Professional Documents
Culture Documents
التفاؤل والتشاؤم عند فلاسفة عصر التنوير
التفاؤل والتشاؤم عند فلاسفة عصر التنوير
..
) (
. .
.
:
.
.
Optimism Pessimism ) (
.
.
.
.
.
) Descartes
( ) Spinoza ( ) Leibniz
(
).(
) Pascal ( ) Locke (
) Pierr Bayle . (
) .(
) (
.
.
)(
.
.
Gottfried Wilhelm
) Leibniz (
.
" "Theodicy :
.
.
)(
) .(
) .( "
").(
)(
.
.
.
)(
)(
.
: :
. :
.
.
) .(
)(
. :
.
" : ][
][
").(
).(
. :
.
) .(
)(
:
.
)(
"
").(
Diderot
) ( ) .(
) Alexander Pope ( "
" . :
.
)(
)Voltaire (
.
" :
") .(
)(
).(
)(
" "
.
)(
:
"
.
" ".
. .
.
.
".
)(
)(
:
.
)(
.
) (
).(
.
" "
.
""
.
.
.
).(
)(
Meliorism
) .(
.
:
.
) ( "
"
)(
.
) (
.
(1776- 1711) David Hume
.
" " .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
).(
.
.
.
).(
"
.
" "
.
").(
).(
.
.
.
).(
:
.
. .
).(
.
" :
.
.
)(
"
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
) (1 :
. :
.
. .
. ()
(2) Loemker , L.E., Pessimim and Optimsism , Article in
" The Encyclopedia of Philosophy", Macmillan,
New York, 1967, P.117.
(3) Fonnesu, L., The Problem of Theodicy Article in " The
Cambridge History of Eigteenth Century Philosophy
" , Cambridge , 2007, Vol. 2, P. 752.
(4) Cammins, P.L., Bayle, Article, in " The Cambridge
Dictionary of Philosophy", Cambridge Dictionary of
Philosophy', Cambridge, 2006, P.75.
. : ( 5)
.
(6) Hakim, Albert B., Historical Introduction to Philosophy,
Prentice Hall, New York, 1997, P.399.
. : :( 7)
.
: ( 8)
. .
. : ( 9)
.
(10) Adams, Robert M., Theodicy, Article in: "The Cambridge
Dictionary of Philosophy", Cambridge ", 2006, P. 910.
MIDAS ( 11)
.
) (12 :. .
. .
(13)See Hakim, Op. Cit. p.400.
) (14 : :
.
) (15 . " "
.
) (16 : .
.
(17) Hakim, Op.Cit., p. 401.
) (18
.
) (19 .
) (20. :
.
) (21 .
(22) Mossner, E.C, Alexander Pope, Article in " The
Encyclopedia of Philosophy" Macmillan, New
York, 1967, P. 397.
) (23 : :
) (
.
) (24 .
(25) Torrey, N.L., Voltaire, Article in " The Encyclopedia of
Philosophy", Vol.8, P. 265.
) (26 () .
) (27 .
) (28 () .
(29) Torrey, Op.Cit, p.265.
) (30 .
) (31 () .
(32) Torrey,Op.Cit, P.265.
(33) Moore, B.N., and Bruder, k., Philosophy: The
Power of Ideas, McGraw - Hill , New York,
2005, p.409.
) (34 . -
(35) Torrey. Op.Cit., P. 265.
(36) Gutting, G., Voltaire, Article in " The Cambridge
Dictionary of Philosophy", p.694.
)(37 : .
.
)(38 .
)(39
)(40 .
) (41 .
) (42 .
) (43 .