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BG Bao Hieu Va Dieu Khien Ket Noi
BG Bao Hieu Va Dieu Khien Ket Noi
BI GING
IT
BO HIU V IU KHIN KT NI
PT
3. Dng Thanh T
4. Phm Anh Th
H Ni - 4/2013
LI NI U
H tng truyn thng trong nhng nm gn y v ang trong giai on bin
chuyn mnh m v a dng trn c kha cnh k thut v cng ngh. Vi xu hng
hi t cc cng ngh mng, hng lot cc gii php iu khin kt ni mi c a
ra nhm thch ng vi cc iu kin mng v nng cao cht lng dch v cho
ngi s dng.
Mt trong cc vn quan trng nht lin quan ti cc kt ni trong mng c
t ra l vn bo hiu v iu khin kt ni. Vn ny khng ch lin quan trc
tip ti hiu nng h thng m cn l c s pht trin cho cc ng dng trn cc h
tng cng ngh. V vy, ni dung ca cun ti liu ging dy ny nhm cung cp
IT
cc kin thc then cht lin quan ti cc hot ng bo hiu v iu khin trong m
hnh mng truyn thng mi. Bn cnh cc mc tiu hc thut, ti liu s khi qut
cc gii php v ang c s dng trong h thng mng vin thng hin nay.
Hn na, ti liu s gip ngi c c c gc nhn h thng v kin trc iu
PT
ii
MC LC
LI NI U .................................................................................................. i
MC LC ........................................................................................................ ii
THUT NG VIT TT .............................................................................. v
DANH MC CC HNH V...................................................................... viii
DANH MC CC BNG .............................................................................. x
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V BO HIU V IU KHIN KT
NI ................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG ...................................................................................... 1
1.2 NGUYN TC IU KHIN H THNG ................................................... 2
1.2.1 Cc vn chung ca iu khin ...............................................................2
IT
PT
iii
2.2.1 M hnh kin trc chc nng ...................................................................41
2.2.2 Thnh phn mng bo hiu s 7...............................................................43
2.2.3 X l nh tuyn v th tc thit lp cuc gi .........................................44
2.3 B GIAO THC BO HIU H.323 ............................................................. 51
2.3.1 Thnh phn mng bo hiu H.323 ...........................................................51
2.3.2 Cc giao thc bo hiu cuc gi trong H.323 ..........................................54
2.3.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca th tc bo hiu cuc gi ..............................56
2.4 GIAO THC KHI TO PHIN SIP ........................................................... 57
2.4.1 Thnh phn mng bo hiu SIP ...............................................................59
2.4.2 Kin trc chc nng .................................................................................60
2.4.3 Bn tin SIP v giao thc SDP ..................................................................61
IT
PT
iv
3.4 KT LUN CHNG ................................................................................ 111
IT
PT
THUT NG VIT TT
Nhn thc trao quyn v thanh ton
ACK
Acknowledgement
Bo nhn
AMPS
API
Application Programable
Interface
AS/FS
My ch ng dng/c tnh
ATM
BSS
CAC
CBQ
COPS
CoS
Class Of Service
Phn lp dch v
PT
IT
AAA
Authentication Authorization
Accounting
ETSI
European
Telecommunications
Standards Institute
FIFO
Vo trc ra trc
FSM
My hu hn trng thi
GII
Global Information
Infrastructure
GSM
IAD
DECT
vi
Bn tin a ch khi to
IETF
IMS
IP Multimedia Subsystem
IN
Inteligent Network
IP
Internet Protocol
ISDN
ISUP
ITU
International
Telecommunication Union
LLC
LTI
LTR
Lut nh x logic
MAC
MAN
Mng th
MG
Media Gateway
PT
IT
IAM
M rng th in t internet a mc
ch
NGN
Mng th h k tip
NUM
OSI
M hnh kt ni h thng m
PLMN
Mng di ng mt t
PLMR
PMD
QoS
Quality of Service
RAB
RACS
MGC
MIME
MPLS
MTUP
vii
ng k, qun l v bo hiu
RASF
RED
RSVP
Resource ReserVation
Protocol
SCF
SIO
SIP
SLA
SP
Signalling Point
im bo hiu
SPC
SPDF
TCP
TDM
UTRAN
VoIP
WAN
WFQ
PT
TUP
IT
RAS
viii
DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: M hnh chung ca mt h thng iu khin ..............................................2
Hnh 1.2: Cu trc logic ca tha thun cung cp cht lng dch v .....................13
Hnh 1.3: Cc k thut cung cp QoS cho mng vin thng ....................................13
Hnh 1.4: Cc m hnh cung cp dch v ..................................................................15
Hnh 1.5: Kin trc ca phn h RACS ....................................................................17
Hnh 1.6: Kin trc ca phn h RACF ....................................................................18
Hnh 1.7: Phn loi cc k thut bo hiu.................................................................23
Hnh 1.8: M hnh tham chiu kt ni h thng m OSI ..........................................26
Hnh 2.1: Cc chc nng GII v mi quan h ...........................................................33
Hnh 2.2: Kin trc mng NGN theo ETSI ...............................................................35
IT
PT
Hnh 2.6: Kin trc SS7 v m hnh tham chiu OSI ...............................................42
Hnh 2.7: M im theo tiu chun ANSI v ITU ....................................................44
Hnh 2.8: Cu hnh nt v lin kt mng SS7 ...........................................................45
Hnh 2.9: Trng thng tin lp 3 ca bn tin bo hiu .............................................46
Hnh 2.10: Lu bo hiu cho cuc gi ISDN ......................................................51
Hnh 2.11: Cc thnh phn mng H.323 ..................................................................52
Hnh 2.13: Chc nng ca mt Gatekeeper ..............................................................54
Hnh 2.14: M hnh kt ni bo hiu trong H.323 ....................................................55
Hnh 2.15: Tin trnh x l bo hiu mt cuc gi n gin trong H.323 ...............56
Hnh 2.16: Cu trc ca h thng SIP .......................................................................59
Hnh 2.17: Kin trc iu khin ca MEGACO .......................................................68
Hnh 2.18: Giao thc MEGACO trong m hnh OSI ...............................................69
Hnh 2.19: M t cuc gi MEGACO ......................................................................71
Hnh 2.20: Lu cc bn tin x l cuc gi qua giao thc MEGACO/H248 .......73
Hnh 2.21: Kin trc giao thc BICC .......................................................................76
ix
Hnh 2.22: Cu trc cc nt mng BICC ..................................................................77
Hnh 2.23: Cu trc chc nng nt dch v ..............................................................78
Hnh 2.24: Cu trc chc nng nt dn xp dch v .................................................78
Hnh 2.25: M hnh giao thc ca BICCC ...............................................................79
Hnh 3.1: L trnh pht trin cc th h mng di ng .............................................84
Hnh 3.2: Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng GSM ...............................................85
Hnh 3.3: Phn lp chc nng ca SS7 trong mng GSM ........................................86
Hnh 3.4: V tr cc giao din trong h thng GSM ..................................................88
Hnh 3.5: Cc th tc chuyn vng qua MAP/E .......................................................89
Hnh 3.6: Cc iu hnh ca MAP trong trng hp cuc gi t mng PSTN .......90
Hnh 3.7: iu hnh MAP lin quan ti dch v bn tin ngn SMS ........................91
IT
PT
x
Hnh 4.1: V tr v mi quan h ca IMS ................................................................113
Hnh 4.2: Truy nhp vi IMS ..................................................................................114
Hnh 4.3: Kin trc phn lp ca phn h IMS ......................................................115
Hnh 4.4: Lung bn tin bo hiu ng k ..............................................................125
Hnh 4.5: Lung bn tin bo hiu thit lp phin....................................................126
Hnh 4.6: Lung bn tin ngi dng A ly thng tin hin din ngi dng B .......127
Hnh 4.7: Kin trc SigComp..................................................................................132
Hnh 5.1: Cu trc hi t FMC trn nn IMS .........................................................137
Hnh 5.2: M hnh tham chiu cu trc FMC da trn IMS ...................................138
Hnh 5.3: im hi t v chc nng FMC ..............................................................140
Hnh 5.4: Kin trc giao thc SIGTRAN ..............................................................143
IT
PT
DANH MC CC BNG
IT
PT
2
Chc nng bo hiu c thc hin trn nhiu lp ca kin trc mng. Thng
thng cc giao thc bo hiu thuc lp phin ca m hnh OSI (Open System
Interconnection) phc v cho cc nhim v iu khin v kt ni truyn thng.
Ngoi ra, bo hiu cn c s dng yu cu nhn thc ngi dng hay thu thp
thng tin ti nguyn kh dng phc v cho cc kt ni hoc iu khin lp ng
dng.
IT
PT
3
Mt h thng iu khin c hi tip c minh ha trn hnh 1.1. Gi thit
chung cho cc thnh phn ca h thng l lin tc, tuyn tnh v bt bin thi gian.
a mt tn hiu u vo u, h thng p ng u ra y c b sung tn hiu nhiu
lon khng iu khin c w. Mc tiu iu khin l duy tr u ra ti mt s gi
tr tham chiu r ngay c khi c nhiu bng mt b iu khin. B iu khin so snh
gi tr tn hiu tham kho vi tn hiu u ra o c b (c th xut hin li o
lng). B iu khin chn mt tn hiu iu khin u nhm m bo u ra tng
lai ph hp vi u vo tham chiu bt k li o hoc cc dao ng.
Nh vy, ton b h thng v thnh phn b iu khin u c trng bi mt
u vo v mt u ra vi u ra ph thuc vo u vo. H thng iu khin c
chia thnh hai loi: h thng khng iu khin m v h thng iu khin ng. H
IT
PT
4
Sau qu trnh xc nh c tnh ca cc thnh phn trong h thng l t chc xy
dng cc lut rng buc. Lut rng buc ch ra cc phng php gii cho mc tiu
iu khin v ti u h thng.
H thng iu khin t c mc tiu khi trng thi iu hnh t cn bng l
tng (Zero). Trong trng hp xc nh c li iu hnh, cp iu khin ph
thuc rt ln vo tnh tng thch ca lut iu khin c p dng. Cc biu thc
ton hc th hin iu hnh ca h thng l vn cui cng ca bi ton m hnh
ha h thng.
b, Biu din ton hc
C ba cch thng dng biu din mt h thng bng ton hc gm: Bin trng
IT
PT
5
H thng vin thng hin nay s dng hai phng php chuyn mch: chuyn
mch knh cho cc ng dng in thoi truyn thng v chuyn mch gi cho cc
ng dng phi thoi. Xu th hin nay cho thy k thut chuyn mch gi hin ang
tip tc chim u th do hiu qu s dng ti nguyn so vi cc h thng s dng
k thut chuyn mch knh. Cc h thng vin thng ny hot ng trn c s ca
giao thc Internet (IP). Mt h thng vin thng c th biu din nh mt h thng
phc hp, phn tn qua cc min ln cung cp h tng cho chuyn pht v phn
phi thng tin t ngun ti ch. Cc c ch iu hnh t ng c thc hin bi
cc chng trnh v thut ton ghi sn. Hot ng iu hnh ph thuc ch yu vo
mt s thit b nhm hiu chnh m hnh iu hnh v cu trc lin kt ni cng nh
cc gii php quyt nh ca ngi iu hnh tc ng vo phng thc hot ng
IT
PT
6
S d tn ti s lng ln cc m hnh nh vy l do s phc tp v s ca
biu din tng qut cng nh l thiu kh nng hnh thc ha nhiu tin trnh x l
trong cc h thng phc. N to ra cc kh khn trn c kha cnh phn tch v tng
hp cc m hnh ton hc cng nh tm kim gii php la chn tiu chun iu
khin thch hp. V vy, cc phng php iu khin tnh hung c ng dng cho
h thng phc v quyt nh cui cng thuc v ngi iu hnh PMD. PMD chu
trch nhim quyt nh ton b hoc hoc mt phn iu khin h thng. thc
hin iu ngi iu hnh s dng kinh nghim, trc gic trn c s cc th tc
t ng iu hnh v x l trc tip hoc thng qua h thng tr gip iu hnh.
Ct li ca cc phng php iu khin tnh hung l m hnh k hiu. M hnh
k hiu l m hnh biu din cc phn t ca mt ngn ng s dng PMD. Thng
IT
PT
7
4. Phn loi cc tnh hung v t hp vo trong cc lp di cc quyt nh iu
khin n bc thng mang tnh tru tng v ch quan. iu ny cho thy
thng tin v tnh hung v quyt nh iu khin c a ra bi h chuyn gia.
Tuy nhin, s hiu bit ca chuyn gia trong giai on u c th khng p ng
c cc tnh hung hin thi i vi mt h thng ln.
5. Hng dn v lut iu khin ng vai tr quan trng trong cc quyt nh iu
khin. Cc lut ny c tn l lut nh x logic LTR (Logic Transfromational
Rule) c khi to bi cc chuyn gia v nh ngha li trong cc x l iu
hnh h thng.
6. Cc h thng iu khin tnh hung khng nhm mc tiu iu khin ti u m
ch hng ti hiu qu khng xu hn i vi c ch iu hnh nhn cng. iu
IT
PT
IT
PT
(1.1)
(1.2)
9
yT (t ) y1 , y2 ,..., yn
(1.3)
V vy, biu thc gim st tr thnh ri rc v th hin qua biu thc sau
yk Hxk vk
(1.4)
IT
phn tn, gi tr trung bnh, khong thi gian tng quan l khng bit trong nhiu
trng hp thc t. Trong trng hp vn nhn dng ph thuc vo mt hoc
mt vi tham s th cc tham s ny cn phi o lng. C hai phng php nh
PT
gi: nh gi mu v nh gi quy.
xcp
1 n
xk
n k 1
(1.5)
Vi n l kch thc mu. Cng phng php tip cn, ta c th tnh ton phn
tn ca mu bng biu thc.
2
1 n
( xk x)2
n 1 k 1
(1.6)
Trong biu thc trn, phn 2 xc nh lch bnh phng trung bnh.
10
V vy, cc nh gi mu thu c sau mt s chu k thi gian nhn c
thng k chnh xc v thc hin tnh ton. Trong mt s trng hp, tr qu ln
trong qu trnh thu thp mu dn ti khng s dng c cho iu khin.
nh gi quy gi thit vn x l thng k mu trong thi gian thc theo
tng bc. Mi bc quy gn lin vi vic thu nhn gi tr mu hin thi yk. Gi
tr ny so snh vi gi tr trc ( yk y k 1 ) v b sung gi tr thu c vi trng
s 1/ . Gi tr thu c th hin qua biu thc sau:
1
xk xk 1 ( yk xk 1 )
(1.7)
Theo l thuyt phn hoch, c hai cng thc (1.5) v (1.6) u c th s dng
IT
PT
yk Hxk vk , k 1, 2,...., n
(1.8)
Nu H=1, ta c
yk xk vk
(1.9)
Biu thc trn c th biu din mt tnh hung gim st in thoi in hnh vi
tin trnh ngu nhin x(k) biu din cuc gi vi nhiu trng Gassian v(k). Gim st
ngu nhin cho c hai tin trnh, s ngu nhin ca i tng gim st c th c vi
kha cnh khc nhau v chui thng k c th to theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
ly thng k mu cn c mt s bc: xc lp lp ca i tng gim st (gi tr
ngu nhin hay tin trnh ngu nhin); v to mu theo la chn theo cng thc
(1.8). Nu gi thit x(t) l mt chui ngu nhin, ta c cc gi tr hng s
( x(t) const ) trong thi gian gim st T t1, t2 ,..., tn . Nhng gi tr ca x(t) v x(k) l
11
khng bit (vn m bo tnh ngu nhin). Cc gi tr nhn c ca yk l yk yk .
i vi bt k t chc tin trnh mu no th gi tr yk l c lp do khng tng
quan vi nhiu. Chui mu thu c yk xk vk , k 1, 2,..., n c x l bi cng
thc (1.5) ly cc gi tr trung bnh.
tm thng k mu cho tin trnh x(t), ta cn chn hai tham s chnh: chu k
gim st T0 v tc mu f d 1/ d vi gi tr d l khong thi gian gia hai ln
ly mu. Vic la chn tham s ny ph thuc vo vic s dng cc thng k
y1 , y2 ,..., yn .
rij
IT
( x x )( x x )
(x x ) (x x
n
cp
cp
cp
j 1
(1.10)
2
cp )
PT
i 1
(1.11)
12
H thng bn vng hon ton khi n nh vi bt k u vo no. n nh h
thng c th c nhn nhn t mt s kha cnh khc nhau: n nh lyapunov,
n nh xc sut, n nh trung bnh v n nh thc t.
c tnh bt bin ca h thng l kh nng duy tr mt s trng thi u ra khi c
mt s hot ng khc bit ti u vo. V d gim st mt h thng
y(t ) H (t ) x(t ) S (t )
(1.12)
IT
PT
iu khin h thng vin thng phi tnh ti hng lot cc c tnh nh: trng thi
phn tn ca mng trn c kha cnh khng gian v thi gian; tr khc nhau gia
cc vng iu khin kt ni trng thi v cc phn t mng; nguyn tc iu khin
manager/agent c thc hin di tng tc ca cc i tng iu khin tch
bit; tng tc gia cc phn t mng c thc hin qua mt tp giao thc phn
cp x l tun t d liu iu khin.
13
cht lng kt ni. Tha thun SLA c th c thc hin trc cc phin truyn
thng thc t hoc theo mt s chu k thi gian v c dng iu khin cc
dch v mng. V vy, cc thut ton iu khin chnh thng gm iu khin tnh
hung, cn ti u thay v iu khin tt nh thng qua cc tip cn xc sut. Qua
cc phn tch trn, mt kin trc logic a ra gm ba mt bng: iu khin, d liu
v qun l c ch ra trn hnh 1.2. Cc tip cn chung bao gm cc phng php
PT
IT
Hnh 1.2: Cu trc logic ca tha thun cung cp cht lng dch v
14
thng, ch mt hoc hai iu kin rng buc c a ra lm c s tnh ton
tuyn. (iii) K thut d tr ti nguyn thng c s dng trong cc mng IP da
trn giao thc d tr ti nguyn nhm dnh trc ti nguyn cho lung lu lng.
