An ton in

Chng 1. Nhng khi nim c bn

Chng 2. Phn tch an ton trong mng in n gin
Chng 3. Phn tch an ton trong mng in 3 pha
Chng 4. Bo v ni t
Chng 5. Bo v ni dy trung tnh
Chng 6. Bo v an ton bng thit b chng dng in r
Chng 7. Cc bin php an ton khc
Chng 8. X l, cp cu ngi b in git

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Chng 1. CC KHI NIM C BN

1.1. CC TAI NN V IN
1.1.1. Phn loi tai nn in

in git

Ho hon chy n do in

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Cc tai nn in

t chy do in

1.1.2. Nguyn nhn dn n tai nn in

Nguyn nhn dn n tai nn in

Chm in trc tip

Chm vo cc phn t
bnh thng c in p

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Khc
HQ in
Xut hin trong
KV in trng mnh

Chm in gin tip

Chm vo cc phn t bnh

thng khng c in p

tip xc trc tip

Ph
N
. .

. .

Ing
t
Pha - Trung tnh
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Pha - t
4

Chm vo thanh ci

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TIP XC GIN TIP

Ph
N
. .

Ing
t

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TIP XC GIN TIP

Ph
N
. .

Ing
t

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1.1.3. S liu thng k tai nn in

a. Theo cp in p:
U 1kV: 76,4%
U > 1kV: 23,6%

b. Theo ngh nghip:

Thuc ngnh in: 42,2%
Cc ngnh khc: 57,8%

S liu thng k
tai nn in

d. Theo nguyn la tui:

Di 20: 14,5%
21-30: 51,7%
31-40: 21,3%
Trn 40: 12,5%

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c. Theo nguyn nhn tip xc in:

Trc tip: 55,9%
Gin tip: 42,8%
HQ in: 1,12%
Xut hin trong KV in trng mnh:0.08%

1.2. TC DNG CA DNG IN

Khi ngi tip xc vi cc phn t c in p (k c tip xc trc tip
hoc gin tip), s c dng in chy qua c th, cc b phn ca c th
phi chu tc ng nhit, in phn v tc dng sinh hc ca dng in
lm ri lon, ph hu cc b phn ny, c th dn n t vong.
a) Tc ng v nhit: ca dng in i vi c th ngi th hin qua
hin tng gy bng, pht nng cc mch mu, dy thn kinh, tim, no v cc
b phn khc trn c th dn n ph hu cc b phn ny hoc lm ri
lon hot ng ca chng khi dng in chy qua.
b) Tc ng in phn: ca dng in th hin s phn hu cc cht
lng trong c th, c bit l mu, dn n ph v cc thnh phn ca
mu v cc m trong c th.
c) Tc ng sinh hc: ca dng in biu hin ch yu qua s ph hu
cc qu trnh in - sinh, ph v cn bng sinh hc, dn n ph hu cc
chc nng sng.
Mc nguy him ca dng in i vi c th ngi tu thuc vo tr s
ca dng in, loi dng in (dng in mt chiu hoc dng in xoay
chiu) v thi gian duy tr dng in chy qua c th (IEC 60479-1).

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Standard IEC 60479-1

Time/current zones defining the effects of AC current
(15 Hz to 100 Hz)
Vng 1: Cm nhn
Vng 2: Cm thy kh chu
Vng 3: Co cc c, b (10 mA)
let-go threshold
Vng 4: Rung c tim, c1(30 mA)
b -c1: nhp tim 0 %
c1 -c2: tng nhp tim < 5 %
c2 -c3: tng nhp tim < 50 %
>c3: tng nhp tim > 50 %

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10

Standard IEC 60479-1: Ngng dng in ti hn

(Critical current thresholds)

Tim ngng p
Tim p mnh - Ngng RCT
Nght th
Bt u co c - Ngng bung nh
C cm gic nhi nh - Ngng cm nhn
Dng in xoay chiu: Icp=
10 mA

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Dng in mt chiu: Icp =

50 mA

11

1.3. IN P TIP XC & TNG TR C TH NGI

in p tip xc v tng tr c
th l hai i lng dng xc
nh tr s dng in qua ngi.
1.3.1. in p tip xc Utx: L
in p gia hai im
trn ng i ca dng
in qua c th ngi (hay
chnh l in p t ln
c th ngi khi ngi tip
xc in) thng l gia
tay vi tay hoc gia tay
v chn.

