꤪꤏ ꤭ ꤥ꤬ ꤟꤢꤩꤒꤢ꤬ꤗꤥ꤭ꤖꤢꤨꤛꤢꤩ꤭ ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ ꤘ ꤛꤢꤩ ꤜꤢ꤬ ꤟ ꤛꤢ꤭ ꤕꤢ꤬ ꤡ ꤟꤢꤧ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬, ꤚꤢꤪ ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ꤔꤟꤢꤩ ꤥ꤬ꤊꤟꤌꤣ꤭ꤙꤤ
ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤜ ꤟꤢꤦ ꤬ ꤒ ꤢ꤬ ꤊ ꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤔꤢ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤘ ꤢꤨ ꤬ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤟꤢꤩ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤢ꤬ꤗꤟꤢ ꤜꤤ꤬ꤙꤥ꤭, ꤜꤤ꤬ꤢꤨ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤗꤢ꤬ ꤘꤢꤪ꤭ꤊꤢꤨ꤭ ꤕꤥ꤬ꤊꤢ ꤒꤢ꤬ꤕꤚꤟꤢꤧ꤬ ꤒꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤞ ꤤꤒꤟꤢꤧ ꤬ ꤖ ꤢꤧ ꤒꤥ꤬ ꤟꤢꤩ ꤔ ꤟꤤ ꤜ꤉ꤟꤤ꤭ꤚꤤ ꤔꤛꤣ꤬ꤒꤢ꤬ꤖꤥ꤬꤯ Ò
a v x i w c ,
p j o s l n b
[ e r d ; m j
k q z f t y u
-R -T -Y -U -I
tuQ&m - toHxGuf
-: -g -h r - jrefrmvdk (& ) ESifhrwlyJ t*Fvdyfvdk(Ra) toHxGufonf?
tydkif; (1) d - , (ya)
; - v (la)
tuQ&m - toHxGuf tuQ&m - toHxGuf m - 0 (wa)
a - u (ca) j - w (dta) i - o (tha)
v - c (ka) o - x (ta) k - [ (ha)
x - * (gha) s - e (na) q - jrefrmvdk toHxGufr&Sd t*Fvdyfvdk (Va) toHxGufonf?
' - i (nga) l - y (pa) z - jrefrmvdk toHxGufr&Sd t*Fvdyfvdk (Jza) toHxGufonf?
w - p (sa) n - z (pha) f - t (ah)
c - q (hsa) b - r (ma) t - (uh) jrefrmvdk toHxGufr&Sd
, - (za) jrefrmvdk (Z) ESirhf wlyJ u&ifev
D kd =u,fz;kd [ - (da) jrefrmvdk (') ESifhrwlyJ u&ifeDvdk Oyrm (t) onf (l) ESifhaygif;vdkufv#if (lt) u&ifeDvdk
}uD;toHxGuf ,f t"dy`g,frSm “xrf;” udk qdkvdkonf? =uufawmif iSufawmifac:onfh toHxGufonf? [f tkyfcsKyfonf[k t"dy`g,f&onf?
p - n (Nya) e - (ba) jrefrmvdk (b) ESifhrwlyJ u&ifeDvdk y - tD; (ee)
0ufqDtHkudkac:onfh toHxGufonf? ef u - tdk@ (oh) aemufvrS qufvufazmfjyrnf
zfbkJgoJg [tey 2009 sfg. wGjJgefg;Gh fgvGhsdtg/
pmrsufESm(10) The Kantarawaddy Times Mar 31, 2010
&Sufp&maumif;&mrS &,farmp&maumif;&modk@
ap;&,fpdk; bmwck r S ud k , f p m;jyK aqmif & G u f E d k i f & ef avsmufa&G;aumufyGJrS yxkwf+yD;om;jzpfonf? xrf;aqmifczhJ ;l onf? tzG@J 0iftjzpf wdik ;f &if;om;
tcGifhtvrf; r&SdEdkifay? a&G ; aumuf y G J q d k i f & mOya'. t"d u udk ud,
k pf m;jyKonf[q k o kd nfh ucsiw f idk ;f &if;om;
2010 wGif a&G;aumufyGJ usif;yrnf[k tpd k ; &zG J @ pnf ; jcif ; ud k wyf r awmf r S &nf&G,fcsufonf vmrnfha&G;aumufyGJwGif OD;tifaZmfaemfrSm OD;odef;pkd;uhJokd@ rl=urf;a&;qGJ
ppftpdk;&acgif;aqmif AdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$u jzpfay:vmrnfh Edik if aH wmforRwuom pdwóf uu d f a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pD a&;aumfr&SiftzGJ@0if jzpfcJhzl;onf?
a=unmxm;onf ? ppf t m%m&S i f p epf j zif h zG J @ pnf ; yd k i f c G i f h & S d o nf h t wG u f 2010 t+yD ; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf ta&;ygaom Edik if aH &; xd k o l w d k @ ud k ppf w yf u vd k o nf h a e&mY
ESpf&Snfvrsm; tkyfcsKyfvmcJh+yD;aemuf ,ckvdk jzpfay:vmrnfh tpdk;&tzGJ@rS 0ef}uD;toD;oD; orm;rsm; yg0ifcGifhr&Sdatmif zefwD;xm;onfh vd k t yf o vd k a&G Œ ajymif ; cef @ tyf v d k @ &onf h
a=unmonfhwdkif jrefrmjynfonf 'Drdkua&pD ae&mwGif vGwaf wmfrmS a&mufaeonfh t&yfom; ppfwyf. r[mAsL[mxJrS wck[k qdkEdkifonf? ppfwyf. ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfonf? wenf;tm;jzifh
vrf;a=umif;ay:odk@ a&mufvmawmhrnf[k jynf o l w OD ; pES p f O D ; p yg0if c G i f h & rnf qd k y gu a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf O D ; aqmif o nf h ppf w yf t m%m&S i f w ynf h c H ynm&S i f r sm;
rSwf,lzdk@ cufygonf? tifrwefrSuHaumif;onf[k qdk&ayrnf? tzGJ@csKyfonf vGwfvyf+yD;w&m;rSswonf[k [lIvnf; jrifvdk@&onf? xdkolwdk@udk ,ckvdk
etzu wbufowf pdwf}udKufa&;qGJ tu,fI tpdk;&zGJ@pnf;vSsif vGwfawmfrS owfrSwfjcif;cHcJh&onfh 1990 a&G;aumufyGJwGif a&G;aumufyaJG umfr&Sirf sm;tjzpf cef@tyfonfrmS
twnf j yKxm;onf h 2008 tajccH O ya'ud k trwf 25 &mcdkifE_ef;avmuf qGJxnfh&rnf jynfoq l ENukd tjynft h 0&cJo h nfh ygwjD zpfonf? rxl;qef;vSyg? a&G;aumufyGJwGif ppfwyfygwD
avh v m=unf h j cif ; tm;jzif h wd k i f ; jynf . [k Oya'u jyXmef;xm;vsifyif wyfrawmfrS trwf 485 ae&mwG i f tzG J @ csKyf r S 392 jzpf o nf h }uH c d k i f a &;ES i f h z G H @ +zd K ;a&;toif ; ES i f h
tem*wfudk tm%m&Sifpepfjzifh qufvuf orR w jzpf o l u t&yf o m; vG w f a wmf u d k ae&m&cJ h o nf h t wG u f a =umif h ppf w yf t zd k @ ppfwyftm; wynfhcHaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDi,frsm;
tkyfcsKyfoGm;Edkifa&;twGuf jyifqifxm;jcif; 0ef}uD;cef@tyfrnf rxifay? “zdwfcsif;zdwf wkefvkyfajcmufjcm;r_rsm; jzpfay:apcJhonf? tm; OD;pm;ay;a&;twGufom jzpfonf?