K thut cho mt bng d liu. l mt nhm k thut lin quan trc tip ti
cc lung lu lng ngi s dng. Mt s k thut in hnh nh qun l b m,
trnh tc nghn, lp lch v xp hng, phn loi v chia ct lu lng. K thut qun
l b m lm gim cc gi tin iu khin i ti hng i truyn dn. Mc tiu
quan trng nht l ti thiu ha dnh trung bnh hng i ti tc cao nhm
tng hiu dng knh. Bn cnh , k thut qun l b m nhm phn b cng
bng khng gian m gia cc lung lu lng khc nhau. Gii php hin nay s
dng c ch qun l b m tch cc gii quyt cc kh nng tc nghn v d nh
IT
thut ton loi b gi sm RED (Random Early Detection). Khi RED c p dng,
chui gi tin b ct b da trn di trung bnh nhm trnh cc kh nng t chi
phc v. K thut trnh tc nghn h tr mc ti mng thp hn mt cht thng
PT
15
thng th (token bucket). Thut ton thng d thc hin iu chnh tc cho cc
lung lu lng u vo, khi b m (thng) y th cc gi vt qu s b loi b.
Tri ngc vi thut ton trn, thut ton thng th khng iu chnh tc ra v
cng khng loi b gi. Tc u vo v u ra s cn bng khi c cc th bi
trong cc b m tng ng. Cc th c to ra vi cc tc xc nh v nm
di y thng. Cc gi tin c chuyn i ph thuc vo tham s tc to th v
kch thc thng.
Cc k thut lin quan ti mt bng qun l. Mt bng qun l QoS gm cc k
thut chu trch nhim duy tr, qun l v iu khin mng tng thch vi lu
lng ngi s dng. Mt trong cc k thut l o kim kim tra cc tham s
lung d liu thc t so snh vi gi tr yu cu trong SLA. Sau khi phn tch cc
IT
PT
cho nhim v d phng v qun l ti nguyn. cung cp cht lng dch v theo
yu cu trong tng giai on chuyn pht gi tin, RSVP c tch hp vi cc c
ch nh tuyn iu khin lu lng. Cc c ch ny gm: iu khin truy nhp,
phn loi lu lng, d liu v lp k hoch hng i Hin c 3 m hnh cung
cp dch v trong cc h thng vin thng gm: m hnh n lc ti a, tch hp dch
v v phn bit dch v (hnh 1.4).
16
khng c cc b cng c c bit cung cp QoS cho cc lung ln (Macro) v
gii hn trong min ng dng tch hp dch v. M hnh ny gn kt cht ch vi
kh nng p ng ti lu lng ca b nh tuyn cng nh yu cu thay i phn
mm ca b nh tuyn nhn din cc ng dng mng.
Cc m hnh phn bit dch v (DifServ) hng ti mc tiu phn bit dch v
cung cp cho cc lp lu lng ghp. Mc tiu ca m hnh l a ra cc nguyn
tc cung cp QoS cho cc lung lu lng ln trn c s mi quan h ca cc lp
dch v.
M hnh n lc ti a hng ti mc tiu phn b cng bng cc ti nguyn. M
hnh ny khng h tr cc c ch iu khin ngun ti nguyn mng cng nh thut
ton phn b. Bn cnh , m hnh cho php xy ra tc nghn nu lu lng ln
IT
v khng m bo chuyn pht gi tin thnh cng. Tuy nhin, m hnh rt hiu qu
khi trong mng khng c yu cu chuyn pht lu lng thi gian thc.
PT
Admission Control Sub-System) thc hin cc chc nng iu khin cho mng truy
nhp v cc nt bin thuc mc thc thi li. Mc thc thi li l mt phn ca mng
vi phng thc nh tuyn s dng giao thc IP. Mng truy nhp l thnh phn
mng s dng tp trung v phn b lu lng ti ngi dng u cui. iu
khin ti nguyn trong mng truy nhp tng ng vi iu khin lp lin kt d
liu thuc lp 2 ca m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI. Trong khi nim ca RACS,
iu khin ti nguyn khng xem xt ti mc li mng. iu khin trc tip ti
nguyn c thc hin bi mt vi phn t mng xc nh lu lng ti mc lin
kt (mc 2) cng nh l cc phn t mng t ti bin mng truyn ti. Thnh phn
A-RACF thc hin cc chc nng iu khin lin quan trc tip ti ngun ti
nguyn ca mng truy nhp. Thnh phn chc nng quyt nh chnh sch dch v
SPDF (Service-Based Policy Decision Function) thc thi iu khin da trn cc
17
chnh sch i vi dch v trn bin ca mc li mng. Kin trc RACF c ch ra
trn hnh 1.5 khng nhn bt k mt thng tin v cu hnh no t mc li mng.
IT
Qun l QoS c thc hin trn m hnh y theo nguyn l Ponselle. Trong
trng hp ny, thnh phn iu khin gm c A-RACF v SPDF gi cc lnh ti
thit b truyn ti. y khng c s mu thun trong cc nh ngha ca ITU v
PT
Bn cnh , kin trc RACF cung cp nhiu kch bn qun l ngun ti nguyn
mng hn kin trc RACS.
ITU xc nh kin trc qun l QoS trong h thng tiu chun. tng chnh
ca kin trc qun l QoS c xy dng trn nguyn tc c lp gia lp truyn
ti v lp dch v. V d, khi thoi c truyn qua giao thc IP trong mng
internet, lu lng thoi c truyn sau khi cc th tc bo hiu c hon tt
gia cc phn t ca mng bo hiu. Mt phn lu lng bo hiu c chuyn qua
mng cng vi mc u tin tng t nh d liu do ti mc mng khng c c cu
yu cu v m bo QoS. gii quyt vn ny, ITU xut phn bit mc
18
truyn ti v mc ng dng c lp nhau. Cng vi khi nim c lp gia cc
mc, ngun ti nguyn mng yu cu c cung cp bi mc mng sau khi nhn
c lnh t mc ng dng. Theo , mc ng dng chu trch nhim trao i cc
bn tin bo hiu gia cc ng dng. Mc truyn ti chu trch nhim v tin cy
cho c lung lu lng iu khin v cc gi tin d liu. Chc nng iu khin ca
mc truyn ti phc v cc kt ni gia cc mc ng dng v truyn ti. Chc nng
ny cho php c c cung cp da trn phn tch trng thi ti nguyn v chnh
sch truy nhp c thit lp bi nh khai thc ti ngi s dng. Ngoi ra, chc
nng ny iu khin cc thit b mng cung cp cc dch v yu cu. Chc nng
ca RACF xc nh ti nguyn kh dng v thc hin iu khin c th hin trn
PT
IT
hnh 1.6.
Chc nng iu khin dch v SCF (Service Control Function) chu trch nhim
truyn dn d liu bo hiu trong thi gian thit lp phin truyn thng. Chc nng
ny yu cu mc QoS trong phn t c bit ca RACF. Phn t ny xc nh ti
nguyn kh dng ca mng p ng yu cu QoS v iu khin thit b thc hin
nhim v. Chc nng ca d liu cho mng gn thm h tr h s gn mc QoS
cho ngi dng. Trong th tc nhn dng cuc gi, chc nng ny kim tra yu cu
truy nhp ti nguyn ca ngi dng. Kin trc chc nng ny c thit k c lp
vi pha ngi s dng do RACF c th ng dng cho c mng truy nhp v mng
li. RACF gm hai khi chc nng, khi th nht chu trch nhim thc thi cc
chnh sch v lut yu cu PD-FE v khi chc nng th hai iu khin ti nguyn
19
lp truyn ti TRC-FE. Khi PD-FE xc nh kh nng cung cp dch v thng qua
mt s th tc kim tra d liu sau: h s ngi dng trong mng truy nhp, mc
tha thun dch v, chnh sch, mc u tin v yu cu ti nguyn mng. Sau khi
nhn c yu cu, PD-FE gi thng tin truyn ti lu lng ti thit b mng
yu cu cung cp ti nguyn. Thng tin ny gm mt s ni dung nh: cc lnh
iu khin gateway; nh du cc gi tin ca lung lu lng; d liu a ch lp
mng v a ch cng cho chc nng chuyn i a ch; iu khin cc tc
truyn dn; phng thc lc lu lng; th t ca d liu truyn.
PD-FE a ra cc quyt nh iu khin thit b ca mng truy nhp da trn mt
phn t chc nng gi l PE-FE. PE-FE c t ti bin mng cung cp cc
lut nht nh cho cc lung lu lng. Trong mng truyn thng thi gian thc,
IT
PT
20
ny c th tnh hoc ng, thay i di cc iu kin lu lng hoc phng thc
iu khin. Thng thng, cu trc vt l c gi nh l khng bin i theo thi
gian. Nhng cc ngun ti nguyn vt l khc nhau (min tn s, thi gian) yu cu
ng dng phn b ng cc ngun ti nguyn. N lin quan trc tip ti ti nguyn
nh truy nhp khng gian thi gian, m ha khng gian thi gian, ti s dng
tn s, antena thch ng Cu trc mng cho mc knh c th tnh hoc ng ty
thuc vo yu cu lu lng ca thit b kt cui. Cu trc mng trn mc mng
thng ng k c phng php nh tuyn tnh hoc ng u cho thy s bin
ng ca lu lng. V vy, mng vin thng hin i cn c ng x nh mt
mng c cu trc ng. Cc th tc iu khin khc nhau c s dng cho cc cu
trc ng nh vy. Cc th tc ny to thnh chui nhim v khc nhau t u
IT
PT
21
Thut ton tm kim c gii theo tng bc, trong mi bc k tip c xy
dng trn c s kt qu ca bc pha trc v c coi nh mt nhim v ca bi
ton quy hoch ng.
Ti u cc th tc ng trong iu khin cu trc h thng vin thng. Vi cc
iu kin rng buc cho cc mc QoS, trnh ri vo lp bi ton NP-comlete khi
phn b li lu lng, ta s dng thut ton quy gim thiu tc nghn trong
mng. tng chnh ca thut ton nh sau: s dng chin lc iu khin tp
trung cho ton b hoc mt phn mng.
IT
hnh cho tng mng c th. Cc trng thi x(t) c th thay i theo thi gian ty
thuc vo mt s yu t. Cc trng thi mong mun c th c thit lp bi cc
th tc iu khin cho c cc yu t nh hng hay cc trng thi. Hm iu khin
cho mt i tng c th xc nh mt c cu iu khin cho i tng gm: gim
PT
(ii)
22
(iii)
IT
dng knh. Ni cch khc, bo hiu c s dng thit lp, gim st v gii
phng cc kt ni ng. Bao gm cc kt ni vt l, o v kt ni logic. Cc kt ni
tnh c cu hnh hoc x l nhn cng v c th khng s dng bo hiu. Ngoi
ra, bo hiu cung cp cc phng tin d tr ti nguyn. Bo hiu cung cp
PT
phng tin trao i cc thng tin lin quan ti kt ni trong, trc hoc sau khi
cc hot ng truyn ti thng tin din ra.
23
hiu trong bng d b nh hng bi m ha thoi c th dn ti gin on khng
mong mun. Bo hiu ngoi bng cn b sung cc thit b in t h tr x l
bo hiu.
Bo hiu trong knh v bo hiu knh chung: C bo hiu trong bng v bo
hiu ngoi bng trong mng vin thng u c th cng loi l bo hiu trong knh.
Trong bo hiu trong knh, knh vt l mang c thng tin bo hiu cng nh l
thoi/d liu. Bo hiu knh chung s dng knh tch bit mang thng tin bo
hiu cho mt s kt ni. Bo hiu trong knh v bo hiu knh chung trong mng
vin thng tng t nh bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng trong cc
PT
IT
24
nh (VCI=5) ca lung o . Trong bo hiu knh khng gn kt, cc bn tin bo
hiu cho tt c cc lung c trao i trn mt lung o v kt ni o c nh
(VPI=0, VCI=5).
T cc k thut gii thch trn y da trn nn mt k thut khc c tn gi
metasignalling thng c ni n trong nhiu tiu chun bo hiu khc nhau.
Metasignalling ch ra qu trnh x l thit lp cc knh bo hiu bng cc th tc
bo hiu. Knh bo hiu cng c thit lp thit lp cc knh cho truyn ti d
liu.
IT
PT
25
bt tay. Th tc bt tay ba bc cung cp nhiu phm vi tha thun hn so vi
bt tay hai bc.
o M hnh my hu hn trng thi FSM (Finite State Machine) c s dng
m hnh ha cc th tc bo hiu thng qua cc trng thi hu hn. Mt m hnh
in hnh gm 3 trng thi c bn: thit lp, truyn d liu v gii phng cng
vi cc bn tin bo hiu chuyn dch gia chng.
o Trong cc mng truyn thng d liu, bo hiu thng c m ha trong
khun dng TLV (Type-Length-Value). Cc khi thng tin trong bn tin c th
c m ha theo kiu TLV th hin loi bn tin, di bn tin v cc ni
dung thc ca bn tin.
Phng thc truyn bn tin bo hiu c th chia thnh hai loi: im ti im v
IT
PT
26
l ca tn hiu in hoc quang gm: in p, dng in, kiu phng tin, c tnh
vt l ca u ni, ng b... Bo hiu v iu khin kt ni s dng lp vt l
tng t nh cc lung d liu thc hin cc tc v. Mt s nhim v bo hiu
ti thit b u cui c th s dng chnh cc tham s vt l ca ng truyn dn
lm phng tin bo hiu v iu khin. V d nh bo hiu mch vng ng dy
PT
IT
thu bao s dng dng in xoay chiu cp chung cho thu bao in thoi.
27
hiu nhm iu khin kt ni, chuyn pht bn tin bo hiu v thit lp cc tham s
bo hiu v iu khin. Chc nng bo hiu trong mng vin thng thng gn lin
vi cc c ch nh tuyn do nh tuyn lun l bc u tin trong qu trnh thit
lp kt ni. Trong mng truyn thng d liu, chc nng bo hiu ti lp mng
thng l mt phn ca chc nng nh tuyn v cc giai on thit lp, truyn v
gii phng kt ni c thc hin ng thi.
Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti x l cc chc nng truyn ti nh l chuyn pht tin
cy hoc khng tin cy d liu ti ch. Trong mng my tnh, thit b gi i chu
trch nhim chia d liu thnh cc gi nh hn nhm pht li khi b tn tht. Cc
gi tn tht c pht hin bi cc bn tin xc nhn ACK t pha thit b thu. Bin
cnh , lp truyn ti cung cp ty chn a ch dch v cho cc dch v v ng
IT
PT
mng truyn thng. Thng thng, bi ton ti u hiu nng mng NUM (Network
Utility Maximization) c ti u ti lp truyn ti cng vi cc tham s lp di
c t ra nh mt vn then cht trong iu khin.
Lp phin: Lp phin chu trch nhim thit lp, qun l v gii phng cc phin
kt ni gia cc ng dng ti cc im cui ca truyn thng. Trong giai on thit
lp, dch v v cc lut p dng cho d liu cho phin truyn thng gia cc thit b
c a ra. Khi cc thit b u cui tha thun c lut truyn, giai on truyn
d liu c tin hnh. Gii phng phin kt ni dnh ti nguyn cho cc kt ni
khc c thc hin khi phin truyn kt thc. Nh vy, phn ln cc tc v iu
khin v bo hiu nm ti lp phin nn cc giao thc bo hiu thng c coi
thuc lp phin ca m hnh OSI.
Lp trnh din: Lp trnh din nm ngay di lp ng dng, khi nhn c d liu
t lp ng dng cn c gi i qua mng, lp trnh din m bo khun dng
truyn thch hp cho thng tin d liu cho pha bn nhn c thnh cng. Cc
28
chc nng to khun dng d liu ti lp trnh din c th gm nn, m ha v m
bo rng cc tp m k t th hin ng ti pha bn nhn.
Lp ng dng: Lp ng dng l lp cao nht trong m hnh OSI. D liu lu lng
thc thng c pht sinh t lp ng dng. Lp ng dng l lp tng tc gn
nht vi ngi s dng thng qua cc phn mm ng dng. Cc chc nng ca lp
ng dng thng gm: nhn din thnh phn truyn thng, xc nh ngun ti
nguyn kh dng v ng b truyn thng. Mt s tc v iu khin v bo hiu
nhm qun l ti nguyn cho cc ng dng c thc hin ti lp ny.
Qua tm tt cc chc nng ca m hnh OSI trn y cho thy, cc tc v bo
hiu v iu khin hin din hu ht ti cc lp ca m hnh. Tuy nhin, t gc
mng th cc vn bo hiu ch yu tp trung ti lp phin ca m hnh OSI thng
IT
PT
29
IT
PT
30
IT
cng cng c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored Program
Control) to ra nn tng pht trin mng vin thng s khng ch phc v cho
dch v thoi m cn cho cc mng dch v tch hp s ISDN (Integrated Service
PT
Digital Network). Vo thp nin 90 (1996) khi mng Internet tr thnh bng n
trong th gii cng ngh thng tin tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng
v xu hng hi t cc mng my tnh, truyn thng v iu khin. H tng mng
vin thng tr thnh tm im trong h tng x hi vi vai tr truyn ti thng
tin. Mt mng c th truyn bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi,
tc cao v m bo c cht lng dch v QoS tr thnh cp thit trn nn
tng ca mt k thut mi - k thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous
Transfer Mode). Mng chuyn mch knh cng cng PSTN v IP dn hi t ti
cng mt mc tiu nhm hng ti mt h tng mng tc cao c kh nng tng
thch vi cc ng dng a phng tin tng tc v m bo cht lng dch v. S
khc bit ny bt u t nhng nm 1980, PSTN chuyn hng tip cn sang
phng thc truyn ti bt ng b ATM h tr a phng tin v QoS, sau
chuyn hng sang cng ngh kt hp vi IP thc hin chuyn mch nhn a
giao thc MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switch) hin nay. Trong khi Internet a
ra mt tip cn khc vi PSTN qua gii php trin khai kin trc phn lp dch v
31
CoS (Class Of Service) v hng ti m bo cht lng dch v QoS thng qua
m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ v phn bit dch v DiffServ. Cc chin lc ca
Internet theo hng tng thch vi IP, cc h tng lp 2 tch cc v mng truyn
ti quang.