1.3.2. Tng tr c th ngi:

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ZT = Zng = Zp + Zi
12

ng in

in p tx

Zng

Din tch,
p sut

Tnh trng
da

Nhit

Thi gian i qua

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13

1.3.3. in p tip xc cho php Utxcp

Tiu chun Php:
Nh xng

Utx = Ung = Rng.Ing

Utxcp

Ngp nc

1200 * 10 mA = 12 V
2500 * 10 mA = 25 V

12 V
24 V

5000 * 10 mA = 50 V

48 V

Ngp nc

1200 * 10 mA = 12 V

12 V

m t

2500 * 10 mA = 25 V

25 V

Kh ro

5000 * 10 mA = 50 V

50 V

m t
Kh ro

Tiu chun IEC:

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14

1.4. CC YU T NH HNG N CNG TC AT

Chc v c t cch

Lut lao ng

Dng c
Nhng phng php

Cng tc
An ton

Nng lc

Nhng quy phm

in p
Mi trng

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15

1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

Khi TB c dng chm v, ng dy in t ri xung
t, ti ch chm t s c dng in tn vo trong t.
Dng in ny tn ntn vo trong t? tr li cu hi ny l
mt vn ht sc phc tp, nhng c th hnh dung mt
cch n gin: Xt TH dng in ny tn vo trong t thng
qua mt bn cu kim loi c bn knh r0 chn st mt t. Vi
gi thit:
Mi trng chn in cc c in tr sut l thun nht.
Dng in chm t I i t tm bn cu to vo trong t
theo ng bn knh.
Trng ca dng in I l dng trng tnh (tc l tp hp
cc ng sc v ng ng th ca chng ging nhau).
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16

1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

1.5.1. S phn b th ti ch dng in chm t
L m di dng vi phn: J = E hay E = J

.I d
du Edx Jdx
dx
2
2x

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U x U x U du
x

.I d
2

Id
j
2
2

.I d
1
dx

x x 2
2x

17

1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

1.5.2. in tr tn
Khi dng in i vo trong t, b in tr ca in cc v t cn tr. in
tr ny gi l in tr tn R:

Ud

Rd

,
Id
2r0

U tx U tay - U chan U d - U x

1.5.3. in p tip xc Utx

Ud

u (V)

u (V)

.I d .I d

2r0 2x

Ud
Utx
Utx

TB
Id

l (m)

a)

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l (m)
x,

Utx = Ud

l (m)
0

20
b)

18

1.5. HIN TNG DNG IN TN VO TRONG T

1.5.4. in p tip xc Ub

U b U x - U x a

T CT ta thy rng cng

ng xa ch dng in
chm t (in cc ni
t) in p bc cng c
tr s nh. Khi ngi ng
cch ch chm t trn 20
m c th coi in p bc
V
d: 0.
I = 1000A; = 102 m
bng
v a = 0,8m

.I d
.I d
.I d .a

2x 2 ( x a) 2x(x a)
u (V)
Ud

Ub
TB
Id

l (m)

th Ub = 30,6 V

l (m)

x
a

Nh vy in p bc v in p tip xc thay i hon

ton tri ngc nhau khi khong cch n ch chm t
thay i.
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19

Chng
PHN
TCH
AN AN
TON
TRONG
MNG
Chng2.2.
PHN
TCH
TON
TRONG
MIN
NGN
IN
GIN

N GIN

2.1. KHI NIN CHUNG

- Khi nim v mng in n gin
- Phn loi mng in n gin
+ Theo in dung c: Mng in dung nh v
mng in dung ln
+ Theo ch lm vic c: Mng ni t v
mng cch in vi t.
- Gc chm in dn n mt an ton in
trong cc mng n gin c th do chm in
trc tip hoc gn tip.
+ Chm vo hai dy: Rt nguy him
+ Chm vo 1 dy: Nguy him tu thuc vo
tng loi mng in v chm vo dy no.

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20

2.2. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N GIN

C IN DUNG NH
2.2.1. Mng 2 dy cch in vi t

I ng

U
2R ng R cd

* Nh vy, mc nguy him ph thuc vo:

- in p ca mng U
- in tr c th ngi Rng
- in tr cch in ca mng Rc
* Ch : Khi 1 dy chm t m ngi chm vo dy cn li s rt nguy him.
2.2.2. Mng Mng ch c 1 dy:

* Khi R0 = 0 th:

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I ng

U.R cd2
R ng R 0 R cd2 R o .R cd2

I ng

U
R ng

21

2.2.3. Mng 2 dy c 1 dy ni t
TH chm vo dy khng ni t: Ung U
Ilv

TH chm vo dy ni t: Ungmax = 5%U

Zt

Ilv

C
1

Rng

R0

* Ch :
- Khi dy 1 chm vo dy 2 v tit din 2 dy nh
nhau th Ungmax = 0,5U

- Khi dy ni t t pha u ngun th Ung U.