oufoufom jzpfa=umif;udk awG@&ygvdrfhrnf? udk,fhtdyfxJzdwf”qdkovdk vGwfawmfrSm 25 E_ef; xd k @ aemuf p pf w yf r S tm%mrw&m; vmrnfha&G;aumufyGJ ] vlxk pdwf0ifpm;r_r&Sd
xdk@enf;wl ,ck ppftpdk;&u xkwfjyef ae&m,lxm;onfh wyfrawmf trwfawGuo kd m od r f ; ,l c J h + yD ; a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf t m; jrefrmjynfa&G;aumufyGJESifh ywfoufvsif
vdu k of nfh a&G;aumufyq JG ikd &f m Oya'rsm;ESihf pwif qGJxnfhrnfrSm aocsmonf? enf;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh aetdrt f us,cf sKyfcsxm;onf? vlxk. qENrSm 1990 a&G;aumufyGJuwnf;u
zGJ@pnf;vdkufaom a&G;aumufyGJaumfr&Sifwdk@udk jynf a wmif p k v G w f a wmf r S m yg0if c G i f h q,fpkESpf 2 ckausmfvGefoGm;+yDjzpfaomfvnf; tqH;k owf +yD;om;jzpfonft h wGuf ,ck ppftpd;k
avhvm=unfv h #iv
f nf; wdik ;f jynf. tem*wfukd r&S d = uonf h wyf r awmf r sm;vnf ; yl y if p &m a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: jynfolxkwdk@. &rS usif;yrnfha&G;aumufyGJwGif ppfwyfygwD ESifh
vuf&Sd tm%m&Siftodkif;t0kdif;uyif csKyfudkif rvd k y g? wyf r awmf o rR w uom pd w f ó ud u f axmuf c H r _ E S i f h , H k = unf r _ w d k @ u ,ae@wd k i f ppfwyfwynfhcHygwDrsm;u ,SOf+ydKif=urnfh a&G;
xm;rnfrSm odomxif&Sm;vSonf? tpdk;& zGJ@pnf;EdkifonfhtwGuf vGwfawmfrSm avsmhenf;roGm;yg? aumufyGJjzpf+yD; jynfolvlxk pdwf0ifpm;r_r&Sdyg?
2008 tajccH O ya' ] ppf w yf t m%m yg0ifcGifhr&Sdaom wyfrawmft&m&Sd t&mcHESifh 2008 Oya'udk ppfwyftwGuf ta&;ay; odk@aomf jzpfay:vmrnfh a&G;aumufyGJudk
oufqdk;&Snfa&; wyfrawmf t+idrf;pmrsm;udk 0ef}uD;rsm; tjzpf tompD;+yD; rnfuJhodk@yif vkyfxm;vkyfxm; 2008 ck E S p f q EN c H , l y G J u J h o d k @ vl x k t aejzif h
“EdkifiHawmforRwonf ppfa&;u|rf;usif qGJcef@Edkifonfh tcGifhta&;awGudkvnf; 2008 a&G ; aumuf y G J r S m a':atmif q ef ; pk = unf o m ta=umufw&m;atmufrS odk@r[kwf aoewf
olESifh ppfwyfrSvmoljzpf&rnf” qdkonfudk Oya'wGif jyifqifxm;onf? ol r .tzG J @ csKyf u d k O D ; aqmif + yD ; 0if a &muf ajymif ; 0atmuf r S rJ j ym;rsm; vma&muf
tajccHOya'xJwiG f twdtvif; azmfjyowfrw S f jrefrmEdik if w H iG f “wyfrawmfukd wyfrawmf ,SOf+ydKifrnfqdkygpdk@ vlxk.axmufcHr_udk 1990 xnfah y;&rnfh tajctaerSm&So d nf? Oyrm rJrsm;
xm;onf? xdkppfom; orRwonf tkyfcsKyfa&; az;r umuG,fa&;pepf” tjzpf usifhoHk;+yD; ckESpftwdkif; r&Edkifbl;[k b,folrS rajymEdkifyg? vmxnfEh ikd af &;twGuf ppfwyfrS ,ckuwnf;u
tpd;k &/ umuG,af &;/ jynfxaJ &;/ e,fpyfa&;&mESihf tm%mudk,ae@wdkif wnf+rJatmif qkyfudkif jref r mjynf . Ed k i f i H a &; jyKjyif a jymif ; tdraf xmifppk m&if;rsm;udk ppfaq; aumufcaH om
vHk+cHKa&;aumifpDwdk@. tm%mrsm;udk csKyfudkif vmEdkifcJhonf? jrefrmhwyfrawmfwdk@. EdkifiHa&; vJ a &;jzpf p Of w avsuf r S m vl x k t oJ p G J o nf h a=umifh rJrxnfhygu tdrfaxmifpk p&if;rsm;
xm;onft h jyif w&m;pD&ifa&;wGiv f nf; tm%m xHk;wrf; tpOftvmwck[lIvnf; qdkEdkifay a':atmifqef;pk=unf ryg0ifz@kd u ppfwyf twGuf y,fzsuf cH&rnfqdkonfh +cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;udk
udk csKyfudkifxm;ao;onf? onf? xdw k yfrawmf Edik if aH &;xH;k wrf;tpOftvm ta&;}uD;qHk;tcsufyifjzpfonf? r=umcifrSm vlxkw&yftaejzifh a=umufvef@ae&onf?
}uD; raysmufuG,foGm;Edkifa&;twGuf 2008 jzpf a y:vmrnf h a&G ; aumuf y G J & vm'f o nf
Oya'udka&;qGJ+yD; twnfjyKcJh=uonf? twdkcsKyf 1990 twd k i f ; rjzpf a y:apbd k @ ppf t pd k ; &rS
tm;jzif h 2008 Oya' onf “w&m;r0if “bmud k b,f v d k b J v k y f & vk y f & wZG w f x d k ;
ppftpdk;&uae w&m;0ifppfwyf OD;aqmifonfh vk y f r nf ” jzpf o nf ? xd k @ a=umif h ppf t pd k ; &
tpdk;&” tjzpfajymif;vJjcif;[k qdkEdkifayonf? a&;qGJcsrSwfonfh a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&m Oya'
a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mOya' ] a':atmifqef; onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ta&;ygonfh
pk=unfudk y,fxkwfjcif; EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm; jrefrmh EdkifiHa&;
ppf t pd k ; &rS ,ck v (9)&uf a e@u avmurS y,fxkwf&ef zefwD;jcif; jzpfayonf?
a&G;aumufyGJqdkif&mOaya'udk xkwfjyefygonf? a&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sif ] ppfwyfu vl
rwfv 11&ufae@u “w&m;ol=uD;rsm;/
a&S Œ aersm;/ ygarmuQ r sm;ES i f h wd k i f ; &if ; om;
ud k , f p m;vS , f r sm;” yg0if o nf [ k q d k o nf h
jynf a xmif p k a&G ; aumuf y G J aumf r &S i f t zG J @
jzpfay:vmygonf? xdkyk*~dKvfrsm;onf emrnf
emrrsm;ESifh acgif;pOfrsm;uom =um;ae[ef
&So
d nf? trSew f u,fwiG f aemufc}H uKd ;udik o f rl sm;
txuf v G w f a wmf trwf a e&m 224 rSm ppfwyfjzpfonf? ppfwyfrS a&;qGJcsrSwfxm;onfh 2008
OD;teuf 56 OD;onf ppfom;rsm; jzpf&rnf Oyrm 17 OD;wdk@yg&Sdonfh a&G;aumufyGJ Oya'onf jref r mjynf w G i f ppf w yf t m%m
jzpf + yD ; atmuf v G w f a wmf 440 OD ; teuf aumfr&Sit f zG@J udk t+idr;f pm; Akv d cf sKyf OD;ode;f pk;d u wnf + rJ a &;twG u f o m jzpf o nf h t wG u f
110 OD;onf ppfom;rsm;jzpf&rnf qdkonfudk OuUXtjzpf yg0ifOD;aqmifaejcif;/ wyfrawmfY EdkifiHwumu “&Sufp&maumif;aomOya'”[k
twdtvif;a&;qGJ csjyxm;onf? jynfaxmifpk a&G ; aumuf y G J w G i f yg0if , S O f + yd K if v d k o nf h ppfOya'csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifczJh ;l oljzpf+y;D a0zefxm;+y;D a&G;aumufyu JG v
kd nf; “vGwv f yf+y;D
vGwfawmfwGif t&yfom; udk,fpm;vS,frsm; ygwDa[mif;rsm;tm; &ufaygif; 60 twGif; t+ird ;f pm;,l+y;D aemuf ppftpk;d &u ‚if;tm; 'kw, d w&m;rSswr_r&Sdaom a&G;aumufyGJ”[lIvnf;
yg0ifcGifh&Sdaeaomfvnf; “wyfrawmfwnf;om pm&if;oGif;&rnfjzpf+yD; owfrSwf&uftwGif; w&m;ol=uD;csKyf tjzpf wm0efay;tyfcHchJ&onfh oHk;oyfxm;=uonf?