S hnh thnh cu trc hi t c tip cn t hai gc : gia h tng mng c
nh v internet; h tng mng c nh v mng di ng. Vi hai khi nim v hi
t bao gm: hi t mng l tip cn s dng chung h tng truyn thng v hi t
dch v ti cc lp cao hn ca h thng. Di gc hi t mng, s thay i
cng ngh c ch trng vo cc h thng chuyn mch, vi yu cu mm do
ln nhm tng thch v p ng cc yu cu tng trng lu lng t pha khch
hng. V vy, c ch iu khin cc h thng chuyn mch c pht trin theo
QoS t u cui ti u cui.
IT
hng phn lp v module ho nhm nng cao hiu nng chuyn mch v m bo
PT
32
cp. NGN h tr tnh di ng ton cu cho cc dch v cung cp ti ngi s dng
sao cho ng nht v m bo.
Hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chuyn
i cc h tng mng chuyn mch knh sang chuyn mch gi trong mng PSTN.
thc hin qu trnh chuyn i v truyn thoi trn nn IP, mt gii php c th
thc thi l to ra mt thit b lai c th chuyn mch thoi c dng knh v gi vi
s tch hp ca phn mm x l cuc gi. iu ny c thc hin bng cch tch
ring chc nng x l cuc gi khi chc nng chuyn mch vt l. Thit b B
iu khin cng a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller) c coi l
thnh phn mu cht trong gii php k thut chuyn mch mm (Softswitch). Thc
cht ca khi nim chuyn mch mm chnh l phn mm thc hin chc nng x
IT
l cuc gi trong h thng chuyn mch c kh nng chuyn ti nhiu loi thng tin
vi cc giao thc khc nhau (chc nng x l cuc gi bao gm nh tuyn cuc gi
v qun l, xc nh v thc thi cc c tnh cuc gi). Theo thut ng chuyn mch
PT
Trong chuyn mch truyn thng, phn cng chuyn mch lun i km vi phn
mm iu khin ca cng mt nh cung cp. iu ny lm tng tnh c quyn
trong vic cung cp cc h thng chuyn mch, khng cung cp mt mi trng
kin to dch v mi, lm gii hn kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi ca cc nh
qun tr mng. Khc phc iu ny, chuyn mch mm a ra giao din lp trnh
ng dng m API (Application Programable Interface), cho php tng thch phn
mm iu khin v phn cng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau. iu ny cho php
cc nh cung cp phn mm v phn cng c c ting ni chung v tp trung vo
lnh vc ca mnh. Vi cc giao din lp trnh m, chuyn mch mm c th d
dng c nng cp, thay th v tng thch vi ng dng ca cc nh cung cp
khc nhau.
33
Giao din
ch-ng
trnh ng
dng
IT
Cu trc
Cung cp dch v
x l v l-u tr
thng tin phn tn
PT
Giao din
ch-ng
trnh c
s
Cc chc nng c s
Cc chc
nng
giao tip
ng-i
my
Cc chc
nng
x l v
l-u tr
Chc nng
iu khin
Chc nng
truyn ti
Cung cp
dch v
truyn thng
chung
34
chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS l s kt hp lai ghp gia cng ngh IP v
cng ngh ATM.
M hnh NGN ca 3GPP: T chc d n thnh vin th h th 3 3GPP (3rd
Generation Partnership Project) v 3GPP2 tip cn NGN bng gii php hi t gia
mng c nh v mng di ng nhm h tr truyn thng a phng tin hi t gia
thoi, video, audio vi d liu v hi t truy nhp gia 2G, 3G v 4G vi mng
khng dy. Phn h a phng tin IP IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) l mt kin
trc chun v c tnh m nhm mc ch chuyn tip cc dch v a phng tin
qua cc mng di ng v IP, s dng cng mt loi giao thc chun cho c cc dch
v di ng cng nh IP c nh. c thit k da trn giao thc khi to phin
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol), IMS nh ngha cc giao din mt bng iu khin
IT
PT
nhp. Thit k ca IMS cho php phi hp hot ng gia cc dch v v ng dng
IP cng nh gia cc thu bao. IMS c bit ti u ho cho cc ng dng SIP v a
phng tin. Ngoi ra, IMS cho php pht trin nhanh chng v linh hot cc dch
v mi, cng vi kh nng hi t c nh vi di ng. Phn h mng li a phng
tin IP bao gm tt c cc thnh phn mng li cung cp cc dch v a phng
tin IP. Cc thnh phn ny lin quan n mng bo hiu v mng mang nh xc
nh 3GPP TS 23.002 "Network Architecture". Dch v a phng tin IP c
da trn kh nng iu khin phin, cc mng mang a phng tin, cc tin ch
ca min chuyn mch gi do IETF xc nh. cc u cui c th truy nhp c
lp vi vn hnh v bo dng qua mng Internet, phn h a phng tin IP c
gng tng thch vi cc chun Internet do IETF a ra.
Phn h mng li a phng tin IP cho php cc nh vn hnh mng di ng
mt t PLMN (Public Landline Mobile Network) sn sng phc v cc dch v a
phng tin cho khch hng ca h bng cch xy dng cc ng dng, dch v vi
cc giao thc Internet. Mc ch chnh y l dch v c pht trin bi cc
35
nh khai thc mng PLMN v cc nh cung cp th ba khc. IMS cho php truy
nhp thoi, hnh nh, video, bn tin, d liu v web da trn cc cng ngh cho
ngi dng u cui khng dy, v c th phi hp s pht trin ca Internet vi s
pht trin ca truyn thng di ng. Hin nay, IMS l s la chn ti u cho vic
phn pht dch v hi t v a phng tin, IMS cho php cung cp cc dch v IP
trn c mng di ng v c nh. Cc kho st gn y v ngnh cng nghip vin
thng u cho thy mi quan tm c bit n m hnh kin trc ny.
M hnh NGN ca ETSI: Quan im ca Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u v
c bit l nhm tiu chun TISPAN (Telecommunications and Internet converged
Services and Protocols for Advanced Networking) c nhiu ng gp tch cc
trong vn chun ha NGN. TISPAN tp trung vo phn hi t mng c nh v
IT
PT
36
Theo kin trc ca TISPAN, mng truy nhp c xem nh l thnh phn
mng gia cc thit b ca khch hng v l thnh phn mng u tin h tr
nhng tng tc iu khin dch v. pht trin tnh c lp mng truy nhp v
xc tin m hnh hi t FMC (Fixed Mobile Convergence), TISPAN chn h tr
cc mng truy nhp bng rng c nh hin thi v yu cu mng truy nhp kt ni
IP (IP-CAN) c h tr. V c bn, kin trc mng NGN ca ETSI cng gm cc
lp tng t nh kin trc mng NGN ca ITU-T. Trong kin trc ny, phn h a
phng tin IP nm gia v lin kt cc lp truyn ti (mng truy nhp thng qua
phn h iu khin ti nguyn v mng li) v lp dch v. Kin trc NGN tng
quan theo ETSI c cc c im sau: k tha t cc mng hin c nh PSTN,
ISDN, Internet, PLMN...; xy dng thm cc phn h v giao thc mi vi mc
IT
PT
37
Cc thit b chnh c trnh by trong phn ny gm: (i) cng phng tin MG
(Media gateway), (ii) b iu khin cng phng tin MGC (Media Gateway
Controller), (iii) cng bo hiu SG (Signalling Gateway), (iv) my ch phng tin
MS (Media Server) v (v) my ch ng dng/c tnh AS/FS (Application Server/
Feature Server).
(i) Cng phng tin MG
Cng phng tin (MG) l thit b chuyn i giao thc v truyn ti nh dng
thng tin d liu t loi mng ny sang mt mng khc, thng thng l t dng
chuyn mch knh sang dng gi. Thc t, MG chuyn i gia cc d liu m
truyn trong mng IP sang m ho truyn trong mng chuyn mch knh v ngc
li. MG thc hin vic m ho, gii m v nn d liu di s iu khin ca
IT
PT
38
cc quy lut . MGC iu khin SG thit lp v kt thc cuc gi. Ngoi ra, MGC
cn giao tip vi h thng iu hnh OS (Operating System) v h thng tr gip
kinh doanh BSS (Bussiness Support System).
MGC chnh l cu ni iu khin v bo hiu gia cc mng c c tnh khc
nhau cho mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN, h thng bo hiu s 7
SS7 (Signalling System No7) v mng IP. MGC chu trch nhim qun l lu lng
thoi v d liu qua cc mng khc nhau. MGC cng c gi l Call Agent do
chc nng iu khin cc bn tin x l cuc gi. Call Agent thc hin iu khin
cuc gi trn cc kha cnh gm m hnh cuc gi, chuyn giao tn hiu v iu
khin cng phng tin. Ngoi ra, MGC cung cp giao din ph hp vi my ch
ng dng iu khin dch v v chnh sch. Truyn thng gia cc MGC c
IT
thc hin bi cc giao thc tiu chun, Call Agent cng cho php cc u cui IP
kt ni trc tip s dng cc giao thc in hnh. Yu cu chnh i vi cc MGC l
tnh m cho php s dng cc giao thc chun v giao din lp trnh ng dng
PT
39
ng, pht thng bo... MS phn pht dch v thoi v video trn mng gi, nh cu
hi ngh (nu dch v ny khng c MG h tr), thng bo (cc thng bo n
gin do MG gi), h tr mng thng minh IN v mt s tng tc ngi dng.
Chc nng MS c th c tch hp trong MGC hoc ti cng phng tin MG.
e, My ch ng dng/c tnh
My ch c tnh FS l mt my ch cha mt lot dch v ca doanh nghip
nn cn c gi l my ch ng dng thng mi. My ch c tnh xc nh tnh
hp l v h tr cc thng s dch v thng thng cho h thng chuyn mch.
Gia MGC v FS c th s dng cc giao thc chun hoc giao din chng trnh
ng dng m API. V hu ht cc AS/FS t qun l cc dch v v truyn thng qua
mng IP nn chng khng rng buc nhiu vi h thng chuyn mch mm v vic
IT
PT
40
Server tnh nng/
ng dng
Server
phng tin
SIP
ENUM/TRIP
B iu khin cng
phng tin
SIP
MGCP
B iu khin cng
phng tin
SIP
Megaco
MGCP
SIGTRAN
Cng bo hiu
SIP
Cng
phng tin
Cc
mng khc
(khng phi IP)
SS7
B iu khin cng
phng tin
Mng IP
PSTN
TDM/ATM
IT
cuc gi. IW-F c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin cc bo hiu gia cc mng
bo hiu khc nhau. Thc th chc nng qun l lin iu hnh c nhim v lin lc
v trao i thng tin gia cc MGC.
PT
MGC-F
Server ng dng
AS-F
B qun l gia cc
MGC
B qun l phin kt ni
MGC-F
Bo hiu v iu
khin cuc gi
CA-F
Cng bo hiu
SG-F
B iu khin cng
phng tin
41
Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin ca MGC c s dng gm: (i) thit lp
cuc gi; (ii) iu khin cng a phng tin; (iii) truyn thng tin d liu; (iv) iu
khin cng bo hiu.
IT
nh mng t bo.
o Cung cp c cc dch b sung trong mng tin tin nh hin th s thu
bao ch gi, t ng gi li
o Qun l tnh nng di ng trong mng t bo cho php thu bao thay i v tr
PT
o Thc hin c dch v nhn tin ngn SMS (Short Message) v dch v nhn
tin nng cao thng qua c ch truyn ti ni dung ca bn tin.
o H tr cc dch v ca mng thng minh IN (Inteligent Network) v cc
mng s a d liu tch hp ISDN.
42
rng ATM thay v mng ghp knh theo thi gian TDM (Time Division Mode) m
s phi hp s dng cc giao thc trong SS7 l khc nhau.
IT
PT
43
quan nm trn cng tuyn ng truyn ni gia hai im bo hiu k nhau.
Phng thc bo hiu bn gn kt (Quasi-associated) cc thng tin bo hiu lin
quan n cuc gi c truyn trn hai hoc nhiu chm knh bo hiu cc tng
i qu giang v i qua mt hoc nhiu STP khc ti im bo hiu ch ca thng
tin bo hiu. Cc im bo hiu m thng tin bo hiu i qua c gi l im
chuyn tip bo hiu STP (Signalling transfer point). Phng thc bo hiu tch
bit hon ton (Fully dissociated) ny rt t c s dng trong thc t.
IT
chuyn giao bn tin MTP thc hin vic truyn cc n v bo hiu SU. Cu trc
ca SU lin quan cht ch ti hot ng ca MTP v c 3 loi n v bo hiu
chnh: (i) n v bo hiu bn tin MSU (Message Signal Unit) cha d liu trao i
gia cc phn ngi dng hoc thng tin qun l mng; (ii) n v bo hiu trng
PT
thi ng lin kt (Link Status Signal Unit) mang thng tin v tnh trng knh bo
hiu c s dng qun l tnh trng cc knh bo hiu; (iii) n v bo hiu
in y (Fill-in Signal Unit) c s dng pht hin li ng truyn trn cc
knh bo hiu trong trng hp khng cn n v bn tin MSU no trao i
thng tin trn ng truyn.
44
Cc chc nng lp lin kt bo hiu l iu khin vic nhn v gi cc bn tin
bo hiu gia cc im bo hiu mt cch tin cy v chnh xc khng c li v
khng b trng lp. V mt chc nng, lp lin kt bo hiu thc hin cc nhim v:
ng b c hiu v nh dng gii hn cc bn tin; pht hin v sa cc bn tin li;
ng b ban u; iu khin ngng hot ng b x l khi xy ra s c v iu
khin lung d liu lp 2.
Lp mng bo hiu trong phn chuyn giao bn tin MTP c chia thnh hai
phn chc nng chnh: Phn x l bn tin bo hiu v qun l mng bo hiu. Phn
x l bn tin bo hiu gm hai chc nng: nhn dng v phn phi bn tin bo hiu;
nh tuyn bn tin bo hiu. Phn qun l mng bo hiu gm 3 phn qun l: lu
lng bo hiu; knh bo hiu; tuyn bo hiu. Ngoi ra cn c chc nng kim th
IT
PT
45
trng chc nng th 3 ch ra cc thnh vin kt ni ti im m bo hiu. M im
bo hiu theo ITU c di 14 bit v chia thnh 3 trng chc nng: trng th
IT
nht gm 3 bit nhn dng vng, trng th hai gm 8 bit nhn dng mng v
trng th 3 gm 3 bit l nhn dng im bo hiu SSP.
PT
Hnh 2.8 m t mt mng SS7 in hnh gm cc kiu node trong mng SS7
nh: im chuyn mch dch v SSP, im chuyn tip dch v STP v im iu
khin dch v SCP. Su dng lin kt c nh ngha trong mng SS7 gm:
o Lin kt truy nhp (A-link) kt ni cc SSP ti STP, hoc SCP ti STP.
o Lin kt cu ni (B-link) kt ni cc STP khng cng lp.
o Lin kt cho (C-link) kt ni cho cc STP cng lp.
o Lin kt trc giao (D-link) kt ni cc SSP ti cc STP ca vng khc.
o Lin kt m rng (E-link) s dng kt ni mt SSP ti STP ca vng
khc.
o Lin kt (F-link) s dng kt ni trc tip hai nhm SSP.
nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng SS7 c thc hin theo phng
php tng chng (hop-by-hop) v da trn mt tp lut nh tuyn di y:
o Mt bn tin pht ra t SSP ti mt SSP kt ni trc tip s chn ng Flink trc. Nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s chn A-link l tuyn ng
dn cho bn tin.
46
o Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SSP khc c phc v bi mt cp STP
c nh tuyn theo ng A-link ti STP ca vng sau mi c
chuyn tip.
o Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch la chn A-link kt ni ti SSP
ch, nu A-link khng tn ti, bn tin theo ng C-link ti STP cng cp
kt ni ti SSP ch.
o Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch c th chn E-link ti SSP ch, nu Elink khng tn ti, bn tin c nh tuyn ti STP ca vng ngun theo Blink. La chn tip theo l s dng B-link ti vng ch th hai ca SSP
hoc s dng C-link ti cc vng khc c kt ni ti SSP ch.
Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SCP thc hin nh tuyn trn F-link nu Flink tn ti, nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s c nh tuyn ti STP
ngun trn ng A-link kt ni ti SCP.
IT
PT
47
thng tin bo hiu SIF (Signalling Information Field) ca bn tin bo hiu nh ch
ra trn hnh 2.9.
Trng SIO trong n v bo hiu MSU cha d liu ch th dch v SI (Service
Indicatior)) v trng dch v con SSF (Sub Service Field). Ch th dch v SI
thc hin vic phn phi bn tin theo dch v nh sn v trng dch v con SSF
cha cc bit ch th m quc gia, bit d phng phc v cho nh tuyn bn tin.
Nhn nh tuyn tiu chun c di 32 bit v c t u trng thng tin
bo hiu SIF. Nhn cha ton b thng tin cn thit nh tuyn bn tin ti ch
cui cng. M im bo hiu ch DPC (Destination Point Code) xc nh im
ch ca bn tin. M im bo hiu ngun OPC (Original Point Code) xc nh
im xut pht ca bn tin. Cc m ny thun tu dng nh phn. Trng chn
IT
knh bo hiu SLS (Signaling Link Selection) c s dng khi cn thit, thc
Chc nng nh tuyn bn tin ch yu da trn thng tin DPC v SLS cha
PT
Th tc thit lp cuc gi trong mng PSTN c th chia thnh hai kiu cuc gi:
cuc gi thoi v cuc gi ISDN. Trc khi m t th tc cuc gi, ta xem xt mt
s bn tin thng c s dng. Th tc thit lp bo hiu cho mt cuc gi thng
thng c thc hin qua cc bn tin bo hiu chnh sau:
o Bn tin a ch khi to IAM (Initial Adress Message): IAM l bn tin c
gi trc tin trn hng i trong qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. IAM cha
thng tin a ch v mt s thng tin ph tr lin quan n vic nh tuyn v
x l cuc gi. Trng chc nng SIF cha nhn nh tuyn v cc thng tin
nh: a ch thu bao, ch th bn tin v kiu thu bao...