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22

2.3. PHN TCH AN TON TRONG MNG IN N GIN

C IN DUNG LN
2.3.1. S nguy him ca in tch tn d
a. Ngi chm vo 2 cc ca ng dy ct in:

i ng

b. Ngi chm vo 1 cc ca ng dy ct in:

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i ng

U0
.e
R ng

U0

.e
2R ng

t
R ng C12

t
R ng (2C12 C1 )

23

2.3.2. Chm vo 1 cc ca ng dy xoay chiu ang vn hnh

I ng

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CU
1 4 2 C 2 R 2ng

24

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
1. Phn tch an ton khi ngi chm vo mt cc ca mng in n gin c in dung
nh?
2. Phn tch an ton khi ngi chm vo mt cc ca mng in n gin c in dung
ln?
3. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi mng in 2 dy cch in i vi t in dung
nh trong cc trng hp ngi chm vo:
ng thi 2 dy?
Mt dy?
V cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong tng trng hp, gii thch?
Bit: - Mng in c in p U = 220V;
- in tr cch in Rc = 30 k;
4. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi trong mng in 1 pha ca nc ta trong cc
trng hp ngi chm vo:
ng thi 2 dy: dy pha v dy ni t (dy trung tnh)?
Dy pha?
V cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong tng trng hp, gii thch?
Bit: - Mng in c in p U = 220V, f =50Hz ;
- in tr ni t u ngun R0 = 4 ;
- in tr ngi Rng = 1000.

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25

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
5.* Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo dy trung tnh ca mng
in 1 pha nc ta trong cc trng hp:
Ch chm cch ngun in 1 khong L1 = 30m?
Ch chm ngay im u vi ph ti?
Ch chm cch ngun in 1 khong L1 = 30m trong khi mng xy ra ngn
mch ti ph ti?
Ch chm ngay im u vi ph ti khi dy trung tnh b t ti u
ngun?
Chm khi dy pha b t?
* Cho bit ngi c nguy him khng trong cc trng hp trn, gii thch? * So snh
mc nguy him khi chm in trong cc trng hp trn?
Bit rng:
- Mng in c in p U = 220V, f =50Hz; dng dy ng mm M22,5 (r0 =
8,06/km) di L = 50m cp in cho ph ti c cng sut 5,5 kW, cos = 0,85;
- Gi thit in tr ni t u ngun R = 0 ; in tr ngi Rng = 1000.

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26

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 2
6. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm ng dy ti in cao p ti thi
im va ct ra khi ngun c chiu di 1km k t ngun n ch chm in trong
trng hp:
Chm vo mt dy?
Chm vo c hai dy?
Bit: - in p gia 2 dy ti thi im t = 1s ngi chm in l 6kV;
- Gi thit in dung gia 2 dy v 2 dy vi t cng bng 0,3F/km.
- in tr ngi Rng = 1,5k
7. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo hai cc ca mt t in ngay
sau khi ct ra khi li in?
Bit: - in p gia 2 cc ti thi im t = 0,5s ngi chm in l 3kV;
- Gi thit in dung ca t bng 3F.
8. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo mt dy ca mng in 2 dy
cch in vi t cp in cho 1 ph ti ang lm vic cch ngun 500m?
Bit: - in p ngun 6kV, f = 50Hz;
- Ch chm in: ti im u vi ph ti.
- Gi thit in dung gia cc dy vi t bng nhau v bng 0,3F/km.
- in tr ngi Rng = 1,5k.

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27

Chng 3. PHN TCH AN TON

TRONG MNG IN BA PHA
3.1. KHI NIN CHUNG
Khi nim v mng in 3 pha
Mng c dng rng ri trong cng nghip
Phn loi mng in 3 pha
- Theo cp in p:
- Theo ch lm vic ca trung tnh:
Cc tnh hung chm in dn n tai nn in git:
- Chm trc tip: 1 pha; 2 pha; 3 pha
- Chm gin tip: Thng 1 pha b hng cch in nn c
th coi trng hp ny nh trng hp chm trc tip vo 1
pha.
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28

3.2. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA

TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT CCH IN VI T
3.2.1. Trng hp chung:

3 gB gC 3 CC C B
U.gng 3 gB gC 3 CC CB

I ng
2
2
2
gA gB gC gng 2 CA CB CC

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29

3.2. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA

TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT CCH IN VI T
3.2.2. Mng h p U 1kV:

3U P
I ng
3Rng Rcd

3.2.3. Mng cao p U > 1kV:

I ng

3 CU
1 9 2C2R2
ng

Ch : TH ngi chm 1 pha trong khi 1 trong hai pha cn li chm

t Rt nguy him.

