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On 7 October 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Franois H
ollande made a rare joint address at the European Parliament to recognise the se
riousness of the ongoing socio-political turmoil within Europe and warned that t
he European Union was on the verge of breakdown. Francois Hollande cautioned Eur
opean member-states to show solidarity in jointly solving common problems both w
ithin Europe and in its immediate neighbourhood, failing which end of Europe and
tal war could become inevitable.[115][116][117][118] It had been 26 years since t
he leaders of France and Germany jointly addressed the European Parliament: Fran
cois Mitterrand and Helmut Kohl made a joint appeal for solidarity towards East
Germans just weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall.[119][120]
Controversial actions on migrants, sovereign debt and engine exhaust control by
German Chancellor Angela Merkel, Finance Minister Wolfgang Schuble and Volkswagen
respectively have boomeranged out of control and severely compromised Germany's
arduous 70-year long image makeover.[121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][12
9][130] Europe-wide acceptance of Germany's leadership role of the European Unio
n hangs in the balance after widespread dismay at the rigid political stance ado
pted by the German government and perceptions that the harsh conditions which Ge
rmany sought to impose upon Greece during the Greek sovereign debt crisis were o
verbearingly punitive.[131][132][133][134][135] Portrayal of Germany as a normat
ive model of honesty, efficiency and ethics (incessantly repeated by German offi
cials, mass media and private citizens during the Greek sovereign debt crisis)[1
36] came undone following revelations of fraud at a global level on an industria
l scale by Volkswagen.[137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144] Time Magazine ter
med the actions of Volkswagen as "superbly engineered deception, with 11 million
VW diesel cars fitted with special software that enabled them to cheat on emiss
ions tests.(...) German industry was supposed to be above this sort of thing or at
least too smart to get caught."[145] A reality-check of the geopolitical power
of individual members of the G4 nations at the 2015 UN General Assembly and prac
tical aspects of Asian geopolitical compulsions have influenced India's choice t
o refocus on strategic bilateral engagements with France and UK who are UNSC P5
member States. The inevitability of a security reordering in Eurasia, impending
transformation of the political landscape within the European Union due to the u
nchecked rise of Euroscepticism, fast deteriorating security situation on the Ea
stern and Southern periphery of the European Union, assertive manoeuvring by Rus
sia & China in their traditional areas of influence, eventuality of alliances to
counterbalance and prevent German dominance of Western Europe, and the improbab
ility of Germany acceding to the UNSC have already been factored in by Indian st
rategic planners.[146][147][148][149][150]
Map of overland route from India to Britain. (Source: "A journey from Merut in I
ndia, to London, through Arabia, Persia, Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Austria, Swit
zerland, and France, during the years 1819 and 1820", Thomas Lumsden 1822.)
Geopolitical map of the Eurasian region
to
uences on local populations & economies caused by recent US-led military interve
ntions in Iraq & Afghanistan, conspicuous absence of the US President at the APE
C Indonesia 2013 summit due to the United States federal government shutdown of
2013,[236][237][238] budgetary constraints of the US military,[239] improvements
in anti-access area denial (A2/AD) capabilities by littoral States to counter m
aritime power projection assets,[240] limitations in the US air-sea battle doctr
ine,[241] risks of conflict escalation,[242] historic intra-regional rivalries,[
243][244][245][246] the fact that post-WWII American interventions in major conf
licts in Asia have not been victorious (stalemate in the Korean peninsula, Vietn
am debacle, ineffectual US-led COIN operations in Afghanistan) and the unconvinc
ing US pivot to Asia, dissolved the appetite amongst Asian countries to support
a US-led China containment policy.[247][248][249][250][251][252][253][254] US ec
onomic, political and military dominance is in relative decline compared to emer
ging powers.[255][256][257] Asian countries increasingly view the US primarily a
s a market for manufactured goods and as a highly capable provider of security i
nfrastructure.[258][259][260]
Geopolitical map of the Heartland theory from Halford Mackinder's 1904 The Geogr
aphical Pivot of History
Geopolitical re-balancing by regional powers has allowed several Asian microstat
es and LDCs to extract significant economic advantages and concessions while sta
ying on the sidelines of regional power-play.[261][262][263][264][265][266] Prim
e Minister of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, had a word of caution regarding strate
gic hedging in the regional power-play and pointed to Singapore's proximity to I
ndia and China: "Singapore knows it's place in the world".[267]
Asia's emerging economies have enthusiastically embraced clever, innovative, fru
gal and shrewd market-access strategies to face-up to global competition.[268] T
he 2015-2016 Indian budget foresees co-development of manufacturing hubs in Sout
heast Asian countries.[269] In March 2015, foreign minister Sushma Swaraj announ
ced that India's 2015 target for trade with ASEAN is $100 billion and both sides
are aiming to double it to $200 billion by 2022.[270] India has accelerated ini
tiatives to resolve insurgency in Northeast India[271] to promote economic devel
opment within the Seven Sister States.[272][273]
The improvement and optimization of inter-Asian trade through future mega infras
tructure projects, like the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corri
dor and Thai Kra Isthmus Canal,[274] are increasing seen as viable and vital to
the continuation of economic integration of regional markets.[275][276][277][278
][279][280] In May 2014,[281] India announced prioritization of Asian Highway Ne
twork regional cross-border connectivity programmes like the Kaladan Multi-modal
Transit Transport Project with Myanmar and the Trilateral India-Myanmar-Thailan
d Friendship Highway to Thailand.[282][283][284] Bangladesh and Myanmar, both fa
st emerging as nodal road and rail connectivity transit routes, have received sp
ecial attention in India's foreign and trade development policies.[285]
Heads of State and Government from BRICS nations join hands to express cooperati
on and solidarity ahead of the 2014 G-20 summit in Brisbane, Australia.