48
o Bn tin a ch khi to vi thng tin ph tr IAI (Initial address signal with
additional information): Tng t nh bn tin IAM nhng b sung thm cc
thng tin ph tr v thu bao ch gi nh loi thu bao hay phng php tnh
cc.
o Bn tin a ch k tip SAM (Subsequent Address Message): L bn tin
hng i truyn cc con s a ch theo phng thc tng bc. Phng
thc gi trn s ca thu bao c x l bi bn tin IAM hoc IAI.
o Bn tin a ch k tip mt tn hiu a ch SAO (Subsequent Address
Message With One Signal): SAO cho php vic s dng linh ng phng
php truyn nu mi bn tin ch cha theo mt ch s (4 bit).
o Bn tin kt thc nhn a ch ACM (Address Complete Message): ACM l
IT
PT
o Bn tin gii phng hng v CBK (Clear - Back): CBK l bn tin hng v
ch th kt thc cuc gi.
49
c gi, nu cn kim tra tnh lin tc ca ng thoi (Continuity
Checking) th b phn gi v nhn cc m hiu kim tra c iu khin kt
ni vo.
3) Khi nhn c bn tin IAM hoc IAI, tng i kt cui phi xc nh rng c
cn phi thc hin vic kim tra tnh lin tc ca ng thoi hay khng
bng cch xem xt ni dung thng tin trong bn tin IAM hoc IAI. Tng i
bn b gi bt u phn tch cc ch s a ch nhn c trong bn tin IAM
hay IAI.
4) Kim tra tnh lin tc thnh cng m bo mch thoi tt gm: B phn
gi m hiu kim tra c gii to, v bn tin bo hiu tnh lin tc c gi
i n tng i bn b gi.
IT
PT
6) Nhn c thm cc con s khi thu bao s dng phng thc quay s
overlap th cc con s tip theo c gi trong bn tin SAM hay SAO.
7) Khi tng i bn b gi hon tt vic phn tch s v thit lp cuc ni th
s gi bn tin ACM thng bo hon thnh vic nhn a ch. Bn tin ACM
cha thng tin v cc (tnh cc, khng tnh cc v dng coin-box) cng
nh trng thi thu bao b gi (ri, cha xc nh).
8) Khi nhn c bn tin ACM, tng i bn ch thc hin ni thng ng
thoi cho tn hiu hi m chung t pha tng i b gi ti thu bao ch gi.
9) Khi thu bao b gi nhc my, bn tin tr li ANM s c gi i km theo
thng tin tnh cc (c, khng).
10) Khi nhn c bn tin ANM, tng i ch gi thc hin vic tnh cc.
11) Khi thu bao b gi t my kt thc cuc gi, bn tin gii to cuc gi theo
hng v (CBK) s c gi ti tng i ch gi.
50
12) Khi nhn c bn tin CBK, tng i ch gi s bo cho thu bao gi bng
m hiu bo gc my. Khi thu bao gi gc my, bn tin gii to cuc gi
theo hng i (CLF) s c gi i.
13) Khi tng i kt cui nhn c bn tin CLF, mch thoi s c gii to v
tr v trng thi ri. Bn tin RLG s c gi n tng i xut pht cuc
gi kt thc.
14) Nhn c bn tin RLG tng i kt thc cuc ni.
Bn cnh cc bn tin s dng thit lp cuc gi tng t nh cho cuc gi
thng thng, cuc gi ISDN c b sung bi mt s bn tin qun l v gii
phng knh gm: Bn tin gii phng cuc ni REL (release) gii phng knh ni
k c kt ni khng thnh cng; bn tin gii phng hon ton REC (realease
IT
PT
1) Khi thu bao ISDN bt u cuc gi, bn tin SETUP c truyn t thit b
u cui n mch DSLC s dng knh D.
2) Tng i xut pht cuc gi chuyn i bn tin SETUP nhn c thnh bn
tin ISUP IAM ri gi ti tng i bn b gi.
3) Khi tng i bn b gi nhn c bn tin IAM, tng i gi bn tin SETUP
ti thit b u cui thu bao b gi.
4) Thit b u cui bn b gi thng bo cho thu bao bn nhu cu lin lc.
ng thi thit b u cui gi bn tin ALERT ti tng i bn bo
rng thu bao ang b gi.
5) Khi tng i bn b gi nhn c bn tin ALERT, tng i gi bn tin ISUP
ACM (a ch hon thnh) cho tng i bn gi.
6) Khi thu bao bn b gi tr li, thit b u cui bn gi bn tin CONN ti
tng i bn b gi m bn tin chuyn i thnh bn tin ANM (tr li)
ri gi ti tng i bn gi.
51
Kt thc cuc gi t pha ch gi hoc b gi. Khi pha ch gi hoc b gi t
my, cuc m thoi kt thc, thit b u cui gi bn tin DISC ti tng i. Khi
PT
IT
tng i nhn c bn tin ny, tng i gi bn tin REL cho tng i bn kia.
52
Protocol). Cc phin bn 3 v 4 h tr thm H.245 v Q.931 trn c nn TCP v
UDP. Phin bn 5 h tr cc kin trc bo hiu m bo cht lng dch v.
Gatekeeper
Khi a im
Mng chuyn
mch gi
Mng
chuyn
Mng
chuyn
mch
knh
mch knh
Gateway
u cui H.323
IT
PT
53
o Chun H.245 cho vic trao i kh nng ca u cui v to cc knh
thng tin.
o RAS cho vic ng k v iu khin cc hot ng qun l khc vi GK
o RTP/RTCP c s dng cho vic truyn cc gi tin a phng tin.
o Cc chun m ho thoi.
(ii) Gateway
Gateway thc hin chc nng chuyn i bo hiu v d liu gia mng IP v
cc mng khc. Lm cu ni cho php cc mng hot ng da trn cc giao thc
khc nhau c th phi hp vi nhau. Cu trc ca Gateway bao gm b iu khin
cng a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway controller), cng a phng tin MG
PT
hnh 2.12.
IT
54
(iii) Gatekeeper
Mt Gatekeeper c xem l khi trung tm iu khin cuc gi trong mng s
dng H.323. Mc d l thnh phn tu chn, nhng Gatekeeper cung cp cc dch
v quan trng nh bin dch a ch, s phn quyn v nhn thc cho thit b u
cui v Gateway, qun l bng thng, thu thp s liu v tnh cc. Cc chc nng
ny c m t trong hnh 2.13.
Gatekeeper
Dch v tnh
cc
H.225.0
Bo hiu
cuc gi
H.245
Bo hiu
iu khin
IT
H.225.0
RAS
(server)
PT
Dch v th
mc
Dch v
bo mt
Qun l
cuc gi/
chnh sch
55
ni.
IT
PT
56
logic thng qua vic xc lp my ch/my khch, iu khin tc truyn dng bit.
Cc cng vic trn c thc hin qua H.245.
IT
PT
57
lin quan n thit lp knh iu khin H.245 thng qua vic trao i thng tin c
lin quan n kh nng ca tng im trong cuc gi. Trong trng hp ny l kh
nng lin quan n kiu loi knh truyn thng c h tr. V d cc gateway
H.323 phi h tr cho cc knh audio.
Giai on 3: Giai on thit lp v truyn thng audio. Trong giai on ny, cc u
cui s trao i thit lp cc knh logic s truyn ti cc lung thng tin. i vi
thng tin audio, mi u cui cuc gi s m mt knh duy nht bi v s khng c
mt yu cu no c cng m hoc tc bit c s dng theo c hai hng.
Giai on 4: Giai on xc lp tham s cuc gi. Tham s cuc gi l nhng thay
i cc tham s c tho thun trong 3 giai on trn. Cc tham s ny gm c
vic iu chnh bng tn m cuc gi i hi, b sung hoc loi b cc thnh phn
IT
tham gia cuc gi hoc trao i trng thi gi tham s gia gateway v u cui.
Giai on 5: Gii phng cuc gi: Thit b mun gii phng cuc gi H.323 c th
tin hnh n gin bng cch cho php chuyn cc bn tin xo cuc gi ging nh
PT
58
v bn b gi (Server) tr li. SIP s dng mt s kiu bn tin v cc trng mo
u ca HTTP, xc nh ni dung lung thng tin theo mo u thc th (m t ni
dung - kiu loi) v cho php xc nhn cc phng php s dng ging nhau c
s dng trn Web.
SIP nh ngha cc bn tin INVITE v ACK ging nh bn tin Setup v Connect
trong H.225, trong c hai u nh ngha qu trnh m mt knh ng tin cy m
thng qua cuc gi c th i qua. Tuy nhin khc vi H.225, tin cy ca knh
ny khng ph thuc vo TCP m c th tch hp vo lp ng dng nhm nng cao
kh nng ti u ha. SIP da vo giao thc m t phin SDP (Session Description
Protocol) thc hin s sp xp tng t theo c cu chuyn i dung lng ca
H.245. SDP c dng nhn dng m thit b chuyn mch v can thip vo giao
IT
thc bo hiu lung thi gian thc RTSP (Real Time Stream Protocol) sp xp
cc tham s v khun dng d liu chung cho nhiu loi thng tin khi chuyn trong
SIP.
PT
59
o X l cuc gi (Call handling): bao gm truyn ti v kt thc cuc gi.
IT
server.
PT
60
Location Server l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung cp thng tin v nhng v tr
c th ca pha b gi cho cc phn mm Proxy Server v Redirect Server.
Redirect Server l phn mm nhn yu cu SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP sang
mt s a ch khc v gi li nhng a ch ny cho u cui. Khng ging nh
Proxy Server, Redirect Server khng bao gi hot ng nh mt u cui, tc l
khng gi i bt c mt yu cu no. Redirect Server cng khng thc hin vic
chp nhn hay hu cuc gi.
Registrar Server l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng k Register. Trong nhiu
trng hp Registrar Server m nhim lun mt s chc nng an ninh nh xc
nhn ngi s dng. Thng thng Registrar Server c ci t cng vi Proxy
hoc Redirect Server hoc cung cp dch v nh v thu bao. Mi ln u cui
IT
PT
cch nh k.
SIP l mt giao thc phn lp cho php nhiu module khc nhau thc hin chc
nng c lp vi s kt ni lng gia mi lp. Cu trc ca SIP trong qu trnh gi
yu cu v nhn p ng c phn lp nh trn hnh 2.17.
Giao dch
ngi dng
Giao dch
Truyn ti
C php v m ha
61
khun dng c php cho bn tin SIP. Khun dng ny c m t chi tit trong
RFC2234.
Lp th hai trong cu trc SIP l lp truyn ti. y l lp ch th cho client gi
yu cu v nhn cc p ng v server nhn yu cu v gi cc p ng nh th
no. Lp truyn ti gn ging vi lp socket ca mt thc th SIP.
Lp th ba trong cu trc SIP l lp giao dch. Mt giao dch trong cc thut ng
SIP l mt yu cu c gi bi mt client ti mt server, cng vi tt c cc p
ng cho yu cu c c gi t server v client. Lp giao dch x l vic
tng thch p ng cho yu cu. Thi gian ht hn ca qu trnh pht li v giao
dch ca lp ng dng cng c x l trong lp ny v ph thuc vo giao thc
truyn ti c s dng. Cc giao dch s dng lp truyn ti gi v nhn yu
IT
cu v p ng.
Lp th t l lp giao dch cha bn c ch trng thi giao dch. Mi c ch
trng thi giao dch c cc tham s nh thi, nguyn tc pht li v nguyn tc kt
PT
SIP l giao thc dng vn bn, s dng b k t ISO 10646 trong m ho UTF-8
trong RFC 2279. iu ny to cho SIP tnh linh hot, m rng v d thc thi cc
ngn ng lp trnh cp cao nh Java, Tol, Perl. C php ca SIP gn ging vi giao
thc HTTP, n cho php dng li m v n gin ha s lin kt ca cc my phc
v SIP vi cc my phc v Web. Tuy nhin, SIP khng phi l mt dng m rng
ca HTTP v c th s dng vi giao thc UDP. Cc dng bn tin ca SIP nh sau:
INVITE - Bt u thit lp cuc gi bng cch gi bn tin mi u cui khc
tham gia
ACK - Bn tin ny khng nh client nhn c bn tin tr li bn tin INVITE
BYE - Bt u kt thc cuc gi
CANCEL - Hu yu cu ang nm trong hng i
REGISTER - u cui SIP s dng bn tin ny ng k vi Registrar Server
OPTIONS - S dng xc nh nng lc ca server
62
INFO - S dng ti cc thng tin nh tone DTMF
Giao thc SIP c nhiu im trng hp vi giao thc HTTP. Cc bn tin tr li
cc bn tin SIP nu trn gm c:
1xx - Cc bn tin chung
2xx - Thnh cng
3xx - Chuyn a ch
4xx - Yu cu khng c p ng
5xx - S c ca server
6xx - S c ton mng.
Cu trc bn tin SIP
C hai loi bn tin trn u s dng chung mt nh dng c bn c quy nh
IT
PT
63
ca bn tin HTTP theo c c php v ng ngha. Tiu bn tin bao gm bn
loi: tiu chung, tiu yu cu, tiu p ng v tiu thc th.
Body: Thn bn tin c s dng m t phin c khi to (v d: trong mt
phin multimedia phn ny s mang loi m ha audio v video, tc ly mu ),
hoc n c th c s dng mang d liu di dng text hoc nh phn (khng
c dch) m lin quan n phin . Phn thn bn tin c th xut hin trong c
bn tin yu cu v p ng. Cc loi Body bao gm: giao thc m t phin SDP,
m rng th in t internet a mc ch MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extentions) v cc phn nh ngha trong IETF.
SDP l mt giao thc lp ng dng c IETF thit k m t cc phin a
phng tin v l giao thc da trn vn bn. SDP mang thng tin v cc lung
IT
phng tin cc bn tham gia phin a phng tin c th bit c thng tin
thit lp tng ng. SDP ch c mc ch m t phin ch khng phi m phn
cc phng thc m ho phng tin. N khng cha bt k giao thc chuyn ti
PT
no. V th thng thng SDP c cha trong phn ti tin ca cc giao thc khc.
Chng hn phn ti tin trong bn tin INVITE c th cha SDP nu c ch th v n
trong tiu content-type v content-application. Mt bn tin SDP bao gm cc
mc thng tin sau:
64
ng SIP thng xuyn nht l li mi cc thnh vin tham gia hi thoi. Thnh
phn Register ng vai tr tip nhn cc yu cu ng k t UA v lu tr cc
thng tin ny ti mt dch v phi SIP (Non-SIP). Mt a ch SIP c dng
user@host. Phn user l mt tn ca ngi s dng hay tn ca mt my in thoi.
Phn host c th l mt tn min hoc mt a ch mng. SIP URL c dng trong
cc bn tin SIP thng bo v ni gi (From), ch hin thi (Request URI) v ni
nhn cui cng (To) ca mt yu cu SIP v ch r a ch gin tip. Mt SIP URL
c th gn vo mt trang Web hoc nhng siu lin kt (Hyperlink) khc thng
bo rng ngi dng hoc dch v c th gi thng qua SIP.
Qu trnh nh v ti my ch SIP
Khi mt Client mun gi i mt yu cu, Client s gi bn tin yu cu ti SIP
IT
PT
cng v a ch IP ca Server m yu cu c gi n.
Mt Client thc hin cc bc tip theo c c nhng thng tin ny. Client
c gng lin lc vi Server theo s cng c ch ra trong a ch yu cu SIP
(Request-URI). Nu khng c s cng no ch ra trong Request-URI, Client s s
dng a ch cng mc nh l 5060. Nu Request-URI ch r l s dng giao thc
TCP hay UDP, Client s lm vic vi Server theo giao thc . Nu khng c giao
thc no c ch ra th Client c gng dng giao thc UDP (nu khng h tr
TCP) hoc s dng giao thc TCP cho hot ng ca mnh (ch c h tr TCP
m khng c h tr UDP).
Client c gng tm mt hay nhiu a ch cho SIP Server bng vic truy vn DNS
(Domain Name System) theo cc th tc sau:
Nu a ch Host trong a ch Request-URI l mt a ch IP th Client lm vic
vi Server bng a ch c a ra. Nu khng phi l mt a ch IP, Client
thc hin bc tip theo.
65
Client a ra cu hi ti DNS Server v bn ghi a ch cho a ch Host trong
a ch Request-URI. DSN s tr v mt bn ghi danh sch cc a ch. Lc vic
la chn mt trong cc a ch ny l ty . Cn nu DNS Server khng a ra bn
ghi a ch, Client s kt thc hot ng, c ngha n khng thc hin c vic
nh v my ch. Nh bn ghi a ch, s la chn tip theo cho giao thc mng ca
Client c nhiu kh nng thnh cng hn. Mt qu trnh thc hin thnh cng l qu
trnh c mt bn ghi cha trong phn tr li v Server lm vic mt trong nhng
a ch cha trong tr li .
Giao dch SIP
Khi c a ch IP ca SIP Server th yu cu s c gi i theo tng vn chuyn
giao thc TDP hay UDP. Client gi mt hoc nhiu yu cu SIP n my ch v
IT
PT
66
mo u Via. Mi proxy server trong tuyn chuyn tip ca yu cu chuyn tip
phc p s dng cc trng mo u Via ny.
Li mi SIP
Mt li mi SIP thnh cng gm hai yu cu INVITE v ACK. Yu cu INVITE
thc hin li mi mt thnh vin tham gia hi thoi. Khi pha b gi ng tham
gia, pha ch gi xc nhn nhn mt bn tin p ng bng cch gi i mt yu
cu ACK. Nu pha ch gi khng mun mi thnh vin tham gia cuc gi na n
s gi yu cu BYE thay cho ACK.
Thng ip INVITE cha thnh phn m t phin ca giao thc SDP v phng
thc tin hnh trao i ng vi phin . Vi cc phin a hng, phn m t phin
IT
lit k kiu v khun dng ca cc d liu a phng tin phn phi cho phin
hi thoi. Vi mt phin n hng, phn m t phin lit k kiu v khun dng
ca cc phng tin m pha ch gi mun s dng v ni nhng d liu mun gi
PT
i.
nh v ngi dng
67
Nu mt proxy server chuyn tip mt yu cu SIP, n phi b sung a ch ca
n vo v tr bt u ca danh sch cc trm chuyn tip c ghi trong cc mo
u Via. Du vt Via m bo rng cc tr li c th i theo cng tuyn theo
hng ngc li, vic m bo hot ng chnh xc nh tun theo cc tng la v
trnh lp li yu cu. hng phc p, mi host phi xo b Via ca n, do
thng tin nh tuyn ni b c che khut i vi pha b gi v cc mng bn
ngoi.