jref r mEd k i f i H . Ed k i f i H a &;ud k OD ; aqmif & ef / pm&if;roGif;onfhygwDrsm; tvsdKtavsmuf yk*~dKvfjzpfonf? 2008 tajccHOya'wGif rl=urf; jynf y a&muf twd k u f c H t if t m;pk r sm;
jynfe,fEiS w hf ikd ;f tkycf sKyaf &; tm%mtqifq h ifuh kd zsufodrf;rnfjzpfonf? a&;qG J a &; aumf r &S i f t zG J @ 0if t jzpf v nf ; xufpmvsif ppfwyfrS ‚if;wdk@csrSwfxm;onfh
pDrcH sKyfuikd x
f m;&efEiS hf Oya'jyKu¾ toD;oD;wGif vuf&Sdppftpdk;&. wnfqJOya't& a&G; wm0efay;tyfcHcJhonf? vrf;jyajryHktwdkif; tqifhtqifh c&D;a&muf
yg0if O D ; aqmif & ef ” [l I tajccH O ya'u aumufyGJwGif pGJcsufcHxm;&olrsm;yg0ifcGifhr&Sd tzG J @ 0if t jzpf &ef u k e f w uU o d k v f atmif zefwD;Edkifonf? odk@aomf T tqifhqifh
OD;pm;ay; a&;qGJ owfrSwfxm;onfhtwGuf a=umif; Oya'u owfrSwfonfhtwGuf jrefrmh EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;XmeygarmuQ a'gufwm oGm;aeaom ppfwyf. vrf;jyajryHk onf &Supf &m
t&yf o m;vG w f a wmf u d k , f p m;vS , f [l o nf 'Drukd a&pDacgi;f aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfEiS hf a':jrif h = unf o nf ppf t pk d ; &. trsd K ;orD ; aumif;&mrS &,farmp&m aumif;vSonfh [mo
jynf a xmif p k vG w f a wmf Y trnf c H o m&S d j yD ; EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om; 2000 ausmfwdk@tvdkt a&;&m tzG J @ csKyf w G i f OuU Ï tjzpf wm0ef Zwfvrf;wyk'fvdk jzpfaeayawmhonf? Ò
2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf?
pmrsufESm(12) The Kantarawaddy Times Mar 31, 2010
tEdkifusifhw,fqdkwJh pum;awG xGufvmwJh qdk&if trsdK;om;awGyg0if&r,fvdk@ trsdK;orD; a[*ifjrdKŒrSm vkyfcJhwJh yxrqHk; EdkifiHwum
rwfv 10 &ufae@[m u&ifeDtrsdK;orD; twGuaf =umifh 'Dvakd jymqdrk a_ wGtay: wke@f jyefr_ awGu ajymvmwJt h wGuf ,cktcsed rf mS 'kuo Q nf trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@ nDvmcH rSmawmh *smreD/
rsm;ae@ jzpfygw,f? 17 }udrfajrmuf u&ifeD awGvkyfzdk@ pOf;pm;+yD; a&;om;&wm jzpfw,fvdk@ pcef;aumfrwD/ pcef;vHk+cHKa&;wdk@eJ@ yl;wGJ+yD;awmh 'd e f ; rwf / =opa=w;vs/ qG p f Z mvef pwJ h
trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@ tcrf;tem;udk xdkif;EdkifiH armfodk;jrmu ajym=um;oGm;ygw,f? trsdK;orD;awG&JŒjy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;w,f? EdkifiHawGuyg yg0ifvm=u+yD; trsdK;orD;rsm;
r,fa[mifaqmif e,fpyfbufrSm usif;yjyK “usrwd k @ pOf ; pm;vd k u f w ,f 'D v d k r sd K ; pum;0dkif;awG/ aqG;aEG;yGJawGvkyfvmwmudk wef;wl tcGifhta&; &&Sda&; v_yf&Sm;r_taeeJ@
vkyf=uygw,f? tcrf;tem; usif;yrnfh e,fpyf a&;vd k u f & if 'D O pP m ud k a,muf s m;awG v nf ; jrifawG@ vm&ygw,f? ES p f p Of aEG O D ; umvjzpf w J h rwf v qef ; rS m
wae&mudk a&mufz@kd r,fa[mif aqmif+rdKŒuae jrifw,f/ ajymr,fqdk usrwdk@ vlr_todkif;t0dkif; “usaemfhtaeeJ@ olwdk@&JŒ tcGifhta&; EdkifiHwum trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@ usif;yzdk@ qHk;jzwf
wudk,fawmf qdkifu,farmif;+yD; aEG&moD&JŒ awGjrifwJh trsdK;orD;tcGifhta&;udk usrwdk@ awGudk a,mufsm;wpfa,mufvdk xyfwl&&Sdzdk@ cJh=uygw,f?
tylcsdefudk tefwkum zkefr_ef@awG xlxyfaewJh 'D v d k r sd K ;eJ @ wk e f @ jyef a ew,f q d k w J h [mrsd K ;ud k twGuf 0dkif;0ef;+yD; twlyg0ifwkdifyif aqG;aEG;zdk@ yxr urBmppfr;D awmufavmifpjyKaewJh
vrf;rS wpfem&Davmuf ckwfarmif;cJh&w,f? ajymcsifwmayghaemf” twGuf pkpnf;&w,fqdkawmh aumif;ygw,f” 1913 ckESpf rwfv 8 &ufae@rSmawmh Oa&my
tcrf;tem;usif;y&m 0ef;usifudk a&muf u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;awG[m t&ifwkef;u vdk@ u&ifeDtrsdK;om;wpfOD; jzpfwJh auzdk;u Ed k i f i H a wG u trsd K ;orD ; awG [ m +id r f ; csrf ; a&;
oGm;awmh pdwfxJrSm xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;ygw,f? v_yf&Sm;r_oufoufeJ@ tcGifhta&;ydkrdk&&Sdvmzdk@ ajym=um;oGm;ygw,f? twGuf pkaygif;vrf;avSsmufyGJwck jyKvkyfcJhjyD;wJh
bmjzpfvq J w kd mh xl;xl;jcm;jcm; pmwef;av;wck vk y f a qmif w mrsd K ;yJ & S d + yD ; trsd K ;om;awG e J @ ,ckrwfvrSm u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;rsm;ae@ aemufydkif;rSm tJ'Dae@udk EdkifiHwum trsdK;orD;
awG@vdkuf&vdk@yg? tJ'guawmh “wm0efvnf;&Sd/ rsm;ae@qd k j yD ; owf o wf r S w f r S w f e J @ 1920
awmif;vJawmif;qdk/ aqmifvnf;aqmif&Guf”
qdw
k hJ pmwef;av;udk t0if0 0g;wkid af &SŒrSm csw
xm;wm awG@vdkuf&wJhtwGuf jzpfw,f?
d q f JG aqmifyk'fwpfck&Jh tm;rmef jynfhESpfrsm;txd usif;ycJh=uygw,f?