Inadequate representation in global security and governance architectures and th
e tendency of the G7 to pre-emptively set the agenda for the G20[286][287][288][
289][290] has led India to complement traditional international forums such as t
he United Nations Security Council, World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF
), World Trade Organization (WTO) and Asian Development Bank (ADB) with special
interest groupings such as BRIC/BRICS, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO),
East Asia Summit (EAS), Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical an
d Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Indian-Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Regional
Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD), Bang
ladesh China India Myanmar Forum for Regional Cooperation (BCIM), Mekong Ganga Cooperati
on (MGC) and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).[291][292]
and the repetitive nature of the process are analogous to the activities conduc
ted at a casino. Methods of simulation and statistical sampling generally did th
e opposite: using simulation to test a previously understood deterministic probl
em. Though examples of an "inverted" approach do exist historically, they were n
ot considered a general method until the popularity of the Monte Carlo method sp
read.
Perhaps the most famous early use was by Enrico Fermi in 1930, when he used a ra
ndom method to calculate the properties of the newly discovered neutron. Monte C
arlo methods were central to the simulations required for the Manhattan Project,
though were severely limited by the computational tools at the time. Therefore,
it was only after electronic computers were first built (from 1945 on) that Mon
te Carlo methods began to be studied in depth. In the 1950s they were used at Lo
s Alamos for early work relating to the development of the hydrogen bomb, and be
came popularized in the fields of physics, physical chemistry, and operations re
search. The RAND Corporation and the U.S. Air Force were two of the major organi
zations responsible for funding and disseminating information on Monte Carlo met
hods during this time, and they began to find a wide application in many differe
nt fields.
India and the European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection depart
ment (ECHO) maintain an ongoing dialogue for the delivery of humanitarian relief
supplies and assistance during natural disasters (floods, cyclones and earthqua
kes) and man-made crisis. ECHO has a long history of assistance as a donor of re
lief supplies & financing, project planning & coordination, and the in-field dep
loyment of speciality skill-sets.
Erasmus Mundus Action 2 project of the European Commission has organized a partn
ership between prominent universities in Europe and India.
Jean Monnet Chair at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi was created to hel
p increase the visibility of the European Union in India.
Computer-aided taxonomic identification system of mangrove species of South-East
India and Sri Lanka at French Institute of Pondicherry received assistance from
the ASI@IT&C programme of the European Commission.
Ecole franaise d'Extrme-Orient in Pondicherry, which specializes in Indology resea
rch, has documented the archeological heritage of South India with co-financing
from the European Union.
The Asia Urbs programme, an initiative of the European Commission, has actively
assisted INTACH in heritage conservation activities all over India including at
Gingee Fort and Pondicherry.[3]
The inaugural EURAXESS Science slam in India was organized in partnership with t
he Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune on 29 Septem
ber 2013. The second edition was in partnership with Tata Institute of Fundalent
al Research (TIFR), Mumbai on 1 November 2014.
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is contributing towards augmenting ESA
Galileo satellite navigation system and GPS service in northern Europe by shari
ng data from the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. ISRO Polar Satelli
te Launch Vehicle has launched Miniaturized satellites of several European unive
rsities and opened payload capacity on Indian CubeSats to European scientific ex
periments. India has relied on Arianespace for the launch of I-3K-class satellit
es to geosynchronous transfer orbits.
Statue of Nataraja at CERN near building A40. Gifted by Department of Atomic Ene
rgy (DAE), India