Thay i mt phin hin ti
Trong mt vi trng hp, cn phi thay i cc thng s ca phin hi thoi
hin ti. Vic c thc hin bi vic pht li cc yu cu INVITE. Cc yu cu
INVITE c cng trng Call-ID nhng c trng mo u v trng bn tin
IT
PT
68
o D dng ci thin v nng cp cc chc nng.
o a ra khi nim mi Context nhm h tr kt ni a dch v, a im .
Giao thc MEGACO/H.248 nh ngha giao din iu khin ca MGC i vi
MG tng t v s thay th MGCP. MEGACO/H.248 cung cp cc chc nng sau:
o iu khin cc loi MG khc nhau.
o H tr m phn quyt nh cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
o C kh nng x l cuc gi a ngi dng.
o H tr QoS v o lng lu lng (cc thng tin thng k sau mi kt ni).
o Thng bo li giao thc, li mng hay cc thuc tnh cuc gi.
Cc bn tin MEGACO/H.248 c th c truyn dn qua lp UDP/IP hoc
IT
PT
69
nh cc thc th ngang cp hay cp di. MGC qun l mi thuc tnh trong qu
trnh giao tip.
Lp MG thc hin kt ni lu lng i v ti cc mng khc, tng tc vi cc
lung lu lng ny qua ng dng bo hiu v s kin. Lp MG cng iu khin
cc thuc tnh thit b ca cng phng tin (v d nh giao din vi ngi dng).
Lp ny khng quan tm ti vic iu khin cc thuc tnh cuc gi v hot ng
theo s iu khin ca lp MGC. Lp iu khin giao thc MEGACO/H248 quy
nh cch thc m lp MGC iu khin lp MG.
V tr ca giao thc MEGACO trong m hnh OSI nh ch ra trong hnh 2.18.
Giao thc MEGACO thc hin chc nng ca mnh 3 lp trn cng trong m
PT
IT
70
o Move: Chuyn mt termination t mt context ny sang mt context khc.
o Audit Value: Tr li trng thi hin ti ca termination (bo hiu, s kin,
thuc tnh, s liu thng k).
o Audit Capability: Tr li tt c cc gi tr c th c ca termination (bo hiu,
s kin, thuc tnh, s liu thng k).
Cc bn tin MEGACO c th c m ho bng hai cch: m ho nh phn
(binary encoding) v m ho vn bn (text encoding).
Trong phng php m ho nh phn, tiu chun ISO/ITU ASN.1 c s dng.
ASN.1 l ngn ng nh ngha cch gi d liu gia cc h thng khc nhau. N
nh ngha cc h thng theo cng mt c php d liu (trong cc giao thc tng
ng dng). ASN.1 c vit bng cc ngn ng khc nhau trong tng h thng sao
IT
PT
Rule), CER (Canonial Encoding Rule), PER (Package Encoding Rule), DER
(Distinguished Encoding Rule). Vic s dng lut m ho no l tu ngi thit k.
Trong phng php m ho vn bn, chun ABNF c s dng (RFC2234). C
th s dng 2 khun dng : rt gn (compact text) v y (pretty text). C hai
format u c u v nhc im ca mnh. Khun dng rt gn cho bn tin c kch
thc nh hn, thi gian m ho ngn hn tuy nhin tin cy khng cao bng
khun dng y .
Thit lp cuc gi thng qua giao thc MEGACO/H248
Khi mt u cui no nhc my v nh thc hin cuc gi, s kin off-hook
ny s c pht hin bi MG qun l. MG s thng bo s kin ny ti MGC m
n trc thuc. MGC s ch nh MG bng mt lnh gi m bo mi quay s ti
u cui , ng thi bn cc con s cng c MG ny cp nht t MGC,
phc v cho vic thu cc ch s v gi ton b s c quay v MGC. Gi s u
71
cui b gi thuc mt MG khc nhng cng c qun l bi MGC nh trn hnh
2.19. Qu trnh thit lp lin kt c tin hnh theo 3 bc c bn sau:
MGC yu cu MG th nht thit lp mt kt ni ti im kt cui th nht. MG
ny s phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni yu cu v p ng li bng bn tin tr li.
Bn tin tr li s cha cc thng tin cn thit MG th hai c th gi cc bn tin
mt cch tin cy ti lin kt va thit lp. Cc thng tin ny c th l: a ch IP, tn
cng UDP, TCP hay cc thng tin ng gi bn tin.
Tng t, MGC cng yu cu MG th hai thit lp mt lin kt im kt cui
th hai. MG ny phn b ti nguyn cho kt ni ny trn c s cc thng tin trong
bn tin p ng ca MG th nht. MG th hai cng p ng li bng bn tin cha
IT
PT
72
Khi lin kt c thit lp, cc tham s ca n c gim st bi MGC v c
th c thay i di cc lnh ca MGC (v d nh thm mt kt cui vo lin
kt).
Cc bc x l chi tit c th hin thng qua lu x l cuc gi trn hnh
2.20. Gi s c hai u cui ngi s dng c kt ni vi hai RGW. Trong ,
hai RGW ny c qun l bi cng mt MGC. Qu trnh MGC iu khin cc
RGW din ra nh sau:
Bc 1: Ban u MGC gi lnh Modify ti tt c cc RGW pht hin s kin
offhook.
Bc 2: Cc RGW ln lt tr li lnh trn ca MGC bng cc reply
IT
PT
73
Bc 8: MGC xc nhn lnh trn bng reply gi ti RGW1.
MGC sau khi nhn lnh trn s phn tch s b gi v bit u cui termination B
thuc RGW2 (gi s u cui ny ri v sn sng nhn cuc gi). MGC tip tc
PT
IT
iu khin RGW1.
74
Bc 9: MGC s gi cho RGW1 hai lnh. Lnh Add to mt context v thm
ngay termination A vo . MGC bit rng termination B ri,n s gi hi m
chung cho termination A. Lnh th 2 to mt u cui logic A v thm u
cui ny vo context va to ra.
Bc 10: RGW1 s gi reply cho MGC bao gm contextID(1), a ch IP v s
cng dnh cho lu lng.
Bc 11: MGC s gi ti RGW2 2 lnh. Lnh 1 to mt context v Add
termination B vo context ny. Bo hiu chung cng c gi ti termination B
nh signal descriptor. Lnh th hai s to mt u cui logic B v thm u cui
ny vo context va to ra. Cc thng tin a ch IP, s cng ca termination A cng
IT
c gi ti RGW2.
Bc 12:RGW2 sau khi nhn lnh s thc hin lnh v gi kt qu thc hin ti
MGC, bao gm contextID(2), a ch IP v s cng dnh cho lu lng. MGC i
PT
75
Bc 19: RGW1 gi lnh Notify cho MGC bo co ngi dng A offhook.
Bc 20: MGC gi reply cho RGW1.
Bc 21: MGC gi lnh Modify ti RGW2 yu cu chuyn hai u cui context 2
sang ch ch nhn v gi m bo bn ti u cui ngi dng A.
Bc 22: RGW2 thc hin lnh v gi reply cho MGC.
Bc 23: MGC gi lnh Subtract ti RGW1 yu cu xo 2 termination trong
context 1, ng thi xo lun context 1. Cc s liu thng k m MGC yu cu
c ch ra trong Audit descriptor.
Bc 24: RGW1 thc hin lnh v gi reply cho MGC bao gm cc thng tin thng
IT
PT
76
hin c trn cng ngh chuyn mch knh ti cc cu trc mng mi trn nn cng
ngh chuyn mch gi nhng vn duy tr ton b cc dch v thoi truyn thng vi
nhng nh hng nh nht ti cng vic khai thc hin thi. BICC c gii hn
cht ch nh sau:
o Giao thc BICC c xy dng trn giao thc bo hiu s 7 phn ISUP
tng thch hon ton vi cc dch v hin co trn mng PSTN/IDSN.
o BICC hot ng c lp vi cc cng ngh thit lp ng truyn (c lp
knh mang).
o C kh nng phi hp vi cc giao thc bo hiu hin c.
im khi u ca BICC l cc cuc gi phi vo/ra cc thnh phn mng mi
thng qua cc im dch v giao tip (ISN- Interface serving nodes). Nt phc v l
IT
mt im trong mng cung cp chc nng cho cc dch v PSTN/ISDN hin ti.
ISN cung cp mt giao din bo hiu gia ISUP bng hp v cc ISN ngang cp
PT
ISN
N/B exchange
ISUP
IWU
TDM
connection
BICC
ISUP
ISUP - BICC
I/W
Connection signalling
new network
(user plane connection)
IWU
TDM
connection
77
nt trong mng ca mnh. Cc nt lm vic c vai tr nh mt vai tr chuyn
tip nn c gi l im phc v chuyn tip (TSN- Transit Serving Node).
ISN
TSN
GSN
GSN
ISUP - BICC
I/W
BICC
BICC
BICC
IWU
IWU
IWU
IWU
ISN
new network
BRN
(Sw)
BRN
(Sw)
IWU
BRN
(Sw)
new network
IT
Theo yu cu BICC phi lm vic vi mi cng ngh mng chuyn mch gi,
nn vi mng chuyn mch gi ATM trong kin trc mng BICC s c thm cc
nt BRN (Bearer Relay Node), c ATM s dng nh nhng chuyn mch trung
PT
Kin trc BICC dc phn tch theo 4 gc : M hnh hot ng, m hnh chc
nng ca tng nt mng, m hnh tham chiu y v m hnh giao thc. Tuy
nhin, mc ny s trnh by hai kha cnh c bn nht l m hnh chc nng v m
hnh giao thc ca BICC.
(i) M hnh chc nng
Trn quan im v m hnh mng BICC, cc nt mng c phn chia thnh hai
loi chnh. Loi th nht, nt dch v (SN), l nt c bao gm c chc nng iu
khin cuc gi (CSF) v chc nng iu khin knh mang (BCF). Loi th hai, nt
dn xp cuc gi (CMN) l cc nt ch c chc nng ca CSS m khng bao gm
chc nng ca BCF. Hnh 2.23 v 2.24 tng ng l hai m hnh chc nng ca hai
loi nt mng ny.
78
Trong nt SN, cc thc th thc hin chc nng dch v cuc gi (CSF) v chc
nng iu khin knh mang (BCF) c th xy dng tch bit. Bo hiu iu khin
knh mang cuc gi CBC c quy nh trong ITU-T Q.1950.
Nt dch v (SN)
Bo hiu
iu khin
cuc gi
Th tc bo hiu
u vo
Bo hiu
iu khin
cuc gi
BIWF
BCF
Knh mang
IT
PT
c ch ng hm theo phng nm ngang trong giao thc BICC gia hai CSF
ng cp v theo phng nm dc gia CSF v BCF. Giao thc ng hm iu
khin knh mang (BCTP) c miu t trong Q.1990.
Nt mediation cuc gi(CMN)
Bo hiu
iu khin
cuc gi
Th tc bo hiu
u vo
BIWF
Bo hiu
iu khin
cuc gi
BCF
Knh mang
79
(ii) M hnh chc nng
Hnh 2.25 ch ra m hnh giao thc ca BICC cha cc phn t chc nng trong
hnh 2.23 v 2.24 bao gm:
o Khi cc chu trnh BICC bao gm cc chc nng ca thnh phn CSF trong
m hnh chc nng.
o Cc chc nng giao thc ca thnh phn BCF ca m hnh chc nng c
phn tn gia cc khi chc nng nh x v iu khin vt mang. Cc chc
nng khc c cha trong thnh phn BCF.
o V tr m t BICC cp ti cc s kin bo hiu vt mang thu nhn/gi t/i
BCF, n lin quan ti s s dng giao din chung cho khi chc nng nh x
IT
PT
Giao din
chung
Signalling Transport
Converter
Giao din
chung
Mapping
Function
Bearer
Specific interface
Transport
Specific interface
Signalling Transport
Layers
Giao thc
iu khin
cuc gi
iu khin knh
mang
Giao thc iu
khin knh
mang
80
mng in thoi cng cng truyn thng l thnh phn then cht chung cho c mng
di ng cng cng mt t. S hi t mng IP v mng PSTN c ITU a ra
cu trc h thng bo hiu v iu khin mi bao gm cc giao thc trong chng
giao thc H.323 v cc giao thc ph tr. Trong chng cng khi qut giao
thc bo hiu kt ni s dng ph bin hin nay khng ch cho xu hng hi t
mng internet v PSTN m cn vi cc mng di ng th h sau (SIP). Cc giao
thc iu khin cng kt ni v bo hiu iu khin ngang cp gia cc thnh phn
iu khin mng cng c trnh by di kha cnh kin trc chc nng, bn tin v
m hnh hot ng.
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng
PT
IT
81
IT
PT
82
thng ca M IS-136 lm vic trn hai di 800 MHz v 1900 MHz hay IS-95 cng
tc trn di 800 MHz v cc h thng vin thng khng dy s (digital cordless
telecommunication system) nh H thng vin thng khng dy s ca Chu u
DECT (Digital European Cordless Telecommunications). Trong s cc h thng 2G
k trn, h thng GSM c xem l h thng thnh cng nht. Ngoi cc dch v
in thoi truyn thng, cc h thng v tuyn di ng s th h th hai cung cp
mt mng cc dch v mi khc nh th thoi (voice-mail), truyn s liu tc
thp, truyn fax, cc tin ngn (short message)...
Cc h thng thng tin di ng th h th hai ch yu vn nhm vo phc v
dch v thoi. Dch v s liu m chng p ng c ch yu l dch v truyn s
liu chuyn mch knh tc thp (di 10 kb/s), khng p ng c cc nhu cu
IT
truyn s liu ngy cng tng. Chnh s pht trin nhanh chng v nhu cu i vi
cc dch v d liu, nht l i vi Internet, thc y mnh m cng nghip v
tuyn v l ng lc chnh i vi s pht trin cc h thng thng tin di ng th
PT
thng
vin
thng
di
ng
vn
nng
(UMTS:
Universal
Mobile
83
3G nhm phc v nhiu loi hnh dch v, vi tc ti a ln ti 2 Mb/s. Cc yu
cu c bn i vi cc h thng thng tin di ng 3G, mt cch vn tt, bao gm:
+ C kh nng truyn thng a phng tin vi cc tc : a) 384 kb/s (i b) v
144 kb/s (trn xe) i vi mi trng ngoi tri (out-door) c vng ph sng tng
i rng; b) ti 2 Mb/s i vi mi trng trong nh (in-door) c vng ph sng
hp;
+ C kh nng cung cp a dch v nh thoi, hi ngh truyn hnh (video
conferencing), d liu gi. H tr c cc dch v chuyn mch knh ln chuyn
mch gi v truyn d liu khng i xng (tc bt cao trn ng xung v tc
bt thp trn ng ln);
IT
PT
84
+ IMT SC (Single Carrier): IMT n sng mang, nguyn thu l mt dng ca
GSM pha 2+ gi l EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution);
+ IMT FT (Frequency Time): IMT tn s-thi gian, l h thng vin thng khng
dy tng cng DECT (Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications).
Hin nay, ITU thc hin vic phn loi cc mng di ng quc t thnh 3 loi h
thng gm: cc h thng IMT-2000 l cc h thng 3G (UMTS, CDMA2000); h
thng enhanced IMT-2000 (th h sau 3G) v IMT-Advance l h thng 4G.
tin ti 4G, LTE c coi l con ng chnh hin nay cho s pht trin cng ngh
PT
IT
85
PT
IT
86
thng qua giao din Abis. Giao din A-bis l ng lin kt s 64 kbps, s dng 3
giao thc truyn ti thng tin bo hiu n MSC:
o Th tc truy nhp ng trn knh D (LAPD)
o Qun tr trm thu pht gc (BTSM)
o Bo dng v vn hnh A-bis (ABOM)
o Phn ng dng truyn ti trc tip (DTAP)
Giao thc LAPD c dng nh giao thc lp 2, cung cp kh nng trao i
thng tin cn thit t nt - nt gi cc gi tin qua mng. Giao thc BTSM dng
qun l cc thit b v tuyn ca trm gc v giao din gia trm gc vi MSC.
D liu v cc thng tin bo hiu khc c gi t trm gc thng qua mt giao
PT
IT
87
o Phn ng dng di ng phn h trm gc BSSMAP
o Phn ng dng truyn ti trc tip DTAP
o Phn ng dng kh nng phin dch TCAP
Trn giao din A gia phn h BSS v MSC s dng phn ng dng h thng
trm gc BSSAP. BSSAP c th c chia thnh phn ng dng qun tr h thng
trm gc BSSMAP v phn ng dng truyn ti trc tip DTAP.
BSSAP c s dng trao i cc bn tin gia BSC v MSC m BSC thc s
phi x l v d nh bn tin qun tr ti nguyn v tuyn RR. Cn DTAP bao gm
nhng bn tin m phn h NSS v my di ng MS trao i vi nhau. Nhng bn
tin ny (v d bn tin qun tr kt ni CM, bn tin qun tr di ng MM) l trong
IT
PT
Lin kt
M t
Um
MS-BSS
Abis
BSC-BTS
BSS-MSC
MSC-VRL
88
dng giao thc MAP/B.
C
GMSCHRL
SMSGHRL
HRL-VRL
MSC-MSC
MSC-EIR
VRL-VRL
MSCSMSG
PT
IT
MSC-MS
89
Cc hot ng iu hnh ca MAP c th chia thnh 5 phn chnh nh sau: qun
l di ng; vn hnh v bo dng; x l cuc gi; h tr dch v b sung; dch v
bn tin ngn SMS.
Qun l di ng
Cc tc v qun l di ng gm mt s cc ni dung sau: Qun l v tr, tm kim
v tr ca MS, qun l truy nhp, chuyn giao vng, qun l nhn thc, qun l bo
mt, qun l IMEI, qun l thu bao, nhn dng thu bao v khi phc li.
hn ch cc thng tin trao i gia HRL, cc HRL ch cha cc thng tin v
MSC/VRL qun l thu bao hin thi. Vic qun l v tr gm mt s tc v nh:
Cp nht vng, loi b vng, gi nhn dng, xc nh MS.
IT
PT
90
Vn hnh v bo dng
Vn hnh v bo dng c chia thnh hai vng chnh: Gim st thu bao v
nhim v hn hp. Gim st thu bao gm hai trng thi kch hot v khng kch
hot, trng thi kch hot gim st thu bao c khi to t HRL yu cu VRL
kim tra trng thi ca thu bao v gi v MSC gim st MS. Nhim v hn hp
s dng trong mng GSM hin nay ch thc hin nhim v trao i thng tin v
thu bao gia HRL v VRL.
X l cuc gi
Cc th tc x l cuc gi ch yu da trn cc thng tin nh tuyn, khi cc
thu bao tm kim v xc nhn cc a ch MSC ch, cc th tc do MAP khng
IT
PT
91
cng. Hnh v 3.6 ch ra th tc ca MAP trong trng hp cuc gi t mng
PSTN.
H tr dch v b sung
Cc dch v b sung c thc thi qua cc iu hnh MAP gm c mt s tc v
nh: ng k dch v b sung, xo dch v b sung, kch hot dch v b sung, hu
b kch hot dch v b sung, lin kt iu hnh dch v b sung, ng k mt khu
v ly mt khu.
Dch v bn tin ngn SMS
Dch v bn tin ngn SMS l mt trong cc dch v c bn ca h thng di ng
GSM, cc iu hnh dch v bn tin ngn SMS gm c mt s tc v: Chuyn bn
IT
tin ngn, gi thng tin nh tuyn cho bn tin ngn, bo co trng thi bn tin, cnh
bo t trung tm nhn tin v thng tin ca trung tm dch v. Cc thng tin trao i
gia MSC c thc hin qua giao thc MAP/E c ch ra trn hnh v 3.7 di
PT
y.
Hnh 3.7: iu hnh MAP lin quan ti dch v bn tin ngn SMS
92
phng tin pht trin v iu khin cc dch v mt cch linh hot v hiu qu
hn. IN cung cp nng lc mng tho mn nhu cu thay i thng xuyn ca
khch hng, tnh thng minh ca mng tr nn phn tn vi phc tp ngy cng
tng nhanh. IN/1 th hin m hnh thc hin dch v bn ngoi cc h thng
chuyn mch, t trong nhng c s d liu gi l nhng im iu khin dch v
(SCP Service Controll Points). Hai dch v cn n IN/1 l dch v 800 (hay in
thoi min ph) v xc minh th cuc gi (hay dch v thc hin ha n lun phin
[ABS]). giao tip vi nguyn tc thc hin dch v gi tr gia tng, phn mm
phi c trin khai trong nhng h thng chuyn mch. Phn mm h thng
chuyn mch ny cho php tha nhn h thng chuyn mch khi n cn thit
giao tip vi mt SCP thng qua mng SS7. Sau khi IN/1 xut hin th cc nh cung
IT
PT
93
nhn thc c. Nhng SF ng vai tr trong vic c t v thit k cc dch v
mi phc tp hn, mun to ra mt dch v ch cn to ra SF phn li v khi mun
nng cp dch v th ch cn kt hp thm cc SF ty chn. Nh vy m cc dch v
IT
PT
Mt phng chc nng tng th GFP (Global Function Plane): GFP to ra m hnh
chc nng mng t quan im tng th. V vy mng c cu trc IN c nhn nhn
nh l mt thc th n trong GFP. Trong mt phng ny, dch v v cc SF c
nh ngha li v mt chc nng mng rng, nhng chc nng ny khng phi l
dch v hay c tnh dch v ring bit na m c tham chiu nh l cc khi xy
dng dch v c lp. Khi xy dng dch v c lp x l cuc gi c s v
chng trnh Logic - dch v tng th GSL (Global Service Logic). GSL m t cc
khi xy dng dch v c lp kt hp vi nhau nh th no c s dng m t
c tnh dch v SF.
Mt phng chc nng phn phi DFP (Distributed Functional Plane): DFP gm
cc thc th chc nng FE (Functional Entity). Mt chng trnh logic dch v
(SLP) trong GFP c i din bi mt nhm cc SIB phn phi ti cc FE. c
bit, mi SIB c thc hin trong DFP bi mt chui cc hot ng ca thc th
chc nng c th FEA (Functional Entity Action) c thc hin trong cc FE. Mt
94
s trong cc FEA ny to ra lung thng tin gia cc FE; c ngha trao i bn tin
gia cc FE s thng qua FEA.
Mt phng vt l: Mt phng vt l ca m hnh mng thng minh bao gm cc
thc th vt l PE khc nhau v s tng tc gia chng. Mi PE gm mt hoc
nhiu FE xc nh chc nng trong mng IN. C th t mt hoc nhiu thc th
chc nng FE trong mt PE. Ngoi ra mt FE khng th c tch ra gia hai PE,
mt FE c nh x hon ton trong mt PE. Cui cng, trng hp bn sao ca
mt FE c th c nh x n cc PE khc mc d khng cng PE.
IT
tch cc giao din bo hiu trong mng truy nhp ca h thng UMTS. UMTS l s
pht trin ln 3G ca h cng ngh GSM (GSM, GPRS & EDGE), l cng ngh
duy nht c cc nc chu u cng nhn cho mng 3G. GSM v UMTS cng l
PT
dng cng ngh chim th phn ln nht trn th trng thng tin di ng.
Cc thnh phn thit b chnh v cc giao din ca UMTS c ch ra trn hnh
3.9.
95
o Thit b di ng (ME : Mobile Equipment) : L u cui v tuyn c s dng
cho thng tin v tuyn trn giao din Uu.
o Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS (USIM) : L mt th thng minh cha thng
tin nhn dng ca thu bao, n thc hin cc thut ton nhn thc, lu gi cc
kha nhn thc v mt s thng tin ca thu bao cn thit.
UTRAN (UMTS Terestrial Radio Access Network): Mng truy nhp v tuyn c
nhim v thc hin cc chc nng lin quan n truy nhp v tuyn. UTRAN gm
hai phn t:
o Nt B: Thc hin chuyn i dng s liu gia cc giao din Iub v Uu. N
cng tham gia qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
o B iu khin mng v tuyn RNC: C chc nng s hu v iu khin cc ti
IT
PT
96
o GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node): C chc nng nh GMSC nhng ch
phc v cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc mng ngoi: Bao gm mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch gi.
o Mng CS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh.
o Mng PS : Mng kt ni cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi.
Cc giao din v tuyn: gm mt s giao din sau.
o Giao din Cu: L giao din gia th thng minh USIM v ME. Giao din ny
tun theo mt khun dng chung cho cc th thng minh.
o Giao din Uu: L giao din m qua UE truy cp cc phn t c nh ca h
thng v v th m n l giao din m quan trng nht ca UMTS.
IT
o Giao din Iu: Giao din ny ni UTRAN vi CN, n cung cp cho cc nh khai
thc kh nng trang b UTRAN v CN t cc nh sn xut khc nhau.
o Giao din Iur: Cho php chuyn giao mm gia cc RNC t cc nh sn xut
PT
khc nhau.
Giao din Iub nm gia RNC v mt node B. RNC iu khin node B thng qua
Iub mt s tc v nh: tha thun ti nguyn v tuyn, b sung hoc loi b cc t
bo khi node B, h tr cc kiu truyn thng khc nhau v cc lin kt iu khin.
Giao din Iub cho php truyn dn lin tc chia s gia giao din Abis/GSM v
giao din Iub, ti thiu s lng ty chn c sn trong phn chc nng gia RNC v
node B. Bn cnh chc nng iu khin cc , thm hoc loi b cc lin kt v
tuyn trong cc thuc qun l ca cc node B, Iub h tr chc nng O&M ca
node B. Iub cho php chuyn mch gia cc kiu knh khc nhau nhm duy tr kt
ni. Cc chc nng chi tit ca Iub nh sau:
97
o Ti nh v b iu khin mng dch v v tuyn SRNC (Serving Radio
Network Controller): Chuyn chc nng SRNC cng nh cc ngun ti
nguyn lin quan ti Iu t mt RNC ny ti mt RNC khc.
o Qun l knh mang truy nhp v tuyn RAB (Radio Access Bearer): bao gm
thit lp, qun l v gii phng knh mang truy nhp v tuyn.
o Yu cu gii phng RAB: gi yu cu gii php knh mang truy nhp v
tuyn ti mng li CN.
o Gii phng cc ti nguyn kt ni Iu: gii phng ton b ti nguyn lin quan
ti mt kt ni Iu. Gi yu cu gii phng ton b kt ni Iu ti mng li CN.
o Qun l cc ti nguyn truyn ti Iub: qun l lin kt Iub, qun l cu hnh ,
o hiu nng mng v tuyn, qun l s kin ti nguyn, qun l knh truyn
IT
PT
98
logic dnh ring DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel), cc DCCH c s dng
truyn cc bn tin ca RRC v NAS (NonAccess Stratum).
Bc 3: Khi DCH v DCCH khng kh dng, cc bn tin bo hiu thit lp
kt ni cho RRC c truyn nh RACH (Random Access Channel) hng i v
IT
PT
99
Bc 8: Bn cnh vic tha thun tham s trong th tc gn RAB, mt knh v
tuyn mi c thit lp mang cc knh lu lng dnh ring DTCH. Nu s
dng m AMR m ha thoi, ba knh DTCH c thit lp gm: Lp A, Lp B
v Lp C.
Bc 9: Gii phng cuc gi thoi c thc hin ngay sau khi RRC c gii
phng nu khng cn dch v no c kch hot. C hai knh iu khin v lu
lng dnh ring c gii phng. Cui cng, RNC gii phng ti nguyn v tuyn
b kha cho c hai knh dnh cho cc cuc gi khc.
PT
3.11.
IT
chng giao thc mng UMTS di kha cnh mt bng iu khin nh trn hnh
100
thng tin bo hiu v mt bng ngi dng truyn lu lng d liu ngi s
dng.
a, Mt bng iu khin/ ngi dng Iur
Giao din Iur gia cc RNC ch ra hai gii php trn lp truyn ti gm: SCCP
v cc bn tin RNSAP chy trn nn ca SSCOP hoc SCCP trn nn M3UA nu
IT
lp truyn ti l lp IP.
PT
101
SCCP: Cung cp dch v truyn bn tin gia hai im bo hiu bt k trong cng
mt mng.
RNSAP: Phn ng dng phn h mng v tuyn RNSAP (Radio Network
Subsystem Application Part) gm cc giao thc truyn thng s dng trn giao din
Iur v s dng lut m ha gi PER (Packet Encoding Rule).
a, Mt bng iu khin/ ngi dng Iu-CS
Chng giao thc iu khin/ ngi dng Iu-CS bao gm mt s giao thc.
AMR: M ha a tc thch ng AMR (Adaptive Multirate Codec) cung cp
mt min tc rng cho d liu v s dng cho m ha tc thp cho giao din
v tuyn.
IT
TAF: Chc nng tng thch u cui (Terminal Adaptation Function) l giao
thc h tr bin i nhiu kiu thit b u cui khc nhau vo mng.
RLP: giao thc lin kt v tuyn (Radio Link Protocol) iu khin truyn dn d
PT
102
IT
Trn giao din gia cc MSC, ISUP c s dng thit lp v gii phng cc
cuc gi qua min mng chuyn mch knh. Mt chc nng tng t trn giao din
PT
103
m im n DPC. Tham s SLS a thng tin v lin kt bo hiu s 7 s thuc
nhm lin kt no s dng gi bn tin. di ca SPC ph thuc vo cng a
l. Trong trng hp s dng bo hiu M3UA, a ch IP c s dng nhn
dng my ch MSC.
IT
minh.
PT
gii phng cuc gi nhng ng vai tr quan trng ca cc dch v mng thng
Trn hnh 3.15 cho thy cc th tc thit lp cuc gi BICC trn giao din E.
BICC s dng dch v truyn ti MTP trao i bn tin bo hiu qua lin kt
ATM. Dch v mang c iu khin bi BICC l thoi qua ATM s dng knh o
chuyn mch AAL2 trn giao din E.
104
r cc th tc thit lp v gii phng mt cuc gi s dng BICC, ta xem xt
cc lu trn hnh 3.17. Mi nt mng c nhn dng bi SPC SS7 l mt phn
ca nhn nh tuyn MTP. Cc bn tin trn giao din IuCS c lc bi giao thc
SCCP. Trn giao din E, tt c cc bn tin BICC u c cng OPC hoc DPC tng
ng vi nhn in thoi MTP v c thm gi tr CIC ca BICC nu cng mt
cuc gi. Cc bn tin trao i gia NAS v gn RAB c thc hin trn IuCS bao
PT
IT
105
mt cuc gi. Thm vo , s thu bao b gi c th t ng b sung hoc bt s 0
i vi cc cuc gi quc t.
IT
PT
106
tham s v knh mang c thit lp, gi tr nhn dng biding nu knh mang s
dng knh o chuyn mch AAL2.
IT
Cc bn tin phn nh hnh vi ca hai thu bao A, B cng chc nng nh trong
cuc gi ISUP. Trigger gii phng cuc gi BICC thc hin gii phng c knh
mang truy nhp v tuyn RAB v cc knh mang thc hin bi RANAP (IuCS) v
PT
cc th tc ALCAP.
107
c da trn IP chy trn Ethernet hoc lin kt ATM. cung cp mt dch v
giao vn nhanh gia cc thc th GTP ngang hng, giao thc UDP c s dng.
TCP vi mc tin cy cao hn UDP c nh ngha trong cc ti liu tiu chun
nh mt s thay th, nhng khng c s dng bi ngi iu hnh mng v cc
nh sn xut v n s lm gim thng lng d liu trong min PS.
IT
PT
108
Hnh 3.23 cho thy nhng chc nng ny c th tm thy gia nhng nt no
ca kin trc mng.
IT
PT
ging nh Internet. N c s dng trong c giao din IuPS v giao din Gn. Tuy
nhin, cc ng hm trn giao din IuPS c iu khin bi bo hiu RANAP.
GTP c dng gia GSNs v chc nng cng tnh cc (CGF) truyn cc bn
tin chi tit cc.
Bo hiu x l chuyn vng cho UMTS gm hai kiu chnh: chuyn giao gia
cc MSC trong cng mng 3G v chuyn giao gia mng 2G-3G. Mc ny tp
trung vo cc ni dung lin quan ti bo hiu chuyn vng trong ni mng 3G. Nh
bit, giao thc ng dng di ng MAP khng ch s dng cho truyn thng gia
cc c s d liu m cn iu hnh thng tin trao i gia cc MSC cng nh h
tr chc nng truyn ti cho cc giao thc truy nhp mng v tuyn RAN lp 3
khc nhau. MAP c th mang cc bn tin RANAP c trao i gia cc RNC kt
ni ti cc MSC khc nhau. Khi RANAP h tr mt phn chc nng truyn ti cho
giao thc RRC, cc bn tin RANAP mang thng tin RRC MSC trn giao din E
109
trong vng mng 3G, c nhng trong cc hot ng ca MAP. Cc RNC ca
cng mt UTRAN c th kt ni qua giao din Iur nhng khng c giao din Iur
cho cc RNC khc UTRAN.
Hnh 3.23 ch ra hai UTRAN khc nhau kt ni qua giao din E ca vng CS v
giao din Gn ca vng PS. Nu c mt tnh hung chuyn vng ca mt UE thuc
hai UTRAN, CRNC ca cc ny cn thng tin ti cc CRNC khc m bo
PT
IT
110
c chuyn tip n SRNC mi v kt ni gia cc RNC c thc hin thng
qua giao din E ca min li CS. Cc bc x l chuyn vng ni mng 3G c
tm tt theo cc bc sau:
Bc 1: Th tc chuyn giao ni 3G-MSC c khi pht bi bo co o RRC khi
mt thit b mi hot ng cng tn s vi mt thit b c. (hnh 3.25).
Bc 2: Khi SRNC (RNC 1) nhn c bn tin bo co RRC, quyt nh thc hin
chuyn giao sang RNC 2. Khi khng tn ti giao thc Iur gia cc RNC, th tc
chuyn giao buc phi l chuyn giao cng cng vi ti ch nh li SRNS ti cng
thi im. Tin trnh ny c x l bi SRNC c, l thnh phn gi bn tin yu
cu ti nh v RANAP ti MSC ca n.
IT
PT
chuyn ti MSC mi, MSC phc v gi bn tin chun b chuyn vng MAP cha
RANAP ti MSC mi.
111
Bc 5: RNC 2 ch nh tt c cc ngun ti nguyn v tuyn chun b cho kt
ni UE. c bit, cc chc nng lp lch v iu khin qun tr c kim tra v
tnh ton tng thch vi cc tp tham s ca RNC 1. Ty thuc vo kt qu tnh
ton m chuyn giao c c thc hin hay khng qua bn tin RRC c gi i t
RNC 2. Nu yu cu QoS thay i, bn tin ti cu hnh knh mang v tuyn c
gi i, trn v d cho thy bn tin ti cu hnh knh vt l c gi.
Bc 6: RNC 2 gi bn tin xc nhn ti nh v RANAP ti RNC 2 p li bn
tin ti cu hnh knh vt l RRC.
Bc 7: Tr li bn tin tin chuyn giao MAP c gi bi MSC mi ti MSC
phc v c. Bn tin ny cha xc nhn ti nh v RANAP gm thng tin ti cu
IT
PT
lnh ti nh v ra lnh cho RNC 1 kt thc cc lut hin p dng cho kt ni.
Bc 9: Bn tin ti cu hnh knh vt l c chuyn bi RNC 2 qua Iub c v giao
din Uu ti UE.
112
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng
IT
PT
113
IT
PT
114
nh iu hnh, phn bit cht lng dch v v tnh cc. Cc yu cu c bn v
cu trc ca mt h thng IMS c t ra gm: h tr cc phin truyn thng
a phng tin IP; kt ni IP cho cc thit b di ng trn c vng mng nh v
mng khch; m bo cht lng thng tin cho cc phin a phng tin; h tr cc
chnh sch s dng ng ti nguyn yu cu; m bo an ton thng tin trong cc
mi trng kt ni; h tr chnh sch tnh cc; thc hin chuyn vng linh hot;
phi hp kt ni vi cc mng khc; ng dng c ch iu khin dch v linh hot;
phn lp cu trc v a dng hnh thc truy nhp.
IT
cp mng, ngi pht trin ng dng, ngi cung cp dch v cng nh ngi s
dng cc thit b u cui. Kin trc IMS gip cc dch v mi c trin khai mt
cch nhanh chng vi chi ph thp. Vi IMS, nh cung cp mng s khng ch lm
cng tc chuyn ti thng tin mt cch n thun m tr thnh tm im trong vic
PT
phn phi dung lng thng tin trong mng, ng vai tr quan trng trong vic m
bo cht lng dch v cng nh kp thi thay i p ng cc tnh hung khc
nhau ca khch hng. Mt mng IMS c nh ngha trong mt kin trc mt
phng ngang gm 3 lp chc nng.
115
mch, b nh tuyn v cc thc th x l phng tin nh cng a phng tin hay
my ch phng tin. IMS ng vai tr nh mt lp truy nhp khng ph thuc
mng kt ni n nhiu loi mng khc nhau hin c (hnh 4.2).
Lp th hai trong kin trc IMS l lp iu khin. Bao gm cc phn t ca
mng bo hiu nh CSCF, HSS, MGCF h tr iu khin phin chung, iu
khin phng tin v chc nng iu khin truy nhp qua cc giao thc bo hiu
nh SIP, Diameter, H248. Lp iu khin l chc nng ct li ca IMS truyn
thng bo hiu v cc yu cu iu khin ti cc thnh phn thit b trong phin.
Lp th 3 trong kin trc IMS l lp dch v. Lp ny bao gm cc Server ng
dng nh server ng dng SIP, Server truy nhp dch v m bn th 3 v cc im
IT
PT
Lp ng
Dng
AS
AS
AS
BGCF
CSCF
Lp iu
Khin
HSS
MRFC
MGCF
SGW
MRFP
Lp Truyn
ti
SGSN
RAN
GGSN
Cc
mng IP
m rng
SEG
IMS_MGW
Lu lng bo hiu
Lu lng ngi dng
PSTN/ cc
mng CS
m rng
WLAN,
ADSL,Cp
116
dng cho nhn thc trao quyn v thanh ton (AAA) i vi cc dch v ca
ngi s dng. Nu so snh vi giao thc bo hiu SS7 truyn thng, giao thc
c s dng trong mng chuyn mch knh cung cp dch v thoi, chc nng
giao thc SIP tng t nh ISUP cn giao thc Diameter v cc ng dng ca
n tng ng vi giao thc da trn TCAP. truyn ti giao thc bo hiu
trong IMS, giao thc truyn ti iu khin lung SCTP v giao thc iu khin
truyn ti TCP chy trn nn IPv4/IPv6 c s dng.
IT
PT
117
sch ca nh khai thc, CSCF t chi yu cu v gi bn tin thng bo li SIP ti
UE.
CSCF i din (y quyn)
P-CSCF l im kt ni, giao tip u tin ca cc thu bao trong h thng IMS.
C ngha l tt c lu lng bo hiu SIP t UE s c gi ti P-CSCF. Ngc li,
tt c cc kt cui bo hiu SIP t mng c gi t P-CSCF ti UE. Bn chc
nng c bn ca P-CSCF bao gm: nn SIP, kt hp bo mt IP (IPSec), tng tc
vi chc nng quyt nh chnh sch (PDF) v xc nh phin khn cp. C th c
mt hoc nhiu P-CSCF trong mt mng. P-CSCF thc hin cc chc nng sau:
o Chuyn tip cc yu cu SIP REGISTER ti CSCF truy vn (I-CSCF) da trn
IT
PT
118
o Tng tc vi chc nng quyt nh chnh sch (PDF). PDF chu trch nhim
trin khai chnh sch vng theo dch v (SBLP). Trong Release 5, PDF l mt
thc th logic ca P-CSCF, cn trong Release 6 PDF ng ring mt mnh.
Thng thng mt mng IMS s c nhiu P-CSCF ty thuc vo quy m v
d ca mng. Mi P-CSCF ch phc v mt s lng cc u cui IMS nht nh.
CSCF truy vn
CSCF truy vn (I-CSCF) l mt SIP Proxy nm ti bin gii ca vng qun l.
a ch ca cc I-CSCF trong mt min s c lit k trong cc bn ghi DNS ca
min . Khi mun xc nh bc nhy tip theo cho mt bn tin no ca th tc
SIP th my ch SIP phi bit c a ch ca t nht l mt I-CSCF ca min m
cc chc nng sau:
IT
PT
119
o iu khin cc yu cu ng k nh mt register. S-CSCF nhn bit c a
ch IP ca UE v P-CSCF no ang c UE s dng nh mt im truy cp
IMS.
o Nhn thc ngi dng bng c ch nhn thc v ng thun kho IMS (AKA)
gia UE v mng nh.
o Ti thng tin ngi dng v d liu lin quan n dch v t HSS trong sut qu
trnh ng k hoc khi x l mt yu cu ti ngi dng khng c ng k.
o nh tuyn lu lng u cui di ng ti P-CSCF v nh tuyn lu lng
khi xng t di ng ti I-CSCF, thc th chc nng iu khin cng thot
BGCF) hay my ch ng dng (AS).
my ch i din.
IT
o Phin dch s E.164 ti URI dng nhn dng ti nguyn hp nht s dng c
PT
120
S lng S-CSCF trong mt mng ph thuc vo quy m v d ca mng
. Mi S-CSCF ch phc v cho mt s lng thit b u cui IMS nht nh.
Khc vi P-CSCF v I-CSCF, S-CSCF lun nm mng nh.
b, C s d liu HSS/HLR
V kha cnh k thut, my ch thu bao mng nh HSS l s ci tin t HLR.
Trong IMS, HSS l trung tm lu tr thng tin ca khch hng, bao gm tt c d
liu lin quan n vic x l cc phin a phng tin cho khch hng . Nhng
d liu ny l thng tin nh v, thng tin an ninh (gm thng tin nhn thc v thng
tin trao quyn), thng tin h s khch hng (cc dch v m khch hng ng k) v
thng tin v S-CSCF c gn cho mi khch hng.
IT
PT
121
cung cp th ba ny. AS s khng giao tip vi HSS khi n khng nm trn mng
nh. Cc chc nng chnh ca AS bao gm:
o Kh nng x l v tc ng ti phin SIP thu c.
o Kh nng to ra cc yu cu SIP.
o Kh nng gi thng tin thanh ton ti b phn tnh cc.
d, Thc th chc nng qun l ti nguyn v phng tin MRF
Thc th chc nng qun l ti nguyn v phng tin (MRF) c chc nng
cung cp ti nguyn a phng tin trong mng nh, cc lung phng tin hn
hp, chuyn m gia cc b codec, thu nhn thng tin thng k v phn tch cc
loi phng tin.
IT
PT
122
o Gi thng tin tnh cc ti CCF.
f, Thc th chc nng iu khin cng (BGCF)
BGCF chu trch nhim la chn li thot n min CS. Qu trnh ny c th
la chn ra li thot trong chnh mng cp pht BGCF hoc li thot ti mng khc.
Trong trng hp th nht, BGCF s la chn mt thc th chc nng MGCF
x l phin. Trng hp th hai, BGCF s chuyn tip phin ti BGCF khc trong
mng c la chn. Ngoi ra, BGCF cng c chc nng gi thng tin tnh cc ti
CCF.
IT
khi chun ha cc giao thc cho GSM thit k b sung cc giao thc cho IMS.
Phn ln cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong IMS u mang tnh k tha v
n gin trong tch hp h thng.
PT
Giao thc iu khin phin: Cc giao thc iu khin phin ng mt vai tr then
cht vi bt k mt cu trc mng truyn thng do lin quan trc tip ti hiu nng
h thng mng. 3GPP la chn giao thc SIP thit lp v qun l cc phin a
phng tin truyn trn mng IP v trong IMS.
Giao thc nhn thc, cp quyn v tnh cc AAA: Ngoi cc giao thc iu
khin phin k trn th giao thc AAA cng c vai tr quan trng khng km.
Trong IMS, giao thc AAA c s dng l Diameter. Diameter (RFC 3588) l
giao thc pht trin t RADIUS (RFC 2865) (l mt giao thc c s dng rng
ri trn Internet thc hin AAA. V d, khi mt khch hng quay s n mt nh
cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) th Server ca mng truy nhp s s dng giao thc
RADIUS nhn thc v trao quyn cho khch hng truy nhp vo mng). Giao
thc Diameter c chia thnh cc ng dng Diameter. Diameter c IMS s
dng mt s giao din, nhng khng phi tt c giao din u s dng chung mt
123
ng dng Diameter. V d hai ng dng Diameter dng tng tc vi SIP trong
qu trnh khi to phin v tnh cc s phi khc nhau.
Cc giao thc h tr khc: Ngoi SIP v Diameter th IMS vn cn s dng nhiu
giao thc khc, v d nh: COPS (Common Open Policy Service, RFC 2748) l
giao thc c chc nng truyn cc chnh sch gia cc im quyt nh chnh sch
PDP v cc thc hin chnh sch PEP; MEGACO/H.248 c s dng iu
khin cc node trong mt bng phng tin; RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol,
RFC 3550) v RTCP (RTP Control Protocol, RFC 3550) c dng truyn cc
phng tin thi gian thc nh hnh nh v m thanh.
IT
PT
124
l SigComp c pht trin bi t chc IETF. Tiu ring P-Header (RFC
3329) nh P-preferred-identity, th P-access-network-info, P-asserted-identity, Pcalledparty- id c b sung thm cho mng IMS cung cp cc dch v ring
bit. Cc tiu ny c nh ngha thm chuyn cc thng tin xc ng vo
mng nhng n cha pht trin cc phn t chun mc trong IMS. Cc chun
m rng khc nh chun tha thun bo mt (RFC 3329), xc thc phng tin
(RFC 3313), dnh trc ti nguyn trong IMS (RFC 3312), SDP m rng c
xut h tr thm cho SIP trong IMS. So snh vi SIP ca trong IETF m ch
gi s dng SIP yu cu mt con ng c th trong tiu Route. Trong IMS, PCSCF loi b con ng ny v m bo tun theo vic nh tuyn SIP IMS. Cc
yu cu SIP lun c nh tuyn n S-CSCF mng nh c mng khi tao v
IT
PT
125
ng nhn thc ngi dng (UAR) ti HSS, HSS tr li a ch ca kh thi ca SCSCF. I-CSCF la chn mt S-CSCF v chuyn bn tin ng k.
Mng nh
UE
Mng khch
P-CSCF
I-CSCF
S-CSCF
HSS
1. SIP: ng k
2. Diameter: UAR, UAA
3. SIP: ng k
5. SIP: 401
6. SIP: ng k
2. Diameter: UAR, UAA
8. SIP: ng k
9. Diameter: SAR, SAA
IT
10. iu khin
dch v qua AS
11. SIP: 200 OK
Yu cu/Tr li
Yu cu
Tr li
PT
126
ngi b gi tm a ch ca mt S-CSCF c ch nh qua bn tin Diameter
yu cu thng tin v tr LIR. HSS p ng li bng bn tin Diameter tr li thng
tin v tr LIA.
Mng nh ch
gi
Mng nh b gi
S-CSCF
I-CSCF
HSS
S-CSCF
1. SIP: Yu cu
2. iu khin
dch v qua AS
3. SIP: Yu cu
9. SIP: 200 OK
Yu cu
Tr li
PT
Yu cu/Tr li
IT
127
Phn phi dch v IMS: Kin trc phn phi dch v IMS bao gm S-CSCF,
Server ng dng AS, chc nng iu khin ti nguyn a phng tin MRF v
HSS. Trong S-CSCF ng vai tr nh mt im iu khin phin trung tm,
cc server ng dng v MRF l cc im thi hnh dch v. thi hnh iu
khin logic dch v cho mt thu bao, S-CSCF kim tra yu cu SIP nhn c.
Thng tin c kim tra bao gm kiu bo hiu SIP, tiu , URI yu cu v m
t phin. Nu im cht ph hp, S-CSCF s la chn mt Server ng dng v
nh tuyn yu cu SIP ti AS trong dch v c thc thi.
Server ng dng SIP (SIP AS), c tr trong mng nh v cung cp dch v
da trn giao thc SIP. Trong mt v d c minh ho trong hnh di y ch
ra lung bn tin cho th tc lin quan n server c mt, ni ngi dng A ly
UA.
IT
thng tin hin din ca ngi dng B, v dch v hin din ng vai tr nh mt
UE B
PT
UE A
Li IMS
Presence
Server
1. SIP: SUBCRIBER
2. SIP: 200 OK
3. SIP: Thng bo
4. SIP: 200 OK
5. SIP: Cng b
6. SIP: 200 OK
3. SIP: Thng bo
4. SIP: 200 OK
Hnh 4.6: Lung bn tin ngi dng A ly thng tin hin din ngi dng B
Cc bc trong th tc ny nh sau: 1-2: A ly thng tin hin din ca ngi dng
B; 3-4: Sever hin din thng bo cho A v hiu lc hin ti ca B; 5-6: B thay i
trang thi hiu lc ca mnh; 7-8: Server hin din thng bo cho A bn cp nhn hiu
lc ca B.
128
IT
PT
129
c im chung nh nu trn v mt giao thc. Vi mi giao din c mt s c
im ring.
(i) Vi cc giao din Cx, Dx
Trng hp ny, I-CSCF v S-CSCF ng vai tr l Diameter client; HSS l
Diameter server v SLF c vai tr chuyn hng (Redirect agent). Giao din Cx
cha ba loi th tc chnh: qun l v tr, x l s liu thu bao v nhn thc thu
PT
IT
130
(ii) Vi giao din Sh
Mt AS (SIP AS hay OSA SCS) c th cn s liu thu bao hoc cn xc nh
S-CSCF no gi yu cu SIP n . Loi thng tin ny c lu tr ti HSS. V
th, cn im tham chiu gia HSS v AS. im tham chiu Sh dng giao thc
Diameter. Cc th tc c chia thnh hai loi chnh: x l s liu v khai bo/thu
dng s liu. Giao din ny nh ngha mt s loi d liu ngi dng nh sau:
o Repository data: AS s dng HSS lu tr d liu trong sut. D liu ny
ch c th hiu c bi my ch dch v thit lp dch v. D liu ny khc
nhau ty tng ngi dng v ty tng dch v
o Public identifiers : danh sch cc nhn dng cng cng ca ngi dng
o IMS user state: trng thi ng k ca ngi dng trong IMS. c th l:
ng k, cha ng k, ch i trong qu trnh chng thc hoc cha ng k
IT
PT
COP l giao thc c IETF chun ha nhm thc hin vic qun l, cu hnh v
p t chnh sch. Giao thc ny hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server. N nh
ngha mt giao thc yu cu v p ng mt cch n gin trong vic trao i thng
tin chnh sch gia server quyt nh chnh sch v client ca n. Trong im
thc thi chnh sch (PEP) c xem l client v server l im quyt nh chnh
sch (PDP). COPS iu khin chnh sch theo hai m hnh chnh: (i) Outsourcing
v (ii) Configuration. Trong (i) PEP ch nh mt PDP bn ngoi chu trch nhim
x l nhng s kin gi ra t PEP. M hnh ny cho thy s tng quan mt mt
gia nhng s kin PEP v nhng quyt nh t mt PDP. (ii) Khng ging nh
m hnh trc l khng c s nh x trc tip nhng s kin ti PEP v nhng
131
quyt nh t PDP. PDP c th cu hnh nhng s kin bn ngoi c khi to bi
mt PEP bt k v s kin gi t PEP c th c x l bi PDP cng khi vi n
hoc PDP thuc khi khc. Xt v mt thi gian th m hnh ny linh ng hn m
hnh outsourcing.
COPS s dng TCP truyn nhng bn tin ng tin cy gia PEP v PDP.
Khng ging nh giao thc client/server khc, cp bn tin yu cu/p ng ny phi
ph hp vi cp bn tin yu cu/p ng khc. y server c th p t chnh
sch cho client v xa nhng chnh sch trn client nu chnh sch khng cn gi
tr na. PEP khi to kt ni TCP n PDP. PEP gi yu cu v nhn nhng quyt
nh chnh sch t PDP v lin lc gia PEP v PDP l s trao i yu cu / p
ng. Tuy nhin PDP/PEP c th gi i nhng bn tin c lp. V d PDP gi nhng
IT
quyt nh ti PEP buc PEP thay i nhng chnh sch c PDP chp nhn trc
v PEP c th gi nhng bn tin bo co v trng thi cho PDP
COPS c s dng trong lin lc gia khi PDF v GGSN to s kt ni gia
PT
IMS v mng GPRS. Thng qua COPS cc chnh sch nh bng thng, tiu ch iu
khin chp nhn, QoS c PDF iu khin thit lp trn nn tng truyn ti ca
mng hi t nhm cung cp cc loi hnh dch v cho khch hng.
132
nhm. B iu phi nn s gi tr li cc bn tin c nn n ch ca
chng.
o B iu phi gii nn: L giao din gia h thng SigComp v ng dng
tng ng. N yu cu UDVM thc hin gii nn bn tin. Sau n gi bn
tin c gii nn n phn ng dng. Nu ng dng yu cu b gii
nn duy tr trng thi bn tin n s gi tr li mt nhn dng tng ng.
o B nn: y l thc th thc hin nn bn tin ng dng. N s dng mt
nhn dng nhm tng ng. Cc bn tin c nn c gi n b iu
PT
IT
phi nn.
133
b nn cho mi mt nhm v lu li thng tin trng thi tng ng. N cng xc
nh khi no th mt nhm ny c to ra hoc loi b. Mt nhm bn tin c
xc nh bi mt nhn dng nhm tng ng. ng dng cng chu trch nhim xc
nh nhn dng cho b gii nn. Khi n thu nhn c mt bn tin c gii nn
n s xc nh nhn dng nhm tng ng cho bn tin v cung cp cho h thng
SigComp.
Trong IMS thc th thc hin nn v gii nn bn tin n v i t u cui l PCSCF. Bn tin SIP c nn bi SigComp trong UE gi qua giao din v tuyn,
trm gc BS, b iu khin mng v tuyn RNC ca mng truy nhp v tuyn mt
t UTRAN. T UTRAN n s c gi qua node SGSN v GGSN ti P-CSCF
l ni m cc bn tin SigComp c gii nn. T P-CSCF bn tin SIP c gi i
IT
khng cn nn. Trong pha ng k thit b ngi dng v chc nng P-CSCF thng
bo cho nhau mong mun thc hin nn bn tin v kh nng ca mnh nh kch
thc b nh, nng lc x l, trng thi v cc lnh nn. Khi UE hoc P-CSCF
PT
134
kt ni a phng tin cng c trnh by trn cc kha cnh chc nng nhn thc,
xc lp chnh sch hay nn thng tin cng c trnh by.
