BG Co So Ky Thuat Mang Truyen Thong

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
--------------------
KHOA VIN THNG 1
BI GING
PT
IT
C S K THUT
MNG TRUYN THNG
NGUYN TIN BAN
H Ni 2013
Mc lc
MC LC
MC LC ................................................................................................................... 1
DANH MC HNH V ............................................................................................... 6
DANH MC BNG.................................................................................................. 12
LI NI U ........................................................................................................... 13
CHNG 1. GII THIU CHUNG ....................................................................... 14
1.1
Cc loi mng truyn thng ......................................................................... 14
1.1.1 Mng cc b ............................................................................................ 14

1.1.2 Mng th ............................................................................................. 16
1.1.3 Mng din rng ....................................................................................... 17
IT
1.1.4 Mng khng dy ...................................................................................... 19

1.1.5 Kt ni lin mng .................................................................................... 22
1.2
Nguyn l hot ng chung ca mng truyn thng ..................................... 23
1.2.1 S phn lp giao thc .............................................................................. 23
PT
1.2.2 Thit k chc nng cho cc lp ................................................................ 23

1.2.3 Dch v hng kt ni v phi kt ni ....................................................... 24
1.2.4 S tng tc gia dch v v giao thc .................................................... 25
1.3
Cc m hnh phn lp mng ........................................................................ 28
1.3.1 M hnh OSI ............................................................................................ 28

1.3.2 M hnh TCP/IP ...................................................................................... 33
1.3.3 So snh OSI v TCP/IP ............................................................................ 36
1.4
Mng Internet .............................................................................................. 37
1.4.1 S ra i v pht trin .............................................................................. 37

1.4.2 Cc thnh phn ca mng ........................................................................ 38
1.5
Xu hng hi t ca cc mng vin thng ................................................... 39
1.5.1 S hi t gia cc mng cc b v din rng ........................................... 40

1.5.2 S hi t gia cc mng thoi v s liu .................................................. 40
1.5.3 S hi t gia cc mng c nh v di ng ............................................. 40
Mc lc
1.6
Tng kt ...................................................................................................... 41
1.7
Cu hi n tp ............................................................................................. 42
CHNG 2. LP VT L V LIN KT D LIU............................................. 43

2.1
Lp Vt l .................................................................................................... 43
2.1.1 Truyn tn hiu lp Vt l ...................................................................... 43

2.1.2 ng b v nh thi ............................................................................... 50
2.1.3 Cc giao thc v c t lp Vt l............................................................. 53
2.2
Lp Lin kt d liu .................................................................................... 56
2.2.1 Cc chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu ..................................................... 56

2.2.2 nh khung .............................................................................................. 58
2.2.3 Kim sot li ........................................................................................... 61
IT
2.2.4 iu khin lung ..................................................................................... 62

2.2.5 iu khin truy nhp ng truyn .......................................................... 63
2.2.6 Cc chun lp lin kt d liu .................................................................. 67
2.3
Cng ngh Ethernet ..................................................................................... 69
PT
2.3.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................ 69

2.3.2 Quan h gia m hnh phn lp Ethernet v m hnh tham chiu OSI ...... 70
2.3.3 Cu trc khung Ethernet .......................................................................... 71
2.3.4 Qu trnh truyn v nhn khung ............................................................... 72
2.3.5 Cc chun Ethernet .................................................................................. 73
2.4
Cng ngh truy nhp khng dy .................................................................. 75
2.4.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp khng dy ..................................................... 75

2.4.2 Mng v tuyn t bo............................................................................... 76
2.4.3 Mng v tuyn v tinh ............................................................................. 77
2.4.4 Xu hng pht trin cc mng v tuyn ................................................... 79
2.5
Mt s cng ngh lp lin kt d liu khc .................................................. 80
2.5.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................ 80

2.5.2 Giao thc PPP ......................................................................................... 80
2.5.3 ATM........................................................................................................ 81
Mc lc
2.5.4 MPLS ...................................................................................................... 85
2.6
Tng kt ...................................................................................................... 88
2.7
Cu hi n tp ............................................................................................. 89
CHNG 3. LP MNG ...................................................................................... 91

3.1
Chc nng v hot ng ca lp Mng ........................................................ 91
3.1.1 K thut lu v chuyn gi ....................................................................... 91

3.1.2 Thc thi dch v hng kt ni v phi kt ni .......................................... 91
3.2
nh tuyn .................................................................................................. 92
3.2.1 Nguyn l chung ca nh tuyn ............................................................... 92

3.2.2 Phn loi k thut nh tuyn .................................................................... 96
3.2.3 nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng ......................................................... 98
IT
3.2.4 nh tuyn vect khong cch ............................................................... 101

3.2.5 nh tuyn trng thi lin kt ................................................................. 107
3.2.6 nh tuyn lai ghp................................................................................ 112
iu khin tc nghn ................................................................................. 113
3.4
Cc giao thc lp mng trong Internet ....................................................... 113
PT
3.3
3.4.1 Giao thc IP .......................................................................................... 113

3.4.2 Giao thc ICMP .................................................................................... 132
3.4.3 Giao thc ARP v RARP ....................................................................... 134
3.4.4 Giao thc nh tuyn RIP....................................................................... 137
3.4.5 Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF ................................................................... 150
3.4.6 Giao thc nh tuyn BGP ..................................................................... 164
3.5
Tng kt .................................................................................................... 178
3.6
Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................... 179
CHNG 4. LP GIAO VN ............................................................................. 180

4.1
Cc dch v giao vn ................................................................................. 180
4.2
Chc nng lp giao vn ............................................................................. 184
4.2.1 nh a ch .......................................................................................... 185

4.2.2 Thit lp kt ni ..................................................................................... 187
Mc lc
4.2.3 Gii phng kt ni ................................................................................. 188
4.2.4 iu khin lung v b m .................................................................. 192
4.2.5 Khi phc kt ni .................................................................................. 195
4.3
Giao thc TCP .......................................................................................... 195
4.3.1 Truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh...................................................... 196

4.3.2 Phn on TCP ...................................................................................... 198
4.3.3 iu khin lung (flow control) ............................................................. 200
4.3.4 iu khin li ........................................................................................ 202
4.3.5 Cc b nh thi ca TCP ...................................................................... 203
4.3.6 Thit lp v gii phng kt ni ............................................................... 204
4.4
Giao thc UDP .......................................................................................... 206
IT
4.4.1 Cng UDP ............................................................................................. 206

4.4.2 nh dng UDP datagram ...................................................................... 207
4.4.3 Dch v phi kt ni ca UDP ................................................................. 208
Tng kt .................................................................................................... 208
4.6
Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................... 208
PT
4.5
CHNG 5. CC LP TRN ............................................................................. 210

5.1
Lp Phin .................................................................................................. 210
5.1.1 Cc dch v ............................................................................................ 210

5.1.2 Giao thc ............................................................................................... 216
5.1.3 Cc chun .............................................................................................. 219
5.2
Lp trnh din............................................................................................ 219
5.2.1 Cc dch v ............................................................................................ 219

5.2.2 K hiu c php tru tng ASN.1 ........................................................ 222
5.2.3 Giao thc ............................................................................................... 224
5.2.4 Cc chun .............................................................................................. 225
5.3
Lp ng dng ............................................................................................ 225
5.3.1 Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 225

5.3.2 Kin trc Client/Server .......................................................................... 225
Mc lc
5.3.3 Kin trc ngang hng ............................................................................. 226
5.3.4 Cc dch v lp ng dng ...................................................................... 227
5.4
Tng kt .................................................................................................... 228
5.5
Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................... 228
CHNG 6. K THUT V THIT B MNG IP .............................................. 230

6.1
K thut mng cc b................................................................................. 230
6.1.1 Cc thnh phn mng............................................................................. 230

6.1.2 Kin trc mng ...................................................................................... 231
6.2
Cc thit b mng cc b ........................................................................... 231
6.2.1 B lp .................................................................................................... 232

6.2.2 Cu ni .................................................................................................. 233
Thit b nh tuyn IP ................................................................................ 234
IT
6.3
6.3.1 Hot ng ca b nh tuyn trong mng ............................................... 234

6.3.2 Cc thnh phn ca b nh tuyn .......................................................... 235
6.3.3 Cc ch lnh ..................................................................................... 237
Cng ni ................................................................................................... 238
6.5
Tng kt .................................................................................................... 239
6.6
Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................... 239
PT
6.4
THUT NG VIT TT........................................................................................ 240

TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................ 251
Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: Hai dng cu trc ca mng LAN: Bus v Ring......................................... 14
Hnh 1.2: Mng th xy dng trn c s mng truyn hnh cp ............................. 16
Hnh 1.3: Quan h gia my trm, LAN v phn mng ............................................. 17
Hnh 1.4: Dng gi tin t my gi truyn qua mng ti my nhn ............................ 19
Hnh 1.5: (a) Kt ni Bluetooth. (b) LAN khng dy................................................. 21
Hnh 1.6: Quan h gia dch v v giao thc ............................................................. 26
Hnh 1.7: Chng giao thc truyn thng .................................................................... 27
Hnh 1.8: M hnh tham chiu OSI............................................................................ 29
Hnh 1.9: Cc giao thc trong m hnh TCP/IP ......................................................... 36
IT
Hnh 1.10: M hnh TCP/IP v OSI........................................................................... 37

Hnh 2.1: Sng hnh sin ............................................................................................. 43
Hnh 2.2: Bin , tn s v pha ca sng hnh sin .................................................... 44
PT
Hnh 2.3: M dch pha............................................................................................... 45

Hnh 2.4: Sng vung................................................................................................ 46
Hnh 2.5: C cu truyn tn hiu sng s ................................................................... 46
Hnh 2.6: Tn hiu s v tng t vi tn hiu tng t v s .................................... 47
Hnh 2.7: Cc giao din song song v ni tip ........................................................... 50
Hnh 2.8: Khun dng k t truyn d b ................................................................... 51
Hnh 2.9: Chun lp vt l EIA-232-E ....................................................................... 54
Hnh 2.10: Khuyn ngh X.21 ca ITU ...................................................................... 55
Hnh 2.11: Cc gi c ng khung lp lin kt d liu ....................................... 56
Hnh 2.12: ng truyn thng o v ng truyn thc s gia hai trm ................ 57
Hnh 2.13: Lp lin kt d liu truyn gi tin cho lp mng...................................... 57
Hnh 2.14: nh khung bng cch m k t.............................................................. 59
Hnh 2.15: nh khung s dng byte c vi k thut byte stuffing ............................. 60
Hnh 2.16: K thut bit stuffing.................................................................................. 61
6
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 2.17: Th tc truyn khung trong CSMA/CD .................................................... 65

Hnh 2.18: Cc chun LAN ph bin ......................................................................... 68
Hnh 2.19: M hnh phn lp Ethernet v quan h vi OSI ........................................ 71
Hnh 2.20: Cu trc khung Ethernet ........................................................................... 72
Hnh 2.21: Kt ni gia 2 trm trong mng 10Base-T ................................................ 74
Hnh 2.22: Mng 100Base-TX ................................................................................... 74
Hnh 2.23: Cu hnh h thng GSM ........................................................................... 77
Hnh 2.24: Phm vi ca thng tin v tinh ................................................................... 78
Hnh 2.25: Cc dch v Vinasat 1 cung cp ................................................................ 78
Hnh 2.26: Lch s pht trin di ng ti 3G .............................................................. 79
IT
Hnh 2.27: ng gi d liu PPP ............................................................................... 81

Hnh 2.28: T bo ATM............................................................................................. 82
Hnh 2.29: ng gi d liu vo cc t bo ti nt mng ATM.................................. 82
Hnh 2.30: M hnh phn tng ATM .......................................................................... 83
PT
Hnh 2.31: Tiu t bo UNI v NNI ...................................................................... 84

Hnh 3.1: B nh tuyn s dng phn a ch mng nh tuyn d liu ................ 93
Hnh 3.2: Lin mng c chia thnh nhiu h t tr.................................................. 95
Hnh 3.3: Tuyn tnh trnh c cp nht nh tuyn qua lin kt WAN.................... 99
Hnh 3.4: Kh nng thay th tuyn hng ca nh tuyn ng.................................. 100
Hnh 3.5: Cc giao thc nh tuyn duy tr v phn phi thng tin nh tuyn ......... 101
Hnh 3.6: Giao thc vct khong cch gi nh k cc bn sao ca bng nh tuyn
v tch lu cc vct khong cch ............................................................................ 102
Hnh 3.7: Cc B nh tuyn vct khong cch khm ph ng i tt nht n ch
t cc hng xm....................................................................................................... 102
Hnh 3.8: Cp nht nh tuyn tin hnh tng bc, t b nh tuyn ny ti b nh
tuyn khc ............................................................................................................... 103
Hnh 3.9: B nh tuyn A cp nht bng nh tuyn phn nh s bc nhy mi
nhng khng ng ................................................................................................... 103
Hnh 3.10: Vng lp nh tuyn tng vct khong cch.......................................... 104
7
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 3.11: Gii hn khong cch ti a................................................................... 105

Hnh 3.12: Khi nim phn chia ranh gii (split horizon) ........................................ 106
Hnh 3.13: Gii thut trng thi lin kt cp nht thng tin tp ca tt c cc b nh
tuyn khc ............................................................................................................... 107
Hnh 3.14: Trong nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, tt c cc b nh tuyn cng tnh
ton ng i ngn nht ti ch ............................................................................. 108
Hnh 3.15: Tin trnh cp nht trng thi lin kt ..................................................... 109
Hnh 3.16: Cp nht khng ng b v ng i khng nht qun dn n s khng
th ti c mng ................................................................................................... 110
Hnh 3.17: Giao thc nh tuyn lai chia s cc thuc tnh ca nh tuyn vct
khong cch v trng thi lin kt ........................................................................... 112
IT
Hnh 3.18: Tiu IP datagram ............................................................................... 114

Hnh 3.19: V d v phn mnh ............................................................................... 119
Hnh 3.20: Gi tr ca cc trng khi datagram c phn mnh ............................ 120
Hnh 3.21: nh dng tng qut ca mt ty chn trong tiu IP .......................... 121
PT
Hnh 3.22: Biu din thp phn du chm ............................................................... 122

Hnh 3.23: Cc lp a ch IP .................................................................................. 123
Hnh 3.24: Mng vi hai mc phn cp (cha phn mng con) ............................... 128
Hnh 3.25: Mng vi ba mc phn cp (phn mng con) ......................................... 128
Hnh 3.26: Hot ng ca ARP ............................................................................... 136
Hnh 3.27: Hot ng ca RARP............................................................................. 137
Hnh 3.28: V d cc bng nh tuyn RIP ban u ................................................. 139
Hnh 3.29: V d cc bng nh tuyn RIP cp nht cui cng ................................ 140
Hnh 3.30: nh dng bn tin RIP ........................................................................... 140
Hnh 3.31: Bn tin RIP yu cu ............................................................................... 141
Hnh 3.32: Bn tin RIP tr li.................................................................................. 142
Hnh 3.33: B nh tuyn a thng tin v cc mng kt ni trc tip vo bng nh
tuyn, metric ti mng mng ny l 0 ...................................................................... 144
Hnh 3.34: B nh tuyn nhn thng tin t hng xm v cp nht bng nh tuyn 144
8
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 3.35: nh dng gi RIPv2 .............................................................................. 145

Hnh 3.36: Mc u tin ca gi RIPv2 c s dng cho chng thc .................... 148
Hnh 3.37: Tuyn thay th ch c khi cp nht xong nh tuyn ............................... 148
Hnh 3.38: m v hn xy ra nu c vng lp nh tuyn ...................................... 149
Hnh 3.39: S bc nhy ti a l 15 ....................................................................... 149
Hnh 3.40: H thng thut ng OSPF....................................................................... 152
Hnh 3.41: Cc kiu mng OSPF ............................................................................. 155
Hnh 3.42: B nh tuyn ch nh v ch nh d phng.......................................... 155
Hnh 3.43: Tiu gi OSPF ................................................................................... 157
Hnh 3.44: nh dng dng gi Hello....................................................................... 158
IT
Hnh 3.45: Cc b nh tuyn thit lp mi quan h gn k...................................... 159

Hnh 3.46: Qu trnh bu DR v BDR ch c thc hin trn mng a truy nhp ... 160
Hnh 3.47: Cc bc trao i n c trng thi Full ........................................ 161
Hnh 3.48: Tuyn tt nht c chn v a vo bng nh tuyn ........................... 162
PT
Hnh 3.49: H t tr.................................................................................................. 164

Hnh 3.50: H t tr n kt ni ............................................................................... 165
Hnh 3.51: H t tr a kt ni khng chuyn tip .................................................... 166
Hnh 3.52: H t tr a kt ni chuyn tip............................................................... 167
Hnh 3.53: Ch s dng BGP khi chnh sch nh tuyn khc vi ISP ...................... 168
Hnh 3.54: ng i AS .......................................................................................... 169
Hnh 3.55: Thit lp phin hng xm ....................................................................... 169
Hnh 3.56: Cp nht nh tuyn ch cha nhng thay i ......................................... 170
Hnh 3.57: Rt li tuyn khng hp l ..................................................................... 170
Hnh 3.58: Tiu BGP........................................................................................... 171
Hnh 3.59: nh dng gi Open ............................................................................... 171
Hnh 3.60: nh dng gi Update ............................................................................ 172
Hnh 3.61: nh dng gi Keepalive ........................................................................ 173
Hnh 3.62: nh dng gi Notification .................................................................... 174
9
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 3.63: My hu hn trng thi BGP ................................................................. 174

Hnh 4.1: Lp mng, giao vn v ng dng ............................................................. 180
Hnh 4.2: M hnh ca TPDU, gi v khung ........................................................... 183
Hnh 4.3 S chng trnh qun l kt ni n gin............................................. 184
Hnh 4.4: (a) Mi trng ca lp lin kt d liu (b) Mi trng lp giao vn ....... 185
Hnh 4.5 TSAPs, NSAPs, v kt ni giao thng ...................................................... 186
Hnh 4.6 thit lp mt kt ni vi mt my ch thi gian trong ngy trong my trm 2
................................................................................................................................ 187
Hnh 4.7 Ngt kt ni t ngt vi mt d liu ........................................................ 189
Hnh 4.8 Vn hai i qun .................................................................................. 190
Hnh 4.9 Bn kch bn giao thc cho gii phng mt kt ni................................... 191
IT
Hnh 4.10: (a) b m kch thc c nh. (b) b m kch thc thay i. (c) b m
quay vng cho mi kt ni ...................................................................................... 194
Hnh 4.11: Cu trc tiu TCP.............................................................................. 199
PT
Hnh 4.12: Ca s trt ........................................................................................... 201

Hnh 4.13: Qun l ca s ....................................................................................... 202
Hnh 4.14: Th tc bt tay ba bc ......................................................................... 205
Hnh 4.15: Th tc gii phng kt ni bn bc ...................................................... 206
Hnh 4.16: nh dng ca UDP datagram................................................................ 207
Hnh 5.1: Kch bn mu ca cc dch v phin ........................................................ 214
Hnh 5.2: Vai tr ca lp phin ............................................................................... 215
Hnh 5.3: Bn cch biu din d liu ca mt mu RGB ......................................... 220
Hnh 5.4: Vai tr ca cc loi c php khc nhau .................................................... 221
Hnh 5.5: Kin trc khch ch (client/server) .......................................................... 226
Hnh 6.1: Cc kiu kin trc LAN ........................................................................... 231
Hnh 6.2: B lp hot ng ti tng vt l trong m hnh OSI ................................. 232
Hnh 6.3: Cu ni hot ng ti hai tng thp nht trong m hnh OSI .................... 233
Hnh 6.4: B nh tuyn hot ng ti 3 tng thp nht trong m hnh OSI ............. 235
10
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 6.5: Thng tin cu hnh b nh tuyn c th n t nhiu ngun .................... 236
Hnh 6.6: Cc thnh phn cu hnh bn trong b nh tuyn .................................... 236
PT
IT
Hnh 6.7: Cng ni hot ng c 7 tng trong m hnh OSI .................................. 238
11
Danh mc bng
DANH MC BNG
Bng 3.1: So snh nh tuyn trng thi lin kt v vct khong cch ................... 111
Bng 3.2: Gi tr MTU i vi cc mng khc nhau ................................................ 116
Bng 3.3: Cc a ch c bit ................................................................................. 125
Bng 3.4: Tin t CIDR v s lng lp C tng ng ......................................... 131
Bng 3.5: Bng nh tuyn vect khong cch ........................................................ 138
Bng 3.6: 5 loi gi OSPF ....................................................................................... 152
Bng 3.7: Mt s thuc tnh ng i hin ang s dng ........................................ 177
Bng 4.1: Cc khi nim c bn ca dch v giao vn n gin.............................. 182
Bng 4.2: Cc cng TCP thng dng....................................................................... 197
IT
Bng 4.3: Cc cng UDP thng dng ...................................................................... 207

Bng 5.1: Cc dch v nguyn thy lp Phin ......................................................... 210
Bng 5.2: Cc nhm chc nng dch v phin ......................................................... 215
PT
Bng 5.3: Cu trc tng qut ca SPDU .................................................................. 218

Bng 5.4: Cc dch v nguyn thy lp trnh din ................................................... 221
Bng 5.5: Cc kiu n gin trong ASN.1 ............................................................... 223
Bng 5.6: Cc kiu c cu trc xy dng sn trong ASN.1 ...................................... 224
12
Li ni u
LI NI U
Ti liu trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v k thut mng truyn thng. Mi
mi trng mng c nhng c tnh ring vi nhng yu cu khc nhau v thit k v
vn hnh. Mng vin thng c th c phn loi theo nhiu quan im: phm vi a
l, cng ngh v phng thc chuyn giao thng tin, loi hnh dch v cung cp, cc
giao thc s dng, ... Ty vo c im v tnh cht ca dch v cung cp m mt
mng vin thng c th s dng cng ngh ny hay cng ngh khc thc hin vic
trao i thng tin. Song d s dng cng ngh no th mc ch cui cng ca mng
vin thng l cung cp dch v vin thng cho khch hng vi cht lng cao nht v
gi thnh r nht. Ni dung ti liu c thit k gm 6 chng vi nhng ni dung
chnh nh sau.
IT
Chng 1 gii thiu khi qut v cc loi mng truyn thng hin nay nh mng
cc b, mng th, mng din rng, gii php mng khng dy v vn kt ni lin
mng. M hnh phn lp v nguyn l hot ng chung ca mng truyn thng c
gii thiu lm c s cho cc ni dung chi tit tip theo. Chng 2 trnh by cc vn
c bn ca lp Vt l v lp Lin kt d liu. Cc k thut truyn tn hiu lp Vt
l, kim sot li, iu khin lung cng nh iu khin truy nhp c cp. Mt
PT
s cng ngh lp lin kt d liu in hnh cng c gii thiu. Chng 3 trnh by
hot ng ca lp Mng, cc k thut nh tuyn, iu khin tc nghn cng nh cc
giao thc lp mng trong Internet c cp mt cch chi tit.
Chng 4 trnh by v chc nng, cc th tc, dch v v chun ca lp Giao
vn, sau i su vo gii thiu nguyn l hot ng v c im ca hai giao thc
giao vn in hnh l TCP v UDP. Chng 5 trnh by nhng nguyn l hot ng v
c im k thut ca cc lp trn trong m hnh giao thc, bao gm lp Phin, Trnh
din v ng dng. Chng 6 tp trung vo gii thiu v cc k thut v thit b ca
mi trng mng ph bin v nhiu trin vng nht hin nay l mng IP. Nhng vn
k thut lin quan n bi ton thit k, vn hnh v khai thc mng c cung
cp gip ngi hc lin h nhng kin thc l thuyt cp cc chng trn vi
vn trin khai mng trong thc t.
Ti liu c bin son trong thi gian tng i ngn nn khng trnh khi cn
nhiu thiu st. Tc gi rt mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp t pha c gi v
cc ng nghip.
13
Chng 1. Gii thiu chung
CHNG 1.
GII THIU CHUNG
1.1 Cc loi mng truyn thng

1.1.1 Mng cc b
Mng cc b, thng c gi l LAN (Local Area Network), l mng ring
trong mt ta nh hoc khun vin c phm vi ln n vi km. Chng c s dng
rng ri kt ni my tnh c nhn v my trm trong vn phng cng ty hay t chc
chia s ti nguyn (v d nh my in) v trao i thng tin . LAN c phn bit
vi cc loi mng khc bi ba c im: ( 1 ) kch thc , (2) cng ngh truyn dn, v
(3) cu trc lin kt. Mng LAN b hn ch v kch thc, do vy thi gian truyn dn
v qun l mng .
IT
c m bo trong gii hn. iu ny to ra nhng thun li nht nh trong thit k
Mng LAN c th s dng cng ngh truyn dn gm mt ng cp m tt c

cc my c ni ti. Mng LAN truyn thng chy tc t 10 Mbps n
PT
100Mbps , c tr thp (micro giy hoc nano giy ) , v rt t li . Gn y mng

LAN c th hot ng vi tc ln n 10 Gbps ( y qui c 1 Mbps l 1,000,000
bit/giy v 1 Gbps l 1,000,000,000 bit/giy).
Hnh 1.1: Hai dng cu trc ca mng LAN: Bus v Ring
C rt nhiu cu trc lin kt c th c s dng cho mng LAN. Hnh 1.1

cho thy hai cu trc trong s . Trong mng dng bus, ti mt thi im cho php
nhiu nht mt my tnh truyn d liu . Tt c cc my khc khng c gi. Mt c
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ch iu khin l cn thit gii quyt xung t khi hai my hoc nhiu hn mun
truyn d liu ng thi. C ch iu khin c th tp trung hoc phn tn. V d,
chun IEEE 802.3, thng c gi l Ethernet, l mt chun mng da trn bus vi
iu khin khng tp trung, thng hot ng tc t 10 Mbps n 10 Gbps. My
tnh trn mt mng Ethernet c th truyn d liu bt c khi no mun. Nu c hai hay
nhiu gi va chm, mi my tnh ch ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin v th li sau
.
Dng cu trc mng th hai l vng (ring). Trong mng ny , mi bit truyn
xung quanh vng m khng phi ch phn cn li ca gi tin m n thuc v. Thng
thng, mi bit chy ht mt vng trong khong thi gian c vi bit c a vo
vng, cho n khi ton b gi tin c truyn i. Ging nh vi cc h thng truyn
khc, mt s quy tc cn c thit lp iu khin s truy nhp ng thi vo
IT
vng. C nhiu phng php khc nhau c th c s dng , chng hn nh cc

my thay phin nhau truyn d liu . IEEE 802.5 (IBM Token Ring) l chun LAN
da trn cu trc vng hot ng tc 4 v 16 Mbps. FDDI cng l mt v d ca
PT
mng hot ng theo cu trc vng.
Mng qung b c th c chia thnh tnh v ng, ty thuc vo vic knh

c phn b nh th no . C ch phn b knh tnh in hnh phn chia thi gian
thnh cc khong thi gian ri rc v s dng thut ton quay vng (round-robin), cho
php mi my truyn khi n lt khe thi gian ca mnh. C ch phn b knh tnh
khng hiu qu gc s dng bng thng khi mt my khng c g truyn trong
khe thi gian c phn b. V vy hu ht cc h thng u c gng phn b knh
ng (theo nhu cu).
Phng php phn b knh ng c th l tp trung hoc phn tn. Trong
phng php phn b knh tp trung, c mt thc th duy nht, v d n v iu
khin bus, xc nh ngi truyn tip theo. N c th lm iu ny bng cch chp
nhn cc yu cu v a ra quyt nh theo mt s thut ton ni b. Trong phng
php phn b knh phn tn, khng c thc th trung tm, mi my phi t quyt nh
khi no thc hin truyn ti. C th ngh rng iu ny s dn n s hn lon, nhng
khng phi nh vy. Chng ta s nghin cu cc thut ton c thit k trnh s
hn lon ny sau.
15
1.1.2 Mng th
Mt mng khu vc th, cn c gi l MAN, c phm vi trong mt thnh
ph. V d ni ting nht ca MAN l mng truyn hnh cp c sn nhiu thnh ph.
H thng ny pht trin t h thng ng-ten cng cng trc . Trong cc h
thng ny, mt ng-ten ln c t trn nh ca mt ngn i gn v tn hiu sau
c truyn n cc thu bao.
Ban u l nhng mng c thit k ni b v ring bit. Sau , cc cng ty
bt u tham gia kinh doanh v nhn c hp ng t chnh quyn xy lp mng
cho ton thnh ph. Bc tip theo l thit k chng trnh cho cc knh truyn hnh.
Thng th nhng knh ny c nhiu ni dung, chng hn nh tin tc, th thao, nu n,
...
IT
Bt u t khi Internet thu ht c mt lng quan tm ln, cc nh khai thc

mng cp truyn hnh bt u nhn ra rng vi mt s thay i i vi h thng, h
c th cung cp dch v Internet hai chiu trong phn di tn cha s dng. Vo thi
im , cc h thng truyn hnh cp bt u bin hnh t phn phi truyn hnh cho
PT
mt khu vc th thnh phn phi mng th. Trong Hnh 1.2 chng ta thy c hai
tn hiu truyn hnh v Internet c a vo u cui tp trung phn phi tip n
h gia nh. Truyn hnh cp khng phi l gii php MAN duy nht. S pht trin ca
cc cng ngh truyn dn quang v khng dy tc cao trong thi gian gn y
to ra nhiu gii php MAN khc v chng ta s xem xt chi tit hn nhng vn
ny trong cc phn sau.
Hnh 1.2: Mng th xy dng trn c s mng truyn hnh cp
16
1.1.3 Mng din rng

Mt mng din rng, cn c gi l WAN (Wide Area Network), c phm vi
trong mt khu vc a l rng ln, thng l mt quc gia hay lc a. N cha mt
tp hp cc my tnh chy cc chng trnh ng dng cn c gi l my trm (host).
Cc my trm c ni vi nhau bi mt phn mng hay mng con (subnet). Cc my
trm thuc s hu ca khch hng (v d, my tnh c nhn ca ngi dn), trong khi
cc phn mng thng c s hu v iu hnh bi nh cung cp dch v Internet.
Chc nng ca mt mng con l chuyn bn tin t my trm n my trm. Tch cc
kha cnh truyn thng ca mng khi kha cnh ng dng c th gip n gin ha
qu trnh thit k mng.
Trong hu ht cc mng din rng, mt mng con bao gm hai thnh phn khc
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nhau: ng dy v phn t chuyn mch. ng dy vn chuyn cc bit gia cc

my. Chng c th c lm bng dy ng, cp quang, hoc thm ch lin kt v
tuyn. Cc phn t chuyn mch l cc my tnh chuyn dng kt ni ba hoc nhiu
ng truyn. Khi d liu trn mt ng gi n, cc phn t chuyn mch phi
PT
chn mt ng i trn chuyn tip chng. Nhng my tnh chuyn mch c

gi bng tn khc nhau trong qu kh, hin ti chng thng c gi l b nh
tuyn (router).
Hnh 1.3: Quan h gia my trm, LAN v phn mng
Trn Hnh 1.3, mi my trm c kt ni vi mt mng LAN ri t kt ni

ti mt b nh tuyn , tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp my trm c th c kt
ni trc tip vi mt b nh tuyn . Tp hp cc ng truyn v thit b nh tuyn
(nhng khng phi cc my ch) hnh thnh nn cc phn mng.
17
Ban u, ngha duy nht ca thut ng phn mng l tp hp cc thit b

nh tuyn v ng truyn vn chuyn cc gi tin t trm ngun n trm ch.
Tuy nhin, sau khi nim phn mng c mt ngha th hai lin quan n vic
nh a ch mng (chng ta s tho lun sau).
Trong hu ht cc WAN, mng c nhiu ng truyn, mi mt ng kt ni
mt cp b nh tuyn. Nu hai b nh tuyn khng c ng truyn trc tip mun
trao i thng tin vi nhau, chng phi lm iu ny mt cch gin tip thng qua cc
b nh tuyn khc. Khi mt gi tin c gi t mt b nh tuyn ny n b nh
tuyn khc thng qua mt hoc nhiu router trung gian, cc gi tin s c b nh
tuyn trung gian nhn, lu tm cho n khi u ra theo yu cu ri, v sau
c chuyn tip i. Mt phn mng t chc theo nguyn tc ny c gi l lu v
chuyn tip (store-and-forward) hay phn mng chuyn mch gi (packet-switched).
IT
Hu nh tt c mng din rng (tr khi s dng cc v tinh) c cc mng con lu v

chuyn tip. Khi cc gi c kch thc nh v u nhau, chng thng c gi l cc
t bo.
PT
Nguyn tc ca WAN da trn chuyn mch gi rt cn c nhn mnh. Mt

cch khi qut, khi mt my trm c mt bn tin cn gi n mt s trm khc, trm
gi u tin ct bn tin thnh cc gi tin, mi gi mang s theo trnh t. Cc gi d
liu sau c chuyn vo mng lin tip nhau theo tng gi mt . Cc gi d liu
c vn chuyn qua mng theo nhng cch ring v ti cc my trm tip nhn, ni
chng c tp hp li thnh bn tin ban u v chuyn cho qu trnh tip nhn. Dng
gi tin thu c t mt s bn tin ban u c truyn qua mng nh minh ha trn
Hnh 1.4.
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Hnh 1.4: Dng gi tin t my gi truyn qua mng ti my nhn
Trong hnh v trn, tt c cc gi i theo tuyn ng ACE, ch khng phi l

ABDE hay ACDE. Trong mt s mng tt c cc gi t mt bn tin phi i theo mt
con ng nht nh, cn trong nhng mng khc cc gi tin c th c chuyn tip
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theo nhng tuyn ring. Tt nhin, nu ACE l con ng tt nht, tt c cc gi d

liu c th c gi i theo ng ny ngay c khi mi gi c nh tuyn ring.
Vic la chn ng i c thc hin ti b nh tuyn . Khi mt gi tin n
PT
b nh tuyn A, A cn a ra mt quyt nh chuyn gi ny trn ng B hoc

ng C. A dng gii thut nh tuyn a ra quyt nh ny . Chng ta s nghin
cu mt s gii thut nh tuyn chi tit hn trong cc phn sau.
Khng phi tt c WAN u da trn chuyn mch gi. Mt gii php khc cho
mng WAN l h thng truyn dn v tinh. Mi b nh tuyn c mt ng-ten
thng qua c th gi v nhn tn hiu . Tt c cc b nh tuyn c th nhn d liu
t cc v tinh, v trong mt s trng hp, chng cng c th nhn bit c vic
truyn d liu ln v tinh t cc b nh tuyn ng cp vi chng. i khi cc b
nh tuyn c kt ni vi mt mng con im-im , v ch c mt s b nh tuyn
c trang b ng-ten v tinh. Mng v tinh ph hp vi cc trng hp khi vic
truyn thng tin mang tnh qung b.
1.1.4 Mng khng dy
Thng tin lin lc k thut s khng dy khng phi l mt tng mi. Ngay
t nm 1901, nh vt l ngi Guglielmo Marconi cho thy mt con tu c th
19
gi in bo vo b khng cn qua dy dn bng cch s dng m Morse (du chm

v du gch ngang l nh phn).
H thng k thut s khng dy hin i c hiu sut tt hn, nhng tng c
bn l nh nhau.
Mt cch khi qut, cc mng khng dy c th c chia thnh ba loi chnh:
1. H thng kt ni.
2. LAN khng dy.
3. WAN khng dy.
H thng kt ni bao gm tt c cc thnh phn kt ni ca mt my tnh s
dng sng radio trong khong cch ngn. Hu ht cc my tnh c mn hnh, bn
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phm, chut, my in v kt ni vi khi x l chnh bng dy cp. Nhiu ngi mi s

dng gp phi kh khn khi mun cm tt c cc dy cp vo ng cc l cm cn
thit. Do , mt s cng ty cng nhau thit k mt gii php mng khng dy tm
ngn gi l Bluetooth kt ni cc thnh phn ny m khng cn dy. Bluetooth
PT
cng cho php my nh k thut s, tai nghe, my qut v cc thit b khc kt ni vi

mt my tnh bng cch ch c a trong phm vi bt sng. Khng c cp, khng
cn ci t trnh iu khin, ch cn t v bt thit b ln, v chng lm vic. i vi
nhiu ngi, kh nng hot ng d dng ny l mt li th ln.
hnh thc n gin nht, h thng kt ni s dng m hnh master-slave
(ch/th) nh trn Hnh 1.5(a). Khi h thng thng l ch, lin h vi thit b chut,
bn phm, nh th. Ch ni vi nhng ngi th s dng a ch g, khi no c th
pht sng, thi gian truyn ti l bao lu, c th s dng tn s no? Chng ta s tho
lun v Bluetooth chi tit hn phn sau.
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Hnh 1.5: (a) Kt ni Bluetooth. (b) LAN khng dy
Bc pht trin tip theo trong mng khng dy l WLAN (Wireless LAN).
y l h thng trong mi my tnh c mt modem khng dy v ng-ten m nh
IT
n c th giao tip vi cc h thng khc. Thng c mt ng-ten t trn trn gip

cc my lin lc vi nhau, nh th hin trn Hnh 1.5(b). Tuy nhin, nu cc my
gn, chng c th giao tip trc tip vi nhau trong mt cu hnh peer-to-peer. Mng
LAN khng dy ang tr nn ngy cng ph bin trong cc vn phng nh v gia
PT
nh, cng nh trong cc ta nh vn phng, phng hi ngh v nhng ni khc. C

mt tiu chun cho mng LAN khng dy l IEEE 802.11 ang tr nn rt ph bin v
c ng dng trong hu ht cc h thng thc tin. Chng ta s tho lun v n trong
chng 2.
Loi th ba ca mng khng dy c s dng trong cc mng din rng.

Mng v tuyn dng cho in thoi di ng l mt v d ca h thng khng dy bng
thng thp. H thng ny tri qua mt vi th h. Th h u tin l tng t v ch
truyn ting ni. Th h th hai l k thut s v ch truyn ting ni. T th h th ba
tr i l k thut s v cho php truyn c thoi v d liu. Theo mt ngha no ,
cc mng di ng cng ging nh l mng LAN khng dy, ngoi tr cc khong cch
ln hn nhiu v tc bit thp hn. Mng LAN khng dy c th hot ng tc
ln ti 50 Mbps vi khong cch hng chc mt. H thng di ng hot ng vi tc
thp hn, nhng khong cch gia trm c s v cc my tnh hoc in thoi c
o bng km ch khng phi l bng mt.
21
Ngoi cc mng tc thp, mng khng dy din rng bng thng cao cng
ang c pht trin. Cc h thng ny tp trung h tr truy nhp Internet khng dy
tc cao t gia nh v doanh nghip thay v in thoi. Dch v ny thng c
gi l dch v phn phi a im. Mt tiu chun cho n l IEEE 802.16 (Wimax)
cng c pht trin.
Hu nh tt c cc mng khng dy u kt ni vi mng c dy ti mt s
im cung cp kh nng truy nhp vo cc tp tin, c s d liu, v Internet. Ty
theo hon cnh, c rt nhiu cch thc hin nhng kt ni ny. Hin nay, rt nhiu
ngi tin rng khng dy s l ln sng ca tng lai.
1.1.5 Kt ni lin mng
Nhiu mng tn ti trn th gii, thng vi phn cng v phn mm khc
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nhau. Ngi kt ni vi mt mng thng mun giao tip vi mi ngi kt ni vi

cc mng khc. Vic thc hin mong mun ny i hi cc mng khc nhau (thng
khng tng thch c v phn cng v phn mm) c kt ni vi nhau, i khi
thng qua phng tin k thut c gi l cng kt ni (gateway) to kt ni v
PT
cung cp cc s tng thch phn cng v phn mm cn thit. Mt tp hp cc mng

kt ni vi nhau c gi l mt lin mng hay internet. Thut ng ny c s dng
trong ngha rng, phn bit vi khi nim mng ton cu Internet (thng c vit
hoa) ch mt lin mng c th.
Hnh thc ph bin ca lin mng l mt tp hp cc LAN kt ni bi mt

mng WAN. Trong thc t, nu chng ta thay th cc nhn ''phn mng'' trong Hnh
1.3 bi ''WAN'' th s khng c g khc phi thay i minh ha cho kt ni lin
mng . S khc bit k thut gia mt phn mng v WAN trong trng hp ny l s
c mt ca cc my trm. Nu h thng ch cha cc b nh tuyn th n l mt phn
mng, cn nu n c cha c cc b nh tuyn v my trm th n l mt WAN. S
khc bit thc t y lin quan n quyn s hu v s dng.
Phn mng , mng, v lin mng thng b nhm ln. Phn mng th hin c
hu ht ngha trong ng cnh ca mt mng din rng, khi n cp n tp cc b
nh tuyn v ng truyn thuc s hu ca nh iu hnh mng . S kt hp ca
22
mt phn mng v cc my trm ca n to thnh mt mng. Trong trng hp LAN,

cc ng cp ni v my trm to thnh mt mng. Khi khng c phn mng.
Mt lin mng c hnh thnh khi cc mng khc nhau c kt ni vi nhau.
Theo quan im ca chng ta, kt ni mng LAN v WAN hoc kt ni hai mng
LAN to thnh mt lin mng. Mt nguyn tc nh l nu cc t chc khc nhau xy
dng v s hu cc phn khc nhau ca mng, chng ta c mt lin mng. Cn nu
cc phn mng khc nhau s dng cc cng ngh khc nhau th cng c th coi l
chng ta c hai mng.
1.2 Nguyn l hot ng chung ca mng truyn thng
1.2.1 S phn lp giao thc
gim phc tp trong thit k, hu ht cc mng c t chc theo m
IT
hnh phn lp . S lng cc lp, tn ca mi lp, ni dung v chc nng ca mi lp

vi cc mng l khc nhau. Mc ch ca mi lp l cung cp cc dch v nht nh
cho lp cao hn. C th hiu, mi lp l mt loi my o, cung cp dch v nht nh
cho cc lp trn. Khi nim ny thc s quen thuc trong qu trnh s dng my tnh,
PT
ni n c bit n bi nhiu cch gi khc nhau nh l n thng tin, cc loi d liu

tru tng, ng gi d liu, v lp trnh hng i tng. tng c bn y l
mt thc th (phn mm hay phn cng) cung cp dch v cho thc th khc s dng
nhng n i cc chi tit v cc trng thi hay gii thut s dng bn trong.
1.2.2 Thit k chc nng cho cc lp
Khi thit k chc nng cho cc lp mng truyn thng thng ngi ta tun th
mt s nguyn tc sau y:
-
S lng cc lp khng nhiu qu n gin ha vic thit k mng, song

cng khng c t qu v khi cc bi ton cn gii quyt trn mi lp
li tr nn qu phc tp;
To ranh gii cc lp sao cho s tng tc v m t cc dch v gia chng

l ti thiu;
Chia cc lp sao cho cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit vi nhau; cc
lp s dng cc loi cng ngh khc nhau cng c tch bit;
23
Cc chc nng ging nhau c t vo cng mt lp; cc chc nng c

nh v sao cho c th thit k li lp m nh hng t nht n cc lp k
n;
To ranh gii cc lp sao cho c th chun ha cc giao din tng ng v

theo kinh nghim c chng t l thnh cng;
Khi d liu c x l mt cch khc bit th cn phi to mt lp mi;
Cc thay i v chc nng hoc giao thc trong mt lp khng c nh

hng n cc lp khc (m bo tnh trong sut gia cc lp);
Mi lp ch c cc ranh gii (giao din) vi cc lp k trn v di n.
C th chia mt lp thnh cc lp con khi cn thit; nguyn tc chia lp con

c p dng tng t nh trn; khi khng cn thit cc lp con c th hy
b.
1.2.3 Dch v hng kt ni v phi kt ni
hng kt ni v phi kt ni.
IT
Mi lp c th cung cp hai loi hnh dch v cho cc lp pha trn chng:
Dch v hng kt ni c xy dng theo tng ca h thng in thoi.