'k w d , urB m ppf u mv twG i f ; rS m
a'vDxuf EdkifiHwum trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@[m arS;rSdefaecJh+yD;
trsdK;orD;tzGJ@wck&,f &Sd+yDqdkvdk@&Sd&if trsd K ;orD ; rsm;u¾ jrif h r m;vmwJ h 1960
tJ ' D p mwef ; vd k aqmif y k ' f a wG & S d & w,f v d k @ odyf+yD;yl;aygif;wmrsdK;awG r&Sdbl;? 'gayr,fh ruygbl ; rwf v 8 &uf a e@[mvnf ; aemufydkif;rSmawmh jyefvnftouf0ifvmwm
u&ifet D rsKd ;orD; tpnf;t&H;k (autJe'f AvsLtd)k aemuf y d k i f ; rS m trsd K ;om; tzG J @ tpnf ; awG Ed k i f i H w um trsd K ;orD ; rsm;ae@ jzpf y gw,f ? 'Dae@xd wdkifygyJ? urBmhukvor*~ tzGJ@uawmh
A[dktwGif;a&;rSL; odk;jrmu ajymoGm;ygw,f? awmf a wmf r sm;rsm;eJ @ tvk y f v k y f v mw,f ? tckvdk trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@ jzpfay:vm&wm[m 1975 ckESpfrSmrS EdkifiHwum trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@udk
“usrwd k @ u awmif ; qd k r _ a wG v k y f + yD ; rS aemuf + yD ; trsd K ;om;eJ @ twl trsd K ;orD ; &J Œ vGefcJhwJh ESpf 100 ausmfu tar&duefEdkifiH pwifusif;ycJhygw,f?
vdkufemzdk@vnf; wm0ef&Sdw,f/ vkyfaqmifzdk@ td r f w G i f ; t=urf ; zuf r _ j y\em/ trsd K ;orD ; e,l;a,muf+rdKŒ txnfcsKyfpuf¶Hkw&Hku trsdK; u&ifeDtrsdK;orD; tpnf;t&Hk;udk yxr
vnf ; wm0ef & S d w ,f q d k w J h [mrsd K ;awG u d k tcGit hf a&; awmif;qdrk a_ wG vkyv f mwJh tcsed rf mS orD ; awG [ m vk y f a zmf u d k i f b uf trsd K ;om; OD;qH;k t}urd f 1981 ckEpS u f pwif zG@J pnf;cJ+h y;D 1993
usrwdk@u tcGifhta&;aemufydkif;rSm wm0ef trsd K ;om;awG e J @ yd k + yD ; awmh eD ; eD ; uyf u yf awG&wJh vpm&JŒ xuf0ufE_ef;yJ cHpm;cGifh&Sdovdk/ ckESpfwGif 'kwd,t}udrf jyefvnfxlaxmifum
qdkwm &Sdw,fqdkwJh[mrsdK;udk usrwdk@ ajymcsif tvkyfvkyfvmwmrsdK; &Sdvmw,f? vkyfief;cGifrSm yifyef;qif;&J vGef;wma=umifh rwfv 10 &ufae@a&mufwkdif; ESpfpOfae@wdkif;
w,favaemf” vdk@ajymygw,f? “ESpf 2000 aemufydkif;aygh tJvdk=unfhr,f a&m*gawG &=uwmudk wifjyjyD; ydrk kd aumif;rGew f hJ tcrf;tem; usif;yjyKvkyfavh&Sdygw,f?
rd c if E S i f h u av; umuG , f a pmif h a &S m uf qd k v d k @ &S d & if trsd K ;orD ; awG u trsm;}uD ; vk y f i ef ; cG i f e J @ &oif h & xd k u f w J h tvk y f o rm; u&ifeDtrsdK;orD;rsm;ae@wGif autJef
a&;tzGJ@ wm0efcH tydkif uvnf; “txl;ojzifh txl;ojzifh vkyfief;ydkif;awGeJ@ ywfouf+yD; tcG i f h t a&;awG awmif ; qd k &&S d c J h = u&mu 'AvsLtdk A[dktwGif;a&;rSL; odk;jrmu “usrwdk@
udk,fh&JŒ trsdK;om;awGayghaemf? wjcm; 'Dtjyif u|rf;usifr_awG ydk&Sdvmw,fvdk@ usrtaeeJ@ EdkifiHwum trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@ tpjyK jzpfay: trsdK;orD;twGuf tvkyfvkyfaewmu usrwdk@
trsdK;om;awGu tvkyfvkyfaewmudk olwdk@u ,lqrdw,f? txl;ojzifh vli,fvl&G,f awGu cJhygw,f? trsKd ;om;&JŒ tcGit hf a&;udk oGm;+yD;qef@usiw f m
tod t rS w f r jyKbl ; av? qd k a wmh u srwd k @ u olw@kd taeeJ@=uawmh trsKd ;orD;tcef;u¾rSm tvk y f o rm; tcG i f h t a&;/ bl Z G m pepf r[kwb f ;l ? oGm;+yD;rS [ef@wm; aewmr[kwb f ;l ?
'Dvdkbma=umifh aqmifyk'fawG a&;&vJqdk&if wm0ef,l vm+yDqdkwJh tcsdefrSm=uawmh olwdk@ qef@usifa&;eJ@ vlwef;pm;rSswa&; v_yf&Sm;r_ usrwd k @ u &oif h & xd k u f w J h tcG i f h t a&;ud k
udk,fwdkifvJ vkyfw,f? odatmifvJ ajymjycsif taeeJ@ =uawmh vkyf&Judkif&JvmwmawG &Sd=u awGeJ@ pufr_awmfvSefa&; umv 1909 ckESpf quf+yD; awmhrS &&SdEdkifzdk@twGuf&,f/ quf+yD;
w,fayghaemf olwdk@udk tJvdkrsdK;aygh” w,f? trsdK;orD;a&; u¾rSmvnf; trsm;}uD; azazmf0g&v D 28 &ufae@rSmawmh trsKd ;orD;awG&ŒJ csdK;azmufr_rjzpfzdk@twGuf 'Dae@rSm usrwdk@&JŒ
trsd K ;orD ; awG u trsd K ;om;awG e J @ awmfawmf v_yf&Sm;r_ &Sdw,fvdk@ jrif&w,f” tcGifhta&;/ vGwfvyfcGifh/ rJay;cGifh awGtwGuf aqmif y k ' f u awmif ; qd k r _ a wG vk y f w ,f /
tvkyfvkyfwJhtcsdefrSm txl;ojzifh trsdK;orD; vdk@ u&ifeD trsdK;orD;wOD;jzpfwJh pDpD;vsmu tar&duefEdkifiH qdk&S,fvpfygwDu “EdkifiHwum vkyfaqmifr_ awGvkyfw,f/ vdkufemr_awGvnf;
tcG i f h t a&;vd k @ ajymvd k u f & if tcG i f h t a&; ajymw,f? trsdK;orD;rsm;ae@” qdk+yD; pwif vdkufygw,f? &Sdygw,fvdk@ aemufqHk;taeeJ@ ajymcsifw,f”
awG u d k oH k ; +yD ; awmh trsd K ;om;awG u d k tdrw f iG ;f t=urf;zufr_ jy\emajz&Si;f r,f 1910 jynf h E S p f u 'd e f ; rwf E d k i f i H ud k y if vdk@ ajymoGm;ygw,f? Ò
wHcGefwdkifatmufrSm a&at;av;yufr,f...rS
=uygw,f? aexdkif oGm;Edkifzdk@qdkjyD; a&udk avmif;&wm ygw,f ? 'gayrJ h u&if e D j ynf r S m &G m tm;vH k ; tvk y f t ud k i f r sm; rvk y f & I zsm;em=uum
wHcGefwdkifyGJrSm wOD;eJ@wOD; a&avmif;=u jzpfygw,f?” udk pkaygif;+yD; pkaygif;wHcGefwdkifyGJqdkwm ESpfpOf zefqif;&Sib f &k m;rudk tultnDawmif;=uw,f?
wmeJ@ ywfouf+yD; u&ifeDjynf &dk;,mOuUX wHcGefwdkifyGJta=umif; usif;yygw,f? ,ck 52 }udrfajrmuf u&ifeDjynf zefqif;&Sib f &k m;ruvJ au;xsKd ;bd;k udk pdu k x f +l yD;
cl;ig;&,fu ,ckvdk &Sif;jyygw,f? au;xsd K ;bd k ; (ac: ) wH c G e f w d k i f [m pkaygif;wHcGefwdkifyGJudk 'D;armhqdk+rdKŒe,f weD;vm; ywfywfvnf0dkif;uckef+yD; igh&J@aus;Zl;awmfudk
“a&avmif;jcif;eJ@ywfoufjyD; trsm;tm; wdkifwacsmif;udk axmifxm;um AkH/ armif;/ vJaus;&GmrSm 20 &ufuae 24 &uftxd }uD; atmf [ pf c sD ; usL;=u&r,f v d k @ ajymcJ h y gw,f ?
jzifh a,mufsm; vlysdKav; awGu rdef;uav; ykavGrsm;udk wD;r_wf+yD; wdkifudk ywfywfvnf }uD;us,fus,f usif;y=uygw,f? xdk tcsdefrSm u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm;vnf; trdef@
tdru f kd oGm;jy;D a&;oGm;avmif;wm ydrk sm; ygw,f? uck e f & wJ h yG J a wmf w ck jzpf y gw,f ? yG J a wmf “wH c G e f w d k i f y G J usif ; y&jcif ; t=umif ; twdkif; vdkufvkyfum usef;rmvm=uw,f?