Cc ni dung n tp chnh trong chng
Kin trc, thnh phn chc nng v cc im tham chiu IMS;
Cc th tc SIP ng dng trong IMS;
c tnh ca giao thc Diameter, COPS;
PT
IT
135
IT
PT
136
o PLMN-CS: min chuyn mch knh cung cp dch v thoi (khng c iu
khin bi IMS).
o PLMN-PS: min chuyn mch gi cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch gi
(khng c iu khin bi IMS).
Mng c nh c th c phn thnh 3 loi cng ngh truy nhp c nh sau
y, c th thc hin hi t vi mng di ng:
o Mng v tuyn: Thit b u cui truy nhp vi mng c nh qua giao din
v tuyn (v d: cc chun IEEE 802.11, 802.15 v 802.16). Thu bao c th
s dng cng mt loi u cui truy nhp c mng di ng v mng v
tuyn c nh (s dng u cui hai ch ). Chc nng iu khin i vi
mng ny bao gm IMS v UMA.
IT
o Truy nhp c nh bng rng: Thit b u cui truy nhp mng c nh qua
kt ni hu tuyn. Thu bao khng th s dng cng mt loi thit b truy
nhp c mng di ng v mng c nh. Chc nng iu khin ca mng ny
PT
l IMS.
137
h thng truy nhp ny sang mt h thng truy nhp khc h tr tnh lin tc
dch v cho cc thit b u cui a ch ; nhng thit b ny c th kt ni n
ng thi cc im truy nhp v tuyn c nh v mng di ng.
PS/CS
Convergence
IMS Convergence
FMC
appl.
IMS
mobile CS core
PS Core Convergence
fixed
mobile
fixed PS AN
IWF
mobile PS AN
mobile CS AN
service transfer
IT
PT
thc v thng tin QoS ca phn truy nhp mng c th c chuyn gia cc phn
h truy nhp khc nhau.
138
mng cho c mng c nh v di ng th hin cc mc hi t khc nhau c th
t c vi cu trc ny.
3rd Party
Applications
application
Application
Service
Domain
service
domain
Session Control
Domain
(IMS Core)
User
Equipment
Domain
Other
Networks
Access
Aggregation
Domain
IT
PT
nhp, chng ta phn bit gia khi min truy nhp hu tuyn/ khng dy
(Radio/Wired Access Domain, bao gm phn h truy nhp DSLAM, trm gc v b
iu khin trm gc 3G, im truy nhp WLAN) vi min tch hp truy nhp
(Access Aggregation Domain, thc hin chc nng tp hp lu lng t nhiu min
truy nhp hu tuyn/ khng dy chuyn ti nt bin). Cu trc mng GPRS (mt
phn mng truy nhp kt ni IP 3GPP) l v d c trng cho min tch hp truy
nhp. Tng t nh vy, mng kt ni DSLAM ti cc thit b bin BRAS/IP cng
l mt v d in hnh ca min tch hp truy nhp. Mt min tch hp truy nhp di
ng phi cha cc chc nng qun l di ng.
Min truyn ti li cng phi cha chc nng qun l di ng h tr tnh di
ng gia cc min truy nhp khc nhau (vd nh: chc nng qun l di ng ca
my ch thng tr MIP). Min truyn ti li kt ni vi cc min truy nhp trong
cng mt mng v vi cc min truyn ti li ca cc mng khc h tr chc
nng x l a phng tin khi cn. Chc nng truy nhp mng, chc nng iu
139
khin truy nhp v qun l ti nguyn u c thc hin cc min truy nhp v
min truyn ti li.
Truyn ti IP trong mng li ti mt phng truyn ti cho php ghp ni gia cc
cng ngh truy nhp c nh v di ng. Tuy vy, kh nng lm vic lin mng gia
cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau ti lp truyn ti khng h tr tnh
di ng ton cu trong mi trng hn tp nh vy; lp iu khin thc hin cc
cng vic nh: cc c ch nhn thc v nhn dng thu bao, cc chc nng xc thc
v iu khin truy nhp, qun l v phn b a ch IP, qun l mi trng thu bao
(VHE), qun l thng tin v thu bao v kh nng truy nhp ti s liu thu bao
m bo hi t ton phn gia cc cng ngh truy nhp v gia cc mng khc
nhau.
IT
PT
140
o Truy nhp cng dch v t cc thit b u cui khc nhau s dng cng mt
s nhn dng thu bao cng cng. Tnh nng ny cho php thu bao la chn
dch v no c chuyn tip n u cui no v theo trnh t no, trong
khi bn gi ch cn bit mt s nhn dng thu bao duy nht.
o Tnh lin tc dch v trn mt thit b u cui a ch khi di chuyn gia
mi trng mng c nh nh hoc c quan v mi trng mng di ng
(Vd: my di ng hoc PDA hai ch UTRAN v WLAN/Bluetooth c th
kt ni hoc ti UTRAN BS hoc ti im truy nhp WLAN/Bluetooth).
Chc nng FMC c th c coi l mt phn t mng iu khin im hi t.
Cc im hi t mng c th khc nhau ty theo tng nh khai thc, ph thuc vo
trng thi ca mng hin ti (mng di ng, mng c nh, mng CS, mng PS).
IT
Hnh 5.3 th hin im hi t ti cc lp mng khc nhau. Trong , min truy nhp
ca cc dch v c nh v di ng l khc nhau, mc d mt s phn t chung c
th c chia s gia cc mng c nh v di ng. Tng t, min truyn ti li
PT
3rd Party
Applications
3rd Party
Applications
application
application FMC
service
service function
domain
domain
application
application
service
service
domain
domain
session
session
control
control
domain
domain
session
session
control
control
domain
domain
core
core
FMC
transport
transport function
domain
domain
application
application
service
service
domain
domain
FMC
function
session
session
control
control
domain
domain
IWF
session
session
control
control
domain
domain
IWF
core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain
core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain
core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain
core
core
transport
transport
domain
domain
access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain
access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain
access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain
access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain
access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain
access
access
transport
transport
domain
domain
user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain
user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain
user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain
user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain
user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain
user
user
equipment
equipment
domain
domain
CS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
CS/PS convergence
141
chuyn giao lp dch v, yu cu cc thit b u cui phi h tr c hai giao din
v tuyn v min iu khin phin phi h tr ng k ng thi cng mt s nhn
dng ring. h tr chuyn giao lp dch v cho mt u cui a ch , chc
nng FMC c thc hin min ng dng c th la chn gia cc phin. im
hi t ny c cc nh cung cp dch v chp nhn. Nhng nh cung cp ny vn
hnh c mng truy nhp v mng li c nh da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi
PS v mng truy nhp v mng li di ng cng da trn PS.
Cch th hai h tr tnh lin tc dch v cho cc thit b u cui a ch
l s dng chc nng FMC min truyn ti li. i vi trng hp ny, chc
nng FMC iu khin chuyn giao gia cc min truy nhp v gia cc ch QoS
v cc truy nhp mng kt hp vi ch . Nu min truy nhp dch c th h tr
IT
cng mt ch QoS vi min truy nhp ang phc v th min iu khin phin
khng cn tham gia qu trnh chuyn giao. Nu min truy nhp ch h tr QoS
thp hn so vi min truy nhp gc th min iu khin phin cn tham gia vo vic
PT
142
phng tin v cng bo hiu. Nhng chc nng ny khng c trng cho FMC bi
v d sao i na th cc thit b u cui ca hai mng ny phi c kh nng lin lc
vi nhau. Chc nng FMC min dch v bn trn c kh nng h tr hai mng
ny (min CS v min PS) v s la chn min phc v l ty theo yu cu ca
thu bao hoc nh khai thc. Cu hnh ny c chp nhn bi nhiu nh cung cp
dch v vn hnh c mng di ng CS v mng c nh PS.
Vic kt hp gia 3 m hnh hi t trn c th c s dng cho php thc hin
chuyn vng gia cc min PS v CS hoc kt hp tnh nng truyn ti dch v v
chuyn giao vi tnh nng Enhanced VPN gia min CS v PS. Tm li, cu trc
FMC da trn IMS c thc hin theo cc nguyn tc sau:
IT
PT
giao thc gia thit b thu bao vi mng IMS mt cch trong sut.
o Cc min truyn ti truy nhp c th kt ni n mt min truyn ti li
khng ph thuc vo cng ngh truy nhp. iu c ngha l cc giao din
gia min truy nhp v li ging nhau khng ph thuc vo cng ngh truy
nhp.
143
Mc tip theo s gii thiu v giao thc truyn ti bo hiu SIGTRAN v m hnh
kt ni chuyn vng
PT
IT
o Giao thc Internet chun ho bao gm cc giao thc tiu chun trong b giao
thc TCP/IP.
o Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu chung: Giao thc ny h tr mt tp hp chung
ca cc chc nng truyn ti bo hiu tin cy. c bit trong phi k n giao
thc truyn ti iu khin lung SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol)
l mt giao thc truyn ti mi c nh ngha bi IETF ti RFC 2960.
o Giao thc tng thch: H tr cc hm nguyn thu c th chng hn nh cc
ch th qun l yu cu bi mt giao thc bo hiu ng dng c bit. Cc giao
thc lp con tng thch mi c nh ngha bi IETF RFC 2960 gm: M2PA
144
(MTP2-User peer-to-peer adaptation), M2UA (MTP2-User adaptation), M3UA
(MTP3-User adaptation), SUA (SCCP-User adaptation) v IUA (ISDN User
adaptation). Ch rng ti mt thi im ch c duy nht mt giao thc c
thc hin.
Nh vy b giao thc ny c hnh thnh t mt lp truyn ti mi - giao thc
truyn ti iu khin lung SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) v mt
tp hp ca cc lp tng thch UA (User Adaptation), cc lp tng thch ny
cung cp cc dch v ging nh cc tng thp ca mng SS7 v ISDN. Hnh 5.5
PT
IT
145
nh MTP3 v mt dch v (M3UA khng thc s thay th cc tnh nng v hot
ng ca MTP3).
o Cc lp thch ng hon ton trong sut i vi ngi dng. Ngi s dng dch
v s khng nhn thy rng lp thch ng c thay th giao thc ban u.
o Loi b cc lp SS7 mc thp cng nhiu cng tt.
SIGTRAN hin thi a ra su lp thch ng sau:
o M2UA: cung cp cc dch v ca MTP2 trong m hnh client-server,
chng hn nh SG - to - MG. i tng s dng ca n s l MTP3.
o M2PA: cung cp cc dch v ca MTP2 theo m hnh peer-to-peer, v d
nh cc kt ni SG - to - SG. i tng s dng ca n l MTP3.
o M3UA: cung cp cc dch v ca MTP3 trong c hai kiu kin trc:
IT
PT
146
MGC. Nh vy n hot ng ging nh m hnh Client - Server trong MGC l
Client v SG l Server. M2UA h tr:
o Ranh gii giao din gia MTP2/MTP3: Giao din SS7 gia MTP3/MTP2
(MTP2-User) vn c gi li ti im u cui trong mng IP, do lp
giao thc M2UA c yu cu cung cp cho cc User ca n tp cc dch
v tng ng vi cc dch v m MTP2 cung cp cho MTP3.
o Giao tip gia cc module qun l lp t ti SG v MGC: M2UA cung
cp mt s bn tin nhm h tr cho giao tip gia cc module qun l lp
t ti SG v MGC din ra thun li hn.
o H tr qun l cc lin kt ang hot ng gia SG v MGC: Lp M2UA
SG c nhim v gi trng thi ca cc x l my ch ng dng ASP
IT
PT
147
(ii) Lp thch ng ngang cp ngi dng M2PA. Giao thc thch ng ngang cp
ngi dng s dng cc dch v ca SCTP h tr vic truyn cc bn tin bo
hiu MTP3 ca h thng SS7 qua mng IP. M2PA c kh nng x l y bn tin
MTP3 v qun l mng gia bt k hai nt SS7 no giao tip vi nhau qua mng IP.
M2PA h tr:
o iu khin lin tc hot ng ca cc giao thc MTP3 ngang cp qua mt
kt ni vi mng IP.
o Ranh gii giao din gia MTP2 v MTP3, qun l cc lin kt truyn ti
SCTP v lu lng thay cho cc lin kt ca MTP2.
PT
IT
148
Vic thay th cc lin kt ca MTP2 vi M2UA nhm phn bit vi trng
hp truy cp IP SCP t SG (dch v ny c cung cp bi SUA). trng hp ca
SUA, n c bit lp trn ca n l TCAP (hoc cc phn ng dng khc), trong
khi th M2PA hon ton khng bit g v cc lp SS7 bn trn ca n.
S khc nhau quan trng v mt chc nng ca M2PA so vi M2UA l M2PA
bn thn n thc s cung cp dch v ging nh MTP2. Cn M2UA ch cung cp
mt giao din cho dch v ca MTP2 pha u xa.
(iii) Lp thch ng ngi dng MTP3 (M3UA). Lp thch ng ngi dng phn
chuyn giao bn tin mc 3 (M3UA - MTP3 user adaptation) nh ngha mt giao
thc h tr cho vic truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu ca ngi dng MTP3 (v d
cc bn tin ISUP/SCCP) qua mng IP s dng cc dch v ca SCTP. Giao thc ny
IT
PT
149
IT
PT
150
o Phn phi cc node bo hiu IP
o Bo co kp thi cc thay i v trng thi cho phn qun l
SUA cung cp phng tin nh phn ng dng (chng hn nh TCAP)
mt im iu khin dch v IP SCP c th c thc hin thng qua SG. Kin trc
mng gn vi SUA cho php c hng lot cc im iu khin dch v IP SCP
thng qua mt SG n. Cc IP SCP ny khng c lp MTP3 ni ht v do chng
khng cn m im SS7. Sau y l m hnh kin trc SUA c s dng gia
PT
IT
SG v IP SCP.
151
trong kt ni SCCP (c dng nh tuyn cc bn tin ca phn ng dng n
im iu khin dch v IP SCP thch hp).
SUA cng l mt giao thc kh mm do, n h tr cc phn ng dng ang
chy gia hai node trong ton b mng IP. iu ny c bit thch hp i vi cc
mng mi ra i. i vi cc mng ny th mt mng bo hiu SS7 truyn thng
chy pha di c th khng cn thit. Trong trng hp ny ngn xp IP SCP s
ging nhau c hai node (da trn IP). Ngoi ra SUA cn cho php truy cp n
cc c s d liu dch v trong mng SS7 t mng IP.
IT
Mi(SIP)
Mk(SIP)
BGCF
PT
BGCF
ISUP
M3UA
SGW
Mw
(SIP)
MGCF
I/P-CSCF
Mn
(H.248)
ISUP/
SS7
Mng CS
ISUP/
SS7
TDM
IM-MGW
S-CSCF
ISUP/
SS7
IP
Mng PS
152
phng tin gia min mng PS v cc mng chuyn mch knh. MGCF giao tip
vi S-CSCF (hoc BGCF) qua giao thc SIP. Bo hiu cuc gi (SS7/ISUP) c
chuyn t cng bo hiu ca mng CS n MGCF qua giao thc SIGTRAN. MGCF
phi phin dch cc bn tin gia SIP v ISUP m bo tng tc gia hai giao
thc ny. Tt c cc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi t ngi dng s dng CS u
c a n MGCF chuyn i ISUP (hay BICC) vo cc giao thc SIP, sau
chuyn phin n IMS. Tng t tt c cc bo hiu phin khi ngun t IMS n
cc ngi s dng CS c gi n MGCF. BGCF quyt nh ni kt ni lin
mng khi mt phin c khi to t mt ngi dng IMS. Nu kt ni lin mng
xut hin trong cng mng, BGCF s la chn mt MGCF, trong trng hp ngc
li, n lin lc vi mt BGCF thuc mng ca nh khai thc khc.
S-CSCF
IT
BGCF
1. SIP: Yu cu
PT
2. Truy vn
ENUM
MGCF
SGW
3. SIP: Yu cu
4. SIP: 100 Th li
5. H248: iu
khin MGW
6. ISUP/M3UA: IAM
7. ISUP/MTP3: IAM
9. SIP: PRACK
18. H248: iu
khin MGW
19. SIP: 200 OK
20. SIP: ACK
Hnh 5.11: Bn tin thit lp cuc gi gia ngi dng IMS gi ngi dng CS
153
Lung bo hiu thit lp phin gia mt ngi dng IMS gi ngi dng CS
c minh ho trn hnh 5.11. Lu l c ch gi v ngi b gi trong cng mng
nh. Th tc ny bt u khi tc nhn ngi dng IMS gi mt bn tin yu cu SIP
INVITE vi mt yu cu URI ca nh dng TEL-URI. Trong khi xc nhn mt bn
tin INVITE, S-CSCF giao tip vi mt server ch s in t ENUM (Electronic
Number) chuyn i nh dng TEL-URI thnh SIP-URI. Nu TEL-URI khng
c lu tr trong server ENUM (biu th ngi b gi khng phi l mt ngi
dng IMS), S-CSCF s chuyn (qua giao din Mi) bn tin yu cu INVITE ti mt
BGCF m n quyt nh chuyn mng s sy ra trong cng mt mng nh trn v
d. BGCF la chn mt MGCF v chuyn bn tin INVITE qua giao din Mj. u
tin MGCF ph thuc vo IM-MGW phn chia ti nguyn cho ngi dng IMS
IT
PT
SS7, bn tin ACM v ANM thng tng tr li ti MGCF, khi gi ti ngi dng
bn tin tng ng chung 180 v bn tin 200 OK. Ch khi ngi dng IMS nhn
mt p ng tm thi (v d SIP 180 hoc 183) ngi dng s gi li bn tin SIP
PRACK xc nhn p ng.
154
M hnh tham chiu IMS trong FMC;
PT
IT
155
PT
Ting Vit
IT
[8] Nguyn Thanh Tr, Bo hiu v iu khin trong NGN, bi ging chng trnh
NGN ca Tp on Bu chnh Vin thng, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng, 2007.
[9] Hong Trng Minh, Nguyn Thanh Tr, C s k thut chuyn mch, bi ging,
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2009.