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30

3.3. PHN TCH AN TON KHI NGI CHM VO 1 PHA

TRONG MNG IN 3 PHA TT NI T

3.3.1. i vi mng cao p:

Vic ni t trung tnh ch yu bi l do kinh t
3.3.2. i vi mng h p:
Vic ni t trung tnh ch yu vi l do an
ton cho ngi v thit b.
C th so snh tng hp di gc an ton
gia mng TT ni t vi mng TT cch in
bng sau:
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31

Mng trung tnh cch in i t

Mng trung tnh ni t
Khi ngi chm vo mt pha trong ch lm vic bnh
thng
V c thnh phn in dung v in dn gia cc pha vi Dng in qua ngi ln hn nhiu mng trung tnh cch
t nn dng in qua ngi nh, c th khng nguy him in (v ngi gn nh phi chu ton b in p pha t
n tnh mng.
vo), nguy him n tnh mng.
Khi c mt pha chm t
- Cc pha cn li, in p pha tng ln in p dy. Dng
in chm t nh cc thit b bo v (cu ch, ptmt...)
khng tc ng dn n s chm t duy tr v ba pha
mt i xng qu gii hn cho php. V th:
+ Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi pha khng
chm t c th b ph hng.
+ Ngi chm vo pha khng chm t s nguy him
hn nhiu so vi mng trung tnh ni t cng cp in
p.

- Cc pha cn li, in p c gi gn nh khng thay i.

Dng in chm t ln, thit b bo v d dng tc ng
ct phn t b chm t ra khi mng in m khng nh
hng n thit b khc. V th:
+ S an ton cho ngi v thit b khi c chm t.
+ Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi pha khng chm
t vn lm vic c bnh thng.
+ Ngi chm vo pha khng chm t th mc nguy
him gn nh lc cha c mt pha chm t.

Khi dy trung tnh b t (pha u ngun)

Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi dy pha b ngng Ph ti mt pha ni dy trung tnh vi dy pha khng b
cp in Khng m bo tnh cung cp in lin tc.
ngng cp in (v cn c ni t lp li) m bo tnh
cung cp in lin tc.
Khi c s xm nhp t in p cao sang in p thp (cch in trung p v h p ca MBA
b hng hoc khi mng b st nh)
Trung tnh s phi chu in p pha bn trung p (hoc V trung tnh c ni t vi in tr nh nn in p
chu sng in p khi b st nh) rt nguy him cho trung tnh nh An ton hn cho ngi v thit b.
ngi v thit b.

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32

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 3
1. Phn tch an ton trong cc mng in 3 pha?
2. So snh mng in 3 pha trung tnh cch in vi t v mng trung tnh ni t di gc
an ton in?
3. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha trung
tnh cch in vi t trong cc trng hp:

Ngi chm in trong ch mng in lm vic bnh thng?

Ngi chm in trong ch mng in ang xy ra chm t pha khc?

* C nhn xt g sau khi tnh ton 2 trng hp trn?
Bit: - Mng c in in p 380/220 V, f = 50Hz;
- in tr cch in Rc = 40k; in dung khng ng k;
- in tr ngi Rng = 1k.
* Hy xc nh Rc ti thiu ngi c Rng = 1000 chm vo 1 pha vn an ton?
4. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha trung
tnh cch in vi t trong ch mng in lm vic bnh thng.
Bit: - Mng c in in p 10 kV, f = 50Hz; c chiu di L = 10km;
- in dn cch in gc 0; in dung n v C0 = 0,3F/km;
- in tr ngi Rng = 2k.
* Cho bit dng in ny c nguy him i vi ngi khng?
* Theo bn gim dng in qua ngi khi tip xc 1 pha trong mng ny c cc bin php
no?

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33

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 3
5. Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi chm vo 1 pha ca mng
in 3 pha trung tnh ni t trong ch mng in lm vic bnh
thng v khi c chm t 1 pha khc?
Bit: - Mng c in in p 380 V, f = 50Hz;
- in tr ngi Rng = 1k, in tr ni t trung tnh R0 = 4
6. * Hy xc nh dng in qua ngi khi ngi (R ng = 1k) chm vo 1 pha
ca mng in 3 pha trung tnh ni t 380/220 V ch mng in
lm vic bnh thng trong trng hp ngi chm:

Tip xc trc tip vi t (i chn t)?

i giy c in tr Rg = 10k?
i giy c in tr Rg = 10k nhng li chm vo phn nh khi t ca mt
kt cu kim loi chn trc tip trong t gn ?

Gi thit: in tr ni t trung tnh R0 = 4 v in tr ca kt cu kim

loi R = 20.
* C nhn xt g trong cc trng hp k trn?

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34

Chng 4. BO V NI T
4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG
Trong HT tn ti 3 loi ni t:
- Ni t lm vic R0: Thc hin ni cc im ca mng in (thng
l trung tnh mng in) vi h thng ni t nhm m bo cc ch
lm vic ca mng in.
- Ni t an ton (BV) R: Thc hin ni cc phn t bnh thng
khng mang in p (thng l v my, khung my, chn s,) vi h
thng ni t nhm m bo an ton cho ngi tip xc vi cc phn
t ny khi v l do no (thng l cch in b hng) chng c in.
- Ni t chng st Rxk: Thc hin ni cc thit b chng st vi h
thng ni t nhm m bo an ton cho ngi v cc thit b, cng
trnh khi c st nh.
Trong ni dung mn hc ny ch yu ch cp ni t an ton. Tuy
nhin cc cng thc, tr s in tr ni t, cch thc tnh ton, thit k
v lp t trnh by c th c p dng cho c 3 loi ni t k trn.

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35

4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG

BA

TB

R0

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36

4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG

Mt h thng ni t c th l:
- T nhin: Tn dng cc b phn kim loi c sn trong lng t lm h
thng ni t.
- Nhn to: Ch nh dng cc in cc kim loi (bng ng l tt nht)
chn su trong t lm h thng ni t.
- Hn hp: Kt hp 2 loi ni t ny.
in ca mt h thng ni t gm 2 thnh phn: in tr ca bn
thn in cc kim loi v in tr ca khi t tham gia qu trnh tn dng
in vo trong t c gi l in tr tn. in tr ny ph thuc vo
kch thc, chn su v in tr sut ca vng t.
in tr sut ca t c nh hng ln nht ti tr s ca in tr
tn. Do in tr sut ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: loi t, thi tit,
cht,(trong c bit lu n yu t thi tit) nn khi tnh ton
in tr tn, in tr sut cn c hiu chnh theo h s ma k m.

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37

4.1. KHI QUT CHUNG

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38

4.2. MC CH- NGHA CA BO V NI T

Mc ch:
Nhm gim dng in qua ngi n tr s an ton;
Tng dng in s c pha-v cc thit b bo v qu dng
truyn thng (CC, ATM, BVRL) ct phn t ny ra khi mng
in, an ton cho ngi v thit b.
ngha: Khi cch in gia pha v phn t bnh thng
khng mang in p hng, ni t s duy tr 1 in p gia
cc phn t ny vi t nh s an ton cho ngi chm phi.
(Xt v d chng minh)

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39

4.3. CNG THC TNH IN TR NI T

(xem ph lc 1)

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40

4.4. TNH TON, TK V LP T HT NI T

B1. Thu thp s liu
Loi mng in cung cp
Xc nh v tr v in tr sut ca vng t s thc hin ni t bo v

B2. Xc nh in tr ni t yu cu Ryc (da vo quy phm ph lc 1)

B3. D kim cc loi in cc dng trong h thng ni t sau p dng
cng thc tnh ton in tr ni t (theo ph lc 1).
B4. So snh tr s in tr tn tnh ton c B3 vi Ryc. Nu:
RHT Ryc Chuyn sang B5.
RHT > Ryc Cn tng s lng in cc v tnh li B3 sao t Ryc.

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41

4.4. TNH TON, TK V LP T HT NI T

B5. V mt bng, mt ct ca h thng
ni t v hnh v thi cng
B6. Lp t

B7. Kim tra

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42

4.5. PHM VI P DNG V 1 S IU CN LU

KHI THC HIN BO V NI T
4.5.1. Phm vi ng dng
Phm vi p dng
Mng cao p
(U>1000V)
Mi loi mng in
u phi p dng

Mng h p
(U1000V)
Mng TT ni t

Mng TT cch in

Dng BVNDTT

Khi in p 150V
Khi in p < 150V
+ N.Xng nguy him v AT
+ N.Xng nguy c chy n cao
+ Cc thit b t ngoi tri

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4.5.2. Mt s iu cn lu khi thc hin BVN

i vi nhng vng t c in tr sut ln

Ni t ng th
Vic kim tra nh k HTN: 6 thng/ln

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44

Cu hi v bi tp n tp chng 4
1. Cc loi ni t trong h thng in?
2. Mc ch, ngha, trnh t tnh ton v phm vi
p dng ca bo v ni t?
3. Tnh ton ni t lm vic v ni t an ton
ca mt trm bin p 630kVA/35/0,4kV? Bit:
o = 100m ma kh.

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