rdef;uav;awGvJ oGm;avmif;vdkŒvJ &ygw,f? usi;f ycsed af &muf+yq D v
kd #if wdik cf w
k f rnfh ae@aumif;/ &if;uawmh u&ifejD ynfojl ynfom;awGrmS &Sad ewJh tJ'Dtcsdefu aep+yD;awmh auxsdK;bdk;yGJawmfudk
trsm;tm;jzifhawmh vlysdK av;awGu olwdkŒ&J@ ae@jrwfudk =uuf&dk;xdk;+yD; a&G;cs,f&ygw,f? u,m;wdik ;f &ifom;awG&hJ ,Ofaus;r_ "avhx;kH wrf; usif;y =uw,f?
rdwaf qG trsKd ;orD; awGukd oGm;jy;D E_wq f uf&r,f? =uuf&;kd udk tm;ud;k ,H=k unf=uwJt h wGuf ae@&uf tpOf t vmrysuf a ysmuf a tmif xd e f ; od r f ; tDv;l ac: wHceG wf idk yf u
JG dk usi;f yvky&f onfh
wpfOD;eJ@wpfOD; cspfcif &if;ESD;r_ udkvJ &,l&r,f? twdtusr&SdbJ rwfvtwGif;rSm ukd,fh&GmeJ@ apmif h a &S m uf o G m ;Ed k i f z d k @ ta&;=uD ; w,f a v? t"dy`g,frSm ajz;okvl;rkd; (zefqif;&Sifbm&m;r)
jy;D awmh rdwaf [mif;aqGa[mif;awG tm;vk;H udv k J udk,f usif;y=uygw,f? 'ga=umifhrvkdŒ ESpfpOf ESpfwdkif;usif;yae&wmaygh? &Jh aus;Zl;awmfukd owd&wJh txdrf;trSwfyif
owd & wJ h t aeeJ @ a&avmif ; ay;&ygw,f ? yG J a wmf u d k tenf ; qk H ; 3 &uf / 3 n 'grS ,Ofaus;r_ ryaysmuf&ifvJbJ usaemfwdk@ jzpf+yD; ESpfpOfauxsKd;bkd; pkdufxljcif; (okd@r[kwf)
tysKd rav;awGvJ aumif;aumif;rGerf eG ef @J vufcH usif ; y&ygw,f ? yxrw&uf r S m wd k i f c k w f / vl r sd K ;vJ r yaysmuf E d k i f a wmh b l ; aygh / wpf c gxJ ta[mif;ukd jyefvnfrGrf;rHjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfavh
óudqdk&r,f?” 'kwd,&ufrSm rGrf;rHjyifqif/ wwd,&ufrSm xde;f odr;f xm;jyD;om; ovdrk sKd ; jzpfwmaygh t"du &Sd=uygw,f?
quf v uf + yD ; ol u “a&vd k pd w f a t; au|;arG; {nfch jH cif;jzpfygw,f? rwfvukef wmeJ@ &nf&, G cf suu
f awmh 'gygb”J vd@k 52 }udraf jrmuf u&ifeDawGtwGuf wHcGefwdkif&Jh ta&;ygr_
ud, k af t; &Sad pzd@k / a&vdk =unfjy;D jzKpif oef@&Si;f zd@k / u&ifeDESpfopful;u tvdktavsmuf a&muf u&ifeDjynf pkaygif;wHcGefwdkifyGJawmf usif;ya&; eJ@ ywfouf+yD; cl;ig;&,fu ,ckvdkajymygw,f?
tJ'D aeŒ&uf tawmtwGi;f rSmqd&k if ta,muf oGm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh u&ifeD ESpfopful;[m aumfrw D D twGi;f a&;rSL; (1) OD;rD&,f jrifah rmifu “&moDOwk aumif;rGefatmif jyD;awmh
wd k i f ; a,muf w d k i f ; aumif ; aumif ; rG e f r G e f &uf o wf r S w f r _ r &S d b J rwf v twG i f ; rS m om &Sif;jyygw,f? qef p yg; xG u f a umif ; atmif usef ; usef ;
vufcH=udKqdkjyD; a&tavmif; cH&r,f? a&[m =uuf&dk;u owfrSwfay;wm jzpfygw,f? aemufcHordkif; rmrm&Sdatmif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_awGr&Sdatmif
usaemf wdk@twGuf tvGefta&;=uD;ygw,f? wHcGefwdkifyGJudk rwfvtwGif;rSm &Gmwdkif; ,cifu u&ifev D rl sKd ;rsm;[m a'go;kd armcl ewf a umif ; ewf j rwf a wG u d k yl a Zmf y owm
a&vdkjzKpif jrifhjrwf jyD; pdwfat; udk,fat;eJ@ vdkvdku ol@&GmeJ@ol &ufowfrSwf+yD; usif;y=u wGif zefqif;&Sib f &k m;r ESit hf wl aewJt h csed u
f p+y;D jzpfw,f?” Ò
2004 ckESpf/ atmufwkdbmvwGif pwifxkwfa0onf?
Mar 31, 2010 The Kantarawaddy Times pmrsufESm(13)
vli,fawG&Jh aoG;at;wdkufyGJ
u,m;xJ
acguf w k e f @ acguf j yef ul ; vl ; +yD ; opf a wG csi;f =um;rSm rpGpJ aJG tmifvyk +f yD; qufvufa&mif;
xkwf=uw,f? 0,f azmufum;ae=uwmudk awG@cJh&w,f?
'Dvdktvkyfyifyef;wJhtcg=u&if tvkyfudk ucsifwdkif;&if;om; rsdK;EG,fpktygt0if
ydv
k yk Ef ikd zf @kd qd+k yD; w&kwjf ynfuae ucsijf ynfe,f ucsijf ynfe,fbufukd oGm;a&mufvyk u f ikd =f uwJh
ta&SŒbufe,fpyf+rdKŒ&Sd arSmifcdkvrf;rS0ifvmwJh u&if e D vl i ,f r sm;[mvnf ; rl ; ,pf a q;0g;
bdef;/ ,mr/ cwfbkHwdk@udk rarSsmfvifhbJ okH;pGJ okH;pGJjcif;a=umifh b0ysufpD;r_rsm;rSm renf;
ae=uwmudk awG@cJh&w,f? awmhygbl;?
ol i ,f c sif ; wpf c sd K Œu “ud p P r &S d y gbl ; / jrpf}uD;em;+rdKŒe,f twGif;rSmbJ ig;ESpf
tm;awmif&Sdao;w,f” vdk@ usaemhudk jyefajym twGif; aq;pGJol ig;aomif;rSs&Sd+yD; wpfaomif;
vduk cf sed rf mS awmh usaemf t&rf;pd;k &drf oGm;w,f? avmufonf b0rvSpGm ed*kH;csKyfcJh&w,fvdk@
'Dvdkvkyfief;cGiftwGuf tusdK;&Sd apEdkifw,fvdk@ use;f rma&;ESihf vlxyk nmay;qdik &f m oifwef;rsm;
,l q +yD ; ok H ; pG J j cif ; [m wjznf ; jznf ; ES i f h ay;wJhtzGJ@rS wqifhpm&if;t& od&Sd&ygw,f?
b0qkH;&_H;um vlvkH;rvSb0 a&mufoGm; Ekdifyg ucsifjynfe,f[m obm0oH,H
w,f ? vl a wG [ m a&=unf & mrsuf E k & mud k Zmwrsm; jynhv f sS aH eonft h wdik ;f vlaer_ tqifh
&SmazG exdkif=uovdk u&ifeD vli,frsm;vnf; twef;rSmvnf; wjcm;jynfe,frsm;ESifh,SOfvSsif
aiG&&m vrf;a=umif;udk &SmazG&if; acwf. ae&m ydkrdkwdk;wufvsuf&Sdovdk rl;,pfaq;0g;okH;pGJol
a'otvdu k f vGr;f rd;k jcif;udk cHae=u&w,f vd@k bJ trsm;qkH; jynfe,fwpfck jzpfa=umif;udkvnf;
rSwf,lvdkufygw,f? vl r _ t zG J @ tpnf ; wpf c k x J r S apwemh 0 ef x rf ;
om,mvS y wJ h jrpf } uD ; em;+rd K ŒwG i f ; rS m q&m0efwpfOD;u ajymjycJhvdk@od&SdcJh&ygw,f?
awmh w&kwfvlrsdK;rsm; opfxkwfvkyfwJh pD;yGm; Ed k i f i H a wmf t pd k ; &/ NGO tzG J @ rsm;ES i f h
u&ifeDjynfe,frS jrefrmjynftxufydkif; awmxJ awmifxJrSm ntdyf&w,f/ ukr`%D a&; vkyfief;uawmh ucsifwdkif;&if;om;awG ucsif t xl ; a'otoD ; oD ; rS +id r f ; csrf ; a&;
c&D;pOfwpfae&mudk rarSsmfvifhbJ oGm;cJh&w,f? emrnf u awmh rG e f r if w ef ( u,m;zl ; ) uyJ aoG;pkyfjc,fvS,f cHae&wmudk todom}uD; ,lxm;aom tzG@J rsm;u rl;,pfaq;0g; wdu k zf suf
ta=umif ; uawmh usaemh o l i ,f c sif ; awG & J Œ jzpfygw,f? ‚if;ukr`%Du opfxkwf vkyfief; awG@ae&ygw,f? w&kwfjynfodk@ opfrsm;udk a&;awGudk jyKvkyfae=uayrJhvdk@ xda&mufpGm
vkyfief;ta=umif;t&mav;awGudk oGm;a&muf awGrSm tvkyform;rsm;jzpf=u+yD;/ wcsdKŒrSm xkwf,loGm;+yD; wdkif;&if;om;awG bufudkawmh atmifjrifr_r&cJha=umif; awG@ &ygw,f?
avhvmcJhjcif;ygyJ? u&ifeDjynfe,frS rE Wav;- um;aemufvdkufolu vdkuf=uw,f? tqdyfyef;udk qufvuftarGay;cJhjcif;ygyJ? tem*wftwGuf ppfrxGucf if vlrsKd ;a&;eJ@
uom/ uomrSwqifh pufavSpD;+yD; anmifa&$ u&if e D v l i ,f t rsm;pk [ m u,m;zl ; awmifuwk;H jzpfaeavmufatmif opfawG pdwf"gwfydkif;qdkif&mawGudk tEkenf;eJ@ 0g;rdsKcH
awmufopfqdyfudk a&mufoGm;cJhw,f? ukrR%DrS opfxkwfvkyfief;&Sd&m uom+rdKŒESifh xkwfvkyfae=uwJh wEdkif;/ pwkef;/ rdk;aumif;/ jrpf ae=u&wmudk odvsuef @J vufwufprf; csi=f uwJh
vk y f i ef ; cG i f x J r S m u&if e D w d k i f ; &if ; om; jrpf } uD ; em;+rd K Œ tvk y f x J w G i f tvk y f o rm; }uD;em;bufawGrSmvnf; vli,ftrsm;pk[m wdkif;&if;om; vli,fawGudk wm;qD;Edkifzdk@u
vl i ,f a wG trsm;qk H ; awG @ cJ h & vd k @ usaemf awGtjzpfeJ@ wm0efxrf;aqmif&if; rdrd0rf;pmudk opfxkwfvkyfief;rS&&Sdaom aiGrsm;udk aps;uGuf 'Dvli,frSmomvSsif y"mejzpf aoma=umifh vm
awmfawmfav;udk tm;usrdcJhw,f? 'gayrJhvdk@ &SmazGae=u&w,f? 'ga=umifh q,fausmfouf aumif;/ a&mif;&vG,f/ aiGrsm;rsm;&aom rl;,pf rnfhtem*wf vrf;[m acsmarG@Edkifygapvdk@om
tvk y f u awmh t&rf ; ud k y if y ef ; w,f A sm? vli,ftvkyform;awG[m jrpf}uD;em;bufudk aq; a&mif;0,fa&;vkyif ef;udk vli,fawG tcsi;f qkrGefawmif;ay;vdkuf&kHom &Sdygawmhw,f? Ò
vufawG‹usaom ajymif;vJa&; jzpfpOfudk &SmazG ...rS aqmuf j cif ; yif j zpf o nf ? vl x k t ajcjyK vl @ tvsiftjref wdk;wufvmaom ta&S@awmif
rw&m;toif;rsm;tjzpf twif;t"rRa=ujimjyD; vSKyf&Sm;olrsm;udk rw&m;zrf;qD;jyD; ESpf&Snf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;[k qdk&mwGif vGwfvyfaom tm&SedkifiHrsm;u oufaoom"u xlv#uf
a&G;aumufyGJ yg0if,SOfòydifEdkifr_udk ypfy,f&ef axmif'%frsm; csrw S x f m;jyD;jzpfonf? xkad =umifh owif ; at*sif p D r sm;/ obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif &Sdonf?
óud;yrf;v#u&f o dS nf? xd@k a=umifh etzppftpd;k &rS etzppfacgif;aqmifrsm; taejzifh wdkif;jynfwdk; qdkif&mtzGJ@pnf;rsm;/ trsKd;orD;tzGJ@pnf;rsm;/ ed * H k ; csKyf t m;jzif h qd k & ygrl ,ae@
ðyvkyfrnfh 2010 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJonf wufajymif;vJa&;udk trSefwu,fvdkvm;ygu vli,ftzGJ@ tpnf;rsm;/ tvkyform;/ q&m0ef/ vuf&Sd jrefrmedkifiHudk rw&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyf
rSwfausmuf wifcHEkdifaom a&G;aumufyGJjzpf&ef rw&m;aom vuf&w dS nfqOJ ya'rsm;udk zsuo f rd ;f a&S @ ae/ awmif o l v ,f o rm; ponf h vl r _ vsuf&Sdaom etz ppftm%m&Sif vlwpfpkonf
tvSrf;uGma0;v#uf&Sdonf? I ,if;Oya'rsm;jzifh jypf'%fcsrSwf xm;aom pD;yGm;udpt P 00ESihf wduk &f u
dk f oufqikd of nfh tzG@J ‚if;wdk@tm%mwnfjrJa&;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiHa&;
(*) vufawG@vkyaf qmif&rnfh w&m;Oya' olrsm;udk cGsif;csufr&Sd vGwfay;&rnfjzpfonf? tpnf;rsm;jzpfjy;D ‚wd@k . tajccHvt kd yfcsurf sm;udk ord k i f ; tvS n f h t ajymif ; ud k zef w D ; jyD ; ppf
pdk;rdk;a&;vkyfief;pOf tjcm;aom vlrKS pD;yGm;a&; taqmufttHk ‚wdk@udk,fwdkif &SmazGwnfaqmufcGifh ay;jyD; tm%m&Sifpepfudk tjcm;yHkpHwrsKd;jzifh trnf
tjypf&Sdoludk tjypfay;ta&;,ljcif;ESifh rsm;udk wnfaqmuf&mwGifvnf; w&m;Oya' 'D r k d u &uf w pf t pd k ; &rsm;. rl 0 g'vrf ; pOf ajymif; tkyfcsKyfedkifrnfh tajctaew&yfudk
tjypfr&Sdoludk Oya'rsm;owfrSwfjyXmef;jyD; pdk;rdk;a&;tajccH&SdrSmom vlwpfOD;csif;pD. zGH@ rsm;ud k 0d k i f ; 0ef ; taumif t xnf a zmf wnf vdktyfovdk zefwD;jcif;om jzpfjyD; trSefwu,f
tum tuG,af y;jcif;onf w&m;Oya'pd;k rd;k a&;. jzKd;wdk;wufrSKa&m vlrSKvl@tzGJ@tpnf;. zGH@ aqmufjcif;tm;jzifh wdkif;jynf. wdk;wufrSK vdktyfonfh jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&;ESifh wdkif;jynf
tajccHt*Fg&yfwck jzpfonf? jzKd;wdk;wufrSKudk &SmazG oGm;ekdifrSmjzpfonf? pHE_ef;rsm;jrifhrm;vmrnfjzpfonf? Tonfudk wdk;wufajymif;vJa&;udk vHk;0vspfvsL&_vsuf
,ae@vuf&Sd jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; jzpfyGm; (C) vlxktajcjyKvl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vG e f c J h a omq,f p k E S p f w ck / ES p f c k t wG i f ; &Sdyga=umif;? Ò
aeaom vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;onf tifwdkuftm;wdkufESifh yl;aygif;yg0ifaqmif&GufrSK
&dk;&dk;omrmef vl@tcGifhta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;
r[k w f y J ed k i f i H w umtqif h & S d jypf r _ = uD ; rsm;
'Drdkua&pDpepfudk vufcHusifhoHk;aom
EdkifiHrsm;wGif Civil Society Organization
armfcsD;rSm uswJhrsuf&nf..rS
tjzpfodk@ a&muf&SdaejyDqdkv#if rnfolr#jiif;csuf [kac:aom vlxktajcjyK vl@tzGJ@tpnf;rsm; vrf;a=umif;udk prf;Iprf;IoGm;onf? tcsif;csif;atmfac:=uonf? “au;&,f” “&D;zJ” [k
xk w f v d r f h r nf r [k w f a y? od k @ qd k v #if ,if ; r_ tm; tpd k ; &rvk y f e d k i f o nf h vl x k . tajccH tjyeftvSeaf tmf=uonf? &D;zJu rif;raobl;aemfw/hJ 0rf;enf;qd@k wufr_ cHpm;&ygonf? txGuv f rf;
cif;=uD;rsm;udk w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;&_axmifhrS t vdktyfcsufrsm;udk tifwdkuftm;wdkuf jznfh ajr+ydKvrf;ydwf rdjcif;udk wpfzGJŒvkH;cH&ygonf?
ajzxkw&f efvt kd yfvmayonf? ,if;rSm rjzpfrae qnf ; Ed k i f & ef t wG u f zG J @ pnf ; wnf a xmif j yD ; vkyif ef;wGi;f ydik &f iS o
f nf reufapmapm tjyifbufwiG f tvkyo f rm;tm;vk;H udak c:/ ydwrf ad om
ud k i f w G , f a jz&S i f ; &rnf h tajccH vk y f i ef ; pOf vk y f u d k i f v #uf &S d = uonf ? ,if ; tzG J @ tpnf ; au;&,fw@kd tvkyo f rm;wpfpu k kd owfrw
S o
f nfrmS tavmif;udk az:,ljcif;yif? uHaumif;axmufrpGm
jzpfonf? rsm;onf oufqdkif&m tcef;*Àrsm;tvdkuf aemufae@vrf;a=umif; ydwfaeaom ajrudk z,f&Sif;eldif+yD;/ au;&,frSm acgif;'%f&maoG;&J&JeD/ &D;zJESifh
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jrefrmedkifiH. vuf&Sd wpfOD;csif; jynfolvlxkrsm;. rdrdoabmqEN tzGJŒrsm;rSm ajcemolem/ vufemolemESifh jyefawG@ u,fwifEkdifcJhygonf?
wnfqOJ ya'rsm;onf rw&m;xkwjf yefxm;aom tavsmuf 0if a &muf j cif ; jzif h zG J @ pnf ; xm; aemufae@ “&D;zJ igjyefawmhr,f”[k tvkyfrqif;Ekdifaom au;&,fu qkdvmonf? ightareJ@
Oya'rsm;jzpf j yD ; ‚if ; Oya'rsm;jzif h &S r f ; aoma=umif h wd k i f ; jynf . jyef v nf w nf nDrav;udk odyfvGrf;w,fwJh? “atmf armfcsD;/²²armfcsD;/ ²²wGif;+ydK+yD; aoolao/ 'kudQwjzpfoljzpf/
wd k i f ; &if ; om;acgif ; aqmif r sm;/ &S p f q ,f h & S p f aqmufa&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk vlxkudk,fwdkif iSufzsm;jzpfoljzpf/ vl@b0qkH;&_H;&ol/ toufaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGm paw;usef&pfcJh=u+yDuG,f²tar”
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ vl@tcGifhta&; vkyfudkif Edkifonfh tajctaeudk zefwD;wnf [kau;&,fu u&ifeD-u,m;pum;vdk a&&Gwf+yD;/ rsuf&nf okwfvdkufygawmhonf?
3D udk,faysmuf0wf&Hk
urBmhtykqHk;vlom; a[yifyif touf 21
jzpfygonf?
xdktzGJŒtm; OD;aqmifaeol t&G,fwGif uG,fvGef
jzpfwJh Tolga Ergin qdkolu US
od y ` H * sme,f u d k xd k e nf ; ynmud k t&yf 2 ay 5 vuf r om &ê d o nf h
toHk;jyKjyD; u|efawmfwdkŒ tvGef urBmt h ykq;kH vlom; a[yifyif onf touf 21
=uD ; rm;wJ h t&mawG u d k v nf ; Eêpt f &G,w f iG f a&mr+rdKŒodŒk tvnftywfa&muf
uG,faysmufatmif jyKvkyfEdkifw,f &êdaepOf uG,fvGefoGm;cJha=umif; od&onf?
vd k Œ raeŒuajym=um;cJ h y gw,f ? w¶kwEf idk if o H m;a[yifyif onf ykaponfh
(ppfa&;rSmom udk,faysmufenf;y a&m*gwpfrsKd;udk cHpm;ae&+yD; 2008 ckEêpfu
*smr%DrS ody`Hynm&SifawG[m tckqdk&if nmudkoHk;&ifawmh²²²²²)? urBmh tykqHk;vlom;tjzpf todtrêwf jyK
od y ` H y nm&yf a wG r S m ta&;ygt&ma&muf r J h &vm'f u awmh tvif ; eJ Œ ygwf o uf w J h cHxm;&oljzpfonf? +yD;cJo h nhf Eêpyf wfu &ifbwf
t&mwpf c k u d k zef w D ; Ed k i f c J h j yD ; jzpf y gw,f ? ajymif;vnf;r_rsm;/ t,ltqrsm;udk vufawGŒ atmifhjcif;a=umifh aq;¶HkwufcJh&+yD; rwfv 13 pum;qkcd o hJ nf? “'Dvakd o;i,fwhJ olwpfa,muf
wcsdefu pdwful;,Ofqef wJh [,f&Day:wm&JŒ uGi;f qif; jyKvkycf =hJ uwmjzpfygw,f? ud, k af ysmuf &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJha=umif; od&onf? jzpf a yrJ h urB m wpf 0 ef ; rê m trê w f & p&m}uD ;
udk,faysmuf0wf&Hk[mqdk&if tckqdk wu,f 0wf&[ kH m tvGev f yS jyD; pGrJ ufzŒkd aumif;ygw,f? *if ; epf u rB m h r ê w f w rf ; . t,f ' D w m }uD;rm;rm; zefwD;cJholyg” [k *vif;efa';u
d mjyD;jzpfygw,f? Karlsruhe enf;ynmXmerS
&Sv (udk,faysmuf0wf&Hku vSw,fwJh²²² [kwfrSmyg csKyfc&dwf *vif;efa';u “ol@udk u|efawmf qkdonf?
okawoDrsm;[m yxrqHk; 3D udk,faysmuf oluawmh jrifaumif;jrif &rSmaygh) iHk@=unhfrdwJh tcg ol[m wu,fudkxl;jcm;wJh a[yifyifonf tDwvD+rdKŒawmf a&mrod@k
ypPnf;wpfckudk wDxGifEdkifcJhygw,f? xdk0wf&HkrSm tjcm;uJhodkŒr[kwfbJ tvif;a&mifeJŒ olvdk@ cHpm;rdygw,f? ol&JŒjyHK;&$if &,farmyHkeJ@ ¶kyfoHtpDtpOf wpfck¶dkuful;&ef a&muf&êdaepOf
0²00004 vuRt&G,fom&Sdaom a&$rH_rsm;udk ygwfoufjyD; ajymif;vJapwJhpufuGif;jzpfygw udk,f&nfudk,faoG;a=umifhav? oleJ@awG@&if rusef;rrmjzpfum aq;¶HkwufcJh&jcif;jzpfonf?
quf+yD;toH;k jyKum tvif;jyefe, d mrudk tajccH ,f? 0wf&Hk'DZdkif;ESifh &nf&G,fcsuftajccHudkawmh tjrJ E ê p f v d k j rL;xl ; ae&ygw,f ” [k 0rf ; enf ; Eleven weekly
xm;jcif;&Sdygw,f? vef'efjrdKŒ Imperial aumvdyfu ya&mzufqm
yxrwDxGifcJhwJh ypPnf;[m tjrifwzuf
wnf;rSom aysmufjcif;jzpfjyD; tjcm;tzufzufrS
Sir John Pendry rS p wif c J h w mjzpf y gw,f ?
xdk0wf&Hk[m aumaZmrSefrsm;uJhodkŒ jzpfjyD; urBmhtjrefqHk;a&,mOfysHjzifh &uf 40 urBmwpfywf ywf&ef
vSnfhywf=unfhygu jyefvnfjrifawGŒ&ygw,f? oif aysmufapjcifwJh ypPnf;udk xdkt&mjzifh
odkŒaomf tck 3D udk,faysmufypPnf;uawmh
tzufzuf rS =unfhvSsifvnf; rjrif&bJ udk,f
tk y f x m;ygu aysmuf u G , f a erS m jzpf y gw,f ?
tvif;jyefr_Œudk ajymif;vJxm;wmomjzpfjyD;
jyifopfrmvdfefrSL;pDpOf
aysmufxm;Edkifygw,f? photonic vdkŒac:wJh wduk rf d xdrd Edik af omt&mbJjzpfygw,f? t*Fvef a&ay:wGif tjrefqHk;armif;EêifEkdifaom 2008 ck E ê p f u Hydroptere onf
ypP n f ; eJ Œ jyKvk y f w mjzpf j yD ; xd k t &m[mvJ Surrey wuUodkvfrS ya&mzufqm Ortwin pH c sd e f w if x m;onh f a&,mOf y sH j zif h &uf 40 wpfem&Da&rdkif 60 ausmf txdarmif;EêifEdkifcJh+yD;
tvif;udk pkyfEdkifwJh tpGrf;&dSwJhtwGuf rsufESm Hess uawmh xdkenf;ynmudk avvmjcif;[m yif r =umjrif h a pbJ urB m wpf y wf y wf & ef rSwdrf;arêmufcJh&onf?
jyif r S m pD q if ; wJ h t vif ; ud k nD n matmif a&SŒqufzdkŒtwGuf tvGef=uD;rm;wJh tqifh jyifopf rmvdefrêL; pDpOfaea=umif;od&onf? oD a bmh w f E ê i h f t zG J @ onf avê ud k
jyKvkyfEdkifygw,f? Oyrm-jrpfxJrS a&rsm;[m jzpfw,fvdkŒ ajymygw,f? av,mOfysH Eêihfydkrdkqifwl+yD; a&ay:wGif &êyfajy; jyefvnfwnfaqmufcJh+yD; 2009 ckEêpfaEêmif;ydkif;
wajy;nD & S d a ewJ h oabmw&m;uJ h o d k Œ yif Myanmarreader armif ; Eê i f Ed k i f a om Hydroptere [k trnf wGif wpfem&D a&rdkif 50 E_ef;jzihf rDwm 500
ay;xm;onh f a&,mOf y sH j zih f u rB , ywf &ef ausmfarmif;Eêifum urBmh tjrefqHk;avêtjzpf pH
iêufaysmoD;wGifyg0ifaom j'yfaygif;wpfrsKd;u jyifopf rmvdefrêL; tvdef;oD abmhwfu pDpOf
aejcif; jzpfonf? pma&;q&m}uD;*sL;pfbef;.
csdefwifcJhonf?
oDabmhwfonf ,cktcg ,cifxuf ydk
tdwfcsftkdifADukd [efŒwm;EkdifpGrf;&êda=umif; 0wÎK “urBmwpfywf&uf 80” . tcsdef wpf0uf }uD;onfh avêwpfpif;udk wnfaqmufae+yD;
jzpfaom &uf 40 rsjzihf urBmwpfywf ywfjy&ef Hydroptere Maxi [k trnfay;xm;onf?
okawoewpfcku azmfjy pDpOfaejcif; jzpfonf? ,cif Hydroptere ,mOfonf tvsm;/ teH 18
vuf&w dê iG u
f rBmt
h jrefq;kH &Guaf vêjzpfaom rDwm 24 rDwm om&ênfaomfvnf; ,ckwnf
rwfv 19 &ufaeŒxkwf Biological Eêifh Maraviroc wkd@Eêifh tmedoifqifwlonf[k Hydroptere onf a&atmuf awmifyHrsm;jzihf aqmuf aeonhf Hydroptere maxi onf
Chemistry *sme,fwGif azmfjyxm;csuft& qkdonf? avêudk yifhwifxm;+yD;a&ay:wGif &êyfajy;um tvsm;teHrDwm 30 cef@pD&êdum ,if;,mOfopf
iê u f a ysmoD ; Y yg0if a om Ban Lec [k Ban Lec j'yfaygi;f onf o=um;"mwfxed ;f ysHoef;ouJhodk@ armif;EêifEdkifonf? av,mOfysH jzihf urBmywfrnfjzpfonf?
ac:qk d o nf h j'yf a ygif ; wpf r sKd ; onf csKyf E d k i f o nf h t pG r f ; &ê d a oma=umif h HIV-1 rsm;wGif oHk; aomenf;ynmjzihf Hydroptere urB m h t jref q H k ; avê t jzpf p H csd e f w if
tdwfcsf tkdifADul;pufr_ukd [efŒwm;Ekdif+yD; envelope . ae&mtEê H @ wG i f awG Œ &aom ukd aqmufvkyfxm;um 25 Eêpf=um tcsdef,l &jcif;onf wmwdkajy;&onfEêihfwl+yD; urBm
}udKwifumuG,fr_ukdvnf; jyKvkyfEkdifpGrf; o=um;"mwfukd xdef;csKyfxm;Ekdif&m cE<m 'DZdkif;qGJ wnfaqmufcJh&onf[k oDabmhwfu wpfywf&Guf v$ihfjcif;onf rm&oGefajy;yGJEêihf
&êda=umif; azmfjyxm;onf? "mwfcGJcef; ukd,ftwGif; Adkif;&yfpf0ifa&muf vm qkdonf? wla=umif; oDabmhwfu ajym=um;cJhonf?
prf;oyfr_rsm;t& trsKd;orD;rsm; tdwfcsf Ek d i f o nf h t ajctaerê umuG , f
tkdifADGykd; ul;pufjcif;rê umuG,f ay;Ekdifonf? tdwfcsftkdifAD aq;0g;
&mwGifvnf; ,if;j'yfaygif;rêm wcsKdŒ.jy\emrêm Akdif;&yfpfonf
taxmuf t ul j yKEk d i f a =umif ; rsKd;ADZ ajymif;vJEkdif+yD; aq;0g;ukd cHEkdif
od&onf? &nf &êdvmjcif;jzpfa=umif; od&onf?
Ban Lec ukd rDcs*D efaq; wuUov dk f ,ckavhvmawGŒ&êdr_a=umifh vl@
wGif jyKvkyfaom okawoe wpfckrêwqifh touf aygif ; rsm;pG m uk d u,f w if
&êmazG azmfxkwf EdkifcJhonf? 4if;j'yfaygif;ukd Ekid v
f rd rhf nf[k okawoe pmwrf;a&;om;
iêuf aysmoD;rsm;rê oD;jcm;cGJxkwfEkdifcJh +yD; ol r sm;u ajym=um;cJ h o nf ? urB m ay:wG i f
,if;ukv d id rf ê wpfqifh ul;pufaom HIV-1 yk;d ukd tdwcf st f ikd Af aD &m*g ul;pufrt _ rsm;qH;k Edik if rH sm;rêm
umuG,f&mwGif tokH;jyKEkdifonf[k qkdonf? awmiftmz&du/ Edik *f s;D &D; ,m;Eêihf tdE, Nd Edik if w H @kd
Ban Lec onf xda&mufaom tdwcf st f idk Af D jzpfa=umif; od&onf? a&m*gvuQ%mjyif;xefr_
wkdufzsufa&; lectin j'yfaygif;wpfrsKd;jzpf+yD; Eêihf aq;ukor_p&dwf jrifrh m;r_a=umifh qif;&Jaom
vuf&êd aq;ukocef;wGit f ok;H jyKaeaom tdwcf sf Ed k i f i H r sm;wG i f } uD ; rm;aom jy\emwpf & yf
tkid Af w
D u dk zf suaf &;aq;0g; Eêprf sK;d jzpfonfh T-20 jzpfaeqJjzpfonf? Eleven weekly