Khi mun ni chuyn vi ai , bn nhc in thoi, quay s, ni chuyn, v sau tt
PT
my. Tng t nh vy, s dng mt dch v hng kt ni mng, ngi s dng

dch v u tin thit lp mt kt ni, s dng kt ni, v sau kt thc kt ni. Mt
cch n gin, kt ni hot ng nh mt ci ng: ngi gi y cc i tng (bit)
vo mt u ng, v ngi nhn ly chng ra u kia. Trong hu ht cc trng hp,
th t cc bit c gi ng nh khi chng c gi.
Trong mt vi trng hp khi kt ni c thit lp, bn gi, bn nhn v phn
mng tin hnh m phn v cc thng s c s dng, chng hn nh kch thc
bn tin ti a, cht lng dch v yu cu , v cc vn khc. Thng thng, mt bn
a ra ngh v bn kia c th chp nhn, t chi, hoc a ra mt xut thay th.
Ngc li, dch v phi kt ni c phng theo hot ng ca h thng bu
chnh. Mi bn tin (th) mang y a ch ch v c chuyn tip thng qua h
thng mt cch c lp. Thng thng, khi hai bn tin c gi n cng mt ch,
bn tin c gi trc s n ni trc. Tuy nhin, c th xy ra trng hp bn tin
u tin b tr v cho bn tin th hai n trc.
24
Mi dch v c th c c trng bi cht lng dch v. Mt s dch v ng

tin cy c ngha l chng khng bao gi b mt d liu. Thng thng, dch v tin cy
c m bo bng th tc my thu xc nhn rng gi tin n. Qu trnh xc nhn
thng gy ra thi gian tr, v i khi khng nh mong mun.
Khi ch s hu ca tp tin mun chc chn rng tt c cc bit n mt cch
chnh xc v theo th t chng c gi th la chn dch v hng kt ni tin cy l
thch hp. Rt t khch hng mun s dng mt dch v m i khi nhng tp tin mt
mt vi bit, ngay c khi n l nhanh hn nhiu.
Nh cp trn, i vi mt s ng dng, s chm tr trong truyn ti l
khng th chp nhn. Mt trong nhng ng dng nh vy hin nay l thoi gi. Ngi
s dng in thoi c th chp nhn mt cht ting n trn ng dy hn l phi ch
IT
mt lc lu nghe cu tr li. Tng t nh vy, trong mt phin hi ngh truyn

hnh, khng c vn g ln khi c mt vi im nh b sai, nhng dng hnh nh do
tr l mt li rt kh chu.
Khng phi tt c cc ng dng u cn phi thit lp kt ni. V d, th in t
PT
ngy nay ang tr nn ph bin, ko theo l th in t rc cng tr thnh ph bin

hn na. Ngi gi th rc c l khng mun gp phi s phc tp thit lp v sau
gii phng mt kt ni ch gi mt bc th. Cng khng nht thit phi yu cu
phng thc gi tin cy, c bit l nu chi ph b nhiu ln. Tt c nhng g h cn l
cch gi mt tin nhn vi kh nng n ch cao (nhng khng c bo m). Dch
v phi kt ni khng tin cy (c ngha l khng c xc nhn) thng c gi l
dch v lc d liu (datagram), vi tn gi ly tng t nh dch v in tn
truyn thng, khi khng cn gi xc nhn cho ngi gi.
1.2.4 S tng tc gia dch v v giao thc
Dch v v giao thc l nhng khi nim khc nhau, mc d chng thng b
nhm ln. S phn bit ny rt quan trng. Dch v l mt tp hp cc hot ng
nguyn thy m mt lp cung cp cho lp trn. Dch v xc nh nhng hot ng m
mt lp thc hin nhng khng ni g v vic cc hot ng ny c thc hin nh
th no . Mt dch v lin quan n mt giao din gia hai lp, trong lp thp hn
l lp cung cp dch v, lp trn l lp s dng dch v.
25

lp k+1
lp k+1
Dch v cung cp
bi lp k
lp k
Giao thc
lp k-1
lp k
lp k-1
Hnh 1.6: Quan h gia dch v v giao thc
Giao thc, ngc li, l mt b cc quy tc qun l nh dng v ngha ca
IT
cc gi tin hay bn tin c trao i bi cc thc th ngang hng trong mt lp. Cc

thc th s dng giao thc thc hin cc ngha v ca chng. Chng c quyn thay
i cc giao thc theo mun, min l chng khng lm thay i cc dch v m cc
thc th s dng chng nhn thy. Theo cch ny , dch v v giao thc l hon ton
PT
tch ri.
Ni cch khc, dch v lin quan n giao din gia cc lp, nh minh ha trn
Hnh 1.6. Ngc li, giao thc lin quan n cc gi tin gi gia cc thc th ngang
hng trn cc my khc nhau. iu quan trng l khng nhm ln gia hai khi nim
ny.
C mt s tng t nu so snh vi ng cnh ca cc ngn ng lp trnh. Dch

v ging nh mt kiu d liu tru tng hay mt i tng trong ngn ng hng
i tng. N nh ngha cc hot ng c th c thc hin trn mt i tng
nhng khng xc nh bng cch no cc hot ng ny c thc hin. Giao thc lin
quan n vic thc hin cc dch v v nh vy khng hin th cho i tng s dng
dch v nhn thy.
Tp hp cc lp v cc giao thc ca mi lp gi l chng giao thc. Chng
giao thc ny c t chc m bo c vic giao tip gia cc nt trong
mng. truyn thng thnh cng, hai my tnh phi s dng chnh xc cng mt
chng giao thc. Mi lp s tun theo chng giao thc ny vi cng mt tiu chun
chi tit.
26

Phn mm My ch A
ng dng
Tng n
My ch B
Giao thc tng n
Phn mm
Tng n ng dng
Tng 5
Tng 4
Tng 3
Tng 2
Giao thc tng 4

Giao thc tng 3
Giao thc tng 2
Giao thc tng 1
Tng 5
Tng 4
Truyn thng vt l
gia tng 4 ca my
ch A v B
Tng 3
Dch v cung cp
bi tng 3
Tng 2
Giao in gia tng

2 v tng 3
Tng 1
IT
Tng 1
Giao thc tng 5
Truyn thng o
gia cc thc th
ngang hng ti tng
4
Mi trng vt l
Hnh 1.7: Chng giao thc truyn thng
PT
Hnh 1.7 minh ha cc khi nim v giao thc, giao din v chng giao thc ca
h thng mng my tnh. y chng giao thc gm c n lp, mi lp trn mt my
tnh thc hin mt cuc i thoi vi lp tng ng ca my tnh khc. Cc lut v
cc quy c c s dng trong cuc i thoi ny c bit n nh l giao thc ca
lp ny. Chng ta c th ni rng giao thc ch r ngha, nh dng ca thng tin m
mt lp gi xung lp di. Thng tin ny c nhn v c hiu bi lp tng ng
ti pha bn kia nu nh cng s dng cng giao thc ny.
Nh c giao thc, mi lp bn di cung cp cc dch v cho lp trn n. i
khi cc c t dch v c tch ri khi cc c t giao thc. Chng ta c th ni dch
v ca mt lp xc nh lp nh th no theo cch nhn ca lp trn n. V d, nu
mt lp cung cp dch v truyn d liu c hoc khng c ch tm li, th lp trn
c th s dng dch v ch c tm li hay khng l tu . Vic cc dch v
c thc hin nh th no trong mt lp c ch r trong c t giao thc.
Cc giao din gia cc lp c nh ngha cng n gin, cng r rng cng
tt v mi lp thc hin mt tp hp c th cc chc nng.
27
1.3 Cc m hnh phn lp mng

1.3.1 M hnh OSI
Vo cui thp nin 70 ca th k 20, t chc tiu chun ho quc t (ISO) lp
ra mt tiu ban nhm pht trin mt khung chun cho kin trc mng my tnh,
chnh l m hnh tham chiu cho vic kt ni cc h thng m (OSI). Mc ch ca m
hnh ny l gim thiu s khng tng thch gia cc h thng my tnh. Nm 1982,
ISO pht hnh bn d tho cc tiu chun quc t mang tn ISO 7498. Ti liu ny ch
a ra khung chun cho vic thit k cc giao thc truyn thng ch khng a ra cc
c tnh k thut chi tit cn thit cho tnh tng thch. CCITT v ITU-T pht hnh
ti liu ny trn khuyn ngh X.200.
IT
Ban u OSI c thit k cho truyn thng my tnh. Ngy nay d liu v thoi
khng nht thit phi c tch ra thnh cc mng khc nhau. Nhiu khi mng khng
bit v khng quan tm ti vic d liu ang truyn cha thng tin g. ISO v ITU-T
nh r tt c cc h thng v mng mi theo nguyn l phn lp ca OSI. Tuy nhin
c mt vi h thng ton cu khng c thit k theo OSI, tiu biu nht l Internet.
Internet da trn cc chun sn c, nhng khng c ph chun bi ISO hoc ITU-T.
PT
Tn OSI xut pht t mc ch lm cho cc h thng tr thnh m vi h

thng khc trong vic truyn thng. Cc nh sn xut c t do s dng cc c tnh
k thut m ny. Tuy nhin vn tn ti nhiu h thng truyn d liu c quyn,
cc c tnh k thut ca h thng ny l c quyn ca nh sn xut. Do vy chng
khng th s dng c cho cc h thng khc.
Trong m hnh OSI, h thng truyn thng c chia thnh 7 lp (Hnh 1.8).
Khi chng ta xem xt n cc chc nng mi lp thc hin, chng ta s nhn thy
cc lp cng thp cng c nhiu chc nng lin quan n cng ngh mng s dng cho
truyn d liu thc s. Cn cc lp cng cao cng c nhiu chc nng phc v cho cc
ng dng phm mm chy trn cc my ch.
Trong m hnh OSI, tt c cc lp t 4 n 7 c thc hin ch trong truyn
thng cc my trm, chng khng thc hin qu trnh truyn d liu u-cui thc
s. Qu trnh ny thuc v cc lp t 1 n 3. Mc ch ca cc lp cao nht l tr
gip cho cc ng dng phn mm, v thc hin c iu ny cc lp cao nht
cung cp cc dch v phc tp hn ch khng ch n gin l mt lung d liu.
Lung d liu ny c lp mng cung cp v c th cha li. Trong trng hp dch
v phc hi li khng c giao thc lp giao vn cung cp th cc nh thit k phn
mm ng dng phi thit k mt lc phc hi li trong ng dng ca mnh.
28

Phn mm
ng dng
My ch A
Giao thc tng ng dng
Tng 7 Application
Session
Tng 4
Transport
Tng 3
Network
Tng 2
Data link
Tng 1
Physical
ng dng
Giao thc tng trnh din
Tng 6 Presentation
Tng 5
My ch B
Trnh din
Giao thc tng phin
Phin
Giao thc tng giao vn

a)
b)
c)
Mng truyn thng cp di

Network
Mng
Data link
Lin kt d liu
Physical
Vt l
Giao vn
a)
b)
Mng
Lin kt d liu
c)
Vt l
Mi trng vt l
IT
a) Giao thc tng mng

b) Giao thc tng lin kt d liu
c) Giao thc tng vt l
Phn mm
ng dng
Hnh 1.8: M hnh tham chiu OSI
1.3.1.1 Lp vt l
PT
Lp vt l lin quan n qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu qua mt knh truyn

thng. Vn chnh ca vic thit k l m bo khi mt bn gi bit 1 th bn kia
cng phi nhn c bit 1 ch khng phi bit 0. Cc c tnh k thut in hnh
ca lp vt l gm: tc bit, gi tr in p (hay cng dng in) c s dng
biu din bit 0 v bit 1, s chn cm v loi b ni (connector) s dng. Lp
vt l trong cc h thng c thit k gim thiu li khi hot ng. Trong trng
hp c li th cc lp trn s b nh hng.
Cc c t ca lp vt l lin quan n cc giao din in, c v phng tin
truyn dn vt l. Phng tin truyn dn c hiu l di lp vt l, nhng cc
c tnh n yu cu c cha trong c t ca lp vt l.
1.3.1.2 Lp lin kt d liu
Lp lin kt d liu c nhim v to lp cc khung, gi chng ti knh truyn
thng vt l thng qua lp vt l; nhn khung, kim tra li v chuyn khung khng c
li ln lp mng. Lp lin kt d liu pha nhn gi tn hiu xc nhn cho lp lin kt
d liu pha truyn. Pha truyn c th truyn li khung nu trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh pha nhn khng gi tn hiu xc nhn.
ISO nh r lp lin kt d liu cho cc mng LAN v chia cc c t thnh 2
lp con:
29
Lp con iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC Medium Access Control)
Lp con iu khin lin kt logic (LLC Logical Link Control)
Do tnh cht phc tp ca lp lin kt d liu trong cc mng LAN m s phn

chia ny l cn thit. Trong mng LAN, cc my tnh c ni ti cng mt dy cp,
chng chia s kh nng truyn dn ca mt knh qung b (a truy nhp hoc truy
nhp ngu nhin). Lp con MAC lin quan n cc chc nng ph thuc phn cng
mng. Hai v d ph bin nht ca cc cng ngh truy nhp mng LAN l CSMA/CD
(Ethernet) v Token Ring. Lp con LLC quan tm nht n kha cnh ton vn d liu
nh: truyn li d liu, xc nhn vic nhn d liu. i vi cc lin kt im-im n
gin hn th khng cn phi tch lp MAC. Trong trng hp ny, ch mt c t giao
thc lp lin kt d liu cng c th bao ph ton b lp lin kt d liu.
1.3.1.3 Lp mng
IT
Trong mng LAN, mi my tnh c ring mt a ch MAC (a ch phn cng).

a ch ny c s dng xc nh ngun v ch ca mi khung trn knh qung
b. Nh c a ch MAC, cc my tnh c th c mt kt ni im-im thng qua mt
knh qung b c chia s bi nhiu kt ni im-im. Cn ch rng a ch MAC
ch c s dng bn trong mng LAN ch khng c truyn ti cc mng khc.
PT
Cc lp bn di lp mng ch quan tm n cc kt ni im-im gia 2 nt.

Lp mng c nhng kin thc v kin trc mng v cng vi lp mng ca cc nt n
phc v, cc gi d liu c nh tuyn thng qua mng ti ch. Mi nt c ring
mt a ch ton cc (lp mng). Vn chnh yu l xc nh c bao nhiu gi tin
c nh tuyn t im ngun ti im ch. Vic nh tuyn c th da trn cc
bng nh tuyn c nh ti lp mng v chng him khi thay i, hoc cc tuyn c
th thay i phn nh ti trng hin thi ca mng.
Khi c nhu cu, cc my ch ca mng c th t do gi cc gi tin. Chng
thng khng c bit g v mt lu lng ca cc my ch khc hoc ca cc kt
ni trn mng. Tnh c, nu c nhiu my ch cng trao i thng tin ti mt thi
im v c qu nhiu gi c truyn th s to ra cc khu vc d b tc nghn trn
mng. Vic iu khin tc nghn cng thuc v lp mng.
Trong cc mng d liu cng cng, chc nng tnh cc thng c xy dng
bn trong lp mng. Phn mm trong lp mng phi m xem c bao nhiu gi tin
hoc k t m mi khch hng gi a ra thng tin tnh cc. Trong mt mng
qung b bit lp (chng hn Ethernet) vic nh tuyn n gin n mc c th khng
cn n lp mng. a ch MAC c th nhn dng cc my ch. Tuy nhin nu cc
mng ny c ni ti cc mng khc, th bt buc phi c cc a ch mng. Ch
rng cc a ch MAC s dng trong lp lin kt d liu l khng quan trng bn ngoi
mng LAN.
30
1.3.1.4 Lp giao vn
Lp giao vn l lp u-cui thc s u tin. Cc giao thc t lp giao vn tr
ln ca cc trm s dng mng nh mt kt ni im-im truyn thng. Thng
ip ngun trn ng i c th c lp mng tch ra v lp phin bn nhn s l ni
u tin cc gi nh thuc cng mt thng ip gp li nhau.
Lp giao vn hot ng nh mt lp giao din gia cc lp thp (dnh cho vic
kt ni mng) v cc lp cao (dnh cho cc dch v ng dng). Nhim v ca lp ny
l m bo thng xuyn vic truyn dn t u cui n u cui khng c li v cc
gi tin khng b mt trong qu trnh truyn thng. thc hin iu ny trong lp giao
vn c th bao gm cc th tc truyn li hoc th tc xc nhn.
Lp giao vn thng cung cp 2 lp dch v c s cho lp phin:
Truyn cc thng ip v gi d liu ring bit qua mng. Cc thng ip c
truyn c th ti ch theo th t khc nhau v li c th xut hin. V d giao
thc UDP User Datagram Protocol ca Internet (khng thuc v cc giao thc
OSI) v giao thc giao vn, lp 1 (TP1) ca OSI (IS 9072).
Knh truyn im-im khng li s chuyn cc thng ip theo cng mt th

t nh khi chng c gi. V d giao thc iu khin truyn thng (TCP) ca
Internet (khng c trong chun giao thc OSI) v TP4 ca OSI (IS 8072/8073)
PT
1.3.1.5 Lp phin
IT
Lp giao vn m bo cho s thnh cng trong truyn thng u-cui gia cc

my tnh. Thc t, qu trnh truyn thng c thc hin bi 4 lp bn di lp phin.
Ba lp cao nht khng cn thit cho qu trnh truyn d liu, nhng chng to s
tng thch cho cc ng dng v do vy cc chng trnh ng dng chy trn cc my
c th hiu c nhau. Lp phin cho php s dng trn cc my khc nhau thit lp
cc phin lm vic vi nhau. V d, n cho php ngi s dng truy nhp vo mt h
thng chia s thi gian xa hoc cho php truyn tp gia 2 my tnh.
Lp phin cho php truyn thng cc d liu bnh thng, ging nh lp giao
vn thc hin, nhng n cn cung cp mt s dch v m rng hu ch cho cc ng
dng. Chng hn dch v qun l iu khin m thoi. Cc phin lm vic c th cho
php truyn thng 2 hng hoc 1 hng ti mt thi im. Nu truyn thng mt
hng c cho php, lp phin c th cho bit hng no ang s dng. Lp phin
cn cung cp chc nng qun l th bi, v vi s tr gip ca chc nng ny ch c
my no nm th bi mi c th thc hin mt thao tc nguy cp.
Mt dch v khc ca lp phin l dch v truyn thnh cng cc tp kch thc
ln. Nu khng c dch v ny th ch cn mt li n gin trong qu trnh truyn
thng cng c th ph hy c mt tp v do phi truyn li c tp. hn ch iu
31
ny, lp phin cung cp cch chn cc im kim tra vo trong lung d liu, v do
vy nu c li th ch cn truyn li d liu t im kim tra cui cng.
1.3.1.6 Lp trnh din
Nh chng ta thy, cc lp thp ch yu lin quan ti qu trnh truyn c th
t cc bit hoc d liu t ngun n ch. Thay vo , lp trnh din lin quan n
dng thng tin c truyn i. Mi my tnh c th c cch biu din d liu ni ti
ring ca n, do vy nhng tho thun v chuyn i l cn thit cc my tnh c
th hiu c nhau.
Nhim v ca lp trnh din l m ha d liu c cu trc theo cc nh dng
ca my tnh thnh lung d liu ph hp cho truyn dn. Chng hn nh vic nn d
liu. Lp trnh din pha nhn gii m d liu c nn thnh dng biu din c
yu cu. Lp trnh din gip c 2 my tnh hiu c ngha ca lung bit nhn c
theo cng mt cch.
PT
IT
Cc my tnh khc nhau c cch biu din d liu ni ti khc nhau. Tt c cc

my tnh ln IBM u s dng m trao i thp phn c m ho nh phn m rng
(EBCDIC Extended Binary-Coded Decimal Interchange Code), m k t 8 bit; trong
khi thc t tt c cc my khc u s dng m ASCII 7 hoc 8 bit. Cc chp Intel
nh s cc byte ca n t phi sang tri, trong khi cc chp Motorola th li nh s t
tri qua phi. Do cc hng sn xut my tnh him khi thay i cc quy c ca ring
mnh nn cc chun ton cu cho vic biu din d liu ni ti s khng bao gi c
chp nhn.
Mt gii php m bo tnh tng thch l nh ngha mt chun cho dng
biu din mng ca d liu. Nh vy bt k my tnh no cng c th truyn thng
c vi cc my tnh khc nu n chuyn i nhng biu din d liu ni ti thnh
dng mng c chun ho ny.
1.3.1.7 Lp ng dng
Lp ng dng bao hm cc ng dng truyn thng s dng dch v ca cc lp

thp hn. Cc ng dng ca ngi s dng thc hin cc cng vic trn my tnh
khng thuc vo lp ng dng, nhng chng trao i thng tin nh s tr gip ca
giao thc lp ng dng. Chng trnh x l vn bn l mt v d v ng dng ca
ngi s dng.
phc v cc ng dng ngi s dng, cc ng dng truyn thng cn thit
nh truyn tp hoc mt u cui ASCII thng c nh ngha nh cc giao thc
lp ng dng. ng dng truyn thng cung cp cho cc ng dng ngi s dng
nhng dch v khng ph thuc nh sn xut. Cc dch v lp ng dng thng sn c
i vi cc lp trnh vin ging nh cc dch v khc cu h iu hnh. Vi s tr gip
32
ca cc dch v ny, nh lp trnh phn mm ng dng khng phi lo lng g v qu

trnh truyn thng d liu thc t. H c th s dng tt c cc dch v ca chng giao
thc c thc hin trn mi trng pht trin phn mm ca h.
Th in t (Email) l mt v d v cc giao thc ng dng. Trong v d ny,
ngoi cc chc nng ging vi cc chc nng ca giao thc truyn tp, n cn cung
cp cc chc nng vit sn nh xo, gi v c th. V d, nhng c tnh k thut ca
lp ng dng nh ngha nh dng ca trng a ch v trng thng ip.
IT
phn bit gia chng trnh ng dng v lp ng dng c xc nh bi

mt giao thc, chng ta hy ly th in t lm v d. Chng ta c th c mt ng
dng chy bn trn lp ng dng. Chng trnh ny c th cung cp mt trnh son
tho thn thin ngi s dng, cc ca s nh a ch v nh ni dung thng ip.
N cng c th cung cp mt phng php nh a ch thn thin ngi s dng,
chng hn nh khi chng ta nh mt a ch ch l kvt@ptit.edu.vn th a ch ny
s c phn mm chuyn i thnh dng m lp ng dng hiu c.
Cn ch rng dch v lp ng dng cung cp cho chng ta cc dch v truyn
thng nhng chng ta c th phi nng cao cc dch v ny cng vi mt phn mm
ng dng s dng n cho cc mc ch ca mnh.
PT
1.3.2 M hnh TCP/IP

1.3.2.1 Gii thiu
TCP/IP l mt b giao thc c pht trin bi cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao

(ARPA) ca b quc phng M. Ban u n c s dng trong mng ARPANET.
Khi cng ngh mng cc b pht trin, TCP/IP c tch hp vo mi trng iu
hnh UNIX v s dng chun Ethernet kt ni cc trm lm vic vi nhau. n khi
xut hin cc my PC, TCP/IP li c chuyn sang mi trng PC, cho php cc my
PC chy DOS v cc trm lm vic chy UNIX c th tng tc trn cng mt mng.
Hin nay, TCP/IP c s dng rt ph bin trong mng my tnh, m in hnh l
mng Internet.
Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh bn tng: Truy nhp mng (Network
Access), Lin mng (Internet), Giao vn (Transport) v ng dng (Application). V
TCP/IP ra i v pht trin trc khi c m hnh tham chiu OSI nn TCP/IP hon
ton khng tun theo m hnh OSI. Tuy nhin, hai m hnh li c nhng mc tiu
tng t nhau, v c s nh hng ln nhau gia cc nh thit k cc tiu chun ny
nn chng c a ra vi tnh tng thch no . M hnh OSI rt c nh hng
trong s pht trin ca cc giao thc, v hin nay thut ng OSI p dng cho TCP/IP
l kh ph bin.
33
Hnh 1.10 ch ra mi quan h gia m hnh TCP/IP v m hnh OSI. Tng ng

dng trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng vi ba tng trong m hnh OSI l ng dng,
trnh din v phin. Tng ny cn c gi l tng x l (process). Tng giao vn
tng ng vi tng giao vn trong m hnh OSI v cn c gi l tng trm-ti-trm
(host-to-host). Tng lin mng tng ng vi tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Tng truy
nhp mng mng tng ng vi tng lin kt d liu v vt l trong m hnh OSI. Tuy
nhin, trn thc t th TCP/IP khng hon ton tng ng vi m hnh OSI nh minh
ha trn hnh v. S tng ng hon ho gia hai m hnh l mt vn c tranh
lun nhiu trong cc cuc tho lun v cng ngh mng.
1.3.2.2 Tng Truy nhp mng
Tng Truy nhp mng cung cp mt giao tip vi mng vt l, kh nng kim
sot li cho d liu phn b trn mng vt l. Cc nh dng d liu cho mi trng
truyn v cc a ch d liu cho mng con (subnet) c da trn cc a ch vt l.
Tng ny bao gm c cc cng ngh LAN v WAN.
1.3.2.3 Tng Lin mng
IT
Cc chc nng ca tng Truy nhp mng bao gm: nh x a ch IP sang a ch

vt l v ng gi d liu IP vo khung. Da trn kiu phn cng v giao din mng,
tng giao din mng s xc nh kt ni vi phng tin vt l ca mng.
PT
Mc ch ca tng Lin mng l chn ng i tt nht qua mng cho cc gi

tin. Cng vic xc nh ng i tt nht v chuyn gi c thc hin nh s tr
gip ca cc giao thc. V d mt s giao thc hot ng tng ny l:
o IP: cung cp dch v chuyn d liu n lc ti a (best-effort) v phi kt
ni. Chc nng chnh ca IP l nh a ch logic (a ch IP) v nh
tuyn d liu.
o ICMP: cung cp kh nng thng bo li v kim sot.
o ARP: xc nh a ch vt l (a ch MAC) tng ng vi mt a ch
IP.
o RARP: xc nh a ch IP tng ng vi mt a ch MAC.
Giao thc chnh hot ng ti tng ny l giao thc IP.
1.3.2.4 Tng giao vn
Tng giao vn cung cp dch v truyn ti t trm ngun n trm ch. Tng ny
thit lp mt kt ni logic gia hai im cui ca mng l trm gi v trm nhn. Cc
giao thc giao vn phn mnh v ghp d liu ca cc ng dng tng trn vo trong
mt lung d liu gia cc im cui.
34
Ti tng giao vn c hai giao thc chnh l TCP v UDP. TCP l giao thc hng
kt ni. kim sot lung cui-cui, TCP s dng c ch ca s trt. Ngoi ra, n
cn s dng s xc nhn v s trnh t cung cp tnh tin cy. Khc vi TCP, UDP l
mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy.
Mt s dch v tng giao vn cung cp gm:
C TCP v UDP
Phn mnh d liu ca ng dng tng trn.
Gi cc phn on d liu t thit b u cui ny ti thit b u cui kia.
Ring TCP
Thit lp kt ni cui-cui.
iu khin lung bng c ch ca s trt.
Cung cp tnh tin cy bng cch s dng s trnh t v s xc nhn.
1.3.2.5 Tng ng dng
IT
Tng ng dng cung cp cc dch v di dng cc giao thc cho ng dng ca

ngi dng. Mt s giao thc tiu biu ti tng ny gm:
PT
FTP (File Transfer Protocol): y l mt dch v hng kt ni v tin cy, s

dng TCP cung cp truyn tp gia cc h thng h tr FTP.
Telnet (TERminaL NETwork): Cho php cc phin ng nhp t xa gia cc
my tnh. Do Telnet h tr ch vn bn nn giao din ngi dng thng
dng du nhc lnh tng tc. Chng ta c th nh lnh v cc thng bo tr
li s c hin th.
HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Trao i cc ti liu siu vn bn h
tr WEB.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Truyn th in t gia cc my tnh.
y l dng c bit ca truyn tp c s dng gi cc thng bo ti mt
my ch th hoc gia cc my ch th vi nhau.
POP3 (Post Office Protocol): Cho php ly th in t t hp th trn my ch.
DNS (Domain Name System): Chuyn i tn min thnh a ch IP. Giao thc
ny thng c s dng khi ngi dng s dng dng tn ch khng dng a
ch IP.
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Cung cp cc thng tin cu
hnh ng cho cc trm, chng hn nh gn a ch IP.
35
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): c s dng qun tr t

xa cc thit b mng chy TCP/IP. SNMP thng c thc thi trn cc trm
ca ngi qun l, cho php ngi qun l tp trung nhiu chc nng gim st
v iu khin trong mng.
Hnh 1.9 cho ta thng tin chi tit hn v m hnh TCP/IP vi cc giao thc
thng dng trn cc lp.
Application layer
Ping
SMTP
FTP
Telnet NNTP
Transport layer
NFS
etc...
RPC
TCP
DNS
TFTP BOOTP etc...
UDP
OSPF ICMP IGMP BGP
Internet layer
RIP
IP
Network
Access layer
RARP
IT
ARP
Data link
PT
Media
(physical)
Hnh 1.9: Cc giao thc trong m hnh TCP/IP
1.3.3 So snh OSI v TCP/IP
TCP/IP c pht trin trc m hnh OSI. Do , cc lp trong TCP/IP khng

tng ng hon ton vi cc lp trong m hnh OSI. Chng giao thc TCP/IP c
chia thnh bn lp: giao din mng (network interface), lin mng (internet), giao vn
(transport) v ng dng (application). Hnh 1.10 cho thy lp ng dng trong m hnh
TCP/IP tng ng vi ba lp trong m hnh OSI l lp ng dng, lp trnh din v lp
phin. Lp ny cn c gi l lp x l (process). Lp giao vn tng ng vi lp
giao vn trong m hnh OSI. Lp ny cn c gi l lp trm-ti-trm (host-to-host).
Lp lin mng tng ng vi lp mng trong m hnh OSI. Lp giao din mng tng
ng vi lp lin kt d liu v vt l trong m hnh OSI.
36
1.4 Mng Internet
IT
Hnh 1.10: M hnh TCP/IP v OSI
PT
Internet l mt mng thng tin ton cu c th c truy nhp cng cng gm

cc mng my tnh c lin kt vi nhau. Mng ny truyn thng tin theo kiu
chuyn gi d liu da trn mt b giao thc c chun ha (TCP/IP). Mi trng
lin mng ca Internet bao gm hng ngn mng my tnh nh hn ca cc doanh
nghip, cc vin nghin cu v trng i hc, cc chnh ph cng nh l ngi dng
c nhn trn ton cu.
1.4.1 S ra i v pht trin
Nm 1969, mng ARPAnet ca b Quc phng M c thnh lp. (ARPA l

vit tt ca cm t Advanced Research Projects Agency - C quan cc d n nghin
cu cao cp) vi mc tiu l:
- L mt mng my tnh c kh nng chu ng cc s c (v d mt s nt mng
b tn cng v ph hu nhng mng vn tip tc hot ng).
- Mng cho php mt my tnh bt k trn mng lin lc vi mi my tnh khc.
Nm 1982, b giao thc TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) c a ra. y l giao thc gip cho cc my c th d dng truyn thng
vi nhau v cng chnh l giao thc chun trn Internet cho n ngy nay.
Nm 1983, ARPAnet s dng b giao thc TCP/IP v sau , Qu khoa hc
quc gia ca M (National Science Foundation - NSF) ti tr cho vic xy dng
NSFnet thay th cho ARPAnet.
37
Nm 1986 NSFnet lin kt 60 trng i hc M v 3 trng i hc Chu u.

im quan trng ca NSFnet l n cho php mi ngi cng s dng.
Nm 1991, ti trung tm nghin cu nguyn t Chu u CERN, Tim Berners
Lee trin khai thnh cng dch v World Wide Web (WWW). Chnh nh dch v ny
m ngi s dng tm thy mng my tnh ton cu c nhiu iu hp dn.
Nm 1993 NSF lp InterNIC cung cp nhiu dch v mi, khi nim Internet,
mng thng tin ton cu c hnh thnh.
Ngy nay Internet thc s l mng my tnh ca ton cu vi vic cho php mi
ngi u tm thy dch v m mnh cn n
Thng 12 nm 1997, Vit Nam chnh thc tham gia kt ni vo mng li ton
cu Internet. Cho ti 2/2010 c trn 23 triu ngi s dng Internet chim khong
27% dn s.
PT
IT
Internet c xy dng trn nn k thut chuyn mch gi, k thut ny ang

c pht trin chp nhn c mc cht lng dch v i vi cc ng dng thi
gian thc nh video v thoi. Chng ta mong i mng Internet s p ng cc ng
dng thng tin thi gian thc vi cht lng tt nh cc dch v ang c thc hin
trn cc mng s dng cng ngh chuyn mch knh.
1.4.2 Cc thnh phn ca mng
Internet l mng ca cc mng, n kt ni cc mng my tnh thng qua thit b

kt ni s dng cc giao thc kt ni. Cc thnh phn ca Internet bao gm:
Cc h thng u cui (end system) kt ni vi nhau to thnh mng, c th l
cc my tnh c nhn, my ch hoc cc thit b khc. Hin nay ngy cng
nhiu cc loi thit b c kh nng kt ni vo mng my tnh nh in thoi di
ng, PDA, TV,...
Mi trng truyn (media) m cc thao tc truyn thng c thc hin qua .
Mi trng truyn c th l cc loi dy dn (cp ng hoc cp quang), sng
in t (i vi cc mng khng dy).
Cc thit b kt ni trong mng: switch c chc nng phn cch cc mng my
tnh thnh cc phn on (segment) ring bit gim hin tng ng ,
gim truyn qung b (broadcast) hay thc hin chc nng bo mt; hub c
chc nng nh mt b lp c nhiu cng, thng tin cng vo s c a ti
tt c cc cng ra, b nh tuyn c chc nng kt ni cc mng my tnh hay
38
kt ni cc ngi s dng vi mng my tnh cc khong cch xa vi nhau

thng qua cc ng truyn thng nh in thoi, ISDN, T1, X.25,
Giao thc truyn thng (protocol) l cc quy tc quy nh cch trao i d liu
gia cc thc th.
1.5 Xu hng hi t ca cc mng vin thng
S hi t thoi, video v d liu cng vi s m rng th trng v xu hng
ton cu ha dn ti vic cnh tranh cc mc khng th lng trc trong th
trng truyn thng. p lc cnh tranh ang ngy cng to ra khi nhiu cng ty ang
s dng hiu qu ca cc mng a dch v chuyn mch gi hay cn gi l cc mng
th h sau (NGN).
IT
S pht trin mng vin thng c c l da trn s pht trin ca cc cng

ngh trong cc lnh vc tin hc, in t v vin thng cng vi s gia tng v cht
lng v s a dng dch v theo yu cu ca khch hng.
V cng ngh vin thng, xu hng pht trin tp trung vo ba lnh vc c bn:
PT
Cng ngh truyn dn: Cng ngh quang ang khng nh c kh nng
c v cht lng truyn dn v bng thng. Mng truyn dn ang c
quang ha p ng tt hn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng
(phc v c dch v yu cu tc cao, bng thng rng, cht lng...)
Cng ngh chuyn mch: tch hp vi mch, k thut s cng vi cng

ngh thng tin, ATM: vi xu hng kt hp knh v gi, a dch v, a
tc , chuyn mch quang.
Cng ngh truy nhp: Kt hp truyn thng v tin hc; phng thc truy
nhp a dng nh quang, cp ng (ADSL, HDSL), v tuyn (WiFi,
Wibro, Wimax)...
V cc dch v vin thng, cc xu hng pht trin l:

Bng rng
nh ng, a phng tin
Truyn hnh cht lng cao HDTV
Mi mng vin thng ring l ch c kh nng p ng cc nhu cu pht trin
mt mc nht nh do kh nng hn ch v k thut sn c ca mng cng nh kh
nng m rng c gii hn. Khi thit k cc mng vin thng, cc nh cung cp thng
39
xy dng mng ti u theo loi hnh dch v c bn ca mng (c v truyn dn,

chuyn mch v cc phn mm h tr hot ng). V vy khng mng no c th p
ng c hu ht nhng nhu cu v dch v mi, ng thi khi xy dng mt mng
hi t mi p ng nhu cu, ngi ta vn phi phc v nhng dch v ca cc mng
c sn. Hi t mng th hin theo mt s xu hng: gia cc mng cc b v din
rng; gia cc mng thoi v s liu; gia cc mng c nh v di ng.
1.5.1 S hi t gia cc mng cc b v din rng
Hin nay mng my tnh c xu hng hi t, th hin s hi t gia cc mng
cc b v din rng.
Gn nh ngi s dng khng cn phn bit c ranh gii khong cch gia
IT
cc mng cc b v din rng cng nh kh nng trao i thng tin, qun l thit b
ca hai mng ny, iu ny t c ch yu nh vo cng ngh truyn dn tc rt
cao s dng si quang hin nay.
1.5.2 S hi t gia cc mng thoi v s liu
Cc mng thoi v s liu l nhng mng vin thng c bn nht v lu i nht.

Trc y, vic xy dng cc mng ny l hon ton c lp v ch tp trung vo dch
v c bn ca chnh mng . Mng thoi c xy dng truyn thoi v mng d
PT
liu c xy dng ring cho mc ch truyn d liu. Nu c s tch hp th cht

lng cng nh kh nng p ng dch v b sung cng rt hn ch do c tnh k
thut c hu ca mng. V d trc y mun truyn d liu qua mng thoi truyn
thng PSTN (truyn fax hoc truy nhp Internet) th tc truyn b gii hn
ngng 56 kb/s, cn nu mun truyn thoi qua mng d liu hay my tnh th cht
lng cuc gi rt thp do c tr cao v hay bin ng, hay b gin on (mt ting
hoc ting lc to lc nh ty thuc vo trng thi mng).
Ngy nay, cc mng vin thng ang c xu hng hi t v c th cung cp
ng thi cc dch v ca mng thoi v s liu. Nhng mng mi hin nay nh NGN
hay cc mng 3G c kh nng cung cp ng thi dch v in thoi v truyn d liu
vi tc v cht lng cao, hn na vn c kh nng kt ni vi cc mng c trc
y m bo s duy tr dch v cho ngi s dng.
1.5.3 S hi t gia cc mng c nh v di ng
Xu hng hi t gia cc mng c nh v di ng ngy cng c th hin r
trong cc mng hin nay. Cc mng di ng v c nh c th kt ni mt cch trong
sut khin ngi s dng khng th phn bit c s khc bit gia dch v thun
trn mng c nh hay trn mng di ng hay trn c hai mng.
40
Mng c nh nh in thoi hay mng my tnh c th c cc phn truy nhp

khng dy v c kh nng di ng mt gii hn nht nh, gii hn ny ngy cng
c m rng v linh hot ti mc cho php ngi s dng c th mang thit b u
cui c nh i xa.
1.6 Tng kt
Mng truyn thng cho php trao i thng tin hay qung b thng tin gia cc
i tng (ngi vi ngi, ngi vi my mc hay vi cc h thng thng tin, )
cc dng khc nhau nh ting ni, hnh nh, d liu v cc v tr khng gian khc
nhau. Vic trao i thng tin ny c thc hin nh vo cc h thng truyn dn (cp
kim loi, cp quang, vi ba, v tinh, khng dy) thng qua cc mng cng cng nh cc
mng in thoi, mng pht thanh truyn hnh hay mng my tnh. Nh vy, c th ni
c s h tng thng tin ang c hnh thnh da trn cc thit b c kt ni vi
nhau thng qua mng truyn thng.
PT
IT
Chng 1 gii thiu nhng kin thc c bn v cc loi mng truyn thng nh
mng cc b, mng th hay mng din rng. Cc gii php mng khng dy v vn
kt ni lin mng cng c gii thiu mt cch khi qut. Qua nhng ni dung
trnh by trong chng ny ngi c c th nm c nguyn l hot ng c bn ca
mng truyn thng, cc m hnh phn lp in hnh nh OSI v TCP/IP, phn tch
nhng c im c trng cho cc m hnh ny .
Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh bn tng: Truy nhp mng, Lin mng,
Giao vn v ng dng. V TCP/IP ra i v pht trin trc khi c m hnh tham
chiu OSI nn TCP/IP khng hon ton tun theo m hnh OSI. Tuy nhin, hai m
hnh li c nhng mc tiu tng t nhau, v c s nh hng ln nhau gia cc nh
thit k cc tiu chun ny nn chng c a ra vi tnh tng thch no . M
hnh OSI rt c nh hng trong s pht trin ca cc giao thc, v hin nay thut ng
OSI p dng cho TCP/IP l kh ph bin.
Chng ny cng gii thiu ngn gn v Internet nh l mt mng din rng
in hnh vi qui m ton cu. Trong tng lai cc mng vin thng c xu hng hi
t c th truyn c cc loi hnh thng tin trn mt nn mng duy nht v c
th d dng cung cp cc dch v vin thng phong ph a dng n ngi s dng.
Trong ni dung chng cng gii thiu khi qut v xu hng hi t ny ca cc
mng vin thng hin ti v tng lai.
41
1.7 Cu hi n tp
1. Nu v phn tch cc khi nim mng cc b, th v din rng.
2. Trnh by nguyn l hot ng chung ca cc mng truyn thng.
3. Phn bit v so snh c im ca cc dch v hng kt ni v phi kt ni
4. Phn bit cc khi nim dch v v giao thc, phn tch s tng tc gia
dch v v giao thc.
5. V hnh v nu tng xy dng m hnh kt ni cc h thng m (OSI).
6. Phn tch chc nng cc tng trong m hnh kt ni cc h thng m (OSI).
7. V hnh v nu khi qut v m hnh giao thc TCP/IP.
8. Phn tch chc nng cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP.
IT
9. Gii thiu cc thnh phn c bn ca mng Internet .
PT
10. Trnh by v phn tch xu hng hi t ca cc mng vin thng.
42
Chng 2. Lp Vt l v Lin kt d liu
CHNG 2.
LP VT L V LIN KT D LIU
2.1 Lp Vt l
Mi h thng truyn thng qua mt mng th vic cn thit u tin l phi kt
ni c hai im (v d l im A v im B). Nhim v ca lp vt l l cung cp
mt knh truyn cc bit thng tin gia hai im (trng hp truyn thng imim) hoc gia nhiu im (trng hp truyn thng im-a im). V th, lp vt l
ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic chun ha cc vn n gin song li l
sng cn l la chn mi trng vt l c th no, nh du v biu din bit trn
mi trng ra sao, chun kt ni cho giao din c th v nhng vn hnh c th
cc bit thng tin c truyn qua cc giao din.
IT
2.1.1 Truyn tn hiu lp Vt l
PT
Truyn tn hiu ch ra phng php chnh xc truyn thng tin trong mi

trng vt l. Cc k thut truyn tn hiu c th c nhm vo 2 loi chnh: bng
rng (broadband) v bng c s (baseband). Truyn tn hiu bng rng tng ng vi
bn cht tn hiu tng t thng thng, cn truyn tn hiu bng hp th c th coi l
tng ng vi tn hiu s.
2.1.1.1 Truyn tn hiu tng t
Truyn tn hiu tng t (hay tn hiu analog) da trn vic s dng cc sng
bin i lin tc truyn thng tin trn knh truyn thng. Nhng sng thay i lin
tc ny thng c biu din thng qua hm sin v c gi l sng hnh sin. Hnh
2.1 minh ha sng hnh sin v cho thy hai trong ba c im c bn ca sng ny.
Cc cao
im gia
Cc thp
Tn s
Hnh 2.1: Sng hnh sin
43
Trn hnh v ta thy sng hnh sin c th coi l bt u mt im gia no

trong hai cc (v d l hai cc hiu in th). Theo thi gian, sng hnh sin s tin ti
gi tr cc i ri s gim dn n im gia v tip tc xung im cc tiu v qu
trnh c th tip tc. Mi chu k sng hnh sin bao gm: im gia im cc i
im gia im cc tiu im gia. S lng chu k (cycle) trong 1 giy c
gi l tn s (frequency) ca sng hnh sin. Th nguyn (thang o) tn s l chu k
trn giy hay Hz (Hertz).
c im quan trng th hai ca sng hnh sin l bin (amplitude), n lin
quan ti khong cch gia cc im cc ca sng. Trong lnh vc m thanh, tn s
tng ng vi cao (pitch), cn bin ng vi ln (loudness).
ti im m nht.
IT
c im th ba ca sng hnh sin kh din t hn, l pha (phase). Pha ca

mt sng hnh sin c o tng quan vi mt sng hnh sin khc (tham chiu) v
c din t l s sai khc v gc gia hai sng. Hai sng hnh sin c coi l lch
180 khi cng thi im mt sng tin ti im dng nht trong khi sng kia tin
Hnh 2.2 minh ha mi quan h gia cp sng hnh sin theo tng c im: bin
, tn s v pha. Cp sng hnh sin u tin c bin khc nhau. Cp sng gia
PT
hnh c tn s khc nhau. Cp sng cui cng bn phi hnh c pha khc nhau (khc
180 ), cp sng cui ch khc nhau v pha, hai c im cn li (tn s v bin )
l ging nhau.
Hnh 2.2: Bin , tn s v pha ca sng hnh sin
Vi sng hnh sin, ch c ba c im l c o vi mc ch truyn thng tin

qua cc knh truyn thng. V th, nu knh truyn thng yu cu s dng truyn
tn hiu bng rng v thng tin c chuyn di dng s (0 v 1) th cn thit k c
cu gn thng tin s vo sng hnh sin. Thit b thc hin vic truyn thng tin s
trn knh truyn tng t l modem. Modem ly mt trong ba (hoc kt hp) c im
ca sng hnh sin vo tn hiu biu din bi 0 v 1. Trc y, cc modem bin i
44
bin (kha dch bin), tn s hay pha. Ngy nay hu ht cc modem bin i c pha
v bin bng k thut iu bin cu phng (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM).
Hnh 2.3 minh ha tn hiu iu ch kha dch tn. Knh truyn thng tng t
IT
trong v d ny l ng dy in thoi. ng dy ny ch c th chp nhn di tn

xp x t 300 n 3400 Hz. truyn thng tin s trn knh ny, u tin ta cn phi
chn hai tn s ri rc nm trong knh (v d 800 Hz v 2400 Hz). Sau ta gn mt
tn s (tn s thp hn trong hnh) biu din tn hiu s 0 v tn s cn li (tn s
cao hn) biu din tn hiu s 1.
Hnh 2.3: M dch pha
PT
Bng cch chuyn gia hai tn s, ty thuc vo vic cn chuyn s 0 hay s 1

ti bn thu m bn pht s iu ch dng bit u vo tng thch vi bn tnh tng
t ca knh. Bn thu trong qu trnh gii iu ch s nhn tn hiu di dng hai tn s
trn v chuyn tn s ngc v 0 hay 1 tng ng. V nguyn tc iu ch bn pht v
gii iu ch bn thu phi nh nhau cho d modem bin i tn s, bin hay pha.
K thut c bit c s dng trong thc t c xc nh thng qua di tn ca knh
v tc d liu yu cu.
2.1.1.2 Truyn tn hiu s
Truyn tn hiu s (hay tn hiu bng c s) da trn vic s dng cc trng thi
ri rc truyn thng tin trn knh truyn thng. Nhng trng thi ri rc ny thng
c biu din bng cc xung (v d nh hiu in th) v v th thng c gi l
sng vung. Hnh 2.4 cho thy sng hnh vung vi hai trng thi ri rc (0 v 1) c
th biu din bng gi tr hiu in th khc nhau (cng v tr 12 vn).
45
Hnh 2.4: Sng vung
Rt nhiu phng thc truyn tn hiu s khc nhau c pht trin trong
nhiu nm qua. Hnh 2.5 cho thy mt s phng thc ph bin. Trong hnh, phn trn
cng l c cu truyn tn hiu n cc (unipolar) trong tn hiu s 1 c biu din
PT
IT
bng +5 vn v tn hiu s 0 c biu din l trng thi khng c in th (ni t).

C cu ny c s dng rng ri trong thi k dng mch cng logic transitortransitor (TTL).
Hnh 2.5: C cu truyn tn hiu sng s
gia hnh l c cu truyn tn hiu lng cc (bipolar) vi tn hiu s 1 c

biu din l trng thi -12 vn v tn hiu s 0 c biu din l trng thi +12 vn.
Ngy nay, c cu ny c dng rng ri trong giao thc lp vt l EIA-232-E. Phn
di cng l c cu lng cc tr v khng (BPRZ) trong cc tn hiu s 0 biu
din bng trng thi khng c hiu in th (t) v tn hiu s 1 biu din bng cc
xung 3 vn hon i lin tc. C cu ny c gi l m o du lun phin (AMI),
da trn cc nh cung cp v khch hng s dng cc ng truyn T-1.
Mt yu t quan trng la chn s dng mt c cu bng c s trn mt c
cu khc l k thut ny cho php nh thi d dng v ng b.
46
2.1.1.3 Bng rng vi bng c s v tng t vi s

Ti gi chng ta s dng thut ng bng rng v bng c s cp ti k
thut truyn tn hiu tng t v s trn knh truyn thng. V vy, mt ng dy
in thoi c th c coi l mt knh bng rng v mt ng truyn T-1 c th c
coi l knh c s. Ni dung thng tin truyn i qua mt knh truyn thng cho trc
c th phn bit theo cc ng dy nh nhau cho d n da trn tng t hay s.
S phn bit ny tin ti mt khi nim quan trng trong lp vt l, c gi l
DTE vt l hay DCE vt l. Mt DTE (thit b u cui d liu) to thng tin di dng
d liu truyn trn knh truyn thng. Ni dung thng tin do DTE to ra c th l
tng t hoc s. Mc ch ca DCE (thit b kt cui mch d liu) l nhn d liu t
DTE theo dng c to ra v chuyn i d liu ny thnh khun dng tng
thch vi knh truyn thng.
IT
Hnh 2.6 l ma trn 4 khi qut v cc thut ng ny. Trong mt phn t tri
trn cng, thng tin c dng tng t v phi chuyn trn knh truyn bng rng. Hin
nhin l khng th chuyn i thng tin ngay trong trng hp ny m a phn cn c
s bin i thng tin trc khi truyn i. V d, thng tin tng t ca ging ni con
ngi cn phi chuyn i trn ng dy in thoi (knh bng rng). Thng tin n
PT
di dng sng m thanh, song knh li yu cu biu din bng in cc sng v th

mt chic microphone s lm thit b chuyn i (transducer) gia ngun tin tng t
v knh bng rng.
Hnh 2.6: Tn hiu s v tng t vi tn hiu tng t v s
47
Trong mt phn t tri bn di, thng tin s cn truyn qua mt knh truyn
bng rng. y l v d in hnh cho my tnh s dng ng dy in thoi
truyn thng tin. Trong hnh cn c mt modem (DCE) thc hin vic chuyn i
ny. Trong mt phn t trn bn phi, dng thng tin analog cn phi chuyn qua knh
bng c s. V d in hnh cho trng hp ny l thit b T-1 (bng c s) mang
tn hiu video tng t. y, thit b codec (vit tt ca coder-decoder) c chc nng
nh DCE.
Cui cng, phn t bn phi di cng l trng hp thng tin s cn truyn
trn knh truyn thng bng c s. Vic chuyn i y l cn thit v c cu truyn
tn hiu s dng DTE khng tng thch trc tip vi c cu do knh yu cu. V d
nu DTE s dng c cu truyn tn hiu phn cc nh chun EIA-232 v knh li yu
cu mt c cu khc nh BPRZ trn knh T-1 th bt buc phi c s chuyn i.
DCE loi ny c gi l n v dch v knh /n v dch v d liu (CSU/DSU).
IT
Tm li, DCE ng mt vai tr sng cn trong vic thc hin knh vt l. Mc

d c nhiu dng s dng DCE khc nhau, thng tin s hay tng t c th lm tng
thch vi knh truyn thng bng c s hoc bng rng.
2.1.1.4 Nhng gii hn ca vic truyn tn hiu v dung lng knh
PT
Mt knh truyn thng cho trc c dung lng truyn tin gii hn, mc d
trong mt vi trng hp (nh si quang n mt), dung lng vn cn cha xc
nh. Dung lng mang thng tin ca knh c mi lin h vi bng tn (bandwidth) v
t l tn hiu trn nhiu (S/N) trn knh.
Yu t u tin quyt nh n lng thng tin m mt knh cho trc c th
truyn l tc truyn tn hiu ti a ca knh . Vic truyn tn hiu c th con
l vic chuyn tn hiu cho d l tn hiu bng rng hay bng c s. Vi cc h thng
bng rng, vic chuyn t mt tn s ny sang tn s khc hoc chuyn t bin ny
ti bin khc u c gi l cc s kin truyn tn hiu (signaling event). Trong h
thng bng c s, vic chuyn t mt trng thi ri rc ny ti mt trng thi khc (v
d t +12 vn n -12 vn) cng l s kin truyn tn hiu. Thc t, mi s kin
truyn tn hiu nh th u c mt ci tn c bit: baud. V th, tc truyn tn hiu
cc i ca mt knh t l vi tc baud ti a ca knh .
Nm 1924, Harold Nyquist, lm vic Phng th nghim in thoi Bell-M,
khm ph ra mi quan h c bn gia bng thng ca mt knh v tc t baud ti a
m knh c th cung ng. Nyquist ch ra l tc baud khng th vt qu hai ln
bng thng ca knh. V th, vi knh thoi 3000 Hz, tc baud khng th vt qu
48
6000 baud. Vi knh truyn hnh tng t (6 MHz) th tc baud khng th vt qu

12 Mbaud.
Trong nhiu c cu truyn tn hiu, mi ln chuyn tn hiu trn knh li tng
ng vi vic chuyn mt bit thng tin t bn pht n bn nhn. Vi cc c cu 1
bit/baud th tc bit v baud l bng nhau. Rt nhiu c cu truyn tn hiu, c bng
rng v bng c s, u c kh nng truyn nhiu bit trong mt s kin truyn tn hiu.
Nhng c cu truyn a bit/baud c th truyn tn hiu vi tc vt qu tc
baud. Cc c cu truyn tn hiu nh vy c phn loi theo thut ng c bao nhiu
bit thng tin c truyn trong mt ln truyn tn hiu. V th thng hay gp nht l
dibit (2 bit/baud), tribit (3 bit/baud) v quadbit (4 bit/baud). Chng ta s ly v d v
c cu m hai bit thng gp gi l DPSK (Differential Phase Shift Keying).
IT
Nu mt b gii iu ch (demodulator) c th phn bit c hai pha ca sng

hnh sin, th n ch c th truyn 1 bit thng tin vi mi ln chuyn dch pha. to
nn nhng modem nh th, chng ta c th gn cc gi tr s ty nh s 0 vo mt
PT
pha (v d 0 ) v gi tr s 1 vo pha cn li (v d 180 ). Mi khi modem chuyn

dch gia 0 v 180 , th 1 bit thng tin c truyn i. Gi s cng mt b gii
iu ch nhy phn bit pha v tr trung gian (90 v 270 ), c th phn
bit c 4 pha ca sng hnh sin chng ta cn gn cho mi pha mt gi tr dibit (hai
bit). V d, 0 dch pha c th dng gi tr s l 00, 90 dch pha c th s dng
gi tr 01, 180 s s dng gi tr 10 v 270 s dng gi tr 11.
Tng t, c th m rng ra l nu mt b gii iu ch c th nhn ra 8 pha
khc bit th ta c th m ha thng tin s 3 bit vi mi ln dch pha hoc nu nhn ra
16 pha khc bit th s bit tng ng cn cho mi pha l 4. Ch l bng cch tng
cng nhy ca b gii iu ch, chng ta c th tng tc d liu m khng phi
tng tc baud. Dng nh tin trnh ny c th tip tc gia tng nu nh khng c
gii hn nh hng rt ln l nhiu trn knh.
Vo nm 1948, Claude Shannon, cng lm vic Phng th nghim Bell, ch ra
bc tin tip theo ca l thuyt thng tin. Shannon gim st thy l thuyt Nyquist ch
c p dng vi knh khng c nhiu. Trong thc t th khng th c nhng knh
nh vy. Tt c c knh u c nhiu, v nhiu s a ra mt gii hn, khng phi ln
tc baud trn giy m l s lng bit c th m ha cho mt s kin truyn tn hiu
c th.
L thuyt Shannon cho thy, vi mt ng dy in thoi in hnh (vi t l tn
hiu trn nhiu khong 30 dB) th s lng bit ti a c th m ha cho mt s kin
truyn tin l 5. V th, s bit ti a t c trong iu kin ny l 30 Kb/s (6000 baud
49
nhn vi 5 bit/baud). Nhng ngc nhiu l cc modem c th hot ng tc bit

cao hn (vi modem V.90 l 56Kb/s) l nhng modem c coi l chng li l thuyt
Shannon u tin. Tuy nhin, nhiu ngi khng nh l nhng modem khng ph
hp vi cng vic ca Nyquist v Shannon. Hn na, nhng modem ny s dng cng
ngh nn d liu v sa li hng i tng tc bit vt qua nhng gii hn m
hai nh khoa hc Phng th nghim Bell ch ra.
2.1.2 ng b v nh thi
pha pht tn hiu, lp vt l nhn khung t lp trn v pht tn hiu ln mi
trng truyn dn truyn d liu. pha nhn tn hiu, lp vt l kim tra qu trnh
ng b bit v t chui bit nhn c vo vng m. Sau thng bo cho lp Data
Link d liu c nhn.
IT
Vi vic truyn thng chnh xc thc hin lp vt l, bn pht v bn thu phi

ng b vi nhau, ngha l bn thu phi bit khi no th ly mu knh pht hin s
kin tn hiu chnh xc. Nu bn thu ly mu qu sm hoc qu mun th s dn n
PT
vic nhn sai tn hiu. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy c th nhn nhm tn hiu 0 l
1 v ngc li. Phn tip theo s tho lun v vn nh thi trong c mi trng vt
l song song v ni tip. Hnh 2.7 cho thy s khc bit trong kiu truyn song song
(parallel) v ni tip (serial) lp vt l.
Hnh 2.7: Cc giao din song song v ni tip
2.1.2.1 nh thi trong cc giao din vt l song song

Vn ng b trong mi trng lp vt l song song kh l n gin. Trong
Hnh 2.7, ta thy l trong cc ng truyn thng gia bn pht v bn thu, ng
mang thng tin ng h nh thi (clock) c dng ng b hai bn truyn thng.
S dng mch ng h, bn pht ch r cho bn thu khi no d liu c truyn trn
mch. Nu tc d liu v khong cch giao din nm trong gii hn m bo khng
50
xy ra mo th thng tin do mch ng h cung cp s trnh vic ly sai mu d

liu.
2.1.2.2 nh thi trong cc giao din vt l ni tip
Khi ch c mt ng truyn thng duy nht gia bn pht v bn thu, vn
ng b s tr nn phc tp hn. C hai cch c bn ng b gia bn pht v bn
thu trong mi trng ni tip. Mt cch l da vo nh thi ngm gia hai bn truyn
thng, c gi l truyn thng d b. Cch khc l da vo vic chuyn thng tin
nh thi ngm gia cc bn truyn thng, c gi l truyn thng ng b.
2.1.2.3 Truyn thng d b
IT
Thut ng d b (asynchronous) miu t sp xp nh thi gia bn pht v

bn nhn m khng trao i thng tin nh thi ngm th kh ri ro. chuyn i
thng tin chnh xc, mi cp pht-thu phi lun c ng b ln nhau. Thut ng d
b cp ti khong thi gian lin quan m hai bn bn pht v thu nh thi vi
nhau, trong mt mi trng d b trong khong thi gian rt ngn (thng l mt k t
trong mt bng m nh ASCII). V vy, thut ng nh hng k t (characteroriented) th m t t hn trng hp truyn thng d b ny.
Hnh 2.8 cho thy phng thc truyn mt k t (ch hoa Z trong bng m
PT
ASCII) trong mi trng d b. Trong nhng mi trng ny, c c t bng ngi

g bn phm. nh thi gia vic truyn k t thnh cng (khong cch gia cc k t)
l thay i, v th mi c thut ng l d b (khng ng b). Tuy nhin, mt khi
nhn phm th d liu pht t bn phm s l mt thc th 10 bit (1 bit khi ng, 7 bit
d liu, 1 bit chn l v khong ngng). nhn m khng c li 10 bit ny phi c
ly mu chnh xc bn thu. Ni cch khc, trn c s k t m rng, bn pht v bn
thu phi c ng b. L tng nht l bn thu s ly mu chnh xc vo gia cc bit
t c dng ln nht.
Hnh 2.8: Khun dng k t truyn d b
51
Vi tc tn hiu l 1200 b/s (tc thng thng cho truyn d b) th mi bit

xut hin trn knh trong khong 830 micro giy (1/1200 b/s). V th, ly mu bit
chnh xc, khong thi gian ly mu phi vo khong 830 micro giy. Vn lc ny
l bao gi bt u tin trnh ly mu. Bit khi u (start bit) s cung cp thng tin ny.
Vic bt u bit khi u c bo hiu thng qua vic thay i ng dy t trng
thi in p dng song trng thi khng c in p (ni t). Cch d nht suy
ngh v bit khi ng l coi n nh cuc gi nh thc n bn thu. Khi bn thu thy
s thay i ny, n hiu l bit khi ng ang ti v n ch n gin lm cng vic
m ti khong gia bit (415 micro giy) v ly mu u tin. c c 9 bit cn
li, bn thu c m ht mt khong 830 micro giy l ly mu. Trong trng hp ny
bn pht v thu c ng b trong khong thi gian truyn k t m khng phi trao
i thng tin nh thi cng khai.
lp vt l.
PT
2.1.2.4 Truyn thng ng b
IT
D nhin l phng php d b ph thuc vo mt mc chnh xc va phi

vi mi ng h chy t do bn thu v pht. Ngoi ra, truyn thng d b ch hot
ng tt vi tc d liu thp khi khong cch gia cc bit l ln. Vi tc d liu
l 45 Mb/s th mi bit ch xut hin trong 0,002 micro giy. Vi khong cch bit nh
nh th th k thut d b vi c cu nh thi n s lm truyn thng kh th chnh xc
Khi s lng bit c truyn d bn pht v thu n mt gi tr no (v d 10

bit) th yu cu vi cc bn truyn thng l phi trao i thng tin nh thi chnh xc
ng b. Trn lin kt ni tip, ch c mt ng truyn thng tin, v vy thng tin
nh thi phi c nhng trong d liu. Truyn thng nh vy, trong khi phi duy
tr mi quan h nh thi trong thi gian di (v d vi khong thi gian truyn nhiu
bit) v khi bn pht cung cp thng tin nh thi nm nh mt phn ca dng d liu,
c gi l ng b.
Quay li Hnh 2.5, chng ta c th thy l cc c cu truyn tn hiu bng c s
c th s dng truyn khng ch d liu m cn c thng tin ng b gia bn gi
v bn nhn. Cha kha cho vic s dng cc tn hiu bng c s vi mc ch ng
b l m bo rng thng xuyn c s chuyn dch (1 thnh 0 v ngc li) xut hin
trong dng d liu. Thc t, m hnh ng b tt nht l hon i lin tc 1 v 0.
Trong trng hp ny, mi bit trong dng d liu cung cp thng tin ng b cho bn
thu.
Vn nm ch trng thi chuyn dch duy tr ng b l trong mt vi
trng hp cc chui tn hiu ch ton 0 hoc ton 1. Nhn vo c hai c cu truyn tn
52
hiu n cc hoc song cc trong Hnh 2.5, chng ta thy l nu chui ch ton 0 hoc
ton 1 th s khng c s thay i bn thu nhn bit ng b. Ch c c cu lng
cc tr v khng l c u im trong vn ny. Trong BPRZ, bit 1 c lun phin
o cc nn nu c nhiu bit 1 i lin nhau th vn c th chp nhn c. Nhng nu
cc bit 0 li i lin nhau thnh chui di th li xy ra vic khng th truyn c tn
hiu ng b. V vy cn phi trnh chui 0 khi s dng c cu truyn tn hiu ny.
Nh cp trc y, BPRZ c s dng trong cc mch T-1 v chun T-1
ch r l khng th xy ra trng hp chui c hn 15 s 0 lin tip. Nu vt qu con
s ny, ng truyn s d b mt ng b. Cc c cu c pht trin m bo
l khng xy ra chui c hn 15 s 0 trn ng T-1.
2.1.3 Cc giao thc v c t lp Vt l
IT
Lp Vt l nh ngha cc qui cch v in, c, th tc v cc c t chc nng

kch hot, duy tr v dng mt lin kt vt l gia cc h thng u cui. Lp vt l
trong cc h thng c thit k gim thiu li khi hot ng. Trong trng hp c
li th cc lp trn s b nh hng. Phng tin truyn dn c hiu l di lp
vt l, nhng cc c tnh n yu cu c cha trong c t ca lp vt l.
Mt s cc c im trong lp vt l ny bao gm:
Mc in th.
PT
Khong thi gian thay i in th.
Tc d liu vt l.
Khong ng truyn ti a.
Cc u ni vt l: chn cm, s chn cm, loi b ni v cp ni.
C hng trm chun lp vt l c pht trin trong nhiu nm qua. C th

k n nh RS-232, X.21, V.35, V.34, Q.911, T1, E1, G.703, 10BASE-T, 100BASETX, ISDN, POTS, SONET, DSL, 802.11b, 802.11g . Chng c nhng c im
chnh sau:
-
Mt giao thc lp vt l phi c t mi quan h c hc gia cc bn tham

gia truyn thng (t DTE ti DCE hoc ngc li). V d: Loi kt ni
c dng v v tr u dy.
Cc chun phi c t c tnh in ca mt giao din. Tha thun hiu in

th (hoc tn s, bin v pha) c s dng biu din 0 v 1.
Tc chuyn i d liu v khong cch hot ng ti a ca giao din

c c t c bit mt s phng thc.
Cc c tnh chc nng ca giao din, nh l nh ngha u dy no ca b

kt ni (connector) chu trch nhim thc hin chc nng.
53
Cc c tnh mang tnh tin trnh ca giao in phi c c t. V d, nu mt

giao thc lp vt l c thit k h tr hot ng theo kiu quay s (dial-up) th
phi c t trnh t yu cu quay s in thoi xa.
Thng tin chi tit trn, thm ch l mt vi giao thc lp vt l thng dng, cng
chim n vi trang giy. V th, mc ch phn trao i tip theo y v hai chun
lp vt l thng dng nht l biu din cc c tnh chung ca cc giao thc ny.
2.1.3.1 EIA-232-E
c bit n nh RS-232-C, chun lp vt l EIA-232-E c cng nhn l
chun ph cp trong nhiu nm. EIA-232-E c dng trong c mi trng ng b
ln d b vi tc d liu khng vt qu 20 kb/s (ch l qua mt khong cch
IT
ngn, EIA-232-E c th truyn tc ti 56 kb/s). Mt giao din DTE-DCE thng

c s dng gia cc u cui d liu tc thp (nh cng COM ca my tnh c
nhn PC) v cc modem cho truyn thng trn cc ng dy in thoi.
Mc d khng c c t theo thut ng khong cch, song khong cch cho
PT
php ti a gia DTE v DCE ch khong 15 mt s dng EIA-232-E (vic dng cp

dung lng thp c th ko di khong cch ra ng k). EIA-232-E c t vic
dng b kt ni DB-25 (cng kt ni 25 chn) v c th h tr ti 25 dy trn giao
din, tuy nhin rt him khi c 25 u dy u c dng trong cc ng dng. Thc t,
IBM thng dng cng ni DB-9 (cng ni 9 chn) h tr EIA-232-E trong cc sn
phm PC ca mnh. Cc u dy ph bin v chc nng ca n c trong Hnh 2.9.
Hnh 2.9: Chun lp vt l EIA-232-E
Chc nng ca u dy truyn (transmit) v nhn (receive) l ty ng cnh. Ch

l s dng thut ng gi (send) v nhn (receive) l t kha cnh ca DTE. u dy
54
u cui d liu sn sng v sn sng thit lp d liu dng ch ra theo hai

hng l thit b pha bn kia ca giao din ang hot ng. Cn yu cu gi v
xa gi c dng vi cc ng dy trong mi trng bn song cng (halfduplex). DTE bo hiu ch bng cch truyn ln u yu cu gi. Nu phng tin
vt l sn sng cho vic truyn dn th DCE ch ra iu kin ny bng cch truyn trn
u xa gi.
Ch l mi u trn giao din EIA-232-E c tham kho vi mt u ni t
chung (hiu in th bng khng). V l do ny, EIA-232-E c gi l giao din
khng cn bng. Mt chun lp vt l khc l EIA-422-A c t vic vn hnh cn
bng vi mi u lin quan ti u dy t tch bit ring. V th, EIA-422-A c th
IT
cung cp tc d liu cao hn vi khong cch xa hn EIA-232-E. Cu hnh EIA232-E trong Hnh 2.9 dng cho truyn thng trn ng dy thu d b. Khi c s
dng trong mi trng ng b, nhng u khc c dng h tr ng b gia
DTE v DCE.
PT
Ch l EIA-232-E c gi l giao din lp vt l ngoi bng (out-of-band) v

ch c tn hiu chy trn u gi v nhn l tn hiu s. Cc tn hiu iu khin c
a trong u ring ca chng, cc tn hiu iu khin khng bao gi i ln u gi v
nhn d liu.
2.1.3.2 ITU Recommendation X.21
Chun vt l X.21 thng dng khp ni ngoi tr Bc M trong cc mng

CSDN (mng d liu chuyn mch knh). Chun X.21 c t giao din song song
ng b gia DTE v DCE vi 8 u ni. Vic kt ni DTE v DCE qua giao din
X.21 c th hin trong Hnh 2.10.
Hnh 2.10: Khuyn ngh X.21 ca ITU
55
X.21 c thc thi s dng b ni 15 chn. N c coi l giao din lp vt l

trong bng (in band) v cc u truyn v nhn c th mang c thng tin iu khin v
tn hiu d liu ngi s dng. Trng thi ca u iu khin v ch dn xc nh tn
hiu trn u truyn v nhn s c phin dch l thng tin iu khin hay d liu ca
ngi s dng. V d, khi u iu khin trong trng thi hot ng, thng tin trn u
truyn l thng tin quay s (nh s in thoi). Khi u iu khin trng thi i lp
(khng hot ng) th thng tin trn u dy truyn l d liu ca ngi s dng.
2.2 Lp Lin kt d liu
2.2.1 Cc chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu
Lp lin kt d liu c mt s chc nng cn thc hin, c th l:
Cung cp mt giao din dch v c nh ngha r vi lp mng;
Kim sot v x l cc li ng truyn;
iu khin lung d liu tng thch c tc ca my pht v
my thu.
IT
PT
thc hin c cc chc nng ny, lp lin kt d liu nhn cc gi tin gi

xung t lp mng v ng chng v cc khung (frame) truyn i. Mi khung cha
phn tiu (header), ti trng (payload) v phn ui (trailer) nh trn Hnh 2.11.
Vic qun l v iu khin truyn khung thc cht l nhng vic m lp lin kt d
liu phi lm.
Hnh 2.11: Cc gi c ng khung lp lin kt d liu
Chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu l cung cp dch v cho lp mng. V nguyn

tc, dch v c truyn t lp mng ca my pht n lp mng ca my thu. Tuy
nhin ng truyn thc s s phi c thc hin thng qua lp lin kt d liu
(Hnh 2.12).
56
Hnh 2.12: ng truyn thng o v ng truyn thc s gia hai trm
Dch v phi kt ni khng bo nhn

Dch v phi kt ni c bo nhn
Dch v hng kt ni c bo nhn
PT
IT
Lp lin kt d liu c th c thit k cung cp mt s loi dch v nh:
V d v vic lp lin kt d liu cung cp dch v truyn gi tin cho lp mng

c th c minh ha nh trn Hnh 2.13.
Hnh 2.13: Lp lin kt d liu truyn gi tin cho lp mng
57
2.2.2 nh khung
cung cp dch v cho lp mng, lp lin kt d liu phi s dng dch v
c cung cp bi lp vt l. iu mt lp vt l cn lm l nhn dng bit t lp lin
kt d liu v truyn cc bit ny n my ch. Dng bit ny c th b li trong qu
trnh truyn dn n gi tr nhn c b sai, thm ch s bit nhn c c th nhiu
hn hay t hn so vi s bit truyn i. Lp lin kt d liu c trch nhim pht hin v,
nu cn, sa cc li ny.
Phng php thng dng nht l lp lin kt d liu s chia dng bit thnh cc
khung ri rc v tnh tng kim tra (checksum) cho mi khung. Khi mt khung n
ch, tng kim tra s c tnh li. Nu kt qu tnh tng kim tra khc vi gi tr
tng kim tra cha trong khung nhn c th lp lin kt d liu s cho rng c li
xy ra v thc hin cc bc x l li (loi b khung li v c th truyn ngc cho
my pht mt thng bo li).
m k t
S dng cc byte c vi k thut byte stuffing
S dng c bt u va kt thc vi k thut bit stuffing
S dng cc c im m ha lp vt l
PT
sau:
IT
Vic chia dng bit thnh cc khung c th c thc hin theo mt s cch nh
Phng php nh khung u tin (m k t) s dng mt trng trong tiu

ch ra s k t trong khung. Khi lp lin kt d liu my thu nhn thy s m k
t ny, n s bit c c bao nhiu k t ca khung theo sau v s xc nh c v tr
kt thc khung. K thut ny c minh ha trn Hnh 2.14.
58
IT
Hnh 2.14: nh khung bng cch m k t
Mt vn ca gii thut ny l s m k t c th b sai do li trn ng

truyn. Khi my thu s mt ng b v khng c kh nng xc nh c v tr bt
u ca khung k tip. Vic gi mt khung ngc tr v my pht yu cu truyn
li khung cng khng thc hin c v my thu khng bit cn phi b qua bao nhiu
PT
k t n v tr bt u truyn li. V nhng l do ny m phng php m k t

ngy nay t khi c s dng na.
Phng php nh khung th hai lin quan n k thut ti ng b khung bng
cch s dng cc byte c cu trc c bit t u v cui khung. Trc y cc
byte bt u v kt thc ny khc nhau, nhng ngy nay a s cc giao thc s dng
cng mt byte, gi l byte c (flag), cho c hai mc ch: nh v bt u (starting
delimiter) v nh v kt thc (ending delimiter) khung nh trn Hnh 2.15.
59
Hnh 2.15: nh khung s dng byte c vi k thut byte stuffing
IT
Mt vn t ra i vi phng php ny l khi trong dng bit truyn i xut

hin t hp bit c cu trc ging ht nh byte c. Khi my thu c th lm tng
rng y l du hiu c v s nh khung sai. Bin php khc phc vn ny l
PT
lp lin kt d liu ca my pht s chn mt byte ESC ngay trc mi byte d liu c
cu trc ging byte c trong dng d liu. Ti u thu, lp lin kt d liu ca my thu
s loi b byte ESC ny trc khi chuyn d liu ln trn cho lp mng. K thut ny
c gi l n byte (byte stuffing). Vi k thut n byte ny byte c nh khung
c th c phn bit vi byte d liu c cu trc ging byte c bi s vng mt hay
hin din ca byte ESC ngay trc.
Mt tnh hung c th xy ra l trong dng bit truyn i xut hin byte d liu c
cu trc ging byte ESC. Khi cch gii quyt l ta cng n mt byte ESC ng
trc byte ny. Mt s trng hp n byte c minh ha trn Hnh 2.15. Trong mi
trng hp, chui d liu nhn c sau khi gii n s ging chnh xc nh chui
ban u.
S n byte ni trn l s n gin ha mt phn ca s c s dng
trong giao thc PPP m hu ht cc my tnh gia nh s dng truyn thng vi nh
cung cp dch v Internet (ISP). Bt li ch yu ca phng php ny l n rng buc
ta phi s dng cc k t 8 bit. Khng phi tt c cc b m k t u s dng k t 8
bit (v d Unicode s dng k t 16 bit). Hn ch trong vic s dng m k t vi chiu
di cng nhc thc y s pht trin mt s mi cho php cc k t c kch
thc thay i.
60
K thut mi ny cho php cc khung d liu cha mt s ngu nhin cc bit v

cc m k t c kch thc bt k. Nguyn tc lm vic ca n nh sau: mi khung s
bt u v kt thc bi mt t hp bit c cu trc c bit l 01111110 (thc cht y
cng l byte c). Mi khi my pht nhn thy nm bit 1 lin tip theo sau bit 0 trong
dng d liu th lp lin kt d liu ca n s t ng n thm mt bit 0 vo. Vic
n bit (bit stuffing) ny nhm trnh s xut hin ca t hp su bit 1 lin tip
trong dng d liu c th gy nhm ln vi t hp c.
Khi my thu nhn thy nm bit 1 lin tip v theo sau l mt bit 0 th n s t
ng gii n bng cch xa b bit 0 ny. Cng ging nh k thut n byte, k thut
n bit l hon ton trong sut i vi lp mng c hai u thu/pht. Hnh 2.16
IT
minh ha mt s v d v k thut n bit.
PT
Hnh 2.16: K thut bit stuffing
Phng php nh khung cui cng da trn c im m ha ca mi trng

vt l. V d, mt s mng LAN m ha mt bit d liu bng cch s dng hai bit vt
l. Bnh thng bit 1 c m ha bi cp cao-thp (high-low), cn bit 0 c m ha
bi cp thp-cao (low-high). Cc t hp cao-cao (high-high) v thp-thp (low-low)
khng xut hin trong d liu nn c th c s dng xc nh gii hn cc khung
trong mt s giao thc.
2.2.3 Kim sot li
Sau khi gii quyt c vn nh du v tr bt u v kt thc ca khung, bi
ton tip theo l lm th no m bo rng tt c cc khung cui cng phi n
c lp mng ca my thu theo ng th t.
Phng php thng dng m bo vic truyn khung tin cy l bo li cho
my gi mt thng tin phn hi v kt qu nhn c u kia ca ng truyn.
in hnh l, giao thc c th yu cu my thu gi tr v my pht cc khung iu
khin c bit phn nh v kt qu nhn khung my thu. Cc phn nh ny c th l
dng (positive) hay m (negative). Nu my pht nhn c mt phn hi dng v
61
mt khung, n hiu rng khung ny n ch an ton. Ngc li, mt phn hi m

c ngha l iu g xy ra v khung cn c truyn li mt ln na.
Mt tnh hung xu c th xy ra l v l do g khung b mt hon ton. Khi
my thu s khng c phn ng g v my pht c ch phn hi mi dn n s c
b treo. Tnh hung ny c x l bng cch a cc b nh thi (timer) vo lp lin
kt d liu. Khi my pht gi i mt khung n cng khi ng b nh thi. B nh
thi c thit lp sao cho s kt thc hot ng sau mt khong thi gian lu
khung ny i n ch, c x l v c mt phn hi truyn ngc tr v my
pht.
IT
Trong trng hp bnh thng, khung s c nhn ng v thng tin phn hi

s v n my pht trc khi ht thi gian nh thi, khi b nh thi c b qua.
Cn trong trng hp khung hoc phn hi b mt th khi ht thi gian nh thi my
pht s cho rng c s c xy ra. Gii php cho trng hp ny l truyn li khung
mt ln na. Tuy nhin, khi cc khung c truyn li nhiu ln c th xy ra nguy c
PT
l my thu s nhn c lp li cng mt khung hai hay nhiu ln v chuyn ln lp

mng. ngn chn iu ny, ngi ta c th gn cc s trnh t (th t) cho cc
khung, sao cho my thu c th nhn bit c cc khung truyn ln u v khung
truyn li.
Ton b vn qun l cc b nh thi v cc s trnh t vi mc ch m bo
rng cc khung c chuyn n lp mng ca my ch mt cch y v chnh
xc l nhim v quan trng ca lp lin kt d liu.
2.2.4 iu khin lung
Mt chc nng quan trng khc ca lp lin kt d liu l iu khin lung. Vn

iu khin lung t ra khi tc truyn khung ca my pht nhanh hn tc
nhn khung ca my thu. My pht c th duy tr vic y cc khung ra vi tc cao
cho n khi my thu hon ton b qu ti. R rng phi c mt c ch no khc
phc hin tng ny.
C hai phng php c th c s dng. Trong phng php th nht, iu
khin lung c thc hin da trn thng tin phn hi (feedback-based flow control).
My thu gi tr thng tin n my pht cho php my pht truyn tip d liu hoc
bo cho my pht bit tnh trng nhn d liu ra sao. Trong phng php th hai, s
dng k thut iu khin lung da trn tc (rate-based flow control), c mt c ch
gii hn tc my pht c th gi m khng cn phi s dng thng tin phn hi
t my thu.
62
lp lin kt d liu thng s dng cc s iu khin lung da trn thng

tin phn hi. C nhiu s iu khin lung da trn thng tin phn hi c bit
n, song hu ht cc s ny cng s dng mt nguyn tc c bn. Trong giao thc
c cc qui lut r rng v thi im my pht c th truyn khung k tip. My pht s
b cm truyn khung cho n khi nhn c s cho php t pha my thu.
2.2.5 iu khin truy nhp ng truyn
2.2.5.1 Cc loi ng truyn
Tn hiu gia cc my tnh trong mng c truyn thng qua phng tin
truyn dn. Cc tn hiu biu th gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn. Tt c
cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t no ,
tri t cc tn s radio ti sng vi ba v tia hng ngoi. Tu theo tn s ca sng in
t m c th dng cc phng tin truyn dn khc nhau truyn tn hiu.
IT
Hin nay trong mng cc b c hai loi ng truyn hu tuyn (dng cp) v
v tuyn (khng dng cp) u c s dng.
ng truyn hu tuyn gm:
- Cp ng trc (coaxial cable)
PT
- Cp xon i (Twisted-pair cable)

- Cp si quang
ng truyn v tuyn gm:

- Radio
- Sng vi ba
- Tia hng ngoi
i vi cc cu trc lin kt dng BUS v vng Ring, ch c mt ng truyn

duy nht ni tt c cc trm vi nhau, do cn c cc qui tc chung cho tt c cc
trm ni vo mng m bo rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch
tt p. C nhiu phng php truy nhp ng truyn vt l, c phn thnh hai
loi: c iu khin v ngu nhin.
Truy nhp c iu khin:
- Chuyn th bi (Token Passing)
- u tin theo yu cu (Demand priority)
Truy nhp ngu nhin:
63
- a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang (CSMA)

- a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang c trnh xung t (CSMA/CA)
- a truy nhp cm nhn sng mng c pht hin xung t (CSMA/CD)
2.2.5.2 a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang c pht hin xung t (CSMA/CD)
Phng php truy nhp ngu nhin ny c s dng cho cc mng c cu trc
dng BUS, trong tt c cc trm ca mng ni trc tip vo BUS. Mi trm u c
th truy nhp vo BUS dng chung (a truy nhp) mt cch ngu nhin do c th
dn n xung t (hai my cng truyn ti mt thi im).
phng php truy nhp ny, mi my tnh trn mng kim tra lu lng
mng trn cp (cm nhn sng mang). Khi mt my tnh cm thy cp ang thng,
IT
ngha l khng c d liu no ang truyn trn cp, n c th gi d liu. Nu c d

liu truyn trn cp th khng mt my tnh no c truyn cho n khi d liu ang
truyn n c ch v cp thng tr li. Nu hai my tnh tnh c gi d liu ti
cng thi im th xung t s xy ra. Khi xung t xy ra, cc my tnh lin quan
ngng truyn trong mt khong thi gian ngu nhin ri s th truyn li.
PT
Nu tt c cc nt u truyn li ngay lp tc khi xung t kt thc, th chc

chn s tip tc xy ra xung t. Do vy cn c mt th tc m bo ch c mt kh
nng rt nh s truyn li cng lc. Phng php CSMA/CD s dng khong thi
gian li ngu nhin, mi nt chn mt s ngu nhin v i trong khong thi gian
bng s ngu nhin ny nhn vi khe thi gian (51.2 s) trc khi truyn li.
Qu trnh truyn mt khung c minh ho Hnh 2.17.
64

Gi khung
N:=0
Ch (Rx51,2s)
Cm nhn
sng mang
Bn
Chn s nguyn ngu nhin R

trong tp {0,1,...,2K-1}
Ch
K:=N
Ri
K:=10
N10
Truyn
N10?
N>10
khung
N<15
Xung t
N++
Kim tra N
N=15
Khng
B khung
IT
Kt thc
Hnh 2.17: Th tc truyn khung trong CSMA/CD
2.2.5.3 Chuyn th bi
PT
Trong phng php chuyn th bi (Token passing) c mt loi gi c bit gi

l th bi (Token) lun chuyn trn vng cp, t trm ny sang trm khc. Th bi c
mt bit biu din trng thi s dng ca n (bn hoc ri). Khi trm bt k trn vng
cp cn gi d liu ln mng, n phi ch c c mt th bi ri. Khi my
tnh s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh bn v truyn mt n v d liu cng vi
th bi theo chiu ca vng. Lc ny khng cn th bi ri trn vng na nn cc
trm c d liu truyn phi i. D liu n trm ch s c sao chp, sau cng
vi th bi i tip cho ti khi quay v trm ngun. Trm ngun s xo b d liu, i
bit trng thi tr v ri v cho th bi lun chuyn tip trn vng cc trm khc c
th nhn c quyn truyn d liu.
S quay v li trm ngun ca d liu v th bi nhm to mt c ch xc nhn
t nhin: trm ch c th gi thng tin v kt qu tip nhn d liu ca mnh vo phn
tiu ca khung. Trong phng php ny, c hai vn c th dn n ph v h
thng. Mt l vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lun chuyn na.
Hai l th bi bn (d liu) lun chuyn khng ngng trn vng. gii quyt cc vn
ny, cc phng php chuyn th bi s dng gii php:
i vi vic mt th bi, c th qui nh trc mt trm iu khin ch ng
(active monitor). Trm ny s pht hin tnh trng mt th bi bng cch s dng c
65
ch ngng thi gian v khi phc bng cch gi li mt th bi ri mi. i vi

vn th bi bn lun chuyn khng ngng, trm iu khin ch ng s dng mt
bit trn th bi (bit monitor) nh du (t gi tr l 1) khi gp mt th bi bn i
qua n. Nu gp li mt th bi bn vi bit monitor nh du th c ngha trm
ngun khng nhn li c d liu ca mnh gi v th bi bn ny s lun
chuyn khng ngng trn vng. Khi , trm iu khin ch ng s g b d liu,
chuyn th bi v trng thi ri v chuyn tip n trn vng.
2.2.5.4 Phng thc truy nhp ngu nhin ALOHA/Slotted-ALOHA
gi.
IT
tng ca ALOHA l trong mng mi khi nt gi c gi d liu cn gi th

ngay lp tc n gi ton b gi tin vo knh truyn dng chung. Nu gi tin c
truyn xung t vi gi tin t nt khc th ngay lp tc nt s truyn li gi tin
vi xc sut p. Nu vic tnh xc sut xc nh n khng c truyn th nt i trong
khong thi gian truyn mt gi tin v li truyn tip gi tin vo knh truyn dng
chung vi xc sut p. Li im ca ALOHA l khng cn ng b thi gian ti cc nt
SLOTTED-ALOHA: tng chnh ca Slotted-Aloha l chia thi gian thnh

cc khong c di bng thi gian truyn mt gi tin. Tt c cc nt c gi tin cn
PT
truyn u ch truyn gi tin ti u mi khong thi gian. Nu c xung t th tt c

cc nt s pht hin xung t ngay trong khong thi gian v mi nt s truyn li
gi tin vi xc sut p hoc ch cho ti u khong thi gian sau. Vi phng thc ny
cn phi ng b thi gian gia cc nt trong mng.
2.2.5.5 DAMA (Demand Assigned Multiple Access) - a truy nhp theo nhu cu
Phng php ny da trn tng chnh l Aloha nhng c khc phc nhc
im gi gi tin bt k lc no c gi tin cn gi ca mt nt bng cch yu cu mt
nt mun gi d liu i th phi t ch trc (reservation time slot). Mi nt trong
mng s ng k vi h thng DAMA mt time-slot trong tng lai m n mun gi
gi tin ca n ti thi im . Khi h thng cp time-slot cho nt tng ng (nu c
nhiu nt cng t mt time-slot th c th da vo u tin cp quyn s dng,
v d First Come First Serve) th ti time-slot xc sut nt tng ng gi thnh
cng gi tin ca n rt cao vi bng thng gn nh ln nht ca knh truyn. Do c
im l mi nt ch c truyn trong khong thi gian t trc nn cho d ti
khong thi gian a no nt c quyn s dng khong thi gian khng c gi tin
gi i nhng n vn c cp quyn, trong khi mt nt c gi tin mun gi i
khng c quyn s dng khong thi gian . c im ny lm tng tr trong
mng. H thng DAMA thng s dng cho lin kt vi v tinh (satellite links).
66
2.2.6 Cc chun lp lin kt d liu

Bn cnh vic chun ho cho cc mng ni chung, dn n s ra i ca m
hnh tham chiu OSI, vic chun ho mng cc b ni ring cng c thc hin t
rt sm p ng s pht trin khng ngng ca mng cc b. Do c trng ring,
vic chun ho mng cc b ch dnh cho hai tng thp nht l tng vt l v tng lin
kt d liu.
Cc chun nh ngha phng tin vt l v cc b ni c s dng kt ni
cc thit b ti phng tin. Cc chun cng nh ngha cch lin lc ti tng lin kt
d liu ca cc thit b. Tng lin kt d liu nh ngha cch d liu c truyn ti
qua phng tin vt l. cung cp cc chc nng ny, Vin k thut in v in t
(IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) chia tng lin kt d liu
thnh hai tng con.
IT
Tng con MAC (Media Access Control) nh ngha cch truyn cc khung trn
phng tin vt l. Tng con ny iu khin nh a ch vt l gn vi mi thit b,
nh ngha tp mng v cu hnh ng dy.
PT
Tng con LLC (Logical Link Control) c trch nhim nhn dng lgc cc loi
giao thc khc nhau v sau ng gi chng. S hiu im truy nhp dch v hoc
mt m loi s thc hin vic nh danh lgc.
Cc chun LAN ph bin gm (Hnh 2.18):
IEEE 802.3: Mng cc b Ethernet;
IEEE 802.5: Mng cc b Token Ring;

IEEE 802.11: Mng v tuyn (Wireless LAN);
IEEE 802.12: Mng cc b truy nhp u
(100VG-AnyLAN);
tin
theo
yu
cu
ANSI X3T9.5: Mng cc b FDDI.
67

Tng con
LLC
FDDI
100VG-AnyLAN/802.12
Token Ring/802.5
Tng vt l
100BaseT
IEEE 802.3
Tng con
MAC
IEEE 802.2
Ethernet
Tng
lin kt
d liu
Hnh 2.18: Cc chun LAN ph bin
2.2.6.1 Chun Ethernet

Ethernet l cng ngh mng LAN bng c s c pht trin bi trung tm
nghin cu Palo Alto ca hng Xerox. Ethernet ban u hot ng tc 10 Mb/s,
phng tin truyn dn l cp ng trc v phng php truy nhp ng truyn l
IT
CSMA/CD.
n nm 1980 th chun IEEE 802.3 c pht trin da trn cng ngh

Ethernet. IEEE 802.3 c t cc chun 10Base5, 10Base2 s dng cp ng trc,
10BaseT s dng cp xon i v chun 10BaseFL s dng cp quang. Ban u cp
PT
ng trc l cp c s dng ph bin nht trong Ethernet, nhng dn dn cp xon

i thay th cp ng trc trong Ethernet, v chun Ethernet thng dng nht chnh
l 10BaseT. Tc chun ban u ca Ethernet l 10 Mb/s, tuy nhin cc ci tin v
cng ngh sau ny cho php Ethernet c tc ln ti 100 Mb/s, 1000 Mb/s v
thm ch hn na. Phn sau s trnh by chi tit hn v cng ngh mng cc b thng
dng nht ny.
2.2.6.2 Chun Token Ring
Mng Token Ring u tin c IBM pht trin vo nhng nm 1970. N l

cng ngh LAN chnh ca IBM v v tnh ph bin th n ch ng sau Ethernet v
IEEE 802.3. Chun IEEE 802.5 gn nh ging ht v hon ton tng thch vi IBM
Token Ring.
Trong Token Ring, tt c cc trm cui c gn vi mt thit b c tn MSAU
(MultiStation Access Unit), ngha l c cu trc hnh sao. Tuy nhin, thc cht Token
Ring li c cu trc Ring v bn trong MSAU cc cng c u ni to thnh mt
Ring. Phng php truy nhp ng truyn s dng trong Token Ring l chuyn th
bi (Token passing).
68
2.2.6.3 Chun FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

FDDI l k thut dng trong cc mng cu trc vng, chuyn th bi tc cao
(100 Mb/s) bng phng tin cp si quang. K thut ny do U ban ANSI X3T9.5
pht trin v ban hnh nm 1986. FDDI c thit k cho cc my tnh c ln khng
tho mn vi bng thng trong kin trc Ethernet 10 Mb/s hoc Token Ring 4 Mb/s.
FDDI s dng h thng chuyn th bi trong c ch vng kp (dual ring), h tr
500 nt qua khong cch 100 Km. Phng php truy nhp ng truyn s dng trong
FDDI cng l chuyn th bi, nhng c ci tin so vi chuyn th bi ca Token Ring.
Lu thng trn mng FDDI bao gm 2 lung ging nhau theo hai hng ngc nhau.
Vi Token Ring, khi mt nt ang c quyn gi d liu, n s khng gii phng
IT
th bi khi cha c xc nhn d liu n ch an ton v nh vy cc nt khc

khng th gi d liu v th ang bn. Tuy nhin, vi FDDI, mt nt s gii phng th
bi ngay sau khi truyn khung d liu cui cng. Do vy, cc nt khc trn vng Ring
c th truyn d liu khi nhn c th bi. iu ny c ngha l ti mt thi im c
th c nhiu khung c truyn trn vng Ring.
PT
FDDI cung cp kt ni tc cao cho nhiu loi mng khc nhau. FDDI c th
s dng cho mng th (MAN) kt ni cc mng trong cng thnh ph bng cp
quang tc cao. Cc mng LAN i hi tc truyn d liu cao v di thng ln
cng c th s dng FDDI.
2.3 Cng ngh Ethernet
2.3.1 Gii thiu
Nh trnh by trn, Ethernet l mt cng ngh mng LAN s dng phng

php truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD ra i t rt sm t mt th nghim kt ni
mng bng cp ng trc ca hng Xerox. Thnh cng ca th nghim ny dn n
s ra i ca Ethernet 1.0 vi tc 10 Mb/s. Tip theo, chun mng cc b IEEE
802.3 ra i da trn cng ngh ny. Chun ny a ra 3 loi tc truyn d liu
trn cp quang v cp xon i, l:
10 Mb/s: 10Base-T Ethernet.
100 Mb/s: Fast Ethernet.
1000 Mb/s: Gigabit Ethernet.
Hin nay, c mt s cng ngh mng LAN khc c nghin cu v ra i
nhm thay th cho Ethernet. Tuy nhin, Ethernet vn tn ti nh mt cng ngh mng
69
LAN chnh (chim khong 85% cc mng LAN trn ton th gii) nh mt s u im
sau:
D xy dng, qun l, v bo tr.
Chi ph xy dng v bo tr thp.
Cu trc mng mm do.
D kt ni v tch hp vi cc h thng chun khc.
Mt mng Ethernet bao gm cc nt mng v cc phng tin kt ni. Cc nt
mng c chia lm 2 loi:
Thit b u cui d liu (DTE Data Terminal Equipment): L cc thit b
ng vai tr l ngun hoc ch ca cc khung d liu. DTE thng l my tnh, my
trm, my ch, v.v., thng c gi l trm cui.
IT
Thit b truyn thng d liu (DCE Data Communication Equipment): L

cc thit b mng trung gian c nhim v nhn v chuyn tip cc gi tin trong mng.
DCE c th l cc thit b c lp nh hub, switch, b nh tuyn hoc cc giao din
truyn thng nh card mng, modem, v.v.
PT
Cc phng tin kt ni thng dng trong Ethernet l cp xon i (bc hoc

khng bc) v mt s loi cp quang.
2.3.2 Quan h gia m hnh phn lp Ethernet v m hnh tham chiu OSI
Hnh 2.19 cho thy m hnh phn lp ca Ethernet v quan h ca n vi m
hnh tham chiu OSI. Trong mi quan h ny, tng lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI
tng ng vi 2 tng con ca Ethernet l MAC v MAC-client. Tng vt l ca
Ethernet tng ng vi tng vt l ca m hnh OSI.
70
Hnh 2.19: M hnh phn lp Ethernet v quan h vi OSI
Tng con MAC-client c th l:
IT
iu khin lin kt logic (LLC Logical Link Control), nu nt l DTE.

Tng con ny cung cp giao din gia tng con MAC ca Ethernet v cc tng cao hn
trong chng giao thc ca nt.
Thc th cu ni (Bridge entity), nu nt l DCE. Tng con ny cung cp cc
PT
giao din LAN - LAN gia cc mng LAN (cng hoc khc giao thc, v d Ethernet
Ethernet hoc Ethernet Token Ring).
Tng con MAC c nhim v:
ng gi d liu, bao gm ng khung d liu, phn tch khung, pht hin

li, v.v.
iu khin truy nhp phng tin, bao gm khi to qu trnh truyn khung,
khi phc nu gp s c truyn dn.
2.3.3 Cu trc khung Ethernet
Chun Ethernet nh ngha cu trc khung c bn cho cc hot ng tng
MAC cng vi mt s la chn m rng bao gm 7 trng nh trn Hnh 2.20.
71
Th t truyn dn: tri qua phi, theo chui bit

Vng pht hin li FCS
Vng tnh FCS
PRE
SFD
DA
SA Length/Type
6
Data
PAD
46-1500
FCS
4
Hnh 2.20: Cu trc khung Ethernet
ngha ca cc trng trong cu trc khung nh sau:
PRE (Preamable): Gm 7 bytes, l 1 chui cc bit 0 v 1 nh du
im u khung v ng b khung.
IT
SFD (Start-of-Frame Delimiter): Gm 1 byte, l 1 chui cc bit 0 v 1,

kt thc bng 2 bit 1 lin tip, cho bit bit tip theo l bit ngoi cng bn tri trong
byte ngai cng bn tri ca trng a ch.
PT
DA/SA (Destination Address/Source Address): a ch ch v a ch

ngun. Mi trng c rng 6 bytes.
Length/Type: Gm 2 bytes. Nu gi tr ca trng ny ln hn hoc

bng 1500 th l s byte d liu trong phn Data. Nu gi tr ln hn 1536 th n
l 1 gi tr cho bit kiu ca khung.
Data: Cha d liu ca khung (<= 1500 bytes). Nu s byte d liu nh

hn 46, mt phn b s c thm vo kch thc tng ln thnh 46 bytes.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS): Gm 4 bytes. Trng ny cha 1 m

kim tra li CRC c to bi bn gi. Gi tr ny s c tnh li bi bn nhn v
khp vi gi tr trn xem cc khung c b li trong qu trnh truyn hay khng. Gi tr
ny c to ra t cc trng DA, SA, Length/Type, v Data.
2.3.4 Qu trnh truyn v nhn khung
2.3.4.1 Truyn khung
Khi tng con MAC ca mt trm cui nhn c yu cu truyn khung cng vi
cc thng tin v a ch v d liu cn truyn t tng con LLC, tng con MAC bt u
qu trnh truyn bng cch chuyn i cc thng tin t LLC vo vng m khung
MAC.
72
Gi tr ca cc trng PRE v SOF c chn vo v tr tng ng.

a ch ch v ngun c a vo cc trng DA, SA.
S byte d liu LLC c tnh ton v a vo trng Length/Type.
D liu LLC c chn vo trng Data. Nu s byte d liu <46, phn b
c thm vo s byte thnh 46.
Gi tr kim li CRC c tnh ton da trn cc trng DA, SA,
Length/Type, Data v c chn vo trng FCS ngay sau trng Data.
Sau khi khung c ng gi, n s c truyn i theo phng thc nh ni
phn trc (thng l s dng phng php truy nhp ng truyn CSMA/CD).
2.3.4.2 Nhn khung
PT
IT
Khi trm ch nhn c khung gi ti cho n, u tin n s kim tra xem a

ch ch ca gi tin c trng vi a ch ca n khng (hoc c th trng vi a ch
nhm hay a ch qung b) xc nh xem n c nhn gi tin khng. Nu trng
mt trong cc a ch , n s kim tra di khung, tin hnh tnh ton m kim li
CRC v khp vi m thu c t khung. Nu di khung l ng v 2 gi tr kim
li khp vi nhau, n s xc nh kiu ca khung da trn kch thc trng
Length/Type. Cui cng, khung c phn tch v chuyn cho giao thc ph hp
tng trn.
2.3.5 Cc chun Ethernet
Cc c t tng vt l ca Ethernet bao gm:

10Base-T
10Base-T l chun Ethernet bng c s, s dng cp xon i CAT3 hoc

CAT5, tc ti a l 10 Mb/s. Hnh 2.21 minh ha mt kt ni gia 2 trm trong
mng 10Base-T.
73
Hnh 2.21: Kt ni gia 2 trm trong mng 10Base-T
10 Base-T l phin bn u tin ca Ethernet v n nay c th coi l li thi.
100 Mb/s Fast Ethernet
IT
Tuy nhin, trong cc ti liu v Ethernet u nhc n chun ny v n l nn tng cho

cc phin bn tip theo. Ngoi ra, hin ti cng vn cn nhiu mng 10 Base-T ang
hot ng.
PT
Tc 10 Mb/s ca 10Base-T khng p ng c cc yu cu truyn d liu

tc cao. Fast Ethernet ra i nhm gii quyt vn ny. Fast Ethernet bao gm
mt s chun ring bit li tng vt l, trong c mt s chun ng ch , bao gm:
100Base-TX, 100Base-T4, v 100Base-FX.
100 Base-TX l chun thng dng nht ca Fast Ethernet, hot ng trn 2 i
dy ca cp xon i CAT5. Phn on mng ca 100 Base-TX c di ti a l
100m. to thnh mt mng LAN 100 Base-TX, cc trm cui (my tnh, my in,
v.v.) s c ni ti cc switch hoc hub to thnh mt mng hnh sao (Hnh 2.22).
Ngoi ra, hai trm cng c th kt ni trc tip thng qua cp cho.
Hnh 2.22: Mng 100Base-TX
74
100 Base-T4 l mt chun c hn so vi 100 Base-TX. Chun ny s dng c 4

i dy cp, tuy nhin ch cn loi cp CAT3 l , khng yu cu CAT5 nh TX.
iu ny cho php cc mng 10 Base-T c th nng cp ln thnh 100 Base-T m
khng cn phi thay cp xon i CAT3 bng CAT5.
100 Base-FX l mt chun ca Fast Ethernet chy trn cp quang. Phn on FX
c di ti a ln ti 400m.
1000 Mb/s Gigabit Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet l mt phin bn ca Ethernet c tc truyn dn ln ti 1000
Mb/s, bao gm 2 chun l 1000 Base-T v 1000 Base-X.
1000 Base-T s dng c 4 i dy cp xon i CAT5, khong cch phn on
mng ti a 100m. Mng ny thc hin truyn dn song cng trc tip 2 chiu trn c
4 i, do tc c th ln ti 1000Mpbs.
IT
1000 Base-X l chun s dng cp quang (hoc cp ng STP). Chun ny li

gm 3 chun nh l 1000 Base-SX, 1000 Base-LX, v 1000Base-CX. 1000 Base-SX
s dng cp quang, khong cch mng ti a t 220 n 500m ty thuc loi cp.
1000 Base-LX cng s dng cp quang vi khong cch c th ln ti 2km (mt s
nh sn xut cn cho bit c th m bo khong cch ln ti t 10 n 20km). 1000
PT
Base-CX l chun chy trn cp STP, c khong cch ti a 25m.

2.4 Cng ngh truy nhp khng dy
2.4.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp khng dy

Trn mng khng dy s c nhng phng thc truy nhp ng truyn khc
nh SDMA, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA,... v cc phng thc kt hp.
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s. Trong phng php truy nhp ng truyn
ny mi ngi s dng trong mt cell s c phn cho mt di tn s (bng tn) nht
nh. Cc bng tn s dng ca cc ngi dng khc nhau (ti mt thi im) s
khng chng ln nhau (non-overlap). Ngi s dng ch s dng bng tn c cp
php v th nhiu ngi trong cng mt cell c th cng truyn mt lc m khng gy
nhiu cho nhau.
Tuy nhin v s lng ngi s dng mng nhiu nn vic s dng li bng tn
c th din ra ti cc cell khc nhau. Nu 2 cell A v B gn nhau th vic s dng li
bng tn c th gy nhiu.
75
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian. Vi cch truy nhp ng truyn ny mi
ngi dng c phn chia cho mt khong thi gian trong bng tn c gi l cc
time-slot. Tc l trong mi khong thi gian (rt ngn) mt ngi dng s c s
dng ton b bng tn ng truyn.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
a truy nhp phn chia theo m. Trong phng thc truy nhp ny th cc ngi
dng u c truyn trong cng mt thi gian v c th trn cng mt tn s. Mi
ngi s dng c gn cho mt m (code) ring bit v khng c ngi dng no
trong cng t bo dng chung m . M ny c dng m ha d liu trc khi
IT
gi vo knh truyn dng chung. Ti ni thu tn hiu s s dng m ca ngi dng

tng ng lc bt (khng hon ton) nhng tn hiu t ngi dng khc. iu ny
cng lm tng thm phc tp ca b lc tn hiu ti cc thit b thu tn hiu.
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian. Phng php ny s dng cc khong
khng gian gia nhiu ngi s dng trong mt cell. Trm gc (Base Station) khng
truyn tn hiu n ton b cell m n s tp trung hng tn hiu vo vng khng gian
PT
ca ngi dng cn phc v v gim cng sut tn hiu ti cc vng ca thu bao
khc. lm c vic ny th yu cu BS phi c h thng Antenna ln v c kh
nng kh nhiu.
2.4.2 Mng v tuyn t bo
GSM l h thng thng tin di ng s ra i Chu u v c ETSI tiu

chun ho. Bng tn s dng trong h thng GSM gm mt bng tn hng i (890
915 MHz) v mt bng tn cho hng v (935 960 MHz). Ngoi ra nhng bng
1800 MHz v 1900 MHz cng c s dng cho php nhiu nh khai thc GSM
hn.
GSM s dng k thut chuyn mch knh, cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia
theo thi gian (TDMA) vi cu trc khe thi gian hp l cho vic truyn thoi, s liu
v thng tin iu khin. Ngoi cc dch v thoi thng thng, GSM cn cung cp mt
s dch v truyn s liu tc thp nh:
-
Dch v tin ngn (SMS): l dch v s liu cho php truyn nhng bn tin
ngn hoc thng bo ngn c di ti a 160 k t t/n MS.
76
Dch v s liu chuyn mch knh GSM: cho php truyn s liu v tc
cc i l 9.6 kb/s (v d truyn FAX).
Mng GSM c chia thnh c chia thnh phn h chuyn mch (SSS), phn
h trm gc (BSS) v phn h khai thc bo dng (OMC). Mi phn h ni trn cha
Trung tm chuyn mch di ng (MSC)

B ng k v tr thng tr (HLR)
B ng k v tr tm tr (VLR)
Trung tm nhn thc (AuC)
PT
IT
mt s module ring bit thc hin cc chc nng ca h thng (Hnh 2.23).
Trm thu pht gc (BTS)

B iu khin trm gc (BSC)
B ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR)
MSC cng (GMSC)
Hnh 2.23: Cu hnh h thng GSM
2.4.3 Mng v tuyn v tinh
c im ni tri ca h thng thng tin v tinh l phm vi ph sng rng ln,

c th ni l ton cu, nh trn Hnh 2.24. Phng thc truyn thng ny l cu ni
quan trng thit lp cc mng qui m quc t.
77
Hnh 2.24: Phm vi ca thng tin v tinh
IT
VINASAT-1 l v tinh vin thng a tnh u tin ca Vit Nam c phng

vo v tr lc 22 gi 16 pht ngy 18 thng 4 nm 2008 (gi UTC). D n v tinh
Vinasat-1 khi ng t nm 1998 vi tng mc u t l khong hn 300 triu
USD. Vit Nam tin hnh m phn vi 27 quc gia v vng lnh th c c v
tr 132 ng trn qu o a tnh.
PT
H thng thng tin v tinh VINASAT-1 cung cp hai loi hnh dch v l cho
thu bng tn v tinh v cung cp cc dch v trn gi (Hnh 2.25).
Hnh 2.25: Cc dch v Vinasat 1 cung cp
78
2.4.4 Xu hng pht trin cc mng v tuyn

Do nhu cu truyn d liu ngy cng tng v nhu cu khai thc dch v mi ngy
cng nhiu. ITU a ra tiu chun ho h thng thng tin di ng th h 3 (3G) vi
tn gi l ITM-2000 vi cc yu cu sau:
-
Tc truy nhp cao m bo cc dch v bng rng nh truy nhp

Internet tc cao hay truy nhp a phng tin.
Linh hot m bo cc dch v mi nh: nh s c nhn ton cu, in

thoi v tinh nhm m rng ng k vng ph sng ca thng tin di ng,
Tng thch vi cc h thng hin c pht trin lin tc v ton din h

thng thng tin di ng.
1G 1980s
Analog
2G 1990s
Digital
GSM
PT
AMPS
IT
Cc i hi trn l vt ra ngoi kh nng ca mng GSM. N i hi cc h

thng thng tin di ng th h hai (2G) bao gm GSM, DCS1800, CDMA IS95 ...
tng bc hi t ti th h 3G. S qu trnh pht trin cc h thng thng tin di
ng trong Hnh 2.26.
TAC
S
NMT
Others
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
3G
IMT-2000
UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA2000
TD-SCDMA
Hnh 2.26: Lch s pht trin di ng ti 3G
Cng ngh 3G c nhc n nh l mt chun IMT-2000 ca T chc Vin

thng Th gii (ITU), thng nht trn th gii. Tuy nhin, trn thc t cc nh sn xut
thit b vin thng ln trn th gii xy dng thnh 4 chun 3G thng mi chnh
l:
-
W-CDMA;
CDMA 2000;
TD-CDMA;
TD-SCDMA.
79
2.5 Mt s cng ngh lp lin kt d liu khc

2.5.1 Gii thiu
Mi kt ni WAN s dng mt giao thc tng 2 ng gi d liu trc khi
truyn qua lin kt WAN. m bo giao thc ng gi d liu thch hp c s
dng, cn phi cu hnh kiu ng gi ti tng 2. Vic la chn giao thc ng gi d
liu no ph thuc vo cng ngh WAN v thit b truyn thng. Cc giao thc ng
gi ph bin bao gm:
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP): PPP ban u c thit k nh mt giao thc ng
gi truyn d liu IP qua cc kt ni im-im. PPP cng thit lp mt chun
cho vic nh a ch v qun l a ch IP, ng gi d liu khng ng b v
ng b hng bit, v.v. PPP h tr cc chc nng ny thng qua mt giao thc
iu khin lin kt (LCP Link Control Protocol) v mt h cc giao thc iu
khin mng (NCP Network Control Protocols).
High-level Data Link Control (HDLC): HDLC l giao thc ng gi d liu mc

nh trn cc cng ni tip ng b ca Cisco. y l mt giao thc ng b
hng bit ti tng lin kt d liu. HDLC l mt chun m, do vy c kh nhiu
phin bn ca HDLC. Khi giao tip vi mt thit b khng phi Cisco, giao thc
PPP ng b l mt la chn ph hp hn.
Frame Relay: L mt giao thc chuyn mch gi tc cao hot ng ti tng

vt l v tng lin kt d liu. Ban u, Frame Relay c thit k s dng
trn cc giao din ISDN. Ngy nay, n c s dng trn nhiu loi giao din
mng khc nhau, c bit l hot ng trn cc thit b mng din rng cho php
cung cp cc dch v c tin cy cao hn.
Asynchronous Tranfer Mode (ATM): L mt chun quc t cho chuyn tip t

bo, trong cc loi dch v khc nhau (d liu, m thanh, video, ) c
truyn ti di dng cc t bo c kch thc c nh (53 byte). Vic cc t bo
c kch thc c nh cho php cc x l c thit lp trong phn cng, v nh
vy c th lm gim tr trong qu trnh chuyn tip.
PT
IT
2.5.2 Giao thc PPP

PPP l giao thc ng gi d liu chun quc t c s dng cho cc kiu kt ni
sau:
Kt ni ni tip khng ng b
ISDN
Kt ni ni tip ng b
80
Kt ni bng rng
PPP cung cp mt phng php ng gi d liu chun cho cc giao thc tng
cao hn khi truyn qua cc kt ni im-im. PPP s dng h giao thc NCP ng
gi d liu a giao thc v s dng LCP tha thun v thit lp cc la chn iu
khin trn cc lin kt d liu WAN. Hnh 2.27 cho thy mt v d v ng gi d liu
PPP.
IT
Hnh 2.27: ng gi d liu PPP
Mt s c im chnh ca PPP LCP bao gm:
Xc thc: Qu trnh nhn din mt ngi dng, thng da trn tn ngi

dng v mt khu.
PT
Nn d liu
a lin kt: Mt m rng ca PPP, cho php nhiu kt ni vt l gia 2 im

c th kt hp thnh mt kt ni lgic.
PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet) l mt giao thc mng cho php ng gi cc khung
PPP trong cc khung Ethernet. N cung cp y cc tnh nng ca PPP nh xc
thc, nn d liu, m ha, v.v. PPPoE l mt giao thc ng hm, cho php ghp
giao thc IP (hoc cc giao thc khc chy trn PPP) vo mt kt ni gia 2 cng
Ethernet, nhng vn gi cc c im ca mt lin kt PPP. Do vy, n c s dng
quay s o ti mt my Ethernet khc v to mt kt ni im im vi n. Sau
, n c dng truyn cc gi tin IP, da trn cc c im ca PPP.
Tng t nh vy, PPPoA (PPP over ATM) cng l mt giao thc mng cho php
ng gi cc khung PPP trong cc khung ATM. N cng cung cp y cc tnh
nng ca PPP nh ni trn v c cc c im nh PPPoE, nhng trong mng
ATM.
2.5.3 ATM
2.5.3.1 T bo ATM
ATM l mt cng ngh mng hng kt ni tc cao c kh nng tch hp nhiu
81
loi dch v nh d liu, m thanh, video, v.v. Tng t nh X.25 v Frame Relay,
ATM cng l mt mng chuyn mch gi, tuy nhin cc gi tin trong ATM c kch
thc c nh l 53 byte v cn c gi l t bo ATM (Hnh 2.28).
Hnh 2.28: T bo ATM
IT
Do c kch thc c nh, cc t bo c th c truyn vi tc cao hn so vi

cc gi tin c kch thc thay i. y l mt trong nhng l do lm cho ATM c tc
cao hn cc mng ni trn. Trong mng ATM s dng mi trng truyn ti
cp quang tc c th ln ti 622 Mb/s.
PT
Cc loi thng tin nh d liu, m thanh, video, ... c nhiu c im khc nhau,
cn c thao tc theo nhng cch khc nhau bi cc thit b v giao thc tng trn.
Do vy, mng ATM c th hot ng c, nt ATM cn c h tr kh nng
ng gi cc loi d liu khc nhau ny. Hnh 2.29 cho thy ATM chia cc lung d
liu khc nhau thnh cc t bo c kch thc c nh v truyn vo mng WAN nh
th no.
Hnh 2.29: ng gi d liu vo cc t bo ti nt mng ATM
2.5.3.2 M hnh giao thc ATM

M hnh giao thc ATM c 3 tng nh trn Hnh 2.30.
82
Cc dch v mng tng trn

(d liu, m thanh, video .v.v.)
Tng thch ng ATM

Tng ATM
Tng vt l
Hnh 2.30: M hnh phn tng ATM
Chc nng cc tng nh sau:

Tng thch ng ATM (ATM Adaption Layer AAL): Nm gia nt ATM v cc
giao thc tng trn (cc thit b v giao thc c chc nng gi v nhn cc loi
thng tin qua mng ATM). Tng ny nhn thng tin di cc nh dng khc
nhau, chuyn cho cc dch v tng ng ng gi thng tin thnh cc gi 48
bytes v chuyn chng xung tng ATM tip tc qu trnh ng gi t bo.
Tng ATM (ATM Layer): Tng ny s gn cc tiu vo cc gi 48 bytes c

chuyn xung t tng thch ng ATM. Tiu ny cha cc thng tin v ng
o v knh o m cc gi tin ny s i qua, gip cc thit b nh chuyn mch
ATM c th chuyn gi tin ti ch mt cch chnh xc. Sau , tng ATM
chuyn cc t bo xung tng vt l truyn i.
Tng vt l (Physical Layer): Tng ng vi tng vt l trong m hnh tham

chiu OSI. Tng ny c nhim v chuyn cc t bo 53 bytes ti cc phng tin
truyn dn truyn i
PT
IT
Khi gi tin c chuyn ti ch, qu trnh nhn v phn tch cc t bo din ra

ngc li. Tng ATM s chuyn t bo nhn c cho cc dch v thch hp tng
thch ng ATM. Ti y, t bo s c phn tch v dng ban u ri chuyn cho cc
thit b hoc giao thc thch hp tng trn.
2.5.3.3 Giao din mng ATM
Mng ATM bao gm 1 tp cc chuyn mch ATM (ATM switch) c kt ni vi
nhau bi cc lin kt hoc giao din ATM im - im. Cc chuyn mch ATM h tr
2 loi giao din chnh l UNI (User - Network Interface) v NNI (Network - Network
Interface). UNI kt ni cc h thng ATM cui ti 1 chuyn mch ATM, cn NNI kt
ni 2 chuyn mch ATM.
83
Cc giao din UNI hay NNI li c th c phn loi thnh ring (private) hay
chung (public). Mt chuyn mch c gi l ring nu n nm pha ngi s dng,
v c gi l chung nu n nm pha nh cung cp dch v. Mt UNI ring kt ni
trm cui vi mt chuyn mch ring. Trong khi , UNI chung kt ni trm cui
hoc chuyn mch ring ti mt chuyn mch chung. Mt NNI ring kt ni 2 chuyn
mch ATM ca cng mt mng ring bit, trong khi NNI chung kt ni cc chuyn
mch gia cc mng khc nhau.
2.5.3.4 Khun dng tiu ATM
IT
Tiu ca t bo ATM c th 1 trong 2 dng: UNI hoc NNI. Hnh 2.31 cho
thy cu trc tiu ca cc dng t bo ny.
Hnh 2.31: Tiu t bo UNI v NNI
PT
Chc nng ca cc trng trong tiu ATM nh sau:

-
GFC (Generic Flow Control): H tr mt s chc nng iu khin chng hn nh

nh danh cc trm cng chia s mt giao din ATM. Trng ny t c s dng
v thng c thit lp gi tr mc nh l 0 v ch c mt trong t bo UNI.
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier): Cho bit nhn dng ng o ca t bo trn hnh
trnh i ti ch qua chui cc chuyn mch.
VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier): Cho bit nhn dng knh o ca t bo trn hnh
trnh i ti ch qua chui cc chuyn mch.
PT (Payload Type): Bit u tin ca trng cho bit t bo cha d liu hay thng
tin iu khin (0: d liu, 1: thng tin iu khin). Bit th 2 cho bit tnh trng tc
nghn (0: khng tc nghn, 1: tc nghn). Bit th 3 cho bit t bo c phi l t bo
cui cng ca khung c truyn i hay khng (1: t bo cui cng).
CLP (Cell Lost Priority): Cho bit t bo c b hy khi gp tc nghn hay khng.
Nu gp tc nghn, cc t bo c CLP = 1 s b hy trc cc t bo c CLP = 0.
HEC (Header Error Control): Dng kim sot li cho 5 byte tiu theo phng
php CRC.
84
2.5.4 MPLS
2.5.4.1 Nhu cu pht trin MPLS
p ng nhu cu pht trin mng li, xu hng ca cc ISP l thit k v s
dng cc thit b nh tuyn chuyn dng vi dung lng chuyn ti ln, h tr cc
gii php tch hp, chuyn mch a lp cho mng ng trc. MPLS l gii php
nhm lin kt nh tuyn lp mng v c ch hon i nhn thnh mt gii php n
nht t c cc mc tiu sau:
Ci thin hiu nng nh tuyn;
Ci thin tnh mm do ca nh tuyn trn cc m hnh xp chng truyn
thng;
Tng tnh mm do trong qu trnh a v pht trin cc loi hnh dch v mi.
PT
IT
Ch trong vng vi nm MPLS tr thnh giao thc c la chn n gin

ho v tch hp gii php trong mng li. N cho php cc nh khai thc gim chi ph,
n gin ho vic qun l lu lng v h tr cc dch v Internet xp chng. MPLS
s dng ch tch hp, bi vy n c c c nhng im mnh ca ATM nh tc
cao, QoS, iu khin lung cng nh mm do v kh nng m rng ca IP.
MPLS khng nhng gii quyt c rt nhiu vn ca mng hin ti m cn h tr
thm nhiu chc nng mi. Chnh v th, n c coi l gii php c s cho IP th h
tip theo vi vic cung cp kh nng p ng bng thng v QoS theo yu cu ca
ngi s dng.
2.5.4.2 Kh nng ca MPLS
Bc ci tin c bn ca MPLS l thay i cc thit b lp 2 trong mng nh

chuyn mch ATM thnh cc b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn. Cc b nh tuyn ny
c th c xem nh mt s kt hp gia h thng chuyn mch ATM vi b nh
tuyn IP truyn thng. Cc giao thc MPLS c s dng lin lc gia nhng b
nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn trong min MPLS. Ti bin ca min MPLS l cc b
nh tuyn bin c thit k thch ng vi cng ngh IP truyn thng.
Trong MPLS, nhn c s dng truyn cc gi tin qua mng. Cc nhn ny
gn vo cc gi tin IP v cho php b nh tuyn chuyn tip lu lng theo nhn m
khng cn a ch IP ch. MPLS da trn m hnh ngang cp, v vy mi thit b
MPLS chy mt giao thc nh tuyn, trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc thit b ln
cn, v ch duy tr mt khng gian cu hnh mng vi mt khng gian a ch.
MPLS chia b nh tuyn lm hai phn chc nng ring bit l chuyn tip gi
tin v iu khin. Phn chc nng chuyn tip gi s dng c ch hon i nhn. K
thut hon i nhn v bn cht l vic tm chng k tip cho gi tin trong mt bng
chuyn tip nhn, sau thay th gi tr nhn ca gi ri chuyn ti cng ra ca b
85
nh tuyn. Vic ny n gin hn nhiu so vi vic x l gi tin thng thng lp

mng v do vy ci tin c nng lc ca thit b. Phn chc nng iu khin ca
MPLS bao gm cc giao thc nh tuyn vi nhim v phn phi thng tin nh tuyn
gia cc b nh tuyn, v th tc gn nhn chuyn thng tin nh tuyn thnh bng
chuyn tip nhn. MPLS c th hot ng c vi cc giao thc nh tuyn Internet
nh OSPF v BGP hay PNNI ca ATM.
IT
Khi cc gi tin vo mng MPLS, b nh tuyn khng chuyn tip theo tng gi
m thc hin phn loi chng thnh cc lp chuyn tip, sau lin kt cc lp ny
vi cc gi tr nhn. Mt giao thc phn b nhn s c s dng n nh v phn
b cc lin kt nhn vi lp chuyn tip. Khi giao thc phn b nhn hon thnh
nhim v ca n, mt ng dn chuyn mch nhn s c thit lp t li vo ti li
ra. Vi mi gi tin vo mng, b nh tuyn li vo kim tra cc trng trong tiu
gi xc nh xem n s thuc v lp chuyn tip no. Nu c mt lin kt nhn
vi lp chuyn tip th b nh tuyn gn nhn cho gi v nh hng n ti giao
din u ra tng ng. Sau gi c hon i nhn qua cc nt mng cho n khi
n n b nh tuyn li ra. Ti nhn b loi b v gi c x l tip lp 3.
PT
Nh vy, hiu nng t c trong MPLS l nh vic a qu trnh x l lp 3

ti bin ca mng v ch thc hin mt ln ti thay cho vic x l ti tng nt trung
gian nh trong IP. Ti cc nt trung gian vic x l ch l tm s tng quan gia nhn
trong gi vi thc th tng ng trong bng chuyn tip v sau hon i nhn. Qu
trnh ny c th c thc hin bng phn cng nn t tc rt cao.
Cc kh nng c bn ca MPLS c lit k sau y:
- H tr lin kt im-im v multicast;
- Lm vic vi hu ht cc cng ngh lin kt d liu;

- Tng thch vi hu ht cc giao thc lp mng v cng ngh khc lin quan
n Internet;
- Hot ng c lp vi cc giao thc nh tuyn v c kh nng tm ng i
linh hot da vo nhn cho trc;
- H tr nh tuyn hin;
- C kh nng to cc lung bng thng c nh tng t nh knh o ca
ATM hay Frame Relay;
- Cung cp kh nng iu khin lu lng v QoS;
- H tr vic cu hnh qun tr v bo tr h thng (OAM);
- H tr truy nhp my ch v VPN;
- C th hot ng trong mng phn cp.
86
2.5.4.3 ng dng ca MPLS

Nhng u vit ca MPLS tng cng kh nng cnh tranh ca cc nh khai
thc dch v. Cc sn phm MPLS c trin khai v ng dng rng ri trn phm
vi ton cu. Sau y l mt s ng dng c bn ca MPLS xt t gc cc gii php
mng.
IT
ng dng u tin ca chuyn mch nhn l iu khin lu lng (TE Traffic

Engineering), trong mt s trng hp cn c gi l nh tuyn vi vic dnh trc
ti nguyn. Vic iu khin lu lng ban u c thc hin theo cu hnh tnh. iu
ny c ngha l ngi qun tr phi cu hnh tt c cc bc mt lung lu lng
no c th truyn qua mng. B sung sau cho vic iu khin lu lng l cu
hnh ng khi s dng giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt. Ngi qun tr khng
phi cu hnh iu khin lu lng theo tng bc. Giao thc nh tuyn theo trng
thi lin kt truyn nhiu thng tin hn, ng hm c th to ra theo nhiu cch
thc khc nhau. Do gim c s lng cng vic cho ngi vn hnh, v iu ny
lm cho iu khin lu lng trong MPLS tr nn ph bin hn.
PT
Trc khi xut hin MPLS-VPN, chuyn mch nhn vn cha c ph bin
rng ri. Khi phin bn phn mm iu khin b nh tuyn h tr cho MPLS-VPN
u tin c pht hnh, n thnh cng ngay lp tc bi v nhiu nh khai thc ang
mong mun nhanh chng cung cp dch v mng ring o trn nn MPLS cho khch
hng ca h. Ngy nay, MPLS-VPN l ng dng ph bin nht trong tt c cc ng
dng ca MPLS.
ng dng to ln tip theo ca MPLS l AToM (Any Transport over MPLS). Gii
php AToM u tin a ra trong phin bn Cisco IOS 12.0(10)ST vo nm 2000, h
tr truyn ATM AAL-5 qua mng ng trc MPLS. Sau nhiu thnh phn khc
c thm vo AToM. V d, ti lp 2 cc thnh phn c th truyn qua mng
AToM l Frame Relay, ATM, PPP, HDLC, Ethernet v 802.1Q. c bit, vic truyn
Ethernet qua mng MPLS ng trc ngy nay thu c nhiu thnh cng. Tuy
nhin, AToM b hn ch khi n truyn khung Ethernet qua mng ng trc MPLS
trong kiu truyn im-im.
Dch v LAN ring o VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service) cho php truyn cc
khung Ethernet theo kiu im-a im. Thc cht, VPLS l mt dch v lp 2 m
phng LAN qua mng MPLS. Phin bn Cisco IOS u tin b sung VPLS c a
ra vo u nm 2004 trn nn b nh tuyn 7600 l 12.2(17d)SXB.
Nh vy, c th thy MPLS kt hp c nhng u im ca c Frame Relay,
ATM v cng ngh trn nn IP. Gii php truyn gi mi ny m ra cc lnh vc
ng dng mang li nhiu thnh cng ln nh l MPLS-VPN, MPLS-TE, AToM v
VPLS.
87
2.6 Tng kt
Trong chng ny trnh by nhng vn c bn nht lin quan n chc nng
v hot ng ca hai lp: Vt l v Lin kt d liu .
Lp Vt l l lp thp nht trong m hnh lp OSI. cng l lp duy nht cn
thit v cho vic truyn thng im-im kt ni gia cc h thng. Trong
chng ny gii thiu mt s kha cnh v lp vt l v giao thc ca n, tp trung
vo cc nguyn l chung cho rt nhiu tiu chun lp vt l nh sau:
-
Truyn tn hiu lp vt l;
ng b v nh thi;
Cc giao thc v c t lp vt l.
Cung cp mt giao din dch v c nh ngha r vi lp mng;

Phn khung v tch khung ti u pht v u thu;
Kim sot v x l cc li ng truyn;
iu khin lung d liu tng thch c tc ca my pht v
my thu;
iu khin truy nhp ng truyn.
PT
IT
Chc nng ca lp Lin kt d liu l cung cp dch v cho lp mng. V

nguyn tc, dch v c truyn t lp mng ca my pht n lp mng ca my thu.
Tuy nhin ng truyn thc s s phi c thc hin thng qua lp lin kt d liu.
Nhng chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu c cp y l:
Trong ni dung chng cng cp n cc chun lp lin kt d liu c bn

nh Ethernet, Token Ring v FDDI, sau i su vo phn tch nhng c im ca
chun Ethernet l chun ph bin nht hin nay.
Cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn c gii thiu nh mt hng pht trin
ang c ph bin rng ri, trong GSM cng ngh ph bin hn c. GSM l h
thng thng tin di ng s ra i Chu u v c ETSI tiu chun ho. Bng tn s
dng trong h thng GSM gm mt bng tn hng i (890-915MHz) v mt bng tn
cho hng v (935-960MHz). Ngoi ra nhng bng 1800MHz v 1900MHz cng
c s dng cho php nhiu nh khai thc GSM hn.
GSM s dng k thut chuyn mch knh cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia
theo thi gian (TDMA) vi cu trc khe thi gian hp l cho vic truyn thoi, s liu
v thng tin iu khin. Ngoi cc dch v thoi thng thng, GSM cn cung cp mt
s dch v truyn s liu tc thp nh: dch v tin ngn (SMS) v dch v s liu.
88
Bn cnh GSM th thng tin v tinh cng ang l mt phng thc truyn thng
v tuyn ph bin hin nay. Thng tin v tinh c nhng u im m khng mt h
thng no c c, l kh nng ph sng ton cu v khng chu nh hng ca a
hnh, a l.
Ngoi ra, mt s cng ngh lp lin kt d liu khc cng c gii thiu khi
qut nh PPP, ATM hay MPLS.
2.7 Cu hi n tp
1. Trnh by cc c im ca truyn tn hiu tng t lp Vt l.
2. Trnh by cc c im ca truyn tn hiu s lp Vt l.
3. Trnh by nhng gii hn ca vic truyn tn hiu v dung lng knh.
4. Trnh by ngha ca vn ng b v nh thi lp Vt l.
IT
5. Trnh by cc c im chnh ca phng thc truyn thng d b.

6. Trnh by cc c im chnh ca phng thc truyn thng ng b.
7. Gii thiu v cc giao thc v c t lp Vt l.
PT
8. Nu cc chc nng ca lp Lin kt d liu.
9. Trnh by nguyn l nh khung lp Lin kt d liu.

10. Trnh by nguyn l kim sot li lp Lin kt d liu
11. Trnh by nguyn l iu khin lung lp Lin kt d liu
12. Gii thiu c im ca cc loi ng truyn trong mng cc b
13. Trnh by c im ca phng thc truy nhp CSMA/CD
14. Trnh by c im ca phng thc truy nhp theo hnh thc chuyn th bi
15. Trnh by c im ca chun LAN Ethernet
16. Trnh by c im ca chun Token Ring
17. Trnh by c im ca chun FDDI
18. Trnh by quan h gia m hnh phn lp Ethernet v OSI.
19. Trnh by cu trc khung Ethernet.
20. Trnh by qu trnh truyn v nhn khung Ethernet.
21. Gii thiu cc c t lp Vt l Ethernet.
89
22. V v gii thiu cu trc mng v tuyn t bo GSM.

23. Phn tch xu hng pht trin cc mng v tuyn hin nay.
24. Trnh by c im ca giao thc PPP
25. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca cng ngh ATM
PT
IT
26. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca cng ngh MPLS
90
Chng 3. Lp Mng
CHNG 3.
LP MNG
3.1 Chc nng v hot ng ca lp Mng

3.1.1 K thut lu v chuyn gi
Chc nng ca lp mng lin quan n vic chuyn cc gi tin t ngun ti ch
qua mi trng lin mng. Vic chuyn tip gi tin n ch c th c thc hin
thng qua nhiu bc nhy ti cc b nh tuyn trung gian dc theo ng truyn. C
th ni, lp mng l lp thp nht x l vic truyn t u cui ti u cui (end-toend).
Trong hu ht cc WAN, mng c nhiu ng truyn, mi mt ng kt ni
mt cp b nh tuyn. Nu hai b nh tuyn khng c ng truyn trc tip mun
IT
trao i thng tin vi nhau, chng phi lm iu ny mt cch gin tip thng qua cc
b nh tuyn khc. Khi mt gi tin c gi t mt b nh tuyn ny n b nh
tuyn khc thng qua mt hoc nhiu router trung gian, cc gi tin s c b nh
PT
tuyn trung gian nhn, lu tm cho n khi u ra theo yu cu ri, v sau

c chuyn tip i. Mt phn mng t chc theo nguyn tc ny c gi l lu v
chuyn tip (store-and-forward) hay phn mng chuyn mch gi (packet-switched).
Hu nh tt c mng din rng (tr khi s dng cc v tinh) c cc mng con lu v
chuyn tip. Khi cc gi c kch thc nh v u nhau, chng thng c gi l cc
t bo.
Nguyn tc ca WAN da trn chuyn mch gi rt cn c nhn mnh. Mt

cch khi qut, khi mt my trm c mt bn tin cn gi n mt s trm khc, trm
gi u tin ct bn tin thnh cc gi tin, mi gi mang s theo trnh t. Cc gi d
liu sau c chuyn vo mng lin tip nhau theo tng gi mt . Cc gi d liu
c vn chuyn qua mng theo nhng cch ring v ti cc my trm tip nhn, ni
chng c tp hp li thnh bn tin ban u v chuyn cho qu trnh tip nhn.
3.1.2 Thc thi dch v hng kt ni v phi kt ni
Nh ni trn, mng chuyn mch gi truyn d liu qua cc tuyn khc nhau
di dng cc gi tin. Cu hi t ra l lm th no cc mng ny to c kt ni
gia trm gi v trm nhn? Trm gi khng th n gin gi thit rng gi tin c
91
Chng 3. Lp Mng
truyn i s i ti ch cn thit. Do vy, cn phi c mt s lin kt no gia

trm gi v trm nhn. Lin kt ny c th da trn mt trong hai kiu dch v hng
kt ni v phi kt ni, ph thuc vo loi mng chuyn mch gi.
Trong dch v phi kt ni, khng c lin kt no c to ra gia trm gi v trm
nhn trc khi cc gi tin c gi i. Mi gi tin c gi i c xem nh mt n
v c lp, khng lin quan vi cc gi tin khc. V nh vy, cc gi tin c phn
chia t bn tin ban u s c chuyn theo cc tuyn khc nhau ti ch.
3.2 nh tuyn
IT
Trong dch v hng kt ni, mt lin kt truyn thng c to ra trc khi cc

gi tin c chuyn i. Bi v lin kt c to ra trc khi qu trnh truyn thng bt
u, tt c cc gi tin c phn chia t bn tin ban u s c chuyn theo cng mt
tuyn ti ch. Mt dch v hng kt ni c th s dng mt trong hai loi knh o l
knh o chuyn mch (SVC - Switched Virtual Circuits) v knh o c nh (PVC Permanent Virtual Circuits). Vic s dng knh o chuyn mch c th c so snh
vi vic gi in thoi. Ngi gi kt ni ti ngi nghe, trao i thng tin v ngt kt
ni. Vic s dng knh o c nh c th c so snh vi vic s dng mt knh thu
ring, theo , knh ny vn kt ni thng xuyn k c khi khng c qu trnh truyn
thng no din ra.
PT
hon thnh c nhim v chuyn cc gi tin n ch, lp mng phi bit

c cu trc lin kt (topology) ca mng v la chn cc ng i thch hp cho gi
tin qua mng. Chc nng ny c gi l nh tuyn (routing), v c th ni y l
chc nng quan trng nht ca lp mng. Vic tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca lp
mng phn ln gn lin vi vic tm hiu cc k thut nh tuyn. Sau y ta s tp
trung vo cc kha cnh k thut ca bi ton nh tuyn mt cch tng qut. Cn v
cc gii thut cng nh giao thc nh tuyn c th s c trnh by su hn trong
cc phn sau, khi nghin cu v mi trng mng ph bin nht by gi l mng IP.
3.2.1 Nguyn l chung ca nh tuyn
3.2.1.1 nh tuyn l g?
nh tuyn l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi
tin chng hn) t trm ngun n trm ch trong mt lin mng. Chc nng nh
tuyn, c thc hin tng mng, cho php b nh tuyn nh gi cc ng i sn
c ti ch. nh gi ng i, nh tuyn s dng cc thng tin tp mng. Cc
thng tin ny c th do ngi qun tr thit lp hoc c thu lm thng qua cc giao
thc nh tuyn.
92
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Tng mng h tr chuyn gi t u cui-ti-u cui n lc ti a (best-effort)

qua cc mng c kt ni vi nhau. Tng mng s dng bng nh tuyn IP gi
cc gi t mng ngun n mng ch. Sau khi quyt nh s dng ng i no,
b nh tuyn tin hnh vic chuyn gi. N ly mt gi nhn c giao din vo v
chuyn tip gi ny ti giao din ra tng ng (giao din th hin ng i tt nht ti
ch cho gi).
PT
IT
Trong mt lin mng, mi mng c nh danh bi mt a ch mng v b

nh tuyn s dng cc a ch mng ny nhn bit ch. B nh tuyn s dng a
ch mng nhn dng mng ch ca mt gi tin trong lin mng. Hnh 3.1 minh ha
ba a ch mng IP c dng nhn din cc phn on kt ni ti b nh tuyn.
Hnh 3.1: B nh tuyn s dng phn a ch mng nh tuyn d liu
3.2.1.2 Qu trnh nh tuyn

Khi nh tuyn d liu t ngun n ch, b nh tuyn thng chuyn tip gi t
mt lin kt d liu (mng) ny n mt lin kt d liu khc, s dng hai chc nng
c bn:
-
Xc nh ng i (path determination)
Chuyn mch (switching)
Chc nng xc nh ng i chn ra mt ng i ti u n ch theo mt tiu

ch no (chng hn chiu di ng i). tr gip cho qu trnh xc nh
ng i, cc gii thut nh tuyn khi to v duy tr bng nh tuyn, bng ny
cha thng tin v cc tuyn ti ch.
93
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Khi ng i ti u c xc nh, bc nhy tip theo gn vi ng i ny cho

b nh tuyn bit phi gi gi i u n c th n ch theo ng i ti u .
Chc nng chuyn mch cho php b nh tuyn chuyn gi t cng vo ti cng
ra tng ng vi ng i ti u chn.
Trong qu trnh nh tuyn, phn a ch mng c s dng xc nh ng i,
cn phn a ch trm c b nh tuyn cui cng trn ng i (b nh tuyn ni
trc tip ti mng ch) s dng chuyn gi ti ng trm ch.
3.2.1.3 Giao thc c nh tuyn v giao thc nh tuyn
Do hai thut ng giao thc nh tuyn v giao thc c nh tuyn kh ging
nhau, nn thng xut hin s nhm gia chng. Sau y l mt s im phn bit:
Giao thc c nh tuyn (routed protocol): L mt giao thc mng bt k,
cung cp thng tin trong a ch tng mng ca n cho php gi c
chuyn tip t trm ny ti trm khc da trn lc nh a ch. Giao
thc c nh tuyn s dng bng nh tuyn chuyn gi. Giao thc IP l
mt v d v giao thc c nh tuyn.
Giao thc nh tuyn (routing protocol): L giao thc h tr cho mt giao

thc c nh tuyn bng cch cung cp cc c ch chia s thng tin nh
tuyn. N cho php cc b nh tuyn lin lc vi nhau cp nht v duy tr
cc bng nh tuyn. Mt s v d v cc giao thc nh tuyn l RIP, OSPF,
BGP, v.v.
PT
IT
3.2.1.4 H t tr
Ngy nay, mt lin mng c th ln n mc mt giao thc nh tuyn khng th

x l cng vic cp nht bng nh tuyn ca tt c cc b nh tuyn. V l do ny,
lin mng c chia thnh nhiu h t tr (AS - Autonomous System). H t tr l mt
nhm cc mng v b nh tuyn chu s qun l chung ca mt t chc. N i khi
cn c gi l min nh tuyn (routing domain).
nh tuyn bn trong mt h t tr c gi l nh tuyn trong. nh tuyn gia
cc h t tr c gi l nh tuyn ngoi. Mi h t tr c th chn mt giao thc nh
tuyn trong thc hin nh tuyn bn trong h thng. Tuy nhin, thng ch c mt
giao thc nh tuyn ngoi c chn thc hin nh tuyn gia cc h t tr.
94
Chng 3. Lp Mng
AS1
AS2
R1
R2
R4
R3
AS4
AS3
Hnh 3.2: Lin mng c chia thnh nhiu h t tr
3.2.1.5 Metric nh tuyn
IT
Cc bng nh tuyn cha thng tin c s dng bi phn mm chuyn mch

chn tuyn tt nht. Nhng cc bng nh tuyn c xy dng nh th no? Cc
thng tin lu tr trong n l g? Cc gii thut nh tuyn da trn ci g chn tuyn
tt nht.
PT
Cc gii thut nh tuyn s dng nhiu metric xc nh tuyn tt nht. Cc

gii thut phc tp c th chn tuyn da trn nhiu metric bng cch kt hp chng
thnh mt metric phc hp. Cc metric c s dng ph bin gm:
o Chiu di ng i
o tin cy
o tr
o Bng thng
o Ti
o Gi truyn thng
Chiu di ng i: l metric nh tuyn ph bin nht. Mt s gii thut nh
tuyn cho php nh qun tr mng tu gn gi tr cho mi lin kt mng. Trong
trng hp ny, chiu di ng i l tng cc gi c gn cho cc lin kt trn
ng i. Mt s gii thut khc s dng tng s bc nhy (hop count) lm
metric chn tuyn ti u. Tng s bc nhy l s lng b nh tuyn m mt
gi d liu i qua trc khi n ch.
tin cy: trong phm vi ca cc gii thut nh tuyn, tin cy thng l t l
bit li ca mi lin kt mng. tin cy thng do ngi qun tr gn.
tr: ch khong thi gian cn thit chuyn gi d liu t ngun n ch qua
95
Chng 3. Lp Mng
lin mng. tr ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t, bao gm: bng thng ca cc lin
kt mng trung gian, cc hng i cng ti mi b nh tuyn dc ng i, tc
nghn mng trn tt c cc lin kt mng trung gian, v khong cch vt l phi i
qua. Do tr l s kt hp nhiu bin s quan trng nn n l mt metric ph
bin v hu ch.
Bng thng: ch kh nng lu lng sn c ca mt lin kt. Mt lin kt Ethernet
10 Mb/s c th c a thch hn ng thu ring 64 Kb/s. Mc d bng thng l
cp thng lng c th t c trn mt lin kt, nhng tuyn qua cc lin kt c
bng thng ln khng phi lc no cng tt hn tuyn qua cc lin kt chm. V
d, nu mt lin kt nhanh hn nhng li thng xuyn bn th thi gian yu cu
thc s gi mt gi d liu n ch c th ln hn.
Ti: ch mc bn ca ti nguyn mng, chng hn b nh tuyn. Ti c th
c tnh ton bng nhiu cch, bao gm thi gian s dng CPU v s lng gi
c x l trong thi gian mt giy.
PT
IT
Gi truyn thng: l mt metric kh quan trng, c bit do mt s cng ty c th

khng quan tm nhiu ti hiu sut bng ph tn vn hnh. Mc d tr trn
ng truyn c th ln hn, nhng h thch gi d liu qua nhng ng truyn
ca ring h hn l gi qua cc ng truyn cng cng v khi h phi tr tin
s dng.
3.2.1.6 Hi t mng
Gii thut nh tuyn l c s cho k thut nh tuyn. Mi khi tp mng thay i

do s tng trng mng, s cu hnh li hay hng hc, c s tri thc mng cng phi
thay i theo. Tri thc (knowledge) cn phn nh ci nhn nht qun v chnh xc v
tp mi. Ci nhn hay trng thi ny c gi l s hi t.
Khi tt c cc b nh tuyn trong mt lin mng ang hot ng vi cng mt tri
thc, th lin mng c ni l hi t. S hi t nhanh l mt c tnh mng lun
c mong mun v n lm gim khong thi gian trong cc b nh tuyn tip tc
c quyt nh nh tuyn khng chnh xc sau khi tp mng thay i.
3.2.2 Phn loi k thut nh tuyn
C nhiu cch phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn, sau y l mt s cch phn
loi ph bin:
-
nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
nh tuyn n ng v a ng
nh tuyn phng v nh tuyn phn cp
nh tuyn trm thng minh v nh tuyn b nh tuyn thng minh

96
Chng 3. Lp Mng
nh tuyn trong v nh tuyn ngoi
nh tuyn vc t khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
nh tuyn tnh l k thut nh tuyn khi m cc tuyn c thit lp th cng

bi ngi qun tr. Cc thit lp ny khng thay i tr khi ngi qun tr thay i
chng. nh tuyn tnh d thit lp v hot ng tt trong mi trng mng m lu
lng c th d bo trc v thit k mng tng i n gin.
Do nh tuyn tnh khng phn ng li nhng thay i mng nn chng thng
khng ph hp vi cc lin mng ln ngy nay, nhng mng thng xuyn thay i.
Gii thut nh tuyn ph bin nht l nh tuyn ng. nh tuyn ng iu chnh
IT
theo s thay i mng bng cch phn tch cc cp nht nh tuyn nhn c. Nu
gi cp nht cho bit c thay i tp mng, phn mm nh tuyn s tnh ton li
tuyn v gi i cp nht nh tuyn mi bo cho cc b nh tuyn khc.
nh tuyn n ng v a ng
PT
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn phc tp h tr nhiu ng i ti cng ch, trong

khi mt s khc ch cho php mt ng i ti ch. Cc giao thc h tr a ng
cho php lu lng c chuyn trn nhiu tuyn ng thi. Tnh nng ny c gi
l cn bng ti. u im ca nh tuyn a ng l cung cp bng thng v tin cy
tt hn.
nh tuyn phng v nh tuyn phn cp
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn hot ng trong h thng phng, trong khi mt s
giao thc khc hot ng phn cp. Trong h thng phng, cc b nh tuyn c vai
tr ngang hng nhau. Trong h thng phn cp, mt s b nh tuyn hnh thnh mt
vng ng trc. Cc gi thuc vng khng ng trc c gi n ng trc ri
mi gi n cc vng khc n ch.
Cc h thng nh tuyn thng c thit k thnh cc nhm nt, c gi l
min nh tuyn, h t tr hay vng. Trong h thng phn cp, mt s b nh tuyn
trong min c th lin lc vi cc b nh tuyn min khc, trong khi mt s khc
ch lin lc vi cc b nh tuyn trong min.
u im chnh ca nh tuyn phn cp l n bt chc t chc ca hu ht
cng ty v do h tr tt cho iu hnh v qun l lu lng. Hu ht cc truyn
thng mng xut hin bn trong min v cc b nh tuyn bin ca min bit cn
97
Chng 3. Lp Mng
nh tuyn lu lng i u. iu ny lm gim ng k lu lng cp nht nh

tuyn.
nh tuyn trm thng minh v nh tuyn b nh tuyn thng minh
Mt s gii thut nh tuyn gi s rng nt ngun s quyt nh ton b tuyn.

C ch ny c gi l nh tuyn ngun. Trong cc h thng nh tuyn ngun, b
nh tuyn n thun hot ng nh mt thit b lu tr v chuyn tip, gi gi n
im tip theo.
Mt s gii thut khc gi s trm ngun khng bit g v tuyn. Trong cc gii
thut ny, b nh tuyn xc nh ng i qua lin mng da trn tnh ton ca ring
n. Trong h thng u tin trm l thit b thng minh, cn trong h thng th hai th
b nh tuyn l thit b thng minh.
nh tuyn trong v nh tuyn ngoi
IT
Mt s giao thc nh tuyn ch hot ng bn trong min nh tuyn (h t tr),

trong khi mt s giao thc khc c th hot ng bn trong v gia cc min. Mc
ch s dng ca cc giao thc ny l khc nhau. Do , mt giao thc nh tuyn
ngoi ti u khng nht thit phi l mt giao thc nh tuyn trong ti u.
nh tuyn vect khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
PT
nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, cn c gi l ng i ngn nht trc, trn

ngp thng tin nh tuyn ti tt c cc nt trong lin mng. Tuy nhin, mi b nh
tuyn ch gi mt phn bng nh tuyn, phn m t trng thi lin kt ca b nh
tuyn. Trong gii thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, mi b nh tuyn xy dng mt
bc tranh v ton b mng trong bng tp.
Gii thut vect khong cch buc cc b nh tuyn gi ton b bng nh
tuyn, nhng ch gi n hng xm (b nh tuyn kt ni trc tip). V bn cht, gii
thut trng thi lin kt gi cc gi cp nht nh i khp ni, trong khi gii thut vect
khong cch gi cc gi cp nht ln ti ch hng xm.
3.2.3 nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng
Trong k thut nh tuyn tnh cc tuyn c thit lp v qun l th cng bi
ngi qun tr. Trong trng hp tp mng thay i, tuyn khng c t ng cp
nht m thay vo ngi qun tr phi cp nht li tuyn mt cch th cng. nh
tuyn ng hot ng khc vi nh tuyn tnh. Sau khi ngi qun tr nhp cc lnh
cu hnh khi to nh tuyn ng, thng tin v tuyn s c cp nht t ng mi
khi nhn c mt thng tin mi t lin mng. Cc thay i v tp mng c trao
98
Chng 3. Lp Mng
i gia cc b nh tuyn.
3.2.3.1 Ti sao s dng nh tuyn tnh
Mc d phi thit lp th cng v khng t ng cp nht tuyn, nhng nh
tuyn tnh vn hu ch trong mt s trng hp:
o Do nh tuyn ng c khuynh hng truyn t tt c cc thng tin v mt
lin mng nn trong trng hp chng ta mun che du mt s phn ca
lin mng (v l do an ton) th s dng nh tuyn tnh l ph hp nht.
PT
IT
o Trong trng hp ch c mt ng i duy nht ti mng, th ch cn mt

tuyn tnh ti mng l . Loi mng ny c gi l mng ct (stub
network). Cu hnh nh tuyn tnh cho mt mng ct trnh c lu lng
cp nht nh tuyn ng. iu ny c bit hu ch i vi cc kt ni
quay s (Hnh 3.3).
Hnh 3.3: Tuyn tnh trnh c cp nht nh tuyn qua lin kt WAN
3.2.3.2 S cn thit ca nh tuyn ng
Mng Hnh 3.4 s thch ng khc nhau i vi cc thay i v tp mng, tu

thuc vic n s dng nh tuyn tnh hay nh tuyn ng.
nh tuyn tnh cho php cc b nh tuyn nh tuyn gi tin t mng ny ti
mng khc da trn cc thng tin c cu hnh th cng. Trong v d ny, b nh
tuyn A lun gi lu lng c ch l b nh tuyn C qua b nh tuyn D. B nh
tuyn A tham chiu ti bng nh tuyn ca n v da theo cc thng tin tnh
chuyn tip gi ti b nh tuyn D. B nh tuyn D cng thc hin cc cng vic
tng t v chuyn tip gi ti b nh tuyn C. B nh tuyn C chuyn gi ti trm
ch.
99
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Nu ng i gia b nh tuyn A v b nh tuyn D b li, b nh tuyn A

khng th chuyn gi ti b nh tuyn D thng qua tuyn tnh thit lp ny. Nh
vy, truyn thng vi mng ch khng th thc hin c cho n khi b nh tuyn
A c cu hnh li chuyn gi qua b nh tuyn B. y chnh l mt nhc im
ca nh tuyn tnh.
IT
Hnh 3.4: Kh nng thay th tuyn hng ca nh tuyn ng
PT
nh tuyn ng hot ng linh hot hn. Theo bng nh tuyn ca b nh tuyn

A, gi c th ti ch ca n qua b nh tuyn D. Tuy nhin, cn c mt ng i sn
c khc ti ch, l i qua b nh tuyn B. Khi b nh tuyn A nhn ra rng lin
kt ti b nh tuyn D b li, n iu chnh bng nh tuyn v ng i ti mng
ch s qua b nh tuyn B. Khi lin kt gia b nh tuyn A v D c khi phc,
b nh tuyn A c th mt ln na thay i bng nh tuyn chuyn ng i ti
ch l qua b nh tuyn D.
Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng cng c th chuyn lu lng t cng mt phin
lm vic qua nhiu ng i khc nhau trong mng c hiu sut cao hn. Tnh cht
ny c gi l chia s ti (load sharing).
3.2.3.3 Hot ng ca nh tuyn ng
S thnh cng ca nh tuyn ng ph thuc vo hai chc nng c bn ca b

nh tuyn:
-
Duy tr bng nh tuyn,
Chia s thng tin cho cc b nh tuyn khc di dng cc cp nht nh

tuyn.
nh tuyn ng da vo cc giao thc nh tuyn chia s thng tin gia cc b

nh tuyn (Hnh 3.5).
100
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Giao thc nh tuyn
Giao thc nh tuyn
Bng
nh tuyn
Bng
nh tuyn
Hnh 3.5: Cc giao thc nh tuyn duy tr v phn phi thng tin nh tuyn
Giao thc nh tuyn nh ngha mt tp lut m b nh tuyn s dng khi lin lc

vi cc b nh tuyn hng xm. Chng hn, mt giao thc nh tuyn m t:
Cch gi cp nht,
Thng tin no cha trong cc cp nht,
Khi no th gi cp nht,
B nh tuyn no nhn cp nht.
IT
PT
Khi mt gii thut nh tuyn cp nht bng nh tuyn, mc ch chnh ca n l

xc nh u l thng tin tt nht lu trong bng nh tuyn. Mi gii thut nh
tuyn xc nh thng tin tt nht theo cch ca ring n. Gii thut to ra mt s, l gi
tr metric, cho mi ng i qua mng. Thng th gi tr metric cng nh th ng
i cng ti u. Cc metric c th c tnh ton da trn mt c tnh n l ca
ng i, hoc cng c th c tnh phc tp hn bng cch kt hp nhiu c tnh.
3.2.4 nh tuyn vect khong cch
3.2.4.1 Cp nht nh tuyn
Giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch gi nh k cc bn sao ca bng nh

tuyn t mt b nh tuyn ti cc b nh tuyn hng xm (b nh tuyn ni trc
tip). Nhng cp nht u n ny gia cc b nh tuyn truyn t cc thay i v
tp mng. V d, trong Hnh 3.6 b nh tuyn B nhn thng tin t b nh tuyn A.
B nh tuyn B tng vect khong cch v chuyn bng nh tuyn mi ny ti
nhng hng xm khc ca n (B nh tuyn C). Mt qu trnh tng t s xy ra
trong tt c cc hng gia cc b nh tuyn hng xm.
B nh tuyn tch lu cc khong cch mng v duy tr mt c s d liu v thng
tin tp mng. Tuy nhin cc gii thut vect khong cch khng cho php mt b
nh tuyn bit chnh xc v tp ca mt lin mng.
101
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Bng nh
tuyn
Bng nh
tuyn
Bng nh
tuyn
Bng nh
tuyn
3.2.4.2 Trao i bng nh tuyn
IT
Hnh 3.6: Giao thc vct khong cch gi nh k cc bn sao

ca bng nh tuyn v tch lu cc vct khong cch
PT
Mi b nh tuyn s dng giao thc vect khong cch bt u hot ng bng

cch xc nh cc hng xm ca mnh. Trong Hnh 3.7, cc mng ni trc tip ti b
nh tuyn c ch ra vi khong cch bng 0. Khi tin trnh khm ph mng bt u,
cc b nh tuyn khm ph ng i tt nht ti mng ch da trn cc thng tin
chng nhn c t mi hng xm. V d, b nh tuyn A hc cc mng khc da
trn thng tin n nhn c t b nh tuyn B. Mi mc trong bng nh tuyn c
mt vect khong cch tch lu ch ra khong cch ti mng ch trong mt hng
nht nh.
X
Bng nh tuyn
Bng nh tuyn
Z
C
Bng nh tuyn
Hnh 3.7: Cc B nh tuyn vct khong cch khm ph ng i

tt nht n ch t cc hng xm
102
Chng 3. Lp Mng
3.2.4.3 Truyn lan thay i v tp trn mng

Khi tp trong mng s dng giao thc vect khong cch thay i, cp nht bng
nh tuyn phi c thc hin. Vi tin trnh khm ph mng, cc cp nht thay i
tp tin hnh tng bc, t b nh tuyn ny ti b nh tuyn khc, nh minh ha
Hnh 3.8. Cc giao thc vect khong cch yu cu mi b nh tuyn gi ton b
bng nh tuyn ti cc hng xm. Cc bng nh tuyn cha nhng thng tin v gi
ng i tng cng (c nh ngha bi cc metric) v a ch lgic ca b nh
tuyn u tin trn ng i ti mi mng cha trong bng nh tuyn.
X l
cp nht
bng nh
tuyn ny
X l
cp nht
bng nh
tuyn ny
Router A
gi ra
bng nh
tuyn
c cp
nht ny
IT
Thay i
c s d
liu tp
dn n
cp nht
nh tuyn
PT
Hnh 3.8: Cp nht nh tuyn tin hnh tng bc, t b nh tuyn ny ti b nh

tuyn khc
3.2.4.4 Vng lp nh tuyn
Vng lp nh tuyn (routing loop) c th xut hin nu mng hi t chm, dn n

cc mc nh tuyn khng nht qun. Hnh 3.9 minh ho qu trnh xut hin vng lp
nh tuyn.
Khng th ti mng 1
E
1
D
Tuyn thay th:
Mng 1; Khong cch 3
Mng 1 hng
Tuyn thay th:
Mng 1; Khong cch 4
Hnh 3.9: B nh tuyn A cp nht bng nh tuyn phn nh

s bc nhy mi nhng khng ng
103
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Trc khi c li mng 1, tt c cc b nh tuyn c mt thng tin nht qun

v cc bng nh tuyn ng n. Mng c gi l hi t. Gi s ng i
ti u t b nh tuyn C ti mng 1 l i qua b nh tuyn B v khong cch
t b nh tuyn C ti mng 1 l 3.
2.
Khi mng 1 li, b nh tuyn E gi mt cp nht cho b nh tuyn A. B nh

tuyn A ngng vic nh tuyn gi ti mng 1, nhng b nh tuyn B, C v D
vn tip tc v chng cha c thng bo v li ny. Khi b nh tuyn A gi
i cp nht ca n, b nh tuyn B v D ngng nh tuyn ti mng 1. Tuy
nhin, b nh tuyn C vn cha nhn c cp nht. i vi b nh tuyn C,
mng 1 vn c th ti thng qua b nh tuyn B.
3.
By gi b nh tuyn C gi nh k cc cp nht nh tuyn ti b nh tuyn

D, ch ra ng i ti mng 1 thng qua b nh tuyn B. B nh tuyn D thay
i bng nh tuyn ca mnh phn nh thng tin mi nhng khng chnh
xc ny, v truyn thng tin ti b nh tuyn A. B nh tuyn A truyn thng
tin ti b nh tuyn B v E, v.v. V lc ny, tt c cc gi c ch l mng 1 b
lp vng t b nh tuyn C ti B ti A ti D v quay tr li C.
IT
1.
3.2.4.5 Vn m v hn
PT
Tip theo v d trn, cc cp nht khng hp l v mng 1 tip tc lp vng n

khi c mt tin trnh no ct b vng lp. Tnh trng ny, c gi l m v hn,
tip tc lp vng cc gi quanh mng bt chp mt thc t l mng 1 khng hot
ng. Trong khi cc b nh tuyn ang m v hn, cc thng tin khng hp l cho
php tn ti mt vng lp nh tuyn.
Nu khng c bin php i ph ngng tin trnh ny, vect khong cch
(metric) ca s bc nhy tng ln mi khi qua mt b nh tuyn (Hnh 3.10). Cc
gi ny lp vng quanh mng do cc thng tin sai trong bng nh tuyn.
Mng 1; Khong cch 6
Mng 1; Khong cch 7

B
E
1
D
Mng 1; Khong cch 5
Mng 1 hng
Mng 1; Khong cch 4
Hnh 3.10: Vng lp nh tuyn tng vct khong cch
104
Chng 3. Lp Mng
3.2.4.6 Cc gii php trnh vng lp nh tuyn

Gii php nh ngha s ti a
Cc gii thut nh tuyn vct khong cch l gii thut t hiu chnh, nhng
vn v vng lp nh tuyn c th dn n tnh trng m v hn. trnh tnh
trng ny ko di, cc giao thc vct khong cch nh ngha mt s ti a, v cc b
nh tuyn s ngng m khi metric t ti s ti a ny.
Vi cch ny, giao thc nh tuyn ch cho php vng lp tn ti khi metric cha
vt qu gi tr ti a cho php. Hnh 3.11 cho thy gi tr metric l 16 bc nhy, gi
tr ny vt qu gi tr ti a mc nh l 15 bc nhy, v do b nh tuyn s b
gi. Trong mi trng hp, khi gi tr metric vt qu gi tr ti a, mng 1 c xem
nh khng th ti.
Mng 1; Khong cch 13
IT
Mng 1; Khong cch 14
PT
Mng 1; Khong cch 12
B i
E
1
Mng 1 hng
Mng 1; Khong cch 15
Bng nh tuyn
Metric ti a l 16
Khng th ti mng 1
Hnh 3.11: Gii hn khong cch ti a
Gii php phn chia ranh gii

Mt phng php lm gim vng lp nh tuyn v tng tc hi t l s dng k
thut phn chia ranh gii (split horizon). Nguyn l ca k thut ny l: mt b nh
tuyn khng bao gi gi thng tin v mt tuyn theo hng m b nh tuyn cp
nht tuyn ny.
Nu b nh tuyn gi thng tin v mi tuyn theo mi hng th vng lp nh
tuyn c th xut hin. Sau y l mt v d:
1. B nh tuyn A chuyn mt cp nht nh tuyn cho b nh tuyn B v b
nh tuyn D, ch ra rng khng th ti mng 1. Tuy nhin, b nh tuyn C
li chuyn mt cp nht ti b nh tuyn B ch ra rng c th ti mng 1 vi
105
Chng 3. Lp Mng
khong cch l 4 v i qua b nh tuyn D.

2. B nh tuyn B kt lun mt cch khng chnh xc rng b nh tuyn C vn
c mt ng i hp l ti mng 1, mc d khong cch ln hn. B nh
tuyn B gi mt cp nht cho b nh tuyn A thng bo mt tuyn mi
ti mng 1.
3. Lc ny b nh tuyn A xc nh rng n c th ti mng 1 bng cch i qua
b nh tuyn B, b nh tuyn B xc nh rng n c th ti mng 1 bng
cch qua b nh tuyn C, v b nh tuyn C xc nh rng n c th ti
mng 1 bng cch qua b nh tuyn D. Khi s xut hin vng lp v bt
k gi tin no cng b lp vng gia cc b nh tuyn.
K thut phn chia ranh gii c th trnh c tnh trng trn. Nh ch ra Hnh
3.12, nu mt cp nht nh tuyn v mng 1 n t b nh tuyn A, th b nh tuyn
IT
B hoc D khng bao gi gi thng tin v mng 1 li cho b nh tuyn A. Phn chia
ranh gii lm gim lng thng tin nh tuyn khng chnh xc v gim lu lng cp
nht nh tuyn.
Khng gi cp nht v
tuyn ti mng 1 cho A
PT
Khng th ti mng 1
Khng gi cp nht v
tuyn ti mng 1 cho A
E
1
Mng 1 hng
Hnh 3.12: Khi nim phn chia ranh gii (split horizon)
Gii php b nh thi gi (hold-down)

Cc b nh thi gi c s dng ngn cc thng bo cp nht khi thit lp
li khng ng n mt tuyn c th b hng. Chng ta c th trnh c tnh trng
m v hn bng cch s dng cc b nh thi gi. Hot ng ca chng nh sau:
1. Khi b nh tuyn nhn c mt cp nht t hng xm ch ra rng khng th
truy nhp ti mt mng m trc y vn c th truy nhp, b nh tuyn
nh du tuyn l khng th truy nhp v khi ng b nh thi gi. Nu
trc khi b nh thi ny ht hn m b nh tuyn nhn c mt cp nht
t chnh hng xm ny bo rng li c th truy nhp mng, b nh tuyn s
nh du tuyn l c th truy nhp v g b b nh thi gi.
106
Chng 3. Lp Mng
2. Nu mt cp nht n t mt b nh tuyn hng xm khc vi tuyn ti

mng c metric tt hn tuyn trong bng nh tuyn, b nh tuyn thay
th tuyn trong bng nh tuyn, nh du mng c th truy nhp v g b b
nh thi gi.
3. Nu trc khi b nh thi gi ht hn, b nh tuyn nhn c cp nht c
metric km hn t mt hng xm khc, b nh tuyn s b qua cp nht ny.
Vic b qua cp nht c metric km hn khi ang thit lp b nh thi gi
cho php c nhiu thi gian thng tin v tuyn li truyn lan trn ton b
mng.
3.2.5 nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
PT
IT
Gii thut c bn th hai c s dng cho nh tuyn l gii thut trng thi lin
kt (link state). Cc gii thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, cn c gi l gii thut
ng i ngn nht trc (SPF), duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp v thng tin tp
(Hnh 3.13). Trong khi gii thut vct khong cch khng c thng tin c th v cc
mng xa v khng bit v cc b nh tuyn xa, th gii thut nh tuyn trng thi
lin kt duy tr cc thng tin y v b nh tuyn xa v cch chng c kt ni
vi nhau.
Trao i cc qung co trng thi lin kt
CSDL tp
Bng
nh
tuyn
Gii thut
SPF
Cy SPF
Hnh 3.13: Gii thut trng thi lin kt cp nht thng tin tp
ca tt c cc b nh tuyn khc
Gii thut trng thi lin kt s dng:

-
Qung co trng thi lin kt (LSA)
C s d liu tp
Gii thut SPF v cy SPF kt qu

107
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Bng nh tuyn v cc cng ti mi mng.
3.2.5.1 Trao i thng tin nh tuyn

Cc c ch khm ph mng trng thi lin kt c s dng to mt bc tranh
chung v ton b mng. Tt c cc b nh tuyn trng thi lin kt chia s bc tranh
ny v mng. iu ny cng ging nh vic c nhiu bn ging nhau v mt th
trn.
X
W
A
Bng nh tuyn
Bng nh tuyn
Bng nh tuyn
SPF
CSDL
tp
SPF
Bng nh
tuyn
CSDL
tp
SPF
Bng nh
tuyn
PT
Bng nh
tuyn
IT
CSDL
tp
Hnh 3.14: Trong nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, tt c cc b nh tuyn

cng tnh ton ng i ngn nht ti ch
Trong Hnh 3.14 bn mng W, X, Y v Z c kt ni bi 3 b nh tuyn trng

thi lin kt. Vic khm ph mng cho nh tuyn trng thi lin kt s dng cc tin
trnh sau:
1. Cc b nh tuyn trao i cc qung co trng thi lin kt (LSA) vi nhau.
Mi b nh tuyn bt u vi cc mng ni trc tip vi n.
2. Mi b nh tuyn ng thi xy dng mt c s d liu tp bao gm tt c
cc LSA n t lin mng.
3. Gii thut ng i ngn nht trc (SPF) tnh ton kh nng c th ti cc
mng ch. B nh tuyn xy dng tp logic di dng mt cy, vi gc l
chnh n, gm tt c cc ng i c th ti mi mng trong lin mng vect
khong cch. Sau n sp xp cc ng i ngn nht ny.
4. B nh tuyn lit k cc ng i tt nht v cc cng ti cc mng ch
trong bng nh tuyn.
108
Chng 3. Lp Mng
3.2.5.2 Truyn lan s thay i tp

Cc gii thut trng thi lin kt da trn vic s dng cc cp nht trng thi lin
kt. Nh ch ra trong Hnh 3.15, mi khi tp trng thi lin kt thay i, cc b nh
tuyn u tin bit c s thay i ny gi mt LSA mi ti cc b nh tuyn khc
hoc ti mt b nh tuyn ch nh (ni cc b nh tuyn khc c th s dng cp
nht). LSA ny s c trn ngp ti tt c cc b nh tuyn trn lin mng.
Tin trnh cp nht
bng nh tuyn
Tin trnh cp nht
bng nh tuyn
IT
Thay i tp
trong cp nht
trng thi lin kt
Tin trnh cp nht

bng nh tuyn
PT
Hnh 3.15: Tin trnh cp nht trng thi lin kt
t c s hi t, mi b nh tuyn thc hin cc cng vic sau:

-
Lu vt cc hng xm, gm tn, trng thi hot ng, v gi ca lin kt ti

hng xm.
Xy dng mt gi LSA lit k tn ca cc b nh tuyn hng xm v cc gi
lin kt, gm cc hng xm mi, cc thay i trong gi lin kt, v lin kt ti
cc hng xm chuyn sang trng thi khng hot ng.
Gi gi LSA tt c cc b nh tuyn khc u nhn c.
Khi nhn c mt gi LSA, ghi li gi trong c s d liu.
Hon thnh mt bn ca lin mng bng cch s dng d liu ca cc gi

LSA c tch lu, v sau tnh ton tuyn ti tt c cc mng khc s dng
gii thut SPF.
Khi mt gi LSA to nn thay i trong c s d liu trng thi lin kt, gii thut
SPF tnh ton li cc ng i tt nht v cp nht bng nh tuyn.
3.2.5.3 Cc vn lin quan n gii thut trng thi lin kt
Nhng vn lin quan n gii thut trng thi lin kt l yu cu b nh v b
x l, yu cu bng thng, v ng i khng nht qun gia cc b nh tuyn.
109
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Yu cu b nh v b x l
Trong hu ht cc trng hp, chy giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt yu
cu b nh tuyn s dng nhiu b nh hn v thc hin nhiu x l hn so vi chy
giao thc nh tuyn vct khong cch. Ngi qun tr mng phi m bo rng cc
b nh tuyn h chn phi c kh nng cung cp cc ti nguyn cn thit. B nh ca
cc b nh tuyn phi c kh nng lu tr thng tin t nhiu c s d liu khc nhau,
cy tp, v bng nh tuyn. S dng gii thut Dijkstra tnh ton SPF yu cu
nhiu x l phc tp v tn thi gian CPU.
Yu cu v bng thng
IT
Vn th hai ca giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt l bng thng mng b
tiu tn khi hng lot cc gi trng thi lin kt ban u c trao i. Trong qu trnh
khm ph ban u, mi b nh tuyn s dng giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt
gi cc gi LSA ti tt c cc b nh tuyn khc. iu ny yu cu ng k bng
thng mng v tm thi lm gim bng thng sn c dnh cho lu lng d liu ca
ngi dng. Tuy nhin, sau giai on trao i ban u, cc giao thc trng thi lin kt
ch yu cu mt lng bng thng ti thiu gi cc gi LSA mi khi tp mng
thay i.
ng i khng nht qun gia cc b nh tuyn
PT
Mt vn quan trng v phc tp nht ca nh tuyn trng thi lin kt l m

bo rng mi b nh tuyn phi c c tt c cc gi LSA cn thit. Cc b nh
tuyn vi cc tp LSA khc nhau s tnh ton tuyn da trn d liu tp khc nhau.
Do cc mng tr thnh khng ti c do s khng thng nht gia cc b nh
tuyn v mt lin kt (Hnh 3.16).
ng tc chm, cp nht ti sau
Cp nht ng tc chm
Mng 1 khng th ti
Mng 1 khng th ti
OK
Mng 1 ngng
hot ng ri hot
ng tr li
S dng cy SPF no?
ng tc cao, cp nht ti trc

Mng 1 khng th ti
Mng 1 hot ng li
Hnh 3.16: Cp nht khng ng b v ng i khng nht qun dn n s khng th

ti c mng
110
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Sau y l mt v d v thng tin ng i khng nht qun.

1. Mng 1 gia b nh tuyn C v D khng hot ng. C hai b nh tuyn C
v D xy dng mt gi LSA phn nh trng thi khng th ti ny.
2. Ngay sau , mng 1 hot ng tr li, v cn mt gi LSA khc phn nh
s thay i tp tip theo ny.
3. Nu thng bo Khng th ti mng 1 u tin t b nh tuyn C s dng
mt ng i tc chm cp nht, thng bo ny s n ch mun. Gi
LSA ny c th ti b nh tuyn A sau gi LSA Mng 1 hot ng li
ca b nh tuyn D.
4. Vi cc gi LSA khng ng b, b nh tuyn A s ri vo tnh trng khng
bit phi xy dng cy SPF no. N nn s dng ng i cha mng 1, hay
ng i khng cha mng 1?
PT
IT
Nu vic phn phi LSA ti tt c cc b nh tuyn khng c thc hin chnh

xc, nh tuyn trng thi lin kt c th dn n cc tuyn khng hp l. Trong mt
lin mng rt ln s dng nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, vn phn phi gi LSA li
c th tng ln. Nu mt phn ca mng hot ng trc mt phn mng khc, th t
gi v nhn gi LSA s khc nhau. S khc nhau ny c th lm bin i v suy yu
s hi t. Cc b nh tuyn phi hc v nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca tp trc khi
chng xy dng cy SPF v bng nh tuyn. Trong mt lin mng ln, cc phn cp
nht nhanh hn c th gy nn cc s c cho cc phn cp nht chm hn.
3.2.5.4 So snh nh tuyn vct khong cch v trng thi lin kt
Chng ta c th so snh k thut nh tuyn vct khong cch vi nh tuyn
trng thi lin kt theo mt s im nh trong Bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1: So snh nh tuyn trng thi lin kt v vct khong cch
Vct khong cch
Trng thi lin kt
Nhn tp mng t vin cnh ca C c ci nhn ton cnh v lin

hng xm.
mng.
Cng vo vct khong cch t b Tnh ton ng i ngn nht ti tt c
nh tuyn ny ti b nh tuyn cc b nh tuyn.
khc.
Cp nht nh k, hi t chm.
Cp nht ngay khi thay i, hi t

nhanh.
111
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Chuyn bn sao ca bng nh tuyn Chuyn cp nht nh tuyn trng thi

ti cc hng xm.
lin kt ti tt c cc b nh tuyn.
nh tuyn vct khong cch ly d liu tp t thng tin bng nh tuyn ca
cc hng xm. nh tuyn trng thi lin kt c c mt ci nhn ton cnh v tp
ca lin mng bng cch tch lu tt c cc LSA cn thit.
nh tuyn vct khong cch xc nh ng i tt nht bng cch cng thm
vo gi tr metric m n nhn c khi thng tin nh tuyn c gi t b nh tuyn
ny ti b nh tuyn khc. i vi nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, mi b nh tuyn
lm vic c lp trong vic tnh ton ng i ngn nht ti cc mng ch.
nhanh hn khi tp mng thay i.

3.2.6 nh tuyn lai ghp
IT
Trong hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn vct khong cch, cp nht nh tuyn

v thay i tp mng c gi nh k. Cc cp nht c gi t b nh tuyn ny
ti b nh tuyn khc, dn n mng hi t chm. Vi cc giao thc nh tuyn trng
thi lin kt, cp nht c gi ngay khi tp mng thay i. Cc gi LSA c kch
thc tng i nh c chuyn ti tt c cc b nh tuyn, do thi gian hi t s
PT
Loi giao thc nh tuyn th ba kt hp cc c tnh ca c nh tuyn vct

khong cch v trng thi lin kt, v c gi l giao thc nh tuyn lai cn bng
(balanced hybrid routing protocol). Cc giao thc nh tuyn lai cn bng s dng cc
vct khong cch vi cc metric chnh xc hn xc nh ng i tt nht ti cc
mng ch. Tuy nhin chng khc vi hu ht cc giao thc vct khong cch do s
dng cc thay i tp kch hot cp nht c s d liu nh tuyn (Hnh 3.17).
Chn ng i da trn
cc vct khong cch
nh tuyn lai cn bng
Hi t nhanh s dng cp
nht da trn thay i
Hnh 3.17: Giao thc nh tuyn lai chia s cc thuc tnh ca

nh tuyn vct khong cch v trng thi lin kt
Giao thc nh tuyn lai cn bng hi t nhanh ging nh cc giao thc trng thi
lin kt. Tuy nhin chng khc vi cc giao thc trng thi lin kt v vct khong
cch do s dng t ti nguyn (bng thng, b nh, CPU) hn. Mt v d v giao thc
nh tuyn lai cn bng l giao thc EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing
112
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Protocol) ca Cisco.
3.3 iu khin tc nghn
Bt c mng da trn cng ngh no u phi gii quyt vn tc nghn. Vic
qun l tt c lu lng ca ngi dng ngn chn tc nghn l kha cnh quan
trng ca k thut lu lng. Tc nghn lm gim thng lng, tng tr v nh
hng nghim trng n cc tham s QoS.
Hu ht cc mng cung cp cc quy tc truyn dn cho ngi dng ca n, bao
gm s tho thun v lu lng c th gi ti mng. iu khin lung l mt thnh
phn c trng ngn chn tc nghn trong mng. Cc mng phi cung cp mt vi
k thut thng bo cho cc nt khi tc nghn xy ra v c bin php iu khin
lung trn thit b ca ngi s dng mng. Vic hn ch ti thiu hin tng tc
nghn l mt trong nhng mc ch quan trng nht ca hot ng nh hng ti
nguyn v lu lng.
PT
IT
C hai kch bn xy ra tc nghn. Kch bn th nht n gin l do khng c

ti nguyn cung cp cho lu lng ngi dng. Kch bn th hai phc tp hn,
l khi c ti nguyn mng h tr QoS ca ngi dng nhng cc dng lu
lng li khng c sp xp mt cch hp l khi vo mng. Khi , mt vi phn ti
nguyn mng khng c dng n trong khi cc phn khc th b qu ti bi lu
lng ngi dng.
Vn u tin c th c gii quyt bi vic xy dng cc mng vi bng
thng rng hn. iu ny cng c th c h tr bi vic ng dng cc k thut iu
khin tc nghn nh hot ng iu khin ca s lu lng vi thng bo tc nghn.
Bi ton t ra i vi vic tng cng bng thng rng hn l hiu qu s dng ti
nguyn mng trong khong thi gian c t lu lng. N cng ging nh vic xy
dng mt h thng giao thng chp nhn c lu lng dn dp ca gi cao im
trong khi vo ban m th tt c cc ng u trng rng mt cch lng ph.
Vn th hai lin quan n vic ch nh ti nguyn khng hiu qu v c th
c gii quyt thng qua k thut lu lng. Ti nguyn l c sn trong mng, iu
quan trng l tm chng v hng lu lng ngi dng ti chng mt cch hp l.
Mt trong nhng bin php gim tc nghn do ch nh ti nguyn khng hiu qu
l thc hin cc hot ng x l cn bng ti bng cch hng lu lng ti cc lin
kt v cc nt theo nng lc hiu dng.
3.4 Cc giao thc lp mng trong Internet
3.4.1 Giao thc IP
IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi
113
Chng 3. Lp Mng
n lc nht. N lc nht y c ngha l IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v

kim tra li. N ch c gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin
cy l yu t quan trng th IP phi hot ng vi mt giao thc tng trn tin cy,
chng hn TCP.
IP cng l mt dch v phi kt ni, c thit k cho mng chuyn gi. Phi kt ni
c ngha l cc gi c x l c lp v c th i ti ch trn nhng ng i khc
nhau, cng nh chng c th n theo th t bt k. Mt s gi c th b mt hay b
hng trong khi truyn. Khi , IP da vo giao thc tng cao hn x l nhng vn
ny.
3.4.1.1 IP Datagram
IT
Cc gi d liu ti tng IP c gi l datagram. Mt datagram c chiu di

bin thin, gm hai phn l tiu v d liu. Phn tiu c chiu di t 20 n
60 byte, cha cc thng tin cn thit cho nh tuyn v chuyn pht d liu. Hnh
3.18 minh ho nh dng tiu ca mt IP datagram.
Bit 0-3
Bit 4-7
Bit 8-10
Bit 11-15
Version
HL
Precedence
TOS
PT
Datagram ID
Bit 16-19
TTL
Bit 20-23
Bit 24-27
Bit 28-31
Total Length
Fragmentation
Protocol
Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options
Hnh 3.18: Tiu IP datagram
ngha v chc nng ca cc trng trong tiu IP datagram nh sau:

-
Version: Trng 4 bit ny cho bit phin bn IP to phn tiu ny. Phin
bn hin ti l 4. Tuy nhin phin bn IPv6 s thay th IPv4 trong tng lai.
HL Header Length: Trng 4 bit ny cho bit chiu di ca phn tiu IP

Datagram, tnh theo n v t (32 bit). Trng ny l cn thit v chiu di ca
phn tiu thay i (t 20 n 60 byte). Khi khng c phn tu chn
(option), chiu di phn tiu l 20 byte v gi tr ca trng ny l 5 (5 x 4
= 20). Khi phn tu chn c kch thc ti a th gi tr ca trng l 15 (15 x
114
Chng 3. Lp Mng
4 = 60).
-
Precedence: Trng ny c chiu di 3 bit, gi tr nm trong khong t 0 (000)

n 7 (111). N ch r u tin ca datagram trong trng hp mng c tc
nghn. Nu mt b nh tuyn b qu ti v cn loi b mt s datagram, n s
b cc datagram c u tin thp nht.
TOS Type of Service: Trng 5 bit ny c t cc tham s v loi dch v, c

dng c th nh sau:
Type of Service
D
Trong 5 bit ny, c mt bit d phng. Cho d cc bit u c th ly gi tr 0

hoc 1, nhng trong mi datagram ch c mt bit c t l 1.
IT
+ 00000: bnh thng
+ 00010: Gi nh nht
+ 00100: tin cy cao nht
PT
+ 01000: Thng lng cao nht

+ 10000: tr nh nht
Total Length: Trng 16 bit ny cho bit chiu di tnh theo byte ca c
datagram.
Datagram ID: Trng 16 bit ny cng vi cc trng khc (nh a ch ngun
v a ch ch) dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong
thi gian n tn ti trn lin mng. Gi tr ny c tng ln 1 n v mi khi
c datagram c trm gi i. Do vy gi tr ny s quay li 0 mi khi trm
gi 65535 datagram.
Fragmentation: Trng 16 bit ny c s dng khi datagram c phn

mnh (s c trnh by phn sau).
TTL Time to Live: Trng 8 bit ny qui nh thi gian tn ti ca datagram

trong lin mng trnh tnh trng datagram b chuyn vng quanh trn lin
mng. Thi gian ny do trm gi t v b gim i 1 mi khi datagram qua mt
b nh tuyn trn lin mng.
Protocol: Trng 8 bit ny cho bit giao thc tng trn s dng dch v ca
tng IP. IP datagram c th ng gi d liu t nhiu giao thc tng trn,
115
Chng 3. Lp Mng
chng hn TCP, UDP v ICMP. Trng ny ch r n v d liu giao thc m

IP datagram phi chuyn.
-
Checksum: Trng 16 bit ny cha m kim tra li theo phng php CRC
(ch kim tra phn tiu ).
Source Address: Trng 32 bit ny cha a ch IP ca trm ngun.
Destination Address: Trng 32 bit ny cha a ch IP ca trm ch.
Phn mnh d liu

Trn ng ti ch, mt datagram c th i qua nhiu mng khc nhau. Mi b
nh tuyn m IP datagram t khung n nhn c, x l v sau ng gi
datagram trong mt khung khc. nh dng v kch thc ca khung nhn c
ph thuc vo giao thc ca mng vt l m khung va i qua. nh dng v kch
thc ca khung gi i ph thuc vo giao thc ca mng vt l m khung s i
IT
qua. V d, nu b nh tuyn kt ni mt mng Ethernet vi mt mng Token

Ring, n nhn khung theo nh dng Ethernet v gi khung theo nh dng Token
Ring.
PT
Mi giao thc tng lin kt d liu c nh dng khung ring. Mt trong cc

trng c nh ngha trong nh dng khung l kch thc ti a ca trng d
liu. Ni cch khc, khi mt datagram c ng gi trong mt khung, kch thc
tng ca datagram phi nh hn kch thc ti a ny (c xc nh do s hn
ch v phn cng v phn mm s dng trong mng).
Gi tr ca n v truyn ti a (MTU Maximum Transfer Unit) l khc nhau
i vi cc giao thc mng vt l. Bng 3.2 ch ra cc gi tr MTU cho mt s giao
thc lin kt d liu in hnh.
Bng 3.2: Gi tr MTU i vi cc mng khc nhau
Giao thc
MTU (byte)
Hyperchannel
65.535
Token Ring (16 Mb/s)
17.914
Token Ring (4 Mb/s)
4.464
FDDI
4.352
116
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Ethernet
1.500
X.25
576
PPP
296
giao thc IP khng ph thuc vo mng vt l, cc nh thit k quyt

nh ly chiu di ti a ca mt IP datagram bng MTU ln nht c nh ngha
ti thi im (65.535 byte). Khi , vic truyn dn s hiu qu hn nu chng
ta s dng mt giao thc vi kch thc MTU nh vy. Tuy nhin, i vi cc
mng vt l khc, chng ta phi chia nh datagram n c th chuyn qua cc
mng ny. Vic chia nh cc datagram ny c gi l phn mnh (fragmentation).
IT
Khi mt datagram c phn mnh, mi mnh c phn tiu ring. Hu ht

cc trng trong phn tiu c lp li, nhng cng c mt s trng thay i.
Mt mnh li c th c phn mnh tip nu chng gp mt mng c MTU nh
hn. Ni cch khc, mt datagram c th c phn mnh nhiu ln trc khi n
PT
ch. Mt datagram c th c phn mnh bi trm ngun hoc bt k b nh

tuyn no trn ng i. Tuy nhin, vic ghp cc mnh ch c thc hin trm
ch v mi mnh tr thnh mt datagram c lp.
Khi mt datagram c phn mnh, mt s trng trong phn tiu phi c
sao chp cho tt c cc mnh. Trng tu chn c th c sao chp hoc khng
(chng ta s xem xt vn ny phn sau). Trm hoc b nh tuyn thc hin
phn mnh datagram phi thay i gi tr ca 2 trng: Fragmentation v Total
Length. Cc trng cn li c sao chp. Tt nhin, gi tr ca trng Checksum
phi c tnh ton li cho tng mnh.
Cc trng lin quan n phn mnh
Cc trng lin quan n qu trnh phn mnh v ghp mt IP datagram l:
Datagram ID v Fragmentation.
-
Datagram ID: Trng 16 bit ny dng nhn dng mt datagram c gi

i t trm ngun. S kt hp gia Datagram ID v a ch IP ngun phi nh
ngha duy nht mt datagram khi n ri trm ngun. m bo tnh duy nht,
IP s dng mt b m dn nhn cho cc datagram. B m c khi to
l mt s nguyn dng. Khi IP gi mt datagram, n sao chp gi tr ca b
m vo trng s Datagram ID v tng gi tr b m ln 1. Do tnh duy
nht c m bo. Khi mt datagram c phn mnh, gi tr ca trng
117
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Datagram ID c sao chp vo trong tt c cc mnh. Ni cch khc, tt c

cc mnh c cng Datagram ID s thuc cng mt datagram gc. Datagram
ID tr gip trm ch trong qu trnh ghp cc mnh. Trm ch bit rng tt c
cc mnh c cng s Datagram ID phi c ghp vo cng mt datagram.
Fragmentation: Trng 16 bit ny c chia thnh 2 trng con l Flags v
Fragmentation Offset.
+ Flags: Trng ny c chiu di 3 bit, trong bit u tin l bit d phng. Bit
th hai c gi l bit DF (Dont Fragment). Nu gi tr ca bit ny l 1, b
nh tuyn hoc trm ngun khng c phn mnh datagram. Nu cc thit b
IT
ny khng th chuyn datagram qua mng vt l sn c th chng loi b

datagram v gi thng bo li ICMP cho ngun. Nu gi tr ca trng ny
bng 0, datagram c th c phn mnh. Bit th ba l bit M (More fragment).
Nu gi tr ca bit ny bng 1, ngha l mnh ny cha phi mnh cui cng,
cn mnh theo sau mnh ny. Nu gi tr bng 0, c ngha y l mnh cui
cng hoc y l datagram khng b phn mnh.
+ Fragmentation Offset ( dch phn mnh): Trng 13 bit ny cho bit v tr
tng i ca mnh ny so vi ton b datagram (theo n v 64 bit). Ngha l
mi mnh, tr mnh cui cng, phi cha mt vng d liu c chiu di l bi
s ca 64 bit (8 byte). Hnh 3.19 minh ho vic phn mnh mt datagram c
kch thc 4000 byte thnh 3 mnh. Cc byte trong datagram gc c nh s
t 0 n 3999. Mnh u tin mang cc byte t 0 n 1399. Gi tr trng
dch phn mnh cho mnh ny l 0/8 = 0. Mnh th hai mang cc byte t 1400
PT
n 2799. Gi tr trng dch phn mnh cho mnh ny l 1400/8 = 175.

Mnh cui cng mang cc byte t 2800 n 3999. Gi tr trng dch phn
mnh cho mnh ny l 2800/8 = 350.
118
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.19: V d v phn mnh
IT
Cn nh rng, gi tr ca dch phn mnh c tnh theo n v 64 bit. S d

nh vy l do chiu di ca trng Fragmentation Offset ch l 13 bit, trong khi
trng Total Length ca datagram c chiu di 16 bit, ngha l nhiu hn 3 bit. Do
vy, cc trm hoc b nh tuyn khi phn mnh d liu phi chn kch thc ca
mi mnh sao cho s hiu ca byte u tin phi chia ht cho 8 (23).
PT
Hnh 3.20 minh ha chi tit hn vic phn mnh trong v d trn. Ch rng,
gi tr trng Datagram ID l ging nhau i vi tt c cc mnh; v bit M c
thit lp cho mi mnh, tr mnh cui cng. Trong hnh ny, ta thy rng mnh th
hai li tip tc c phn mnh.
Mt iu hin nhin l, thm ch khi mi mnh i theo mt tuyn khc nhau v
ti ch khng ng th t, th trm ch vn c th ghp cc mnh (nu khng mt
mnh no) theo cch nh sau:
1) Mnh u tin l mnh c gi tr trng dch phn mnh bng 0.

2) Chia chiu di phn d liu ca mnh u tin cho 8. Mnh th hai c gi tr
trng dch phn mnh bng vi kt qu ny.
3) Chia tng chiu di phn d liu ca mnh 1 v 2 cho 8. Mnh th 3 c gi tr
trng dch phn mnh bng vi kt qu ny.
4) Tip tc qu trnh ny n mnh cui cng (bit M = 0).
119
PT
IT
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.20: Gi tr ca cc trng khi datagram c phn mnh
Cc trng ty chn IP
Phn tiu ca mt IP datagram c chia lm hai phn: phn c nh v

phn thay i. Phn c nh c chiu di 20 byte v c trnh by trn. Phn
thay i bao gm cc tu chn v c chiu di ti a l 40 byte.
Cc tu chn khng cn c trong tt c cc datagram. Chng c s dng
kim tra mng v g ri. Mc d cc tu chn l phn khng yu cu ca tiu
IP, vic x l cc tu chn li l mt phn yu cu ca phn mm IP. Ngha l tt
c cc chun phi c kh nng x l cc tu chn nu chng c mt trong phn tiu
. nh dng tng qut ca mt ty chn IP c cho Hnh 3.21.
120
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.21: nh dng tng qut ca mt ty chn trong tiu IP
Code: Trng ny c chiu di 1 byte, c chia lm 3 trng con: Copy, Class v

Number.
o Copy: Trng con 1 bit ny iu khin s c mt ca tu chn trong cc
mnh. Khi gi tr trng ny bng 0, c ngha ch phi sao chp tu chn
vo mnh u tin. Nu gi tr bng 1, ngha l tu chn phi c sao chp
vo tt c cc mnh.
IT
o Class: Trng con 2 bit ny nh ngha mc ch chung ca tu chn. Khi

gi tr ca n l 00, ngha l tu chn c s dng iu khin datagram.
Khi gi tr l 10, ngha l tu chn c s dng g ri v qun l. Hai
gi tr 01 v 11 d phng.
PT
o Number: Trng con 5 bit ny nh ngha loi tu chn. Mc d 5 bit c th

nh ngha ti a 32 loi tu chn khc nhau, nhng hin ch c 6 loi tu
chn c s dng. Chng ta s xem xt cc tu chn ny phn sau.
Length: Trng 1 byte ny xc nh chiu di tng ca tu chn. Trng ny
khng c trong tt c cc tu chn.
Data: Trng ny c chiu di thay i ty vo loi ty chn, n cha d liu m
cc tu chn c th yu cu. Ging trng di, trng ny cng khng c trong
tt c cc loi tu chn.
Trong s 6 tu chn ang s dng, c hai ty chn l 1 byte v bn ty chn
nhiu byte. Cc ty chn 1 byte ch c duy nht trng m.
3.4.1.2 a ch IP
mc ng dng, chng ta c th coi lin mng nh l mt mng kt ni cc
trm vi nhau. mt trm truyn thng vi trm khc, chng ta cn mt h thng
nh danh ton cu. Ni cch khc, chng ta cn t tn duy nht cho mi trm. H
thng nh danh ny ch c s dng ti tng ng dng, khng th s dng tng
mng v trn mng cn c cc thc th khc gn ti, chng hn b nh tuyn.
121
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Mt lin mng c to nn t s kt hp ca cc mng vt l (LAN hoc

WAN) kt ni vi nhau qua cc b nh tuyn. Khi mt trm trao i thng tin vi
mt trm khc, gi d liu c th di chuyn t mt mng vt l ny n mng vt l
khc bng cch s dng cc b nh tuyn ny. Ngha l vic truyn thng ti mc ny
cng cn c mt h thng nh danh ton cc. Mt trm c th truyn thng vi mt
trm bt k m khng phi lo lng v mng vt l phi i qua. Ngha l ti tng ny,
mt trm cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc. Hn na, nh tuyn ti
u v hiu qu, mi b nh tuyn cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc ti
tng ny.
S hiu nhn dng c s dng tng lin mng ca b giao thc TCP/IP c
gi l a ch lin mng hay a ch IP. Vi IPv4, n l a ch nh phn 32 bit, c
thc thi trong phn mm, dng nh danh duy nht v ton cc mt trm hoc mt
b nh tuyn trn lin mng.
IT
a ch IP l duy nht theo ngha mi a ch nh danh mt v ch mt thit b

(trm hoc b nh tuyn) trn lin mng. Hai thit b trn lin mng khng th c
cng a ch IP. Tuy nhin, mt thit b c th c nhiu a ch IP nu chng c kt
ni ti nhiu mng vt l khc nhau. Cc a ch IP l ton cc theo ngha h thng
nh a ch ny phi c tt c cc trm mun kt ni ti lin mng chp nhn.
PT
Mi a ch IP gm 4 byte (32 bit), nh ngha hai phn: a ch mng (NetID) v

a ch trm (HostID). Cc phn ny c chiu di khc nhau tu thuc vo lp a ch.
Cc bit u tin trong phn a ch mng xc nh lp ca a ch IP.
d c v d nh, cc a ch IP thng c biu din di dng thp phn
du chm. Trong cch biu din ny, cc byte c tch ring v biu din di dng
thp phn, sau phn tch gia cc byte ny l mt du chm (Hnh 3.22).
Hnh 3.22: Biu din thp phn du chm
Cc lp a ch IP
a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch
mng v phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cc bit u tin ca byte u tin
ca a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B; 110 - lp C;
1110 - Lp D v 1111 - lp E). Cu trc ca cc lp c ch ra trong Hnh 3.23.
122
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Lp A
a ch mng
(7 bt)
a ch trm
(24 bt)
Lp B
1 0
Lp C
1 1 0
Lp D
1 1 1 0
a ch multicast
(28 bt)
Lp E
1 1 1 1
Cha s dng
(28 bt)
a ch mng
(14 bt)
a ch trm
(16 bt)
a ch mng
(21 bt)
a ch trm
(8 bt)
IT
32 bt
Hnh 3.23: Cc lp a ch IP
Lp A
PT
Trong a ch lp A, byte u tin c dng nh ngha a ch mng. Tuy

nhin bit u tin phi lun lun bng 0. 7 bit cn li ch nh cc mng khc nhau.
Ngha l s mng c a ch IP lp A rt hn ch. V l thuyt c th c 27 = 128 mng
lp A. Tuy nhin trn thc t ch c 126 mng v c 2 mng c dnh ring cho cc
mc ch c th.
Trong mt mng lp A, 24 bit c s dng nh danh a ch trm. Ngha l v
l thuyt c th c ti a 224 = 16.777.216 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit
(phn a ch trm gm ton bit 0 hoc ton bit 1) c s dng lm cc a ch c
bit. Ngha l thc t ch c ti a 16.777.214 trm trong mt mng lp A.
Cc a ch lp A c thit k cho cc t chc c s lng my tnh cc ln kt
ni vo mng. Tuy nhin, khng mt t chc no c s lng my ln nh vy do
rt nhiu a ch b lng ph.
Lp B
Trong a ch lp B, 2 byte u c dng nh ngha a ch mng v 2 byte
sau nh ngha a ch trm. Tuy nhin, hai bit u tin trong phn a ch mng
lun lun l 10, nn ch c 14 bit ch nh cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l c nhiu
mng lp B hn so vi lp A. S mng lp B l 214 = 16.384.
123
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Trong mt mng lp B, 16 bit c s dng nh danh trm, ngha l v l

thuyt mi mng c th c ti a 216 = 65.536 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c
bit nn thc t mt mng lp B ch c ti a 65.534 trm.
Cc a ch lp B c thit k cho cc cng ty c va, nhng cng ty c s lng
my tnh tng i ln. Tuy nhin cng ging nhng mng lp A, nhiu a ch IP b
lng ph v rt t cng ty c s lng my tnh ln nh vy.
Lp C
Trong a ch lp C, 3 byte u c dng cho phn a ch mng v 1 byte cui
c dng cho phn a ch trm. Tuy nhin, 3 bit u tin trong phn a ch mng
lun lun l 110, nn ch cn 21 bit nh ngha a ch mng. S mng lp C ln
hn s mng lp A, B v bng 221 = 2.097.152 mng.
Mt mng lp C v l thuyt c th c ti a 28 = 256 trm. Tuy nhin thc t ch
c th c ti a 254 trm do c hai a ch c s dng cho cc mc ch c bit.
Lp D
IT
a ch lp C c thit k cho cc cng ty nh, nhng cng ty ch c t trm ni

vo mng.
Lp E
PT
a ch lp D c nh ngha cho truyn a hng (multicasting). Trong lp ny,

khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bit u lun lun bng 1110 nh
ngha a ch lp D. 28 bit cn li ch nh a ch a hng (multicast).
Lp E c d phng s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. Khng c phn a

ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bit u tin bng 1111 nh ngha lp E.
Nh vy, nhn bit lp ca mt a ch IP, ta ch cn nhn vo cc bit u tin
ca a ch.
-
Nu bit u tin l 0 th y l a ch lp A.
Nu bit u tin l 1 v bit th hai l 0 th y l a ch lp B.
Nu hai bit u tin l 1 v bit th ba l 0 th y l a ch lp C.
Nu ba bit u tin l 1 v bit th t l 0 th y l a ch lp D.
Nu bn bit u tin l 1 th y l a ch lp E.
Nu a ch c biu din di dng thp phn du chm, ta c th nhn s u

tin xc nh lp a ch.
-
Nu s u nm trong khong t 0 n 127 th y l lp A.

124
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Nu s u nm trong khong t 128 n 191 th y l lp B.
Nu s u nm trong khong t 192 n 223 th y l lp C.
Nu s u nm trong khong t 224 n 239 th y l lp D.
Nu s u nm trong khong t 240 n 255 th y l lp E.
Sau khi nhn bit c lp ca a ch IP, ta c th nhn bit c u l phn a

ch mng v u l phn a ch trm.
-
Nu l a ch lp A, byte u tin (1 s) l phn a ch mng v ba byte

cui (3 s) l a ch trm.
V d: a ch 10.1.2.3 c phn a ch mng l 10 v phn a ch
trm l 1.2.3
Nu l a ch lp B, hai byte u tin (2 s) l phn a ch mng v hai

byte cui (2 s) l a ch trm.
IT
V d: a ch 129.1.2.3 c phn a ch mng l 129.1 v phn a ch

trm l 2.3
Nu l a ch lp C, ba byte u tin (3 s) l phn a ch mng v mt
byte cui (1 s) l a ch trm.
PT
V d: a ch 192.168.10.3 c phn a ch mng l 192.168.10 v

phn a ch trm l 3
Nu l a ch lp D, khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. Ton b

a ch c s dng pht a hng.
Nu l a ch lp E, khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. Ton b

a ch c d phng cho mc ch c bit.
Cc a ch c bit
Mt s a ch trong khong a ch lp A, B v C c s dng cho cc mc ch

c bit nh ch ra trn Bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3: Cc a ch c bit
a ch c bit
Phn a ch mng
Phn a ch trm
a ch mng
S c th
Ton bit 0
a ch qung b trc tip
S c th
Ton bit 1
125
Chng 3. Lp Mng
a ch qung b gii hn
a ch loopback
Ton bit 1
Ton bit 1
127
Bt k
a ch mng
Trong cc lp A, B v C, mt a ch c phn a ch trm gm ton bit 0 khng
c dng cho bt c trm no. N c s dng nh ngha a ch mng. Ni
cch khc, mng c xem nh mt thc th v c a ch IP vi phn a ch trm
gm ton bit 0. Ch rng a ch mng khc vi phn a ch mng. Phn a
ch mng ch l mt phn ca a ch IP, cn a ch mng l mt a ch c phn
a ch trm gm ton bit 0. a ch ny khng th s dng nh ngha mt a
ch ngun hoc ch trong mt gi IP.
Lp A: 10.0.0.0
Lp B: 128.1.0.0
Lp C: 192.168.2.0
IT
V d v a ch mng:
PT
a ch qung b trc tip (Direct Broadcast)
Trong cc a ch lp A, B v C, nu phn a ch trm gm ton s 1 th a ch

ny c gi l a ch qung b trc tip. a ch ny c b nh tuyn s dng
gi mt gi ti tt c cc trm trong mt mng c th. Tt c cc trm s chp nhn
gi c loi a ch ny. Ch rng a ch ny ch c s dng nh a ch ch trong
mt gi IP.
V d v a ch qung b trc tip:
-
Lp A: 10.255.255.255
Lp B: 128.5.255.255
Lp C: 192.168.3.255
a ch qung b gii hn (Limited Broadcast)

Nu mt a ch c phn a ch mng gm ton bit 1 v a ch trm cng gm
ton bit 1 th a ch ny c dng nh ngha a ch qung b trong mng hin
ti. Mt trm mun gi mt thng bo ti tt c cc trm khc trn mng c th s
dng a ch ny lm a ch ch trong gi IP. B nh tuyn s chn cc gi c a
ch loi ny khng ch s qung b ch trong mng cc b. Ch rng a ch ny
(255.255.255.255) thuc v lp E. Tt c cc thit b trong mng hin ti u nhn v
126
Chng 3. Lp Mng
x l gi tin.
a ch lp vng (Loopback)
a ch IP vi byte u tin l 127 c s dng lm a ch lp vng, a ch c
s dng kim tra phn mm TCP/IP trn mt my. Khi a ch ny c s dng,
gi s khng i khi my m n s quay tr li phn mm giao thc. a ch ny c
th c s dng kim tra phn mm IP. V d, mt ng dng (chng hn Ping)
c th gi mt gi vi a ch ch l a ch lp vng kim tra xem phn mm IP
c kh nng nhn v x l gi hay khng.
Mt v d khc l a ch lp vng c th s dng bi mt tin trnh khch (mt
ng dng ang chy) gi mt thng bo ti mt tin trnh ch trn cng mt my.
Ch rng a ch lp vng ch c s dng nh a ch ch trong mt gi IP.
a ch ring
IT
Trong mt mng bit lp (khng ni ti Internet), ngi qun tr c th s dng bt

k di a ch no mnh mun. Tuy nhin, trnh s nhm ln gia mt a ch thc
trn Internet v mt a ch dng trong mt mng ring, t chc cp s Internet
dnh mt s khi a ch s dng cho mng ring. Cc khi a ch ny khng c
cp cho cc mng tham gia vo Internet.
PT
Cc a ch dng cho mng ring nh sau:

-
Lp A: 10.0.0.0 (1 mng)
Lp B: 172.16.0.0 n 172.31.0.0 (16 mng)
Lp C: 192.168.0.0 n 192.168.255.0 (256 mng)
3.4.1.3 Phn mng con
Nh ta bit, a ch IP gm hai phn l a ch mng (NetID) v a ch trm

(HostID). Ngha l ta c mt lc nh a ch phn cp. ti c mt trm
trong lin mng, trc tin ta phi ti c mng cha trm bng cch s dng
NetID. Sau ta phi s dng HostID ti c trm trong mng. Ni cch khc,
cc lp a ch A, B, C c thit k vi hai mc phn cp (Hnh 3.24).
141.14.1.2
141.14.1.254
141.14.1.1
Phn cn li
ca Internet
141.14.10.1
Mng
141.14.0.0
R1
141.14.20.254
141.14.10.2
141.14.10.254
141.14.20.2
141.14.20.1
127
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.24: Mng vi hai mc phn cp (cha phn mng con)
IT
Vi lc ny, mng ca mt cng ty b hn ch hai mc phn cp. Cng ty

khng th t chc cc trm thnh nhm m mi trm u cng mt mc. Do ,
cng ty c mt mng vi rt nhiu my tnh. Mt gii php cho vn ny l phn
mng con, ngha l chia mng thnh cc mng nh hn c gi l mng con (subnet),
trong mi mng con c mt a ch ring (Hnh 3.25).
PT
Hnh 3.25: Mng vi ba mc phn cp (phn mng con)
Trong v d trn, phn cn li ca Internet khng bit rng mng c chia thnh
ba mng vt l nh hn. i vi phn cn li ca Internet, ba mng con ny vn nh
l mt mng. Mt gi gi ti my 141.14.2.21 vn ti b nh tuyn R1. a ch ch
ca IP datagram vn l a ch lp B vi NetID l 141.14 v HostID l 2.21.
Tuy nhin, khi datagram ti b nh tuyn R1, s bin dch a ch IP thay i. B
nh tuyn R1 bit rng mng 141.14 c chia thnh ba mng con. N bit rng hai
byte sau trong a ch IP xc nh hai th: phn a ch mng con (SubnetID) v phn
a ch trm (HostID). Do , 2.21 phi c hiu l SubnetID 2 v HostID 21. B
nh tuyn R1 s dng hai byte u l NetID, byte th ba l SubnetID v byte cui
cng l HostID.
Thm cc mng con to ra mt mc phn cp trung gian trong h thng nh a
ch IP. By gi ta c ba mc: NetID; SubnetID v HostID. NetID l mc u tin, n
xc nh mng. Mc th hai l SubnetID, n xc nh mng con. HostID l mc th
ba, n xc nh trm trong mng con.
Qu trnh chuyn gi c chia thnh ba bc: chuyn gi ti mng, chuyn gi
ti mng con, chuyn gi ti trm.
Mt n mng con
128
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Mt n mng con khng phi l mt a ch, nhng n xc nh u l phn a ch

mng v u l phn a ch trm trong mt a ch IP. Mt n mng con cng di 32
bit ging a ch IP. N gm hai phn: phn u gm ton bit 1 cho bit chiu di phn
NetID; phn cui gm ton bit 0 cho bit phn HostID.
C th thc hin cc bc sau xc nh mt n mng con cho mt a ch IP
mng con c th:
Bc 1: Biu din a ch IP mng con di dng nh phn
Bc 2: Thay phn a ch mng v a ch mng con trong a ch bng cc
bit 1
Bc 3: Thay phn a ch trm bng cc bit 0
Bc 4: Chuyn biu din nh phn v dng thp phn
Cc bc phn mng con
IT
Mt n mng con lun i km vi a ch IP phn mng con. i vi cc a ch IP

khng phn mng con, ta dng mt n mng con mc nh. Mt n mng con mc nh
i vi a ch lp A l 255.0.0.0; lp B l 255.255.0.0 v lp C l 255.255.255.0.
PT
Nh ta bit, cc lp A, B, C dnh 8, 16, 24 bit cho phn NetID. phn mng

con, ta phi m rng NetID, ngha l thm SubnetID. Phn SubnetID c to ra bng
cch mn mt s bit trong phn HostID.
Khi phn mng con, ta khng c php s dng cc mng con c phn SubnetID
gm ton bit 0 hoc ton bit 1. Nu ta mn 1 bit th c th chia mng thnh hai mng
con, nhng u khng th s dng. Nu ta mn tt c cc bit trong phn HostID th
khng cn phn HostID na. Nu ta mn ton b, ch tr 1 bit cho phn HostID th
s trm c th s dng trong mi mng con bng 0 v ta khng c dng cc a ch
c phn HostID gm ton bit 1 hoc ton bit 0. Do , s bit ta c th mn khi phn
mng con phi ln hn hoc bng 2 v nh hn hoc bng n 2, vi n l s bit trong
phn HostID.
Nu ta mn m bit th s lng mng con thu c l 2m, v s lng mng con c
th s dng l 2m 2.
Sau y l cc bc phn mng con. tin theo di, ta ly v d v phn mng
192.168.2.0 thnh 5 mng con.
Bc 1: Xc nh s bit cn mn v xc nh mt n mng con
Vic xc nh s bit cn mn da trn s lng mng con yu cu. Trong v d
ny, s mng con yu cu l 5. Do , s bit cn mn phi l 3 v 22 2 5 23 2.
129
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Khi , ta c c 8 mng con, trong c 6 mng c th s dng.

Mt n mng con c xc nh da trn s bit mn. Khi cha phn mng con,
phn NetID di 24 bit (lp C). Khi phn mng con, ta mn thm 3 bit. Do , chiu
di phn NetID v SubnetID l 24+3 = 27. Do vy, mt n mng con s gm 27 bit 1
phn u v 5 bit 0 phn cui. Bin i sang dng thp phn ta c
255.255.255.224.
Nh vy, bc ny ta xc nh c phi mn 3 bit v mt n mng con l
255.255.255.224.
Bc 2: Xc nh cc mng con
Cc mng con c xc nh da trn phn SubnetID. Do ta mn 3 bit nh
a ch mng con, nn cc SubnetID di dng nh phn ln lt l: 000; 001; 010;
011; 100; 101; 110; 111.
Dng nh phn
IT
Khi biu din a ch mng con, phn NetID c gi nguyn v phn HostID gm
ton bit 0. Do vy, ta c 8 a ch mng con nh sau:
Dng thp phn
192.168.2.0
11000000.10101000.00000010.00100000
192.168.2.32
PT
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000010.01000000
192.168.2.64
11000000.10101000.00000010.01100000
192.168.2.96
11000000.10101000.00000010.10000000
192.168.2.128
11000000.10101000.00000010.10100000
192.168.2.160
11000000.10101000.00000010.11000000
192.168.2.192
11000000.10101000.00000010.11100000
192.168.2.224
Mt n mng con chiu di bin thin

Mc d vic phn mng con l mt b sung c gi tr cho kin trc nh a ch IP,
nhng n vn c mt hn ch c bn. l ta phi s dng mt mt n mng con cho
ton b mng. Do , sau khi chn mt mt n mng con, ta khng th cung cp
cc mng con c kch thc khc. Nu c yu cu tng kch thc ca mng con, ta
phi thay i li mt n mng con cho ton b mng. y l mt cng vic phc tp
v tn thi gian.
Mt gii php cho vn ny l cho php mt mng c phn mng con c th c
nhiu mt n mng con. Mi mt n mng con c mt kch thc khc nhau. K thut
130
Chng 3. Lp Mng
mi v phn mng con ny c gi l mt n mng con chiu di bin thin (VLSM

Variable Length Subnet Masking).
VLSM cho php s dng khong a ch IP hiu qu hn bng cch cho php
ngi qun tr mng ty chnh kch thc ca mt n mng con theo cc yu cu c
th ca mi mng con. minh ha, gi s ta c mt a ch gc l 172.16.0.0. y l
mt a ch lp B, ngha l phn NetID di 16 bit. M rng phn tin t mng thm 6
bit, ta c 22 bit cho phn tin t mng. Theo tnh ton, ta c 62 mng con v 1022 a
ch cho mi mng con c th s dng.
Kiu phn mng con ny c tc dng nu cng ty ny cn nhiu mng con vi
khong hn 1000 trm trn mi mng. Tuy nhin, nu cng ty ch c mt s cng ty
con vi hn 500 trm cn li l cc cng ty con vi khong 40 n 50 trm, th phn
ln a ch IP b lng ph.
IT
Trong trng hp ny th VLSM l gii php hp l. Ngi qun tr c th phn

mng con linh hot bng cch s dng cc mt n mng con khc nhau. Mt s cng
ty con c th tip tc s dng tin t mng 22 bit; trong khi cc cng ty con nh hn
c th s dng tin t mng 25 hoc 26 bit. Tin t mng 25 bit cho php to cc mng
con 126 trm. Tin t mng 26 bit cho php to cc mng con 62 trm.
3.4.1.4 CIDR
PT
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) l mt lc a ch mi cho Internet,

n cho php s dng hiu qu ti nguyn a ch IP hn l m hnh lc a ch
chia thnh cc lp A, B, C nh c.
CIDR thay th cch phn chia a ch kiu c (theo lp A, B, C) ch cc phn bit
ch nh mng c s dng linh hot hn. Thay v b gii hn phn NetID l 8, 16
hay 24 bit, CIDR hin nay s dng bt k bit no t v tr 13 n 27. V th, c th
thit k cc khi a ch cho mng nh khong 32 trm hoc nhng mng c ln trn
500.000 trm. iu ny cho php s phn chia a ch gn hn vi nhu cu ca cc
mng mi c thit lp.
Mt a ch CIDR cng bao gm 32 bit nh a ch IP chun v thm vo l
thng tin c bao nhiu bit c s dng cho phn NetID. V d, trong a ch CIDR
206.13.01.48/25, th "/25" ch ra rng 25 bit u tin c s dng cho vic xc nh
ra mt mng duy nht, cn cc bit cn li th c s dng nh a ch cc trm
trong mng. Bng 3.4 cho ta mi quan h gia tin t CIDR v s lng lp C tng
ng.
Bng 3.4: Tin t CIDR v s lng lp C tng ng
Tin t CIDR
Tng ng vi lp C
S lng a ch trm
131
Chng 3. Lp Mng
1/8 lp C
32 trm
/26
1/4 lp C
64 trm
/25
1/2 lp C
128 trm
/24
1 lp C
256 trm
/23
2 lp C
512 trm
/22
4 lp C
1,024 trm
/21
8 lp C
2,048 trm
/20
16 lp C
4,096 trm
/19
32 lp C
8,192 trm
/18
64 lp C
16,384 trm
/17
128 lp C
32,768 trm
/16
256 lp C (= 1 lp B)
65,536 trm
/15
512 lp C
/14
1,024 lp C
262,144 trm
/13
2,048 lp C
524,288 trm
131,072 trm
PT
3.4.2 Giao thc ICMP
IT
/27
Nh trnh by trn, IP l giao thc chuyn gi phi kt ni v khng tin cy.

N c thit k nhm mc ch s dng hiu qu ti nguyn mng v cung cp dch
v chuyn gi n lc nht. Tuy nhin n c hai thiu ht l thiu iu khin li v
thiu cc c ch h tr.
Giao thc IP khng c c ch thng bo v sa li. iu g xy ra nu b nh
tuyn phi loi b mt datagram do khng tm thy bc nhy tip theo cho datagram
, hoc khi gi tr trng TTL bng 0? Hay iu g xy ra nu trm ch phi b tt c
cc mnh ca datagram do khng nhn c cc mnh trong mt khong thi gian
nh trc? l nhng v d v tnh trng xy ra li, nhng IP khng c nhng c
ch c xy dng sn thng bo li cho trm ngun.
IP cng thiu c ch truy vn. Mt trm i khi cn xc nh xem b nh tuyn
hoc trm khc c hot ng khng. Mt ngi qun l mng i khi cng cn thng
tin t mt trm hoc b nh tuyn khc.
Giao thc thng bo iu khin lin mng (ICMP Internet Control Message
Protocol) c thit k b p hai thiu ht trn. N c i km vi giao thc IP.
Cc bn tin ICMP c chia lm hai loi: thng bo li (error-reporting) v truy vn
(query). Thng bo li thng bo nhng s c m b nh tuyn hoc trm ch c th
132
Chng 3. Lp Mng
gp phi khi x l IP datagram. Truy vn gip mt trm hoc mt ngi qun l mng
ly cc thng tin c th v mt b nh tuyn hoc mt trm khc.
3.4.2.1 Thng bo li
Nhim v chnh ca ICMP l thng bo cc li xy ra cho ngun. Mc d vi cc
cng ngh mi, nhiu phng tin truyn dn tin cy c gii thiu, nhng li vn
tn ti v cn c x l. Do IP l mt giao thc khng tin cy nn ICMP c thit
k h tr IP trong iu khin li. Tuy nhin, ICMP khng thc hin sa li m n
ch thng bo li. Vic sa li c li cho cc giao thc tng trn. Sau y l cc
thng bo li in hnh.
o Destination unreachable
Source quench
IT
Khi mt b nh tuyn khng th nh tuyn mt datagram hoc mt trm khng

th chuyn pht mt datagram, datagram s b b i v b nh tuyn hoc trm
ch gi thng bo li destination unreachable cho trm ngun.
PT
IP l giao thc phi kt ni. Khng c s lin lc gia trm ngun, b nh tuyn
v trm ch. IP khng cung cp c ch iu khin lung. Vic thiu c ch iu khin
lung c th gy ra tc nghn. Mt ngun khng th bit b nh tuyn trn ng i
hoc ch c x l kp cc datagram n gi i khng?
B nh tuyn hoc trm ch c b m vi kch thc gii hn cha cc
datagram nhn c trc khi chuyn tip hoc x l chng. Nu tc nhn ln hn
tc chuyn tip hoc tc x l, th hng i c th b trn. Trong trng hp
ny, b nh tuyn hoc trm khng c cch no khc ngoi vic loi b mt s
datagram.
Thng bo Source quench ca ICMP c thit k b sung cho IP chc nng
iu khin lung. Khi b nh tuyn hoc trm loi b gi do c tc nghn, chng gi
mt thng bo Source quench ti trm ngun. Thng bo ny c hai mc ch. Th
nht, n thng bo cho trm ngun bit datagram b b. Th hai, n cnh bo trm
ngun v tc nghn v trm ngun cn gim tc gi.
o Time exceeded
Thng bo Time exceeded c gi trong hai trng hp:
-
Khi b nh tuyn nhn c mt datagram c trng thi gian sng

bng 0.
Khi trong mt khong thi gian nht nh trm ch khng nhn c

133
Chng 3. Lp Mng
tt c cc mnh ca mt datagram.
o Parameter problem
S khng r rng trong phn tiu ca mt datagram c th gy nn cc vn
nghim trng khi datagram di chuyn trn lin mng. Nu mt b nh tuyn hoc
trm ch nhn thy c s khng r rng hoc thiu mt gi tr no trong phn tiu
, chng s loi b gi v gi thng bo Parameter problem cho trm ngun.
3.4.2.2 Truy vn
Ngoi cc thng bo li, ICMP cng cho php chn on mt s s c trn mng.
iu ny c thc hin thng qua cc thng bo truy vn.
Echo Request, Echo Reply
Hai thng bo Echo Request v Echo Reply c thit k cho cc mc ch chn
IT
on. Ngi qun l mng hoc ngi dng s dng cp thng bo ny nhn din
cc s c mng. Kt hp hai thng bo ny cho bit hai h thng c th lin lc c
vi nhau khng. Lnh ping s dng cp thng bo truy vn ny.
Timestamp Request, Timestamp Reply
PT
Hai my (trm hoc b nh tuyn) c th s dng Timestamp Request v

Timestamp Reply xc nh thi gian mt vng i gia chng. N cng c s
dng ng b ng h gia hai my.
Mask Request, Mask Reply
Mt trm c th bit a ch IP ca mnh nhng li khng bit mt n i km vi

a ch IP ny. ly c mt n, trm gi thng bo Mask Request ti mt b nh
tuyn trn mng LAN. Khi b nh tuyn nhn c thng bo Mask Request, n p
li bng thng bo Mask Reply. Thng bo tr li ny cung cp mt n cho trm.
Router Solicilation v Router Advertisement
i khi mt trm cn bit cc b nh tuyn c tn ti v hot ng khng.
Thng bo Router Solicilation v Router Advertisement c th tr gip yu cu ny.
Trm c th gi qung b mt Router Solicilation. B nh tuyn nhn c thng bo
s qung b thng tin nh tuyn ca chng s dng thng bo Router Advertisement.
B nh tuyn cng c th gi nh k cc thng bo Router Advertisement.
3.4.3 Giao thc ARP v RARP
Mt lin mng l s kt hp ca nhiu mng vt l c kt ni vi nhau thng
qua cc thit b lin kt mng, chng hn b nh tuyn hoc gateway.
134
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Trm v b nh tuyn c nhn dng ti tng mng bng a ch lgic (a ch

IP). a ch lgic l a ch chung, n phi l duy nht trong ton b lin mng. Tuy
nhin, trn ng ti ch, gi phi i qua cc mng vt l khc nhau. mc vt l,
trm v b nh tuyn c nhn dng bi a ch vt l (a ch MAC). a ch vt l
l a ch cc b v ch cn duy nht trong mng cc b.
a ch vt l v a ch IP l hai s hiu nhn dng khc nhau. Chng ta cn c hai
v mt mng vt l, chng hn mng Ethernet c th c s dng ng thi bi hai
giao thc tng mng khc nhau, chng hn IP v IPX. Ngc li, mt gi thuc mt
giao thc tng mng, chng hn IP, c th i qua nhiu mng vt l khc nhau.
3.4.3.1 Giao thc ARP
IT
Ngha l, chuyn pht gi ti mt trm hoc mt b nh tuyn, cn c hai mc

nh a ch: lgic v vt l. Do vy, chng ta cn c phng php nh x gia hai
a ch ny. Giao thc phn gii a ch (ARP Address Resolution Protocol) chuyn
i a ch lgic thnh a ch vt l. Cn giao thc phn gii a ch ngc (RARP
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol) chuyn i a ch vt l thnh a ch lgic.
PT
Khi mt trm hoc b nh tuyn cn tm a ch vt l ca mt trm hoc mt b

nh tuyn khc trn mng, n gi gi yu cu ARP. Gi ny cha a ch vt l v a
ch lgic ca ngun v a ch IP ca ch. Do ngun khng bit a ch vt l ca ch
nn yu cu ny c gi qung b.
Mi trm v b nh tuyn trn mng u nhn v x l yu cu ARP ny, nhng
ch c trm ch nhn ra a ch IP ca n v gi tr li ARP li cho ngun. Gi tr li
cha a ch lgic v a ch vt l ca ch. Gi tr li ny c gi thng (gi
unicast) ti trm yu cu (ngun) s dng a ch vt l c trong gi yu cu ARP.
Hnh 3.26 minh ha hot ng ca ARP.
135
IT
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.26: Hot ng ca ARP
3.4.3.2 Giao thc RARP
PT
RARP l giao thc chuyn i t a ch vt l thnh a ch lgic. N c s

dng trong trng hp mt my bit a ch vt l ca mnh nhng li khng bit a
ch IP, chng hn mt my khng cng khi ng qua mng.
Khi my c bt, yu cu RARP c to ra v c gi qung b trn mng cc
b. Mt my khc trn mng bit v mi a ch IP s tr li yu cu bng bn tin tr
li RARP. My yu cu RARP phi chy chng trnh RARP khch v my tr li
RARP phi chy chng trnh RARP ch.
Trong Hnh 3.27, khi trm khng cng khi ng, yu cu RARP c to ra v
c qung b ti mi my trn mng. Mi trm trong mng cc b u nhn c
gi ny, nhng ch my ch RARP tr li yu cu. Gi tr li c cha a ch IP ca
my yu cu.
136
IT
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.27: Hot ng ca RARP
PT
3.4.4 Giao thc nh tuyn RIP

3.4.4.1 Gii thiu
RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch c s dng bn trong h t

tr. Giao thc ny kh n gin, n s dng gii thut Bellman-Ford tnh ton bng
nh tuyn.
L giao thc vect khong cch nn RIP hot ng da trn ba nguyn tc:
Chia s hiu bit v ton b h t tr: Mi b nh tuyn chia s hiu bit v
ton b h t tr vi cc hng xm ca n. Ban u s hiu bit ca mt b nh
tuyn c th rt t. Tuy nhin, chng bit c bao nhiu khng phi l iu
quan trng; chng gi tt c nhng th chng c.
Ch chia s vi hng xm: Mi b nh tuyn ch gi nhng hiu bit ca mnh
cho hng xm. Chng gi tt c nhng th chng bit qua tt c cc giao din
ca chng.
Chia s ti cc khong thi gian u n: Mi b nh tuyn gi hiu bit ca
mnh ti cc khong thi gian c nh, chng hn 30 giy.
3.4.4.2 Bng nh tuyn RIP
Mi b nh tuyn gi mt bng nh tuyn trong cha cc mc tng ng cho
137
Chng 3. Lp Mng
mi mng ch m b nh tuyn bit. Mc ny gm a ch IP ca mng ch, khong

cch ngn nht ti ch (tnh theo s bc nhy) v bc nhy tip theo (b nh
tuyn tip theo). Bc nhy tip theo l ni cn gi gi d liu n c th ti c
ch cui cng. S bc nhy l s mng m mt gi d liu phi i qua ti c
mng ch.
Bng nh tuyn c th cha cc thng tin khc, chng hn khong thi gian tnh
t khi mc c cp nht ln cui. Bng 3.5 ch ra mt v d v bng nh tuyn.
Bng 3.5: Bng nh tuyn vect khong cch
S bc nhy
Bc nhy tip theo
163.5.0.0
172.6.23.4
197.5.13.0
176.3.6.17
189.45.0.0
200.5.1.6
115.0.0.0
Thng tin khc
IT
ch
131.4.7.19
PT
3.4.4.3 Gii thut cp nht RIP
Bng nh tuyn RIP c cp nht khi b nh tuyn nhn c cc thng bo

RIP. Di y ch ra gii thut cp nht nh tuyn c RIP s dng.
Nhn mt thng bo RIP tr li
1. Cng 1 vo s bc nhy tip theo cho mi ch c qung co

2. Lp li cc bc tip theo cho mi ch c qung co:
2.1 Nu ch khng c trong bng nh tuyn
- Thm thng tin c qung co vo bng nh tuyn
2.2 Tri li
2.2.1
Nu bc nhy tip theo ging nhau

- Thay th mc trong bng bng mc c qung co
2.2.2
Tri li
2.2.2.1 Nu s bc nhy c qung co nh hn s bc

nhy trong bng
- Thay th mc trong bng bng mc c qung co
2.2.2.2 Tri li
138
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Khng lm g c
3. Kt thc
Khi to bng nh tuyn

Khi mt b nh tuyn c thm vo mt mng, n t khi to bng nh tuyn
bng cch s dng tp cu hnh. Lc ny, bng nh tuyn ch cha cc mng ni trc
tip vi b nh tuyn v s bc nhy, thng c khi to l 1. Trng bc nhy
tip theo c b trng. Hnh 3.28 minh ho cc bng nh tuyn ban u trong mt h
t tr nh.
14 1 55 1 -
B
Mng 14
14 1 23 1 78 1 -
Mng 55
66 1 55 1 -
IT
78 1 92 1 -
Mng 78
Mng 92
Mng 23
08 1 23 1 -
Mng 08
Mng 66
PT
08 1 66 1 -
Hnh 3.28: V d cc bng nh tuyn RIP ban u
Cp nht bng nh tuyn
T bng nh tuyn ban u, cc b nh tuyn trao i cp nht nh tuyn vi

nhau. Da trn gii thut cp nht nh tuyn va trnh by trn, cc b nh tuyn s
cp nht bng nh tuyn. Bng nh tuyn cui cng l bng c cha mi mng ch.
Hnh 3.29 minh ho cc bng nh tuyn cui cng ca h t tr trn.
139
Chng 3. Lp Mng
08
14
23
55
66
78
92
2
1
1
2
3
1
2
E
B
E
F
08
14
23
55
66
78
92
3
1
2
1
2
2
3
A
A
C
A
A
08
14
23
66
55
78
92
Mng 14
Mng 78
08
14
23
55
66
78
92
3 A
2 A
2 A
3 A
4 A
1 1 -
Mng 55
1
2
1
3
2
2
3
A
A
D
A
A
D
B
D
B
B
C
Mng 92
Mng 23
08
14
23
55
66
78
92
2
2
3
1
1
3
4
Mng 66
Mng 08
08
14
23
55
66
78
92
1
3
2
2
1
3
4
E
E
C
E
E
Hnh 3.29: V d cc bng nh tuyn RIP cp nht cui cng
IT
3.4.4.4 Cc bn tin RIP

nh dng bn tin RIP
nh dng ca bn tin RIP c ch ra Hnh 3.30.

Version
PT
Command
Family
Reserved
Tt c 0
Network Address
Lp
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
Distance
Hnh 3.30: nh dng bn tin RIP
Command: Trng 1 byte ny cho bit loi thng bo: yu cu (1) hoc tr li
(2).
Version: Trng 1 byte ny ch r phin bn ca giao thc RIP (1 hoc 2).
Family: Trng 2 byte ny nh ngha h giao thc c s dng. i vi

TCP/IP, gi tr ny l 2.
Network address: Trng ny nh ngha a ch mng ch. RIP cp pht 12

byte cho phn a ch mng. Nhng hin ti, IP ch dng 4 byte. Phn cn li c
in bng cc bit 0.
140
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Distance: Trng 4 byte ny nh ngha s bc nhy t b nh tuyn qung co

ti mng ch.
Ch : Mt phn ca thng bo c lp cho mi mng ch. Chng ta gi l mt

mc.
Bn tin Yu cu (request) v Tr li (response)
RIP s dng hai loi thng bo: yu cu v tr li.
Yu cu
Mt yu cu c gi bi mt b nh tuyn mi hoc mt b nh tuyn c mt

s mc qu hn. Mt yu cu c th hi v cc mc c th hoc hi tt c cc mc
(Hnh 3.31).
1
Version
Reserved
Tt c 0
Version
IT
a ch mng
Lp
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
b. Yu cu tt c
PT
a. Yu cu mt s
Reserved
Hnh 3.31: Bn tin RIP yu cu
Tr li
Mt tr li c th l khn khon hoc khng khn khon. Tr li khn khon

ch c gi tr li cho mt yu cu. N cha thng tin v cc ch c ch r
trong thng bo yu cu tng ng. Tr li khng khn khon c gi nh k v
cha ton b bng nh tuyn. Hnh 2.5 minh ho mt tr li RIP.
141
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Thng bo RIP
2
Version
Reserved
Family:2
Tt c 0
141.12.0.0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
5
Family:2
Thng bo hnh thc
Tt c 0
181.12.0.0
Tt c 0
Tt c 0
141.12.0.0
181.12.0.0
97.0.0.0
2
Family:2
Tt c 0
97.0.0.0
Tt c 0
4
IT
Tt c 0
Hnh 3.32: Bn tin RIP tr li
PT
3.4.4.5 Cc b nh thi RIP
h tr cho hot ng ca mnh, RIP s dng 3 b nh thi. B nh thi cp

nht iu khin vic gi thng bo, b nh thi ht hn qun l tnh hp l ca mt
tuyn, v b nh thi xa tuyn qung co li ca mt tuyn.
B nh thi cp nht
B nh thi ny iu khin vic qung co u n cc thng bo cp nht. Mc

d c t giao thc RIP ch r b nh thi ny phi c t l 30 giy, nhng cc
m hnh ang hot ng hin nay s dng mt s ngu nhin trong khong t 25 n
35. Mc ch l trnh tnh trng qu ti trn mt lin mng khi tt c cc b nh
tuyn gi cp nht cng lc.
B nh thi ny c m li. Khi t ti gi tr 0, thng bo cp nht s c
gi v b nh thi c thit lp li.
B nh thi ht hn
B nh thi ny qun l tnh hp l ca mt tuyn. Khi b nh tuyn nhn c

thng tin cp nht v mt tuyn, b nh thi ht hn cho tuyn ny c thit lp l
180 giy. Mi ln c mt cp nht mi v tuyn ny, b nh thi c t li. Trong
trng hp bnh thng, c 30 giy iu ny xy ra mt ln. Tuy nhin, nu c trc
142
Chng 3. Lp Mng
trc trn lin mng v b nh tuyn khng nhn c cp nht v tuyn ny trong
khong thi gian 180 giy, tuyn ny c xem nh ht hn v gi tr trng s bc
nhy ca n c t l 16, ngha l khng th ti ch. Mi tuyn u c b nh thi
khng hp l ca ring mnh.
B nh thi xa tuyn
Khi mt tuyn ht hn, b nh tuyn khng loi b ngay tuyn ny ra khi bng
nh tuyn. Thay vo , n tip tc qung co tuyn vi gi tr metric l 16. Cng lc
, b nh thi xa tuyn c t l 120 giy cho tuyn ny. Khi gi tr ca b nh
thi t ti 0, tuyn b loi khi bng nh tuyn. B nh thi ny cho php cc hng
xm bit v s khng hp l ca mt tuyn trc khi loi tuyn .
3.4.4.6 RIP phin bn 2
Hot ng ca RIPv2
PT
IT
RIP phin bn 2 c thit k khc phc nhng nhc im ca RIP phin

bn 1. Tt c cc th tc vn hnh, b nh thi v chc nng duy tr tnh n nh ca
RIPv1 u c gi li trong RIPv2, ngoi tr vic qung b cp nht nh tuyn.
RIPv2 cp nht nh tuyn bng cch pht a hng. iu ny c thc hin bng
cch s dng a ch a hng lp D 224.0.0.9. u im ca pht a hng cp nht
nh tuyn l nhng thit b khng lin quan n nh tuyn RIP khng phi mt thi
gian x l gi cp nht nh tuyn do cc b nh tuyn gi i. Ngoi ra RIPv2 cn h
tr VLSM v chng thc cp nht nh tuyn.
Chng ta hy xt mt v d hiu v hot ng ca RIPv2. Trong Hnh 3.33 b
nh tuyn A a thng tin v cc mng c kt ni trc tip vi n vo bng nh
tuyn. Do chy RIPv2 nn B nh tuyn A s gi cp nht nh tuyn cho cc b nh
tuyn khc bng a ch a hng 224.0.0.9. B nh tuyn A dng mt khu l pttc1
v cc mng kt ni trc tip vi n c metric l 0.
143
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.33: B nh tuyn a thng tin v cc mng kt ni trc tip
vo bng nh tuyn, metric ti mng mng ny l 0
Trong Hnh 3.34, khi b nh tuyn B nhn thng tin t b nh tuyn A, n cp

nht vo bng nh tuyn. Nhng cp nht ny li c gi ti cc b nh tuyn khc
sau mt khong thi gian nh k. rng lc ny mng 10.10.1.0 c metric l 1 v
IT
RIPv2 cng tng metric thm 1 cho cc tuyn mi khi i qua mt chng.
PT
Hnh 3.34: B nh tuyn nhn thng tin t hng xm v cp nht bng nh tuyn
Khi b nh tuyn C nhn thng tin nh tuyn t b nh tuyn B, n s cp nht

vo bng nh tuyn v thng tin ny cng s c gi ti cc b nh tuyn RIP khc
c kt ni trc tip vi n sau mt khong thi gian nh k. Metric ca mng
10.10.1.0 lc ny l 2. Tng t, b nh tuyn B nhn c thng tin v mng
10.10.5.0 t b nh tuyn C v b nh tuyn A li nhn c thng tin v mng ny
t b nh tuyn B. Lc ny, tt c cc b nh tuyn u hc c thng tin v cc
tuyn trong ton mng, tc l mng t n trng thi hi t.
Nhng tnh nng mi ca RIPv2
Chng thc nh tuyn: RIPv2 h tr chng thc nt ang truyn gi tr
li. Cc gi tr li c s dng truyn b thng tin nh tuyn trong
mng. Vic chng thc nt khi pht gi tr li l loi b nhng thng
tin nh tuyn khng r ngun gc.
Mt n mng con: RIPv2 truyn c thng tin v mt n mng con cho mi
a ch ch. Khi chuyn tip gi tin IP, cc b nh tuyn s dng a ch
ch kt hp vi mt n mng con xc nh chnh xc mng ch. iu
ny cho php nh tuyn gi tin n nhng mng con c th.
144
Chng 3. Lp Mng
a ch bc nhy tip theo: Nh c trng nhn dng bc nhy tip

theo m RIPv2 hot ng hiu qu hn RIPv1 khi loi b c nhiu chng
khng cn thit, c bit l trng hp s dng cng lc nhiu giao thc
nh tuyn trong mng.
Pht a hng gi RIPv2: RIPv1 s dng pht qung b gi cc thng
bo RIP ti tt c hng xm. Do , khng ch cc b nh tuyn trn mng
nhn c thng bo m mi trm u nhn c. Trong khi , RIPv2 s
dng a ch a hng 224.0.0.9 pht a hng cc thng bo RIP. K
thut ny cho php thng bo nhng thng tin nh tuyn cng mt lc cho
nhiu thit b chy giao thc RIPv2 song ch nhng thit b nm trong nhm
a hng mi nhn c thng tin . iu ny gip tit kim bng thng
mng v gim ng k nhng yu cu x l cho cc b nh tuyn v cc
thit b khc trong mng.
nh dng gi RIPv2
PT
v di ti a l 512 Byte.
IT
nh dng gi RIPv2 c minh ha Hnh 3.35. V c bn, gi RIPv2 ging

nh gi RIPv1, tt c cc tnh nng mi ca RIPv2 c c l nh trng Khng s
dng (Unused) trong RIPv1. Tng t nh RIPv1, cc gi RIPv2 c th mang thng
tin cp nht cho 25 tuyn; n cng dng cng 520 ca giao thc UDP vi 8 Byte tiu
Hnh 3.35: nh dng gi RIPv2
ngha ca cc trng trong nh dng gi RIPv2 nh sau:

Command: cng c ngha tng t nh RIPv1, n cho bit gi l yu cu
hay tr li.
145
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Version: Cho bit phin bn RIP. i vi RIPv2, gi tr trng ny l 2.

Nu gi tr trng ny l 0 hoc 1 nhng li khng ng theo nh dng ca
RIPv1 th gi s b loi b v RIPv2 s ch x l gi RIPv2 v RIPv1 hp l
(ng nh dng).
Address Family Identifier - AFI: Cho bit h giao thc c s dng. i
vi TCP/IP, gi tr ny l 2. Trong trng hp yu cu bng nh tuyn y
ca mt b nh tuyn hoc mt trm th trng ny c t l 0.
Route Tag: Cho php phn bit tuyn l tuyn trong hay tuyn ngoi.
Tuyn trong l tuyn c hc bi giao thc RIPv2 bn trong mng hay AS;
Tuyn ngoi l tuyn hc c t giao thc nh tuyn khc bng cch phn
b li vo RIPv2. Trng ny c di 16 Bit ny thng mang s hiu AS
ca tuyn c nhp t giao thc nh tuyn ngoi.
IP Address: Cho bit a ch ch, c th l a ch mng, a ch mng con
hoc a ch trm.
IT
Subnet mask: gm 32 Bit mt n nhn din phn a ch mng v a ch

mng con ca a ch IP. Trng ny l mt trong nhng thay i quan
trng trong nh dng gi RIPv2 so vi RIPv1.
PT
Next Hop: Cho bit a ch IP ca bc nhy tip theo. Trng ny rt hu

ch khi hai h thng t tr chia s mt mng (ng trc). Khi gi c th
nh ngha b nh tuyn (trong cng AS hoc trong cc AS khc) m tip
theo gi phi ti.
Metric: Cho bit bao nhiu bc nhy (b nh tuyn) gi tin phi i qua
n ch. Gi tr trng ny nm trong khong t 1 n 15; nu gi tr ny l
16 th tuyn b coi nh khng th ti.
Kh nng tng thch vi RIPv1
RIPv2 x l cc cp nht nh tuyn mt cch mm do. Nu gi tr trng

Version bng 1 v tt c cc bit trong trng Unused c t l 1 th gi b hu b.
Nu trng Version c gi tr ln hn 1 th b nh tuyn s x l gi m khng cn
quan tm n trng Unused. Do , RIPv2 tng thch vi RIPv1.
RFC 1723 nh ngha bn ty chn tng thch cho php phi hp hot ng
gia RIPv2 v RIPv1:
1. RIPv1: ch pht i nhng gi RIPv1.
2. Tng thch RIPv1: buc RIPv2 pht qung b (thay v pht a hng) gi
cc b nh tuyn chy RIPv1 c th nhn c.
3. RIPv2: pht a hng gi RIPv2 vi a ch ch l 224.0.0.9.
146
Chng 3. Lp Mng
4. Khng: khng cp nht no c gi i.

RFC 1723 khuyn ngh cc ty chn ny phi c cu hnh trn c s tng giao
din. Cc lnh c trnh by trong phn cu hnh RIPv2 s thit lp ba ty chn t 1
n 3. Ty chn 4 c thit lp bng lnh passive-interface.
Ngoi ra, RFC 1723 cn nh ngha 4 ty chn iu khin qu trnh nhn cp nht
nh tuyn:
1. Ch RIPv1
2. Ch RIPv2
3. C hai
4. Khng
IT
Cc ty chn ny cng c cu hnh trn c s tng giao din. Cc lnh trong

phn cu hnh RIPv2 cho php thit lp 3 ty chn u; lnh access list lc cng
ngun 520 cho php thit lp ty chn 4.
H tr nh tuyn khng phn lp
PT
RIPv2 l giao thc nh tuyn khng phn lp, ngha l n truyn thng tin v mt
n mng con trong cc gi cp nht nh tuyn. iu ny gip tn dng c c nhng
a ch mng ton 0 hay ton 1. V d, ta c th phn bit c a ch mng
172.16.0.0/24 v 172.16.0.0/16 cng nh a ch qung b 172.16.255.255/16 v
172.16.255.255/24.
Theo mc nh, Cisco IOS khng cho php cu hnh mng con ton 0, ngay c khi
dng giao thc nh tuyn khng phn lp. Lnh ip subnet-zero c th c s dng
cho php s dng mng ton 0. Mt tnh nng quan trng ca giao thc nh tuyn
khng phn lp l n h tr VLSM v tng hp tuyn.
Chng thc
Trong RIP phin bn 2, chc nng chng thc c thm vo bo v thng

bo. Tuy nhin, khng cn thm cc trng mi vo thng bo. Chng thc gip giao
thc nh tuyn loi b c nhng thng tin nh tuyn tri php tn cng vo mng,
gy mt s s c cho b nh tuyn. RIPv2 cung cp phng thc chng thc ngun
thng tin cp nht nh tuyn nh gi km mt khu chng thc.
Chng thc c h tr bng cch thay i mc tuyn u tin trong gi RIP
(Hnh 3.36). Do s dng mt mc cho chng thc nn s lng mc ti a trong gi
RIP ch cn 24. Du hiu nhn bit c chng thc l: cc bit ca trng Address
Family Identifier c t l 0xFFFF; trng Authentication Type c t l
147
Chng 3. Lp Mng
0x0002 (chng thc mt khu n gin) v 16 byte tip theo cha mt khu (ti a 16
ch ci), nu s ch ci t hn 16 th cc byte cui c lp v 0.
Hn ch ca RIPv2
IT
Hnh 3.36: Mc u tin ca gi RIPv2 c s dng cho chng thc
PT
Mc d ci tin rt nhiu nhng RIPv2 khng th khc phc ton b hn ch

ca RIPv1 v n vn l giao thc trong (IGP) ch yu c dng cho nhng mng
nh. Mt s hn ch ca RIPv2 gm:
Thiu tuyn thay th RIPv2 vn duy tr ch ch c mt tuyn cho mi ch
nn nu tuyn ny b li th s khng c tuyn no thay th. Do , n phi i
n khi cp nht xong thng tin nh tuyn th mi tm c tuyn thay th
(Hnh 3.37). iu ny c th thu nh bng nh tuyn nhng c th dn n tnh
trng mt gi tin do mt tuyn no b li m khng kp thay th.
Hnh 3.37: Tuyn thay th ch c khi cp nht xong nh tuyn
148
Chng 3. Lp Mng
m v hn RIPv2 s tng thm gi tr s bc nhy ln 1 sau khi i qua mt

b nh tuyn, iu ny c th gy li nu c vng lp nh tuyn. Tu thuc vo
khong thi gian nh thi gia hai ln cp nht thng tin nh tuyn m thi gian
ton mng hi t l nhanh hay chm. Thi gian hi t mng cng ln th thi
gian tn ti ca nhng tuyn ng li cng lu nn c th dn n vng lp nh
tuyn (Hnh 3.38).
IT
Hnh 3.38: m v hn xy ra nu c vng lp nh tuyn
PT
Ti a l 15 bc nhy C l gii hn ln nht RIPv2 tha hng t RIPv1 l

s bc nhy ti a m mt tuyn c th i qua l 15 (Hnh 3.39). Nu tng n
16 th coi nh tuyn ny khng c tc dng. iu ny lm gii hn quy m
mng.
Hnh 3.39: S bc nhy ti a l 15
Metric tnh Gi tr metric mc nh l 1 v ch c th thay i bi ngi

qun tr mng. Gi tr ny l c nh nn khng ph hp vi nhng mng
i hi vic la chn tuyn da trn cc thng s v tr, bng thng, ti, v.v.
149
Chng 3. Lp Mng
3.4.5 Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF

3.4.5.1 Gii thiu
Giao thc OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt giao thc nh tuyn trng
thi lin kt da trn cc chun m. Giao thc ny c c t trong nhiu RFC v
c a thch do kh nng nh c (scalability). Giao thc RIP khng th chy trn
mng c 16 bc nhy (hop). N hi t chm v chn tuyn ti u m b qua cc
tham s quan trng, chng hn nh bng thng. OSPF gii quyt c nhng vn
ny v chng t l mt giao thc mnh v c tnh m.
Mt s u im ca OSPF gm:
IT
Do s dng k thut trng thi lin kt, OSPF s chn tuyn i qua kt ni tc
cao. iu ny l tri ngc vi k thut vector khong cch c RIP s dng. RIP c
th chn tuyn i qua kt ni tc thp nu s bc nhy l nh nht. Cc b nh
tuyn OSPF duy tr bc tranh chung v mng v trao i thng tin lin kt lc khm
ph ban u hay khi c thay i v cu hnh mng. Cc b nh tuyn trng thi lin
kt khng qung b bng nh tuyn nh k nh trong k thut vector khong cch.
Trong khi RIP ph hp cho cc mng nh th OSPF c thit k gii quyt nhu
cu cho cc lin mng ln.
PT
Tc hi t: Trong cc mng ln, RIP hi t c th mt n vi pht,

v ton b bng nh tuyn ca mi b nh tuyn c chia s vi cc b
nh tuyn kt ni trc tip. Vi OSPF, thi gian hi t nhanh hn, ch
nhng thay i ch khng phi ton b bng nh tuyn c gi ti tt c
cc b nh tuyn trong mng OSPF.
H tr mt n mng con chiu di bin thin (VLSM): RIPv1 l giao
thc nh tuyn phn lp v khng h tr VLSM. Tri li, OSPF l giao
thc nh tuyn khng phn lp, n h tr VLSM.
Ch : RIP v2 cng h tr VLSM.
Kch thc mng: Trong mi trng RIP, mt mng nm cch xa qu 15
bc nhy c coi l khng th ti. Hn ch ny gii hn kch thc ca
mng RIP. Tri li, OSPF gn nh khng c gii hn v khong cch v ph
hp vi mng c va v c ln.
S dng bng thng: C nh k 30 giy, RIP qung b ton b bng nh
tuyn ti tt c hng xm. iu ny c bit gy cn tr cho cc kt ni
WAN tc thp. Trong khi , OSPF pht a hng mt cp nht nh
tuyn c kch thc ti thiu v ch gi cp nht khi c thay i v tp
mng.
150
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Chn ng i: RIP chn ng i bng cch so snh s bc nhy hay

khong cch ti cc b nh tuyn khc. N khng quan tm ti lng bng
thng sn c ca lin kt v tr mng. Tri li, OSPF chn tuyn ti u
s dng gi. y l mt metric c tnh da trn bng thng.
Nhm thnh vin: RIP s dng tp phng, ngha l tt c cc b nh
tuyn thuc cng mt mng. Truyn thng gia cc b nh tuyn nm hai
u xa ca mng phi di chuyn qua ton b mng. Nh vy, cc thay i
thm tr ch trn mt b nh tuyn s nh hng n tt c cc thit b trong
mng RIP. Tri li, OSPF s dng khi nim vng (area) v cho php
phn on hiu qu mt mng thnh nhiu vng, OSPF gii hn lu lng
bn trong vng v ngn cc thay i trong mt vng nh hng n cc
vng khc. S dng vng cho php mng nh c hiu qu hn.
3.4.5.2 Cc thut ng OSPF
IT
Ging nh cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt khc, OSPF hot ng khc
nhiu so vi giao thc vector khong cch. B nh tuyn trng thi lin kt nhn din
v truyn thng vi hng xm thu thp thng tin v cc b nh tuyn trn mng.
H thng thut ng OSPF c th c m t nh sau (Hnh 3.40):
Lin kt (Link): Knh truyn thng mng.
PT
Trng thi lin kt (Link state): Trng thi ca lin kt gia hai b nh
tuyn.
C s d liu tp (topology database) hay cn gi l c s d liu trng
thi lin kt (Link state database): Danh sch thng tin v tt c cc b nh
tuyn khc trong lin mng. N cho bit tp ca lin mng. Mi b nh
tuyn trong vng phi c cng c s d liu tp.
Vng (Area): Tp hp cc mng v b nh tuyn c cng s hiu nhn dng
vng. Mi b nh tuyn trong mt vng phi c cng thng tin trng thi
lin kt. B nh tuyn bn trong vng c gi l b nh tuyn trong.
Gi (Cost): Gi tr c gn cho lin kt. Ngoi s bc nhy, giao thc
trng thi lin kt gn gi cho lin kt da trn tc ca phng tin s
dng.
Bng nh tuyn (Routing table): Cha cc tuyn ti u n ch. Bng nh
tuyn c to ra khi thut ton SPF chy trn c s d liu trng thi lin
kt.
C s d liu gn k (Adjacencies database): Danh sch hng xm m b
nh tuyn thit lp truyn thng hai chiu.
151
Chng 3. Lp Mng
DR (Designated Router) v BDR (Backup Designated Router): n gin

ha vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn gia nhiu hng xm trong cng
mng, cc b nh tuyn OSPF c th bu mt b nh tuyn ch nh (DR)
v mt b nh tuyn ch nh d phng (BDR) lm im trung tm trao
i thng tin nh tuyn.
3.4.5.3 Cc trng thi OSPF
IT
Hnh 3.40: H thng thut ng OSPF
PT
Cc b nh tuyn OSPF thit lp mi quan h hay trng thi vi cc hng xm

chia s hiu qu thng tin nh tuyn. Tri li, cc giao thc vector khong cch, chng
hn RIP, qung b hoc pht a hng mt cch m qung ton b bng nh tuyn ra
tt c cc giao din, hy vng rng mt b nh tuyn no s nhn c. Theo mc
nh, c nh k 30 giy, RIP b nh tuyn gi ch mt loi gi. Gi ny l bng nh
tuyn y . Trong khi , b nh tuyn OSPF da trn 5 loi gi nhn din hng
xm v cp nht thng tin nh tuyn trng thi lin kt (Bng 3.6).
Bng 3.6: 5 loi gi OSPF
Loi gi
Loi 1 Hello
Miu t
Thit lp v duy tr thng tin gn k vi hng xm.
Loi 2 Database Description Miu t ni dung ca c s d liu trng thi lin

Packet (DBD)
kt trn mt B nh tuyn OSPF.
Loi 3 Link State Request Yu cu mt phn thng tin c th ca c s d
(LSR)
liu trng thi lin kt.
Loi 4 Link State Update Truyn ti cc LSA (Link State Advertisement) ti
(LSU)
hng xm.
152
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Loi
5
Link
State Xc nhn vic nhn LSA.
Acknowledgement (LSAck)
Trc khi tm hiu v 5 loi gi ny, ta cn hiu mi quan h hay trng thi pht
trin gia cc b nh tuyn OSPF. Cc giao din OSPF c th 1 trong 7 trng thi.
Mi quan h hng xm tin trin qua nhng trng thi ny theo th t sau:
1. Trng thi Down
trng thi Down, OSPF khng trao i thng tin vi bt k hng xm no. OSPF
ang i chuyn sang trng thi tip theo, trng thi Init.
2. Trng thi Init
IT
B nh tuyn OSPF u n gi gi loi 1 (gi Hello) thit lp mi quan h vi

cc b nh tuyn hng xm. Khong cch gia mi ln gi thng l 10 giy. Khi
mt giao din nhn c mt gi Hello, b nh tuyn s chuyn sang ch Init.
iu ny c ngha b nh tuyn bit c hng xm pha bn kia v ang i
chuyn mi quan h sang trng thi tip theo.
PT
C hai kiu quan h l hai chiu v gn k. B nh tuyn phi nhn mt gi Hello

t hng xm trc khi n c th thit lp bt k mi quan h no.
3. Trng thi Two-Way
Mi b nh tuyn OSPF c gng thit lp trng thi truyn thng hai chiu vi tt
c cc b nh tuyn khc trong cng mng IP bng cch s dng gi Hello. Trong gi
Hello c cha mt danh sch cc hng xm OSPF bit. Khi b nh tuyn thy
chnh n trong gi Hello ca hng xm, n chuyn sang trng thi hai chiu.
Trng thi hai chiu l mi quan h c bn nht gia cc hng xm OSPF, nhng
thng tin nh tuyn khng c chia s trong mi quan h ny. hc v trng thi
lin kt ca cc b nh tuyn khc v cui cng l xy dng bng nh tuyn, mi b
nh tuyn OSPF phi hnh thnh t nht mt quan h gn k. Gn k l mi quan h
cao cp gia cc b nh tuyn OSPF sau khi tri qua mt loi trng thi, khng ch
da trn gi Hello m cn da trn bn loi gi OSPF khc. Cc b nh tuyn ang
c gng tr thnh gn k trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi nhau ngay c khi mi quan
h gn k cha c thit lp hon chnh. Bc u tin n c trng thi gn k
hon ton l trng thi ExStart.
4. Trng thi ExStart
153
Chng 3. Lp Mng
V mt k thut, khi b nh tuyn v hng xm ca n chuyn vo ch ExStart

th hi thoi gia chng th hin mt s gn k, nhng cha hon chnh. ExStart
c thit lp s dng gi miu t c s d liu (loi 2), gi tt l gi DBD.
Hai b nh tuyn hng xm s dng gi Hello m phn xem ai l ch v ai
l t trong mi quan h v s dng gi DBD trao i c s d liu.
B nh tuyn c s hiu OSPF cao hn s thng v tr thnh ch. S hiu b
nh tuyn OSPF s c trnh by phn sau. Khi cc b nh tuyn thit lp vai
tr ch/t, chng chuyn vo ch Exchange v bt u gi thng tin nh tuyn.
5. Trng thi Exchange
6. Trng thi Loading
IT
Trong trng thi Exchange, cc b nh tuyn hng xm s dng cc gi DBD loi

2 gi cho nhau thng tin trng thi lin kt. Ni cch khc, cc b nh tuyn miu
t c s d liu trng thi lin kt cho nhau. Cc b nh tuyn so snh ci chng hc
c vi ci chng c trong c s d liu. Nu b nh tuyn nhn c thng tin v
mt lin kt hin khng c trong c s d liu, b nh tuyn yu cu mt cp nht
y t hng xm. Thng tin nh tuyn y c trao i trong trng thi
Loading.
PT
Sau khi c s d liu c miu t cho nhau, cc b nh tuyn c th yu cu

thng tin hon chnh hn bng cch s dng gi loi 3, gi yu cu trng thi lin kt
(LSR). Khi b nh tuyn nhn c LSR, n tr li bng mt cp nht nh tuyn s
dng gi loi 4, cp nht trng thi lin kt (LSU). Gi loi 4 ny cha cc qung bo
trng thi lin kt (LSA), c trng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt.
Gi LSU loi 4 c xc nhn s dng gi loi 5, xc nhn trng thi lin kt
(LSAck).
7. Trng thi Full Adjacency
Khi hon thnh trng thi Loading, cc b nh tuyn tr thnh gn k hon chnh.
Mi b nh tuyn gi mt danh sch hng xm gn k, c gi l c s d liu gn
k. Khng nn nhm ln c s d liu gn k vi c s d liu trng thi lin kt hay
c s d liu chuyn tip.
3.4.5.4 Cc kiu mng OSPF
Quan h gn k cn c thit lp cc b nh tuyn OSPF chia s thng tin
nh tuyn, mi b nh tuyn s c tr thnh gn k vi t nht mt b nh tuyn
khc trong mng n kt ni ti. Mt s b nh tuyn c th c tr thnh gn k vi tt
c cc b nh tuyn hng xm, v mt s khc c th ch c vi mt hoc hai. B
nh tuyn OSPF xc nh nhng b nh tuyn no tr thnh gn k da trn kiu
mng no chng c kt ni n.
154
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Cc giao din OSPF t ng nhn din ba kiu mng: a truy nhp qung b, a
truy nhp khng qung b (NBMA) v im-im (Hnh 3.41). Ngi qun tr c th
cu hnh kiu th t, mng im-a im.
IT
Kiu mng quyt nh cch cc b nh tuyn OSPF quan h vi nhau. Trong mt

s trng hp, ngi qun tr c th phi thay i kiu mng t ng khm ph
OSPF hot ng ng n.
Hnh 3.41: Cc kiu mng OSPF
PT
Mt s mng c nh ngha l a truy nhp v khng th d on trc c bao

nhiu b nh tuyn kt ni vi chng (c th c mt, hai hoc nhiu b nh tuyn).
Rt c th c mt s lng ln b nh tuyn trong mng a truy nhp. Do vy,
trnh lu lng cp nhp nh tuyn qu ln trong trng hp mi b nh tuyn u
c quan h gn k vi nhau, cc nh thit k OSPF pht trin mt h thng nhm
gii hn s lng b nh tuyn tr thnh gn k vi nhau. H thng ny quy nh ra
hai b nh tuyn c bit l b nh tuyn ch nh v ch nh d phng (Hnh 3.42).
Hnh 3.42: B nh tuyn ch nh v ch nh d phng
Chc nng ca cc b nh tuyn ch nh v ch nh d phng nh sau:
155
Chng 3. Lp Mng
B nh tuyn ch nh (Designated b nh tuyn - DR): Trong mi mng

IP qung b, mt b nh tuyn s c bu lm DR. DR c hai chc nng
chnh. Chc nng th nht l tr thnh gn k vi tt c cc b nh tuyn khc
trn mng. Chc nng th hai l hot ng nh ngi i din cho mng. Ngha
l DR s gi LSA ca mng cho tt c cc mng IP khc. Do DR tr thnh gn
k vi tt c cc b nh tuyn khc trong mng nn n l im trung tm
thu lm thng tin nh tuyn (LSA).
B nh tuyn ch nh d phng (Backup Designated Router - BDR): Do

DR c th b li nn mt b nh tuyn khc cn c bu l BDR d
phmg. BDR cng phi tr thnh gn k vi tt c cc b nh tuyn trong
mng v do vy n l im trung tm th hai cho cc LSA. Tuy nhin, khng
ging DR, BDR khng c trch nhim cp nht nh tuyn vi cc b nh
tuyn khc hoc gi LSA mng. Thay vo , BDR gi mt b nh thi i
vi hnh ng cp nht ca DR chc chn rng DR vn ang hot ng. Nu
BDR khng pht hin thy hot ng t DR trc khi b nh thi ht hn,
BDR chim vai tr ca DR v mt BDR khc c bu.
IT
Trong mng im-im, ch c 2 b nh tuyn nn khng cn thit c im trung

tm cp nht nh tuyn. Khi khng c DR hay BDR no c bu m c hai b
nh tuyn l gn k ca nhau.
PT
3.4.5.5 Giao thc Hello
Khi b nh tuyn khi ng tin trnh nh tuyn OSPF trn mt giao din, n gi
i gi Hello u tin sau tip tc gi ti cc khong thi gian u n. Cc lut chi
phi vic trao i gi Hello c gi l giao thc Hello.
a ch tng 3 t trong gi Hello l a ch a hng 224.0.0.5. a ch ny ch tt
c cc b nh tuyn OSPF. B nh tuyn OSPF s dng gi Hello khi to cc
mi quan h gn k mi v m bo rng mi quan h gn k vn c duy tr.
Theo mc nh, c 10 giy gi Hello c gi mt ln trn cc mng im-im v a
truy nhp. Trn cc giao din ni vi mng NBMA, chng hn Frame Relay, gi Hello
c gi 30 giy mt ln.
Mc d c kch thc nh, thng nh hn 50 byte, nhng gi Hello cha ng
nhiu thng tin quan trng. Ging nh cc kiu gi OSPF khc, gi Hello cha mt
tiu gi OSPF, bao gm cc trng c ch ra trn Hnh 3.43.
156
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Version
Type
Packet length
Router ID
Area ID
Checksum
Authentication Type
Authentication Data
Hnh 3.43: Tiu gi OSPF
Chc nng cc trng trong tiu gi OSPF nh sau:

Version: Trng 8 bit ny nh ngha phin bn ca giao thc OSPF. Phin
bn hin s dng l phin bn 2.
Type: Trng 8 bit ny nh ngha loi gi. Nh ni trn, c 5 loi gi

vi cc gi tr t 1 n 5.
Packet length: Trng 16 bit ny nh ngha chiu di tng ca gi k c

phn tiu .
B nh tuyn ID: Trng 32 bit ny nh ngha a ch IP ca b nh tuyn

gi gi.
Area ID: Trng 32 bit ny nh ngha vng thc hin nh tuyn.
PT
IT
Checksum: Trng 16 bit ny cha m kim tra li cho ton b gi tr phn

loi chng thc v chng thc.
Authentication type: Trng 16 bit ny nh ngha phng php chng thc
c s dng trong vng. Hin nay, ch c hai loi chng thc c nh
ngha l 0 (khng chng thc) v 1 (chng thc mt khu).
Authentication data: Trng 64 bit ny l gi tr thc ca d liu chng
thc. Trong tng lai, khi c nhiu loi chng thc c nh ngha, trng
ny s cha kt qu ca tnh ton chng thc. Hin nay, nu loi chng thc
l 0, trng ny c in ton bit 0. Nu loi chng thc l 1, trng ny
cha mt mt khu 8 k t.
Nm sau phn tiu chung l phn tiu ca gi Hello, nh minh ha

Hnh 3.44.
157
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Tiu chung
(24 byte; Loi = 1)
Network mask
Hello Interval
All 0
E T
Router priority
Dead interval
Designated router
Backup Designated router
Neighbor (c th c nhiu neighbor)
Hnh 3.44: nh dng dng gi Hello
Chc nng cc trng trong tiu gi Hello nh sau:

Network mask: Trng 32 bit ny nh ngha mt n ca mng m qua
gi Hello c gi.
Hello Interval: Trng 16 bit ny nh ngha khong thi gian (tnh bng
giy) gia cc gi Hello.
C E: Khi c 1 bit ny c thit lp, c ngha y l Vng Stub (vng ch

c mt kt ni ti vng ng trc).
C T: Khi c 1 bit ny c thit lp, ngha l b nh tuyn ny h tr nhiu

metric.
Router Priority: Trng 8 bit ny nh ngha u tin ca b nh tuyn.

u tin ca b nh tuyn c s dng chn b nh tuyn ch nh.
Sau khi tt c cc b nh tuyn khai bo u tin ca mnh, b nh
tuyn c u tin cao nht c chn lm b nh tuyn ch nh. Nu gi
tr ca trng ny bng 0, ngha l b nh tuyn ny khng mun c chn
l b nh tuyn ch nh hoc b nh tuyn ch nh d phng.
Dead Interval: Trng 32 bit ny nh ngha khong thi gian (tnh bng
giy) trc khi mt b nh tuyn cho rng hng xm ca n khng hot
ng.
Designated Router Address: Trng 32 bit ny l a ch IP ca b nh

tuyn ch nh cho mng m qua gi c gi.
Backup Designated Router Address: Trng 32 bit ny l a ch IP ca b

nh tuyn ch nh d phng cho mng m qua gi c gi.
Neighbor Address: Trng 32 bit ny c lp v ch r cc b nh tuyn

ng l hng xm cu b nh tuyn ang gi. Ni cch khc n l danh
sch hng xm hin thi.
PT
IT
158
Chng 3. Lp Mng
3.4.5.6 Hot ng ca OSPF

Cc b nh tuyn OSPF hot ng qua nm bc phn bit sau:
1. Thit lp mi quan h gn k
2. Bu DR v BDR (nu cn)
3. Khm ph tuyn
4. Chn tuyn ti u
5. Duy tr bng nh tuyn
Bc 1 Thit lp mi quan h gn k
PT
IT
Bc u tin b nh tuyn thc hin l thit lp mi quan h gn k. Trong v d

trn Hnh 3.45, mi b nh tuyn c gng tr thnh gn k vi cc b nh tuyn khc
thuc cng mng IP.
Hnh 3.45: Cc b nh tuyn thit lp mi quan h gn k
tr thnh gn k vi b nh tuyn khc, RTB gi gi Hello qung co b

nh tuyn ID ca mnh. Do khng c a ch loopback no c thit lp, nn RTB
chn a ch IP cao nht 10.6.0.1 l b nh tuyn ID. Gi s rng RTB c cu hnh
ng, n pht a hng gi Hello ra c giao din S0 v E0. Do vy, c RTA v RTC
u nhn c gi Hello. Hai b nh tuyn ny s thm RTB vo trng Neighbor ID
ca gi Hello tng ng v chuyn sang ch Init.
Mt lc sau, RTB nhn c gi Hello ca c hai hng xm v nhn thy ID ca
n, 10.6.0.1, trong trng Neighbor ID. RTB khai bo trng thi hai chiu gia n v
RTA, RTB. Lc ny, RTB quyt nh s thit lp mi quan h gn k vi b nh
tuyn no da trn loi mng m giao din ca n ni ti. Nu mng l im-im, b
nh tuyn tr thnh gn k vi duy nht b nh tuyn pha bn kia. Nu mng l a
truy nhp, RTB chuyn vo qu trnh bu DR v BDR nu cha c DR v BDR no
c bu. Nu khng cn bu DR v BDR, b nh tuyn s chuyn sang trng thi
ExStart, nh miu t phn Bc 3 Khm ph tuyn.
159
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Bc 2 Chn DR v BDR
Do mng a truy nhp c th h tr nhiu hn hai b nh tuyn, nn OSPF phi
bu DR lm im trung tm ca cc cp nht trng thi lin kt v LSA. Vai tr ca
DR l khng th thiu, do vy BDR c bu d phng cho DR. Nu DR li th
BDR s m nhn nhim v.
Ging nh bt k qu trnh bu no, qu trnh bu DR v BDR cng c th c
gian ln lm thay i kt qu. Vic b phiu kn c thc hin nh gi Hello,
cha trng ID v priority ca b nh tuyn. B nh tuyn c gi tr priority ln nht
s thng c v tr thnh DR. B nh tuyn vi gi tr priority cao th hai s c bu
lm BDR. Khi DR v BDR c chn, chng s gi ng vai tr cho n khi mt
trong hai b li, ngay c khi c mt b nh tuyn mi vi gi tr priority cao hn ra
nhp mng. Khi , gi Hello thng bo cho b nh tuyn mi v DR v BDR hin
c.
PT
IT
Theo mc nh, tt c cc b nh tuyn OSPF u c cng priority l 1. Gi tr

priority c th gn cho giao din nm trong khong t 0 n 255. Priority 0 ngn b
nh tuyn thng c trn giao din . Nu gi tr priority bng nhau th trng Router
ID c s dng phn nh. B nh tuyn c Router ID cao hn s thng. Router
ID c th c iu chnh bng cch cu hnh mt a ch trn giao din loopback.
Tuy nhin, cch thng s dng l thay i priority trn giao din.
Trong mng v d Hnh 3.46, RTB v RTC c kt ni bng PPP qua lin kt
im-im. Do khng cn DR trn mng 10.6.0.0/16. V mng 10.4.0.0/16 v
10.5.0.0/16 l mng Ethernet a truy nhp nn c kh nng kt ni nhiu hn 2 b
nh tuyn. Ngay c trng hp ch c mt b nh tuyn kt ni th vn cn bu DR
v rt c th s c thm cc b nh tuyn c ni vo mng. Do , DR phi c
bu trn c 10.4.0.0/16 v 10.5.0.0/16.
Hnh 3.46: Qu trnh bu DR v BDR ch c thc hin trn mng a truy nhp
Lu rng DR v BDR c chn trn tng mng. Mt vng OSPF c th cha

nhiu hn mt mng IP. Do vy, mi vng c th c nhiu DR v BDR. Trong v d
trn, RTA ng c vai tr l DR v BDR v n l b nh tuyn duy nht trn mng
160
Chng 3. Lp Mng
10.4.0.0/16, RTA t ng c l DR. Ngoi ra, RTA c th tham gia bu trn mng
10.5.0.0/16 v do tr thnh BDR cho mng ny. Mc d c RTA v RTB u c
cng gi tr u tin, nhng RTA c b nh tuyn ID cao hn nn thng (10.5.0.2 so
vi 10.5.0.1).
Sau khi bu xong v truyn thng hai chiu c thit lp, cc b nh tuyn sn
sng chia s thng tin nh tuyn vi cc b nh tuyn gn k xy dng bng c s
d liu trng thi lin kt. Qu trnh ny c trnh by bc tip theo.
Bc 3 Khm ph tuyn
Trn mt mng a truy nhp, vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn c thc hin
gia DR hoc BDR vi tt c cc b nh tuyn khc trn mng. L DR v BDR trn
mng 10.5.0.0 /16, RTA v RTB s trao i thng tin trng thi lin kt. C cc b
nh tuyn trn cc lin kt im-im hoc im-a im cng tham gia trao i.
Ngha l RTB v RTC s trao i thng tin trng thi lin kt.
PT
IT
Tuy nhin, cu hi t ra l ai s bt u trc. Cu hi ny c tr li trong giai

on u tin ca qu trnh trao i, trng thi ExStart. Mc ch ca ExStart l thit
lp mi quan h ch/t gia hai b nh tuyn. B nh tuyn ch sp t vic trao i
thng tin trng thi lin kt, trong khi b nh tuyn t tr li yu cu t pha b nh
tuyn ch. RTB tham gia vo qu trnh ny vi c RTC v RTA.
Trng thi Exstart
Bt u trao i, router ny c ID l 10.5.0.1
Khng, router ny c ID ln hn nn n s bt u trao i
Trng thi Exchange
y l thng tin tm tt v c s d liu trng thi lin kt

y l thng tin tm tt v c s d liu trng thi lin kt
Cm n gi thng tin
Trng thi Loading

Cn thng tin chi tit v mng 10.6.0.0/16
y l thng tin chi tit v mng 10.6.0.0/16
Cm n gi thng tin
Trng thi Full
Hnh 3.47: Cc bc trao i n c trng thi Full
Sau khi cc b nh tuyn xc nh c vai tr l ch hay t, chng chuyn sang

ch Exchange. Ch dn dt t thng qua qu trnh trao i cc DBD miu t c s
d liu trng thi lin kt tng qut ca mi b nh tuyn. Cc miu t ny bao gm
161
Chng 3. Lp Mng
loi trng thi lin kt, a ch ca b nh tuyn qung co, gi ca lin kt v s trnh
t.
B nh tuyn xc nhn vic nhn DBD bng cch gi gi LSAck (Loi 5). Mi b
nh tuyn so snh thng tin n nhn c trong DBD vi thng tin chng ang c.
Nu BDB qung co mt trng thi lin kt mi, b nh tuyn s chuyn sang trng
thi Loading bng cch gi gi LSR (Loi 3) v mc mi ny. tr li cho LSR, b
nh tuyn gi thng tin trng thi lin kt y , s dng gi LSU (loi 4). Mi LSU
mang nhiu LSA.
Khi trng thi Loading hon thnh, cc b nh tuyn c mi quan h gn k hon
chnh v chuyn vo trng thi Full. Hnh 3.47 ch ra rng RTB lc ny gn k vi
RTA v RTC. Cc b nh tuyn gn k phi trng thi Full trc khi chng c th
to bng nh tuyn v nh tuyn lu lng. Lc ny tt c cc b nh tuyn hng
xm phi c c s d liu trng thi lin kt ging nhau.
IT
Bc 4 Chn tuyn ti u
PT
Sau khi b nh tuyn c c s d liu trng thi lin kt hon chnh, n xy

dng bng nh tuyn v sau chuyn tip lu lng. Nh cp trc, OSPF
s dng gi tr metric c gi l gi. Gi ny c s dng xc nh tuyn tt nht
n ch, nh ch ra Hnh 3.48. Gi mc nh da trn bng thng ca phng tin.
Ni chung, kt ni c tc cao th gi thp. V d, giao din Ethernet 10 Mb/s c
s dng bi RTB c gi thp hn kt ni T1 v 10 Mb/s nhanh hn 1.544 Mb/s.
Hnh 3.48: Tuyn tt nht c chn v a vo bng nh tuyn
tnh ton gi thp nht ti ch, RTB s dng gii thut ng i ngn nht
(SPF). Mt cch n gin, gii thut SPF cng dn cc gi ca lin kt gia b nh
tuyn cc b, gi l gc, v mi mng ch. Nu c nhiu tuyn ti ch, tuyn c gi
thp nht c chn. Mc nh, OSPF gi 4 tuyn cng gi trong bng nh tuyn
thc hin chia ti.
i khi mt lin kt, chng hn ng ni tip, s up ri down rt nhanh.
Trng thi ny c gi l chp chn (flapping). Nu lin kt chp chn gy ra
vic to LSU th cc b nh tuyn nhn c nhng cp nht ny phi chy li gii
162
Chng 3. Lp Mng
thut SPF tnh ton tuyn. Nu ko di c th nh hng n hiu nng mng. Cc

tnh ton SPF lp i lp li c th lm tn qu nhiu nng lc CPU ca b nh tuyn.
Ngoi ra, cc cp nht khng i c th ngn c s d liu trng thi lin kt hi t.
gii quyt vn ny, Cisco IOS s dng b nh thi gi SPF (SPF hold
timer). Sau khi nhn mt LSU, b nh thi gi SPF xc nh khong thi gian i
trc khi chy gii thut SPF. Lnh timers spf cho php iu chnh khong thi gian
ny, gi tr mc nh l 10 giy.
Sau khi RTB chn c cc tuyn tt nht s dng gii thut SPF, n chuyn
sang giai on cui cng trong hot ng OSPF.
Bc 5 Duy tr thng tin nh tuyn
IT
Khi b nh tuyn OSPF ci t tuyn trong bng nh tuyn, n phi thng

xuyn duy tr thng tin nh tuyn. Khi c thay i mt trng thi lin kt, OSPF s
dng tin trnh trn ngp (flooding) thng bo cho cc b nh tuyn khc trn
mng v s thay i. Trng khong thi gian Dead trong gi Hello cung cp mt c
ch n gin khai bo lin kt khng hot ng. Nu RTB khng nghe c thng
tin t RTA trong khong thi gian vt qu thi gian Dead, thng l 40 giy, RTB
khai bo kt ni vi RTA khng hot ng.
PT
Cng vic tip theo ca RTB l gi gi LSU cha thng tin trng thi lin kt mi.
Nhng vn l gi ti ai?
Trn mng im-im, khng c DR v BDR. Thng tin trng thi lin kt
c gi ti a ch a hng 224.0.0.5. Mi b nh tuyn OSPF u nghe
a ch ny.
Trn mng a truy nhp, DR v BDR tn ti v duy tr quan h gn k vi
tt c cc b nh tuyn trn mng. Nu DR hoc BDR mun gi cp nht
trng thi lin kt, n s gi ti tt c b nh tuyn OSPF a ch
224.0.0.5. Tuy nhin, cc b nh tuyn khc trn mng ch gn k vi DR
v BDR v do ch cn gi LSU n nhng b nh tuyn ny. Do vy,
DR v BDR c a ch l 224.0.0.6.
Khi DR nhn v xc nhn LSU c ch l 224.0.0.6, n gi trn ngp LSU ti tt
c cc b nh tuyn OSPF trn mng ti a ch 224.0.0.5. Mi b nh tuyn xc
nhn vic nhn LSU bng gi LSAck. Nu b nh tuyn OSPF kt ni ti mt mng
a truy nhp khc, n gi trn ngp LSU ti mng khc bng cch chuyn tip LSU
ti DR ca mng . N cng c th gi trn ngp LSU ti mt b nh tuyn gn k
trong mng im-im. DR pht a hng LSU ti cc b nh tuyn OSPF khc trn
mng ny.
163
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Khi nhn c LSU cha thng tin mi, b nh tuyn OSPF cp nht c s d
liu trng thi lin kt. Sau chy gii thut SPF s dng thng tin mi tnh ton
li bng nh tuyn. Sau khi b nh thi gi SPF ht hn, b nh tuyn chuyn sang
bng nh tuyn mi. Trong thi gian gii thut SPF ang tnh ton li tuyn mi,
tuyn c s c s dng nh tuyn d liu.
iu quan trng cn ch l thm ch khng c thay i trong trng thi lin kt
th thng tin nh tuyn OSPF vn c lm ti thng k. Mi mc LSA u c b
nh thi tui, vi gi tr mc nh l 30 giy. Sau khi tui ca mc LSA ht hn, b
nh tuyn to mc ny s gi li LSU ti mng chc chn rng lin kt vn
hot ng.
3.4.6 Giao thc nh tuyn BGP
3.4.6.1 Khi nim h t tr
IT
Lin mng c hnh thnh bng cch kt ni cc mng nh hn, c lp vi nhau.

Mi mng nh ny c s hu v iu khin bi mt t chc khc nhau. Cc t chc
ny c th l mt cng ty, mt trng i hc, mt t chc chnh ph hoc mt nhm
ngi no . Internet chnh l mt v d v mt lin mng.
PT
Cc nh qun l ca cc mng ring l u mong mun s c lp hay s t tr

trn mng ca h. Tuy nhin, cc chnh sch nh tuyn v bo mt ca mi t chc c
th xung t vi cc chnh sch ca cc t chc khc, do lin mng c chia thnh
cc min hay cc h t tr (AS). Mi AS i din cho mt t chc c lp v p dng
cc chnh sch nh tuyn v bo mt ca ring n. Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi s h
tr vic chia s thng tin nh tuyn gia cc h t tr (Hnh 3.49).
Hnh 3.49: H t tr
Mi AS l mt nhm cc b nh tuyn c cng chnh sch nh tuyn v hot

ng trong mt min qun tr n l. Mi AS c th l mt nhm cc b nh tuyn
cng s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn trong, hoc cng c th l tp hp cc b nh
tuyn s dng nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong khc nhau nhng u thuc mt t
164
Chng 3. Lp Mng
chc. Trong bt c trng hp no, th gii bn ngoi cng ch thy ton b h t tr

nh mt thc th n nht.
Mi AS c mt s nhn dng do c quan ng k Internet hoc mt nh cung cp
dch v n nh. S ny phi l s nm trong khong 1 n 65.535. Cc s AS nm
trong khong 64.512 n 65.535 c dnh ring cho s dng c nhn. iu ny cng
tng t nh i vi cc a ch IP ring. Do s cc s nhn dng AS l hu hn nn
mi t chc phi chng minh c nhu cu ca hc trc khi c n nh mt s AS.
H t tr n kt ni
IT
Hin nay, IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) ang thc thi chnh sch
cho php cc t chc c kt ni ti ch mt nh cung cp v s dng chung chnh sch
nh tuyn vi nh cung cp c s dng s AS ring, ngha l t 64.512 n
65.535. Cc s AS ring ny ch c s dng trong mng ca nh cung cp v c
thay th bng cc s ng k ca nh cung cp khi ra ngoi mng. V vy, i vi
th gii bn ngoi, mt s mng ring l c coi l mt phn ca mng nh cung cp
dch v. V mt nguyn l, qu trnh ny tng t nh NAT.
PT
Nu AS c duy nht mt im ni ra mng ngoi, n c gi l h n kt ni

(single-homed). Cc h n ni thng c xem l cc mng ct. Mng ct c th
da vo tuyn mc nh x l tt mi lu lng ra mng ngoi. i vi mng c
minh ha trong Hnh 3.50, cc b nh tuyn trong AS khch hng c cu hnh s
dng mt tuyn mc nh n nh cung cp dch v.
Hnh 3.50: H t tr n kt ni
Di y l 3 phng php qung co cc mng ca khch hng ng t pha

nh cung cp:
S dng cu hnh tnh - Nh cung cp lit k danh sch mng khch hng
nh cc mc tnh trong b nh tuyn ca h v qung co cc tuyn ny ln
mng li Internet. Phng php ny hot ng tt nu cc mng ca khch
hng c th tng hp s dng mt tin t CIDR. Tuy nhin, nu AS gm cc
mng khng lin k nhau th vic tng hp tuyn khng thc hin c.
165
Chng 3. Lp Mng
S dng mt giao thc nh tuyn trong (IGP): C khch hng v nh

cung cp s dng mt IGP chia s thng tin v mng ca khch hng.
Phng php ny c c nhng li ch gn vi nh tuyn ng.
S dng mt giao thc nh tuyn ngoi (EGP): phng php ny, ISP
s dng mt EGP, chng hn BGP, hc v qung b cc tuyn ca khch
hng. Trong h t tr n kt ni, chnh sch nh tuyn ca khch hng l
s m rng chnh sch ca nh cung cp. Do , nh cung cp c th gn
cho khch hng mt s AS ring (t 64.512 n 65.535). Nh cung cp s
loi b nhng s ny khi khai bo cc tuyn ca khch hng i vi li
Internet.
Lu rng phng php th ba yu cu b nh tuyn ca khch hng chy
BGP.
H t tr a kt ni khng chuyn tip
PT
IT
Mt AS l h thng a kt ni (multihomed) nu n c nhiu hn mt im ni ra

mng bn ngoi. Mt AS c kt ni vi Internet c th l a kt ni i vi mt
hoc nhiu nh cung cp. AS khng chuyn tip (nontransit) khng cho php lu
lng chuyn tip i qua n. Lu lng chuyn tip l lu lng c ngun v ch
nm bn ngoi AS. Hnh 3.51 minh ha AS a kt ni v khng chuyn tip (AS 24).
AS ny c kt ni ti 2 nh cung cp ISP 1 v ISP 2.
Hnh 3.51: H t tr a kt ni khng chuyn tip
AS khng chuyn tip ch qung co tuyn ca n ti nhng nh cung cp m n

kt ni n. N khng qung co cc tuyn hc c t nh cung cp ny n nh
cung cp kia. iu ny chc chn rng ISP1 s khng s dng AS24 i n cc
ch thuc ISP2 v ISP2 s khng s dng AS24 i n cc ch thuc ISP1. Tt
nhin, ISP1 hoc ISP2 c th buc lu lng nh tuyn trc tip ti AS24 thng qua
nh tuyn tnh hoc mc nh. chng li iu ny, b nh tuyn ti bin ca AS
24 c cu hnh lc lu lng chuyn tip i qua.
166
Chng 3. Lp Mng
H t tr a kt ni chuyn tip
H t tr a kt ni chuyn tip l h c nhiu hn mt kt ni ti mng ngoi v
c th c s dng chuyn tip lu lng ti cc h t tr khc (Hnh 3.52).
Hnh 3.52: H t tr a kt ni chuyn tip
PT
IT
AS chuyn tip c th nh tuyn lu lng chuyn tip bng cch chy BGP
trong, nh vy cc b nh tuyn bin trong cng AS c th chia s thng tin BGP. C
th s dng thm cc b nh tuyn ph chuyn tip thng tin BGP t b nh
tuyn bin ny n b nh tuyn bin khc. BGP c th chy bn trong AS thc
hin vic trao i thng tin ny.
Khi BGP chy bn trong AS, n c gi BGP trong (Internal BGP). Khi BGP
chy gia cc h t tr, n c gi l BGP ngoi (External BGP). Nu vai tr ca
BGP b nh tuyn l nh tuyn lu lng IBGP, n c gi l b nh tuyn
chuyn tip. Cc b nh tuyn nm bin ca AS v s dng EBGP trao i thng
tin vi ISP c gi l b nh tuyn bin.
Khi no khng s dng BGP
Trong nhiu trng hp, chnh sch nh tuyn trong AS nht qun vi chnh sch
ca ISP. Trong nhng trng hp ny, khng cn s dng BGP trao i thng tin
nh tuyn vi ISP. Thay vo , vic kt ni c th thng qua s kt hp gia cc
tuyn tnh v cc tuyn mc nh.
Khng s dng BGP bn trong AS trong cc trng hp sau:
Ch c duy nht mt kt ni ti Internet hoc AS khc.
Chnh sch nh tuyn trn Internet v vic la chn tuyn khng lin quan
n AS.
Cc b nh tuyn khng c RAM v nng lc x l mnh chy
BGP.
167
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Khng hiu r v lc tuyn v qu trnh la chn tuyn BGP.

Tuyn lin kt gia cc h t tr c bng thng thp.
Tuyn tnh
Tuyn mc nh
Qung co mng mc
nh nh mt IGP
Hnh 3.53: Ch s dng BGP khi chnh sch nh tuyn khc vi ISP
PT
3.4.6.2 Hot ng ca BGP
IT
Trong Hnh 3.53, b nh tuyn A qung co mt mng mc nh vo AS thng

qua mt giao thc trong, v d nh RIP. Mt tuyn tnh s to kt ni thng qua b
nh tuyn B ti AS. ISP ang chy BGP v c nhn din bi cc BGP b nh
tuyn khc trn Internet. Ni chung, h t tr ch nn chy BGP khi c chnh sch nh
tuyn khc vi chnh sch nh tuyn ca ISP.
Cp nht nh tuyn BGP
BGP c nh ngha trong RFC 1772. Chc nng ca BGP l trao i thng tin
nh tuyn gia cc h t tr v m bo vic la chn mt ng i khng vng lp.
BGPv4 l phin bn u tin ca BGP h tr CIDR v tng hp tuyn. Cc giao thc
nh tuyn trong ph bin nh RIP, OSPF v EIGRP s dng metric chn tuyn ti
u. BGP khng s dng metric. Thay vo , n a ra quyt nh nh tuyn da trn
chnh sch.
Cc cp nht BGP c truyn i bng cch s dng TCP trn cng 179. Ngc
li, cc cp nht RIP c truyn i bng cch s dng UDP trn cng 520, trong khi
OSPF khng s dng giao thc lp 4. Do BGP dng TCP, nn gia cc BGP b nh
tuyn phi c kt ni IP. Kt ni TCP phi c thit lp trc khi trao i cp nht
nh tuyn. Do vy BGP tha hng c tnh hng kt ni v tin cy t TCP.
168
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.54: ng i AS
Hng xm BGP
IT
m bo vic la chn ng i khng vng lp, BGP xy dng th v cc

h t tr da vo thng tin c trao i gia cc BGP hng xm. BGP coi ton b
mng nh mt th (cy) h t tr. Kt ni gia hai h t tr bt k to nn mt
ng i trong th. Thng tin v ng i c biu din bng mt chui cc s
nhn dng AS v c gi l ng i AS. Chui ny to thnh mt tuyn ti mt
ch xc nh (Hnh 3.54).
PT
Hai b nh tuyn BGP c gi l hng xm hoc ng ng khi c mt kt ni

BGP qua TCP c thit lp gia chng. Cc b nh tuyn hng xm trao i nhiu
gi thit lp v xc nhn cc tham s ca kt ni, v d nh phin bn ca BGP
(Hnh 3.55). Nu c bt k s khng thng nht no gia cc b nh tuyn hng xm,
thng bo li c gi i v kt ni b hy b.
Hnh 3.55: Thit lp phin hng xm
Khi cc b nh tuyn hng xm thit lp thnh cng kt ni, chng trao i vi

nhau tt c cc tuyn hin c. Sau bc trao i ban u ny, bn tin cp nht c
gi i mi khi mng c s thay i (Hnh 3.56). Cp nht gia tng (ch gi nhng
thng tin thay i) hiu qu hn vic gi ton b bng nh tuyn. iu ny c bit
ng vi b nh tuyn BGP v chng c th cha bng nh tuyn Internet y .
169
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Hnh 3.56: Cp nht nh tuyn ch cha nhng thay i
Cc b nh tuyn hng xm qung co cc mng c th ti thng qua n bng

cch s dng gi cp nht nh tuyn. Gi ny cha tin t ca tuyn, ng i AS,
cc thuc tnh ca ng i nh u tin, v mt s thuc tnh khc.
Thng tin v kh nng ti mt mng c th thay i, chng hn khi mt tuyn b
PT
IT
li hoc mt tuyn ti u hn xut hin. BGP thng bo iu ny cho b nh tuyn

hng xm bng cch rt li cc tuyn khng hp l v thm thng tin nh tuyn mi
(Hnh 3.57). Cc tuyn rt li l mt phn ca thng bo cp nht nh tuyn. B nh
tuyn BGP lu tr mt bng cha cc phin bn ca bng nh tuyn nhn c t
mi hng xm. Nu bng nh tuyn thay i, BGP tng gi tr phin bn ln 1 n v.
Vic gia tng nhanh chng s phin th hin tnh trng thiu n nh ca mng, hay c
th do cu hnh sai.
Rt li tuyn 4.0.0.0/8
Hnh 3.57: Rt li tuyn khng hp l
Nu khng c tuyn no thay i, b nh tuyn BGP u n gi cc gi

Keepalive duy tr kt ni. Theo mc nh, c 60 giy, cc gi Keepalive c di
19 byte li c gi i. Do dung lng nh nn cc gi ny chim mt lng bng
thng v thi gian x l ca CPU khng ng k.
Cc loi gi BGP
Giao thc BGP s dng nhiu loi gi khc nhau. Mi gi cha mt tiu BGP
chung nh trn Hnh 3.58.
170
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Masker
Length
Type
Hnh 3.58: Tiu BGP
Chc nng ca cc trng trong tiu BGP nh sau:

Masker: Trng 16 byte ny c d phng s dng cho chng thc hoc
pht hin mt ng b gia cc b nh tuyn hng xm.
Length: Trng 2 byte ny nh ngha chiu di tng ca gi, gm c phn

tiu . Gi BGP nh nht c ln 19 byte (16 +2 +1) v ln nht l 4096
byte.
Type: Trng 1 byte ny nh ngha loi gi. Trng ny c gi tr t 1 n

4, tng ng vi bn loi gi di y.
IT
Gi Open
PT
to mi quan h hng xm, BGP b nh tuyn m (thit lp) mt kt ni

TCP vi hng xm v gi mt gi Open. Nu hng xm chp nhn quan h hng
xm, n tr li bng gi Keepalive, ngha l mi quan h hng xm c thit
lp gia hai b nh tuyn. Hnh 3.59 minh ho nh dng ca gi Open.
Tiu chung
(19 byte; Type = 1)

Version
AS of Router
Hold Time
BGP identifier
Option length
Option
(Chiu di bin thin)
Hnh 3.59: nh dng gi Open
Version: Trng 1 byte ny nh ngha phin bn ca BGP. Phin bn hin

171
Chng 3. Lp Mng
nay l BGP 4.
AS of Router: Trng 2 byte ny nh ngha s hiu AS cha b nh tuyn.
Hold Time: Trng 2 byte ny nh ngha s giy ti a trc khi mt trong

hai pha nhn gi Keepalive hoc gi Update t pha kia. Nu b nh tuyn
khng nhn c nhng gi ny trong khong thi gian gi, n coi nh hng
xm khng cn hot ng.
BGP identifier: Trng 4 byte ny ch r b nh tuyn gi gi Open. B

nh tuyn thng s dng mt trong cc a IP ca n lm s hiu BGP.
Option length: Gi Open c th cha mt s tham s tu chn. Trng 1

byte ny nh ngha chiu di ca phn tu chn. Nu khng c tu chn, gi
tr trng ny bng 0.
Option: Nu gi c cha tu chn, th mi tham s tu chn c hai trng

con: chiu di tham s v gi tr tham s. Hin nay mi ch c mt tham s
tu chn c nh ngha l tu chn chng thc.
IT
Gi Update
PT
Gi Update l tri tim ca giao thc BGP. N c BGP b nh tuyn s dng

rt li cc mng ch qung co trc , thng bo mt tuyn ti ch mi hoc
thc hin c hai chc nng ny. Ch rng BGP c th rt li nhiu mng ch
c qung cp trc , nhng n ch c th qung co mt ch mi trong mt gi
cp nht. nh dng ca gi Update c ch ra trong Hnh 3.60.
Tiu chung
(19 byte; Type = 2)
Unfeasible routes-
length
Withdrawn routes
(Chiu di bin thin)
Path attributes length
Path attributes
(Chiu di bin thin)

Network layer reachability information
(Chiu di bin thin)
Hnh 3.60: nh dng gi Update
Unfeasible routes length: Trng 2 byte ny nh ngha chiu di ca trng

172
Chng 3. Lp Mng
tip theo.
Withdrawn routes: Trng ny lit k tt c cc tuyn phi xo khi danh

sch c qung co ln trc.
Path attributes length: Trng 2 byte ny nh ngha chiu di ca trng

tip theo.
Path attributes: Trng ny nh ngha cc thuc tnh ca ng i ti mng

c qung co.
Network layer reachability information: Trng ny nh ngha mng

c thc s qung co trong gi ny. N c trng chiu di v mt tin t
a ch IP. Chiu di nh ngha s bit ca tin t. Tin t nh ngha phn a
ch mng. V d, nu mng l mng lp B vi phn a ch mng l 153.18 th
gi tr trng chiu di l 16 (16 bit) v tin t l 153.16.
Gi Keepalive
IT
Cc BGP b nh tuyn trao i u n cc gi Keepalive (trc khi thi gian

gi ca chng ht hn) bo cho cc b nh tuyn khc bit rng chng vn tn
PT
ti. Gi Keepalive ch cha phn tiu chung c ch ra trong Hnh 3.61.
Tiu chung
(19 byte; Type = 3)
Hnh 3.61: nh dng gi Keepalive
Gi Notification
Gi Notification c b nh tuyn gi i mi khi c li hoc b nh tuyn
mun ng kt ni. nh dng ca gi ny c ch ra trong Hnh 3.62.
173
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Tiu chung
(19 byte; Type = 4)
Error code
Error subcode
Error data
(Chiu di bin thin)
Hnh 3.62: nh dng gi Notification
Error code: Trng 1 byte ny nh ngha loi li.
Error subcode: Trng 1 byte ny nh ngha thm v cc kiu li trong mi

loi.
Error data: Trng ny c s dng cung cp thm thng tin chun

on li.
Qu trnh tha thun BGP
IT
PT
Qu trnh tha thun BGP gm nhiu giai on, c th c miu t theo khi
nim ca my hu hn trng thi.
Hnh 3.63: My hu hn trng thi BGP
My hu hn trng thi l mt tp hp hu hn cc trng thi ca mt qu trnh, s

kin no gy ra nhng trng thi ny v s kin no s dn n t nhng trng thi
ny. Hnh 3.63 minh ha my hu hn trng thi ca BGP, n cha cc trng thi v
mt s s kin gy ra chng.
Su trng thi ca my hu hn trng thi BGP gm:
174
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Idle: l trng thi u tin ca kt ni BGP. BGP ang i s kin khi

ng, thng l s kin c khi to bi mng hoc ngi qun tr. Khi c
s kin khi ng, BGP khi to ti nguyn v thit lp li b nh thi th
kt ni. Sau , n bt u lng nghe xem c thng bo TCP no yu cu n
tr li trng thi Idle t mt trng thi no trong trng hp c li
khng.
Connect: Trong trng thi ny, BGP i cho kt ni TCP hon thnh. Nu
thnh cng, n chuyn sang trng thi OpenSend. Nu kt ni TCP li, n
chuyn v trng thi Active, v b nh tuyn th kt ni li. Nu b nh
thi Th kt ni li ht hn, trng thi c gi trng thi Connect, b
nh thi c t li v kt ni TCP c khi to. Trong trng hp c
mt s kin khc, c th do mng hoc ngi qun tr khi to, trng thi
tr v Idle.
PT
IT
Active: trng thi ny, BGP c gng c c mt hng xm bng cch

khi to mt kt ni TCP. Nu thnh cng, n chuyn sang trng thi
OpenSend. Nu b nh thi th kt ni li ht hn, BGP khi to li b
nh thi v chuyn sang trng thi Connect. Khi trng thi Active, BGP
vn nghe xem c kt ni no c khi to t pha b nh tuyn khc
khng. Trng thi c th tr v Idle nu mt s s kin khc xut hin,
chng hn s kin dng do h thng hoc ngi qun tr khi to.
Ni chung, trng thi ca mt b nh tuyn chuyn lin tc gia
Connect v Active ch ra rng c li vi kt ni TCP. Li c th do b
nh tuyn khng th ti c a ch IP ca hng xm.
OpenSend: trng thi ny, BGP ang i gi Open t hng xm. Gi

Open nhn c s c kim tra. Trong trng hp c li, chng hn s
phin bn khng tng thch hoc mt AS khng c chp nhn, h thng
gi mt thng bo li v chuyn v trng thi Idle. Nu khng c li, BGP
bt u gi gi Keepalive v khi to li b nh thi Keepalive. trng
thi ny, thi gian gi c tha thun v gi tr nh nht c chn. Nu
thi gian gi c tha thun l 0, b nh thi gi v b nh thi
Keepalive khng c khi to li.
trng thi OpenSend, BGP nhn din xem hng xm c thuc cng
AS hay khng. BGP thc hin iu ny bng cch so snh s AS ca n vi
s AS ca hng xm. Nu cng AS th hai b nh tuyn l hng xm IBGP,
nu khc th l hng xm EBGP.
175
Chng 3. Lp Mng
Khi ngt kt ni TCP, trng thi quay tr v Active. i vi cc li

khc, chng hn b nh thi gi ht hn, BGP gi mt gi thng bo vi
m li tng ng. Sau tr v trng thi Idle.
OpenConfirm: trng thi ny, BGP i gi Notification hoc gi
Keepalive. Nu nhn c gi Keepalive, trng thi chuyn sang
Established v tha thun hng xm hon thnh. Nu h thng nhn c
gi Update hoc Keepalive, n khi to li b nh thi gi, gi s rng thi
gian gi c tha thun khc 0. Nu nhn c gi Notification, trng thi
chuyn v Idle. H thng gi nh k gi Keepalive. Trong trng hp ngt
kt ni TCP hoc phn ng li s kin dng, c khi to bi h thng
hoc ngi qun tr, trng thi chuyn v Idle. phn ng li cc s kin
khc, h thng gi gi thng bo vi mt m li v tr v trng thi Idle.
IT
Established: l trng thi cui cng trong qu trnh tha thun hng xm.
BGP bt u trao i gi Update vi hng xm. B nh thi gi c khi
to li mi khi nhn c thng bo Update hoc thng bo Keepalive.
PT
Mi cp nht u c kim tra li, chng hn mt hoc lp thuc tnh. Nu thy

li, thng bo li c gi ti hng xm. Nhn c bt k thng bo li no trong
trng thi Established buc tin trnh BGP chuyn hng xm v trng thi Idle. Nu b
nh thi gi ht hn, thng bo ngt kt ni c gi i hoc nu nhn c s kin
dng, h thng tr v trng thi Idle.
Cc thuc tnh ca BGP
Rt nhiu cng vic khi cu hnh BGP tp trung vo cc thuc tnh ca ng i.

Mi tuyn c mt tp thuc tnh, c th gm: thng tin ng i, u tin tuyn, bc
nhy tip theo v thng tin tng hp. Cc nh qun tr s dng nhng gi tr ny
thc thi chnh sch cho tuyn. Da vo cc thuc tnh, BGP c th c cu hnh
lc thng tin nh tuyn, chn ng i a thch hoc ty chnh cc hnh ng khc.
Cc thuc tnh BGP s c trnh by chi tit phn sau.
Mi gi cp nht u c mt dy thuc tnh ng i c chiu di bin thin vi
dng nh sau: <loi thuc tnh, di thuc tnh, gi tr thuc tnh>
Do cc thuc tnh ng i s c s dng mt cch rng ri khi cu hnh chnh
sch nh tuyn, nn khng phi mi trin khai BGP u c th nhn din cng cc
thuc tnh. Di y l 4 loi thuc tnh khc nhau:
o Thng dng bt buc - L thuc tnh bt buc phi c trong gi cp nht
BGP. N phi c nhn ra bi tt c cc trin khai BGP. Nu thiu thuc
tnh ny, thng bo li s c to ra. iu ny m bo rng tt c cc
176
Chng 3. Lp Mng
trin khai BGP phi thng nht vi nhau mt tp thuc tnh chun. V d v
thuc tnh thng dng bt buc l thuc tnh AS PATH.
o Thng dng ty chn L thuc tnh phi c nhn ra bi tt c trin
khai BGP nhng c th khng c gi km vi gi cp nht. Mt v d v
thuc tnh ny l LOCAL_PREF.
o Ty chn chuyn tip L thuc tnh c th c hoc khng c nhn
ra bi tt c trin khai BGP. C ngha n l ty chn. Tuy nhin do l thuc
tnh chuyn tip nn BGP phi chp nhn v qung b thuc tnh ngay c
khi n khng nhn ra c thuc tnh.
o Ty chn khng chuyn tip L thuc tnh c th c hoc khng c
nhn ra bi tt c trin khai BGP. Cho d BGP c nhn ra thuc tnh hay
khng, n cng khng chuyn ti cc BGP hng xm v y l thuc tnh
khng chuyn tip.
IT
Mi thuc tnh c nhn dng bi loi v m. Bng 3.7 lit k cc m thuc

tnh hin ang c s dng.
Bng 3.7: Mt s thuc tnh ng i hin ang s dng
Loi
PT
M thuc tnh
1 ORIGIN
Thng dng bt buc
2 AS_PATH
Thng dng bt buc
3 NEXT_HOP
Thng dng bt buc
4 MULTI_EXIT_DISC
Ty chn khng chuyn tip
5 LOCAL_PREF
Thng dng ty chn
6 ATOMIC_AGGREGATE
Thng dng ty chn
7 AGGREGATOR
Thng dng ty chn
8 COMMUNITY
Ty chn chuyn tip
9 ORIGINATOR_ID
Ty chn chuyn tip
177
Chng 3. Lp Mng
3.5 Tng kt
Trong chng ny trnh by nhng vn c bn nht lin quan n hot ng
ca lp Mng.
Chc nng ca lp Mng l chuyn cc gi tin t ngun ti ch qua mi trng
lin mng. C th ni, lp mng l lp thp nht x l vic truyn t u cui ti u
cui. hon thnh c nhim v chuyn cc gi tin n ch, lp mng phi bit
c cu trc lin kt ca mng v la chn cc ng i thch hp cho gi tin qua
mng. Chc nng ny c gi l nh tuyn, v y l chc nng quan trng nht ca
lp mng.
nh tuyn l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (gi tin)
IT
t trm ngun n trm ch trong mt lin mng. Qu trnh nh tuyn bao gm hai
chc nng: xc nh ng i v chuyn mch. Chc nng xc nh ng i chn ra
mt ng i ti u n ch theo mt tiu ch no . Chc nng chuyn mch
chuyn gi tin t cng vo ti cng ra tng ng vi ng i ti u chn.
PT
C nhiu cch phn loi nh tuyn, trong cch phn loi ph bin nht l
phn thnh nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng; nh tuyn vect khong cch v nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt. nh tuyn tnh l nh tuyn m cc tuyn c cp nht
nhn cng bi ngi qun tr mng. Cc tuyn tnh s khng t ng thay i trong
trng hp tp mng thay i. Thay vo , ngi qun tr mng phi cp nht li
tuyn mt cch nhn cng. nh tuyn ng t ng cp nht tuyn khi tp mng
thay i.
nh tuyn vect khong cch tnh ton tuyn ti u a trn khong cch mng
(s bc nhy). Cc b nh tuyn s dng giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch
gi nh k cp nht nh tuyn ti tt c hng xm. Cp nht ny cha ton b bng
nh tuyn ca b nh tuyn. nh tuyn trng thi lin kt s dng gii thut ng
i ngn nht trc (SPF) tnh ton tuyn ti u. Cc b nh tuyn s dng nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt ch gi mt phn thng tin trong bng nh tuyn, nhng li
gi ti ton b b nh tuyn trong mng. Vic gi cng khng c thc hin nh k
m c thc hin lc khi to hoc khi tp mng thay i.
Cc giao thc lp mng in hnh c trnh by l IP, ICMP, ARP/RARP v
cc giao thc nh tuyn nh RIP, OSPF, BGP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c th c
phn loi theo nhiu cch, ph thuc vo vic chng c s dng u trong mi
quan h vi doanh nghip. Cc giao thc chy bn trong doanh nghip c gi l
giao thc trong (IGP), chng hn RIPv1; RIPv2; IGRP; EIGRP v OSPF. Giao thc
178
Chng 3. Lp Mng
chy bn ngoi doanh nghip, hoc gia cc h t tr, c gi l giao thc ngoi
(EGP). BGPv4 l mt giao thc EGP ph bin nht hin nay.
3.6 Cu hi n tp
1. Gii thiu cc chc nng ca lp Mng v bi ton nh tuyn.
2. Gii thiu cc khi nim c bn v nh tuyn.
3. Nu cc phng php phn loi k thut nh tuyn.
4. Phn bit nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng.
5. Trnh by cc c im chnh ca k thut nh tuyn vect khong cch.
6. Trnh by cc c im chnh ca k thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt.
IT
7. Nu khi nim v nh tuyn lai cn bng.

8. Trnh by cu trc ca IP datagram
9. Trnh by cc lp a ch IP
10. Khi nim phn mng con v cch chia phn mng con
PT
11. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca giao thc ICMP

12. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca giao thc ARP
13. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca giao thc RARP
14. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca giao thc nh tuyn RIP
15. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca giao thc nh tuyn OSPF
16. Trnh by nhng c im chnh ca giao thc nh tuyn BGP
179
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
CHNG 4.
LP GIAO VN
Lp giao vn khng ch l mt lp bnh thng, m l tri tim ca ton b h

thng phn lp giao thc. Nhim v ca n l cung cp, vn chuyn mt cch c hiu
qu nht d liu t my ch n my ch, mt cch c lp vi mng vt l hay mng
hin ti ang s dng. Nu khng c lp giao vn, ton b cc lp giao thc u tr
nn v ngha. Trong chng ny, chng ta s nghin cu mt cch chi tit v lp giao
vn, bao gm cc dch v, thit k, giao thc v hiu sut ca n.
4.1 Cc dch v giao vn
4.1.1.1 Dch v c cung cp ti cc lp trn
PT
IT
Mc tiu cui cng ca lp giao vn l cung cp c mt dch v hiu qu,

ng tin cy, chi ph thp n vi ngi s dng, thng thng l cc qu trnh trong
lp ng dng. t c mc tiu ny, lp giao vn s dng cc dch v c cung
cp bi lp mng. Phn cng v/hoc phn mm nm trong lp giao vn lm nhim v
c gi l thc th truyn ti. Thc th truyn ti c th c t trong mt h
iu hnh, trong qu trnh s dng ring bit, trong mt gi th vin lin kt vi cc
ng dng mng, hoc c hnh dung trn card mng. Cc mi lin h (v mt logic)
ca cc lp mng , giao vn v ng dng c minh ha Hnh 4.1.
Hnh 4.1: Lp mng, giao vn v ng dng
Ging nh 2 loi dch v mng, hng kt ni v khng kt ni, cng c 2 loi

dch v giao vn. Dch v giao vn hng kt ni cng tng t nh bn dch v
mng. c hai trng hp, kt ni c ba giai on: thit lp, truyn d liu v gii
phng kt ni. Vic gii quyt v kim sot s truyn ti cng tng t c hai lp.
Hn na, dch v giao vn phi kt ni cng rt ging vi dch v mng phi kt ni.
Cu hi tt yu c t ra: Nu cc dch v lp giao vn ging vi dch v lp
mng , vy ti sao li cn phi c hai lp ring bit? Ti sao mt lp li khng ?
180
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
PT
IT
Cu tr li rt tinh t nhng li quan trng, v m li Hnh 1.3. M truyn ti chy

hon ton trn my ngi dng, nhng lp mng phn ln li chy trn cc b nh
tuyn, c iu hnh bn pha nh cung cp (t nht l cho mt mng din rng ).
iu g xy ra nu lp mng cung cp dch v khng y ? Gi s n thng xuyn
mt gi? iu g s xy ra nu cc b nh tuyn gp vn bt c lc no?
Vn xy ra, l nhng g? Ngi dng khng c c quyn iu khin
trn lp mng, v vy, h khng th gii quyt c cc vn ca dch v km bng
cch s dng cc b nh tuyn tt hn hay t nhiu b x l li hn trong lp lin
kt d liu. Kh nng duy nht t lp mng ln trn cc lp khc l ci thin
cht lng dch v. Nu trong mt mng hng kt ni , mt n v truyn ti c
thng bo truyn ti mt na qung ng th b mt kt ni mng, khng c mt du
hiu no cho bit c iu g xy ra vi nhng d liu ang trong qu trnh truyn
ti, n s c thit lp mt kt ni mng mi ti n v truyn ti t xa. Vic s dng
kt ni mng mi ny, n c th gi mt truy vn ti cp ngang hng vi n kim
tra d liu no n v khng n, sau tm li t ni n b ngt.
V bn cht, s tn ti ca lp giao vn lm c th lm cho dch v giao vn tr
nn ng tin cy hn so vi cc dch v mng c bn. Vic mt gi tin v thiu ht d
liu c th c pht hin v b li bi lp giao vn. hn na, cc dch v giao vn
nguyn thy c th c thc hin nh l cc cuc gi ti cc hm th vin lm
chng tr nn c lp vi cc dch v mng nguyn thy. Cc cuc gi dch v mng
c th thay i ng k t mng ny sang mng khc ( v d: dch v phi kt ni ca
mng LAN c th khc hon ton so vi dch v hng kt ni ca mng WAN ).
Bng cch du i cc dch v mng ng sau mt tp cc dch v truyn ti nguyn
thy, s thay i dch v mng ch yu cu thay th mt tp cc hm th vin bi mt
ci khc m c nhng chc nng ging nhau vi mt dch v c bn khc.
Nh c lp giao vn, lp trnh vin c th vit m theo mt b tiu chun ban
u v cc chng trnh ny lm vic trn mt lot cc mng m khng cn phi lo
lng v vic i ph vi cc giao din mng con khc nhau v s truyn ti khng
ng tin cy. Nu tt c cc mng tht u c hon thin v c cc dch v nguyn
thy nh nhau v c m bo khng bao gi thay i, th lp giao vn c th
khng c cn n. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, n thc hin tt cc chc nng quan
trng ca vic phn ly cc lp trn vi k thut, thit k v cc thiu st ca mng con.
V l do ny, nhiu ngi phn bit gia cc lp t 1 n 4 trn mt mt v
cc lp t 4 tr ln trn mt khc. Bn lp di cng c xem nh l nh cung cp
dch v giao vn, trong khi cc lp trn c coi l ngi dng dch v giao vn. S
phn bit ny ca nh cung cp so vi ngi dng c mt tc ng ng k v thit k
ca cc lp v t lp giao vn vo mt v tr quan trng, v n to thnh bin gii
chnh gia cc nh cung cp v ngi s dng cc dch v truyn d liu ng tin cy.
4.1.1.2 Dch v giao vn nguyn thy
cho php ngi dng truy cp dch v giao vn, lp giao vn phi cung cp
mt s hot ng ti cc chng trnh ng dng, chnh l giao din dch v giao
181
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
vn. Mi mt dch v giao vn th c mt giao din ring ca n. Trong phn ny,

chng ta s xem xt mt dch v giao vn n gin ( gi thit ) v giao din ca n
thy c bn cht vn . phn tip theo, chng ta s nhn vo v d thc t.
Dch v giao vn th tng tng vi dch v mng, nhng c mt s im khc
nhau quan trng. im khc nhau chnh l dch v mng c dng m hnh ha
cc dch v c cung cp bi mng thc. Mng thc c th b mt gi tin, v vy dch
v mng ni chung l khng ng tin cy. Ngc li, dch v giao vn (hng kt ni)
li rt ng tin cy. Tt nhin, cc mng thc t th khng c li, nhng mc ch
chnh ca lp giao vn l cung cp mt dch v tin cy trn cc mng khng tin cy.
V d, hy xem xt hai qu trnh kt ni trong UNIX. S kt ni gia chng
c cho l hon ho, khng mun tha nhn nhng th nh mt gi tin, nghn mng
hay bt c iu g nh th. Nhng g mong mun l tin cy ca kt ni t 100%.
Qu trnh A a d liu vo mt u ca ng dn, v qu trnh B ly n ra u
khc. l tt c nhng vn ca dch v giao vn theo hng kt ni giu i
nhng im thiu st ca dch v mng ngi dng ch c th gi nh s tn ti
ca mt dng bit li.
IT
Mt khc, lp giao vn cng c th cung cp dch v (gi d liu ) khng tin

cy. Tuy nhin, iu ny rt t, v vy chng ta s tp trung ch yu vo dch v giao
vn hng kt ni trong chng ny. Tuy vy, chng ta cng s ni thm mt cht sau
v mt s ng dng, chng hn nh nhng my ch pha khch hng v dng a
phng tin nhng ci m c hng li t vic truyn ti phi kt ni .
PT
im khc nhau th 2 gia dch v mng v dch v giao vn l i tng m

cc dch v hng ti. Dch v mng th ch c s dng bi cc n v truyn ti.
Ch c mt s t ngi dng vit ra cc n v truyn ti ring cho h, v do , c t
ngi hoc chng trnh c th nhn thy c ci li ca dch v mang. Ngc li,
c rt nhiu chng trnh ( v ngi lp trnh ) c th nhn thy s truyn ti nguyn
thy. Do vy, cc dch v giao vn tr nn thun tin v d s dng hn.
c c tng cho nhng g dch v giao vn c th t c, chng ta hy
xem xt 5 khi nim c bn c lit k Bng 4.1 di y. Giao din truyn ti l
xng sng, n mang nhng iu c bn nht m giao din truyn ti c hng kt ni
phi lm. N cho php cc chng trnh ng dng c th thit lp, s dng, sau gii
phng kt ni, nhng th cho nhiu ng dng.
Bng 4.1: Cc khi nim c bn ca dch v giao vn n gin
182
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
PT
IT
xem cch thc m cc khi nim cn bn s dng, chng ta xem xt mt ng

dng vi my ch v mt s khch hng t xa. bt u, my ch thc hin mt
lnh Lng nghe, thng thng l gi mt hm th vin lm cho h thng gi chn
my ch cho n khi khch hng chuyn ln. Khi my khch mun trao i vi my
ch, n s thc hin lnh Kt ni. Cc n v truyn ti thc hin cc lnh c bn ny
ny bng cch chn pha gi v gi gi tin n my ch. Gi tin ny mang mt thng
bo ca lp vn chuyn cho n v vn chuyn ca my ch.
Mt lu v thut ng y. Do thiu mt thut ng chnh xc hn, chng ta s
s dng t vit tt TPDU ( n v d liu giao thc truyn ti) cho cc thng bo
c gi t cc n v truyn ti vi nhau. Do vy, cc TPDU ( c trao i bi lp
giao vn ) c cha trong cc gi tin ( trao i bi lp mng ). i li, cc gi d
liu li c cha trong khung ( v c trao i bi lp lin kt d liu ). Khi mt
khung n, lp lin kt d liu s x l cc tiu ca khung v chuyn ni dung ca
khung ti cc thc th mng. Cc thc th mng x l tiu gi tin, v chuyn ni
dung trng ti gi tin ti thc th truyn ti. iu ny c minh ho trong Hnh 4.2.
Hnh 4.2: M hnh ca TPDU, gi v khung
Tr li vi v d v my ch pha khch hng, kt ni cuc gi ca khch hng

gi yu cu kt ni TPDU ti my ch. Khi yu cu c gi n, thc th truyn ti
s kim tra thy rng cc my ch chn trn Lng nghe ( tc l, quan tm n
vic x l yu cu ). Sau n m chn my ch v gi lnh Chp nhn kt ni
TPDU tr li pha khch hng. Khi m TPDU n, pha khch cng c m v kt
ni c thit lp.
D liu c th c trao i bng cch s dng cc lnh Gi v Nhn c bn.
Trong mt hnh thc n gin, mt trong 2 bn c th chn lnh Nhn i bn kia
thc hin lnh Gi. Khi m TPDU n, pha nhn c m. Sau n x l cc
TPDU v gi tr li li. S ny c coi l hot ng tt nu c hai bn c th theo
di ln lt gi cho nhau.
Mt iu ch rng, ti lp giao vn, ngay c mt trao i d liu mt chiu
cng phc tp hn hn so vi ti lp mng. Khi kt thc, tt c cc gi d liu c
gi i cng s c ghi nhn li. Cc gi m iu khin cc TPDU cng c cng
nhn mt cch trc tip hay gin tip. Nhng s ghi nhn ny c qun l bi cc
thc th truyn ti, s dng giao thc lp mng, v n khng hin th ti nhng ngi
dng truyn ti. Tng t nh vy, cc thc t truyn ti cng cn phi quan tm n
183
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
PT
IT
vn thi gian v s truyn pht li. Khng c mt thit b no hin th cho ngi
dng truyn ti. ti ngi dng truyn ti, kt ni l mt ng bit ng tin cy:
mt ngi dng gi cc bit mt u v h nhn li n u bn kia. Kh nng ny
l l do m cc giao thc lp giao vn thc s l mt cng c mnh m.
Khi m kt ni khng cn cn thit, n phi c ngt gii phng khng gian
gia 2 thc th truyn ti. Ngt kt ni c hai loi: i xng v bt i xng. Trong
kiu bt i xng: ngi dng truyn ti c th cp 1 lnh Ngt kt ni c bn l kt
qu trong lnh Ngt kt ni ca TPDU c gi ti thc th truyn ti t xa. Khi n
n ni, kt ni c gii phng.
Trong kiu i xng: mi chiu c ng ring bit, c lp vi nhau. Khi mt
bn Ngt kt ni, c ngha l n khng c d liu gi i, nhng vn sn sng nhn
d liu t cc i tc ca n.Trong m hnh ny, mt kt ni c gii phng khi c 2
bn u Ngt kt ni.
S minh ha cho vic thit lp v gii phng kt ni n gin c m t
trong Hnh 4.3. Qu trnh chuyn i c nhn in nghing l gi tin n. ng lin
hin th trng thi khch hng. Cc ng t nt hin th trng thi my ch.
Mi chuyn tip c kch hot bi mt s s kin, hoc l mt lnh c bn
c thc hin bi ngi dng truyn ti cc b hay mt gi tin n. n gin,
chng ta gi nh rng mi TPDU u c ghi nhn ring bit. Chng ta cng gi
nh rng mt m hnh ngt kt ni i xng c s dng, vi cc khch hng u
tin. Lu rng m hnh ny hon ton khng h phc tp. Chng ta s xem xt cc
m hnh thc t phn sau.
Hnh 4.3 S chng trnh qun l kt ni n gin
4.2 Chc nng lp giao vn

Dch v giao vn c thc hin bi mt giao thc truyn ti s dng gia cc
thc th truyn ti. mt kha cnh no , giao thc truyn ti ging nh cc giao
184
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
thc lin kt d liu nghin cu chi tit trong chng 2. C hai phi i ph vi
kim sot li, trnh t, v kim sot lung v cc vn khc.
Tuy nhin, s khc bit ng k gia hai vn cng tn ti. Nhng khc bit
ny l do s khng tng ng ln gia mi trng trong hai giao thc hot ng,
nh trong Hnh 4.4. Ti lp lin kt d liu, hai router giao tip trc tip thng qua
mt knh vt l, trong khi lp giao vn, knh vt l ny c thay th bng ton b
phn mng . S khc bit ny c nhiu ngha quan trng cho cc giao thc, nh
chng ta s thy trong chng ny.
4.2.1 nh a ch
IT
Hnh 4.4: (a) Mi trng ca lp lin kt d liu (b) Mi trng lp giao vn
PT
Khi mt ng dng (v d, mt ngi s dng) mong mun thit lp mt kt ni

n mt ng dng t xa, n phi xc nh kt ni ti u. Cc phng php thng
c s dng l xc nh a ch vn chuyn m qu trnh c th lng nghe yu cu kt
ni. Trong Internet, cc im kt thc c gi l cng. Trong mng ATM, chng
c gi l AAL-SAP. Chng ta s s dng thut ng chung TSAP (im truy cp
dch v giao vn). im kt thc tng t trong lp mng (v d, a ch lp mng)
sau c gi l NSAP. a ch IP l nhng v d ca NSAP.
Hnh 6-8 minh ha mi quan h gia NSAP, TSAP v kt ni giao vn. Trong
qu trnh ng dng, c my khch v my ch, c th gn vo mt TSAP thit lp
mt kt ni n mt TSAP t xa. Nhng kt ni ny chy qua NSAPs trn mi my
ch, nh ch ra. Mc ch ca vic c TSAPs l trong mt s mng, mi my tnh
c mt NSAP duy nht, do mt cch no l cn thit phn bit nhiu im kt
thc vn ti chia s NSAP .
185
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Hnh 4.5 TSAPs, NSAPs, v kt ni giao thng
PT
IT
Trong khi a ch TSAP n nh lm vic cho mt s t cc dch v quan trng

m khng bao gi thay i (v d: my ch Web), ni chung, trong qu trnh s dng,
thng mun ni chuyn vi qu trnh ngi dng khc ch tn ti trong mt thi gian
ngn v khng c mt a ch TSAP c bit trc. Hn na, s l lng ph mi
chng hot ng v nghe mt a ch TSAP n nh c ngy nu c kh nng nhiu
qu trnh my ch, hu ht trong s t c s dng. Tm li, mt k hoch tt hn
l cn thit.
Mt trong nhng chng trnh c th hin trong Hnh 4.6 trong mt hnh thc
n gin ha. N c gi l giao thc kt ni ban u. Thay v mi my ch c th
tng tng lng nghe ti mt TSAP ni ting, mi my c nhu cu cung cp dch v
cho ngi dng t xa c mt my ch qu trnh c bit hot ng nh mt i din
cho my ch s dng nhiu. N nghe mt tp hp cc cng cng mt lc, ch i mt
yu cu kt ni. Ngi dng tim nng ca mt dch v bt u bng cch lm mt
yu cu CONNECT , xc nh a ch TSAP ca dch v m h mun. Nu khng c
my ch ang ch i h, h c c mt kt ni n my ch qu trnh, nh Hnh
4.6(a).
186
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Hnh 4.6 thit lp mt kt ni vi mt my ch thi gian trong ngy trong my trm 2
4.2.2 Thit lp kt ni
PT
IT
Thit lp kt ni nghe c v d dng, nhng ng ngc nhin l n thc s kh

phc tp. ci nhn u tin, c v nh mt thc th vn chuyn n ch cn gi mt
Yu cu kt ni TPDU ti im n v ch i CHP NHN KT NI tr li. Vn
xy ra khi mng c th b mt, lu tr v sao chp cc gi tin. Hnh vi ny gy ra
hu qu nghim trng.
Hy tng tng mt phn mng b tc nghn v phi tha nhn hu nh khng
bao gi quay tr li trong thi gian v mi gi thi gian ra v c truyn li hai hoc
ba ln. Gi s rng phn mng s dng gi d liu bn trong v tt c cc gi tin i
theo mt con ng khc nhau. Mt s cc gi tin c th b mc kt trong mt s c
nghn mng trong cc mng con v mt nhiu thi gian n, iu ngha l chng
c lu li trong phn mng v s c y ra sau.
iu ti t nht c th l nh sau. Mt ngi s dng thit lp mt kt ni vi
mt ngn hng, gi thng ip ni vi cc ngn hng chuyn mt lng tin ln
vo ti khon ca ngi khng hon ton ng tin cy, v sau gii phng kt ni.
Tht khng may, mi gi trong mi trng hp u c nhn i v c lu tr
trong mng con. Sau khi kt ni c gii phng, tt c cc cc gi bt ra khi
mng v n cc im n theo th t, yu cu cc ngn hang thit lp mt kt ni
mi, chuyn tin (mt ln na), v gii phng cc kt ni. Ngn hng c khng c
cch no ni rng y l nhng bn sao. N phi tha nhn rng y l mt ci th
hai, c lp giao dch, v chuyn tin mt ln na. i vi phn cn li ca phn ny
chng ta s nghin cu cc vn ca bn sao hon li, vi s nhn mnh c bit v
cc thut ton thit lp kt ni trong mt cch ng tin cy, do , nhng iu ti t
nh trn c th khng xy ra.
im mu cht ca vn l s tn ti ca bn sao b tr hon. N c th b tn
cng trong cc cch khc nhau. Mt cch l s dng a ch truyn ti throw-away.
Trong phng php ny, mi ln mt a ch vn chuyn l cn thit, mt ci mi
187
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
PT
IT
c to ra. khi mt kt ni c gii phng, a ch c b i v khng bao gi

c s dng mt ln na. Cch thc ny lm cho m hnh my ch qu trnh Hnh
4.6 l khng th.
Mt kh nng khc l cho mi kt ni mt nh danh kt ni (v d, mt s
th t tng ln cho mi kt ni thnh lp) c la chn bi cc bn khi xng v
t trong tng TPDU, trong c mt yu cu kt ni. Sau mi kt ni c gii
phng, mi t chc truyn ti c th cp nht mt bng lit k cc kt ni nh li thi
theo cp (thc th vn chuyn ngang, nhn dng kt ni) . Bt c khi no mt yu cu
kt ni xut hin, n c th c kim tra i vi bng, xem nu n thuc v mt
kt ni trc y gii phng.
Tht khng may, k hoch ny c mt l hng c bn: n i hi mi thc th
vn chuyn duy tr mt lng thng tin nht nh trong lch s thng tin v thi hn.
Nu my tnh b hng hay mt d liu, n s khng c bit nh danh kt ni s
dng.
Thay vo , chng ta cn phi c mt chin thut khc nhau. Thay v cho php
cc gi tin tn ti mi mi trong mng con, chng ta phi a ra mt c ch loi b
cc gi tin m vn cn c hobbling v. Nu chng ta c th m bo rng khng c
gi tin no tn ti lu hn mt thi gian c bit, vn tr nn phn no d qun l
hn.
Gi thi gian sng c th c hn ch ti a s dng c bit n mt
(hoc nhiu hn) nh sau trong k thut:
1. Thit k mng con b hn ch.
2. t mt truy cp hop trong mi gi.
3. Timestamping mi gi
Phng php u tin bao gm bt k cc phng php c th ngn chn cc gi
tin t vic lp, kt hp vi mt s cch ranh gii gy chm tr tc nghn trn ng
di nht c th. Cc Phng php th hai gm c b m hop khi to mt s gi tr
thch hp v gim i mi ln gi tin c chuyn tip. Giao thc mng ch n gin l
loi b bt k gi c truy cp hop tr thnh s khng. Phng php th ba yu cu
mi gi tin phi chu thi gian n c to ra, vi cc b nh tuyn ng loi b bt
k gi tin ln hn mt s tha thun thi gian. Phng php ny i hi cc ng h
nh tuyn c ng b ha, m chnh n l mt nhim v khng tm thng, tr
khi ng b ha c thc hin bn ngoi vo mng, v d nh s dng GPS hoc mt
s i pht thanh rng chng trnh pht sng thi gian chnh xc theo nh k.
4.2.3 Gii phng kt ni
Gii phng mt kt ni d dng hn vic thit lp mt kt ni. Tuy nhin, c
nhiu by hn ngi ta mong mun. Nh chng ta cp trc , c hai cch
chm dt mt kt ni: gii phng khng i xng v gii phng i xng. Gii phng
khng i xng l cch h thng in thoi hot ng: khi mt bn gc my, kt ni b
188
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
t. Gii phng i xng x l cc kt ni nh hai kt ni theo mt hng ring bit

v i hi mi ngi s c gii phng mt cch ring bit.
IT
Gii phng khng i xng l t ngt v c th dn n mt d liu. Xem xt

cc kch bn ca Hnh 4.7. Sau khi kt ni c thit lp, my ch 1 s gi mt TPDU
n ng lc my ch 2. sau my ch 1 gi mt TPDU. Tht khng may, my ch
2 cp mt lnh DISCONNECT trc khi TPDU th hai n. Kt qu l kt ni c
gii phng v d liu b mt.
Hnh 4.7 Ngt kt ni t ngt vi mt d liu
PT
R rng, mt th tc gii phng phc tp hn l cn thit trnh mt d liu.

Mt cch l s dng gii phng i xng, trong mi chiu c gii phng c lp
ca mt ng khc. y, mt my ch c th tip tc nhn c d liu ngay c
sau khi n gi mt TPDU DISCONNECT.
Gii phng i xng lm cng vic khi mi qu trnh c mt s lng c nh
d liu gi v bit r rng khi n gi. Trong tnh hung khc, xc nh rng tt
c cc cng vic c thc hin v kt ni phi c chm dt khng phi l qu
r rng. Ngi ta c th hnh dung mt giao thc trong my ch 1 ni: ti ang
lm. Bn ang thc hin khng? Nu my ch 2 tr li: Ti ang thc hin. Tm bit,
kt ni c th c gii phng mt cch an ton.
Tht khng may, giao thc ny khng lun lun lm vic. C mt vn ni
ting minh ha vn ny. N c gi l vn hai i qun. Hy tng tng
rng mt i qun trng c ng tri trong mt thung lng, nh th hin trong Hnh
4.8. Trn c hai sn i xung quanh l cc i qun mu xanh. i qun mu trng
l ln hn so vi mt trong cc i qun mu xanh ng mt mnh, nhng tng s i
qun mu xanh l ln hn i qun mu trng. Nu mt trong hai i qun mu xanh
thc hin cuc tn cng mt mnh, n s b nh bi, nhng nu hai i qun mu
xanh tn cng cng mt lc, h s chin thng.
189
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Hnh 4.8 Vn hai i qun
PT
IT
i qun mu xanh mun ng b ha cc cuc tn cng ca h. Tuy nhin,

cch lin lc duy nht ca h l gi s gi i b xung thung lng, ni h c th b bt
v thng bo b mt (tc l, h phi s dng mt knh truyn thng khng tin cy).
Cu hi l: C tn ti mt giao thc m cho i qun mu xanh ginh chin thng?
Gi s rng ngi ch huy ca qun i mu xanh # 1 s gi mt thng ip :''
Ti ngh chng ta tn cng vo rng sng ngy 29 thng 3. Lm th no v n?''
By gi gi s rng cc tin nhn n, ngi ch huy i qun mu xanh # 2 ng , v
tin tr li ca ng tr v an ton ti ngi # 1. S xy ra tn cng? C l l khng, bi
v ch huy # 2 khng bit cu tr li ca ng c thng qua. Nu khng, i qun
mu xanh # 1 s khng tn cng, do , s l ngu ngc cho anh ta khi xng ln chin
u.
By gi chng ta ci thin giao thc bng cch lm cho n mt bt tay ba chiu.
Ngi khi xng ca xut ban u phi tha nhn cc phn ng. Gi s khng c
tin nhn b mt, i qun mu xanh # 2 s nhn c s tha nhn, nhng ngi ch
huy ca qun i mu xanh # 1 by gi s ngn ngi. Sau tt c, ng ta khng bit
rng kin ca mnh c ng cha, v nu cha th qun i mu xanh # 2 s
khng tn cng. Chng ta c th lm cho mt giao thc bt tay bn chiu, nhng iu
cng khng gip c g.
Trong thc t, n c th c chng minh rng khng c giao thc no hot
ng. Gi s rng mt s giao thc tn ti. Hoc thng bo cui cng ca giao thc
l iu cn thit hay khng. Nu khng phi l n, loi b n (v bt k tin nhn
khng cