Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T)
Geometric Dimensioning
Dimensioning
and
and Tolerancing
Tolerancing (GD&T)
(GD&T)
MANAGEMENT
CUSTOMERS
VENDORS
DESIGN
SALES
PRICING
TOOLING
PLANNING
PURCHASING
PRODUCTION
ROUTING
SERVICE
INSPECTION
ASSEMBLY
Three
Three Categories
Categories of
of
Dimensioning
Dimensioning
Dimensioning can be divided into
three categories:
general dimensioning,
geometric dimensioning, and
surface texture.
The following provides
information necessary to begin to
understand geometric
dimensioning and tolerancing
(GD&T)
Limit
Limit Tolerancing
Tolerancing Applied
Applied
To
ToAn
An Angle
Angle Block
Block
Geometric
Geometric Tolerancing
Tolerancing
Applied
Applied To
ToAn
An Angle
Angle Block
Block
Geometric
Geometric
Dimensioning
Dimensioning &&
Tolerancing
Tolerancing (GD&T)
(GD&T)
GD&T is a means of
dimensioning & tolerancing
a drawing which considers
the function of the part and
how this part functions
with related parts.
This allows a drawing to
contain a more defined
feature more accurately,
without increasing tolerances.
GD&T
GD&T contd
contd
For
For Example
Example
Example
Example contd.
contd.
.06
.06
.06
26
27
28
WHY
WHY IS
IS GD&T
GD&T IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
Saves money
For example, if large number
of parts are being made
GD&T can reduce or eliminate
inspection of some features.
Provides bonus tolerance
Ensures design, dimension, and
tolerance requirements as they
relate to the actual function
Ensures interchangeability of
mating parts at the assembly
Provides uniformity
It is a universal understanding of
the symbols instead of words
WHEN
WHEN TO
TO USE
USE GD&T
GD&T
TERMINOLOGY
TERMINOLOGY REVIEW
REVIEW
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
SIZE DIMENSION
WHAT DOES
THIS MEAN?
2.007
2.003
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
A variation in form is allowed
between the least material
condition (LMC) and the
maximum material condition
(MMC).
SIZE DIMENSION
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
MMC
(2.007)
LMC
(2.003)
ENVELOPE OF SIZE
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMC
CLEARANCE
MMC
ALLOWANCE
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
The actual size of the feature at
any cross section must be
within the size boundary.
MMC
LMC
LIMITS
LIMITS OF
OF SIZE
SIZE
No portion of the feature may
be outside a perfect form
barrier at maximum material
condition (MMC).
Other
Other Factors
Factors
I.e.,
I.e., Parallel
Parallel Line
Line Tolerance
Tolerance Zones
Zones
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING TOLERANCE ZONES
PARALLEL LINES
PARALLEL LINES
PARALLEL LINES
PARALLEL PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES
PARALLEL PLANES
CYLINDER ZONE
TYPE OF
FEATURE
TYPE OF
CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE
FLATNESS
INDIVIDUAL
(No Datum
Reference)
STRAIGHTNESS
FORM
CIRCULARITY
CYLINDRICITY
INDIVIDUAL
or RELATED
FEATURES
LINE PROFILE
PROFILE
SURFACE PROFILE
PERPENDICULARITY
ORIENTATION ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM
RELATED
FEATURES
(Datum
Reference
Required)
CIRCULAR RUNOUT
RUNOUT
TOTAL RUNOUT
CONCENTRICITY
LOCATION
POSITION
SYMMETRY
Characteristics
Characteristics && Symbols
Symbols
contd.
contd.
Feature
Frame
FEATUREControl
CONTROL FRAME
Feature
Control
Frame
GEOMETRIC SYMBOL
TOLERANCE INFORMATION
DATUM REFERENCES
COMPARTMENT VARIABLES
THE
RELATIVE TO
OF THE FEATURE
MUST BE WITHIN
CONNECTING WORDS
Feature
Feature Control
Control Frame
Frame
Feature
Feature Control
Control
Frame
Frame
Reading
Reading Feature
Feature Control
Control Frames
Frames
The
zone.
tolerance
The
tolerance zone at
to Datum .
The
The
The
of the feature must be within a
tolerance zone relative to datums
.
Placement
Placement of
of Feature
Feature
Control
Control Frames
Frames
Applied to surface.
Applied to axis
Placement
Placement of
of Feature
Feature
Control
Control Frames
Frames
Contd.
Contd.
Basic
Basic Dimension
Dimension
1.000
Basic
Basic Dimension
Dimension
contd.
contd.
Form
Form Features
Features
Individual Features
No Datum Reference
Flatness
Straightness
Circularity
Cylindricity
Form
Form Features
FeaturesExamples
Examples
Flatness as stated on
drawing: The flatness of the
feature must be within .06
tolerance zone.
0.500 .005
.003
0.500 .005
Form
Form Features
FeaturesExamples
Examples
Straightness applied to the surface of a
diameter: The straightness of the feature must
be within .003 tolerance zone.
.003
0.500
0.505
.030
Dial
Dial Indicator
Indicator
DIAL INDICATOR
BEZEL
CASE
6
8
8
10
12
10
CLAMP
PROBE
Verification
Verification of
of Flatness
Flatness
Activity
Activity 13
13
Features
Features that
that Require
Require
Datum
Datum Reference
Reference
Orientation
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
Runout
Circular Runout
Total Runout
Location
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry
Datum
Datum
1.000
Datums
Datums contd.
contd.
Features are identified with
respect to a datum.
Always start with the letter A
Do not use letters I, O, or Q
May use double letters AA,
BB, etc.
This information is located in
the feature control frame.
Datums on a drawing of a
part are represented using
the symbol shown below.
Datum
Datum Reference
Reference Symbols
Symbols
ASME
1994
ISO
A
ANSI
1982
Placement
Placement of
of Datums
Datums
OR
ANSI 1982
ASME 1994
Placement
Placement of
of Datums
Datums
.500.005
.500.005
TWELVE
TWELVE DEGREES
DEGREES OF
OF FREEDOM
FREEDOM
UP
BACK
LEFT
6 LINEAR AND
6 ROTATIONAL
DEGREES OF
FREEDOM
RIGHT
FRONT
DOWN
UNRESTRICTED FREE
MOVEMENT IN SPACE
Example
Example Datums
Datums
Datums must be
perpendicular to each other
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary Datum
Primary
Primary Datum
Datum
Accessibility
Does anything, such as, shafts, get in
the way?
Primary
Primary Datum
Datum
contd.
contd.
Repeatability
For example, castings, sheet
metal, etc.
The primary datum chosen must
insure precise measurements.
The surface established must
produce consistent
Measurements when producing
many identical parts to meet
requirements specified.
Primary
Primary Datum
Datum
Restricts 6 degrees of freedom
Secondary
Secondary &
&
Tertiary
Tertiary Datums
Datums
Tertiary Datum
This datum is always perpendicular to
both the primary and secondary datums
ensuring a fixed position from three
related parts.
Secondary
Secondary Datum
Datum
SECOND DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED BY
TWO POINTS (MIN) CONTACT
WITH SIMULATED DATUM B
Tertiary
Tertiary Datum
Datum
90
THIRD DATUM
PLANE ESTABLISHED
BY ONE POINT (MIN)
CONTACT WITH
SIMULATED DATUM C
Coordinate
Coordinate Measuring
Measuring
Machine
Machine
COORDINATE MEASURING MACHINE
BRIDGE DESIGN
PROBE
GRANITE
SURFACE
PLATE
DATUM
REFERENCE
FRAME
Size
Datum
Size
Datum
(CIRCULAR)
(CIRCULAR)
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
A
MEANS THIS
PART
DATUM AXIS
SIMULATED DATUMSMALLEST
CIRCUMSCRIBED
CYLINDER
Size
Datum
Size
Datum
(CIRCULAR)
(CIRCULAR)
THIS ON
THE DRAWING
A
MEANS THIS
PART
DATUM AXIS A
SIMULATED DATUMLARGEST
INSCRIBED
CYLINDER
Orientation
Orientation Tolerances
Tolerances
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
Controls the orientation of
individual features
PERPENDICULARITY:
PERPENDICULARITY:
Practice
Practice Problem
Problem
Plane 1 must be
perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2.
BOTTOM SURFACE
Practice
Practice Problem
Problem
Plane 1 must be
perpendicular within .005
tolerance zone to plane 2
BOTTOM PLANE
Practice
Practice Problem
Problem
2.00.01
.02 Tolerance
.005 Tolerance
Zone
2.00.01
.02 Tolerance
PERPENDICULARITY
PERPENDICULARITY
Contd.
Contd.
ANGULARITY:
ANGULARITY:
The surface is at a
45 angle with a .
005 tolerance zone
relative to datum A.
PARALLELISM:
PARALLELISM:
0.01
Activity
Activity 13
13
Contd.
Contd.
Material
Material Conditions
Conditions
Maximum Material Condition
(MMC)
Least Material Condition
(LMC)
Regardless of Feature
Size(RFS)
Maximum
Maximum Material
Material Condition
Condition
MMC
This is when part will weigh the
most.
MMC for a shaft is the largest
allowable size.
MMC of 0.240.005?
Least
Least Material
Material Condition
Condition
LMC
This is when part will weigh
the least.
Regardless
Regardless of
of Feature
Feature Size
Size
RFS
Requires that the condition of
the material NOT be
considered.
This is used when the size
feature does not affect the
specified tolerance.
Valid only when applied to
features of size, such as
holes, slots, pins, etc., with
an axis or center plane.
Location
Location Tolerances
Tolerances
Position
Concentricity
Symmetry
Position
Position Tolerance
Tolerance
Coordinate
Coordinate System
System Position
Position
Consider the following hole dimensioned with
coordinate dimensions:
2.000
.750
Several Problems:
Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended.
Coordinate
Coordinate System
System Position
Position
2.000
.750
Center can be
anywhere along
the diagonal
line.
Several Problems:
Two points, equidistant from true position may not
be accepted.
Total tolerance diagonally is .014, which may be
more than was intended. (1.4 Xs >, 1.4*.010=.014)
Position
Position Tolerancing
Tolerancing
MMC =
.500 - .003 = .497
Bonus
Bonus Tolerance
Tolerance
Bonus
Bonus Tolerance
Tolerance Example
Example
This means that
the tolerance is .
010 if the hole
size is the MMC
size, or .497. If the
hole is bigger, we
get a bonus
tolerance equal to
the difference
between the MMC
size and the
actual size.
.503
Bonus Tol.
of Tol. Zone
.497 (MMC)
.010
.499
.002
.012
.003
.013
.502
.005
.015
.503 (LMC)
.006
.016
.504
Hole
.497 = BONUS 0
TOL ZONE .010
Shaft
GT = GEOMETRIC
TOLERANCE
PERPENDICULARITY
PERPENDICULARITY
Contd.
Contd.
Actual Hole
Size
1.997
(MMC)
1.998
1.999
2.000
Vc =
2.001
2.002
2.003
Bonus Tol.
of Tol.
Zone
Activity
Activity 13
13
Worksheet GD&T 6
Contd.
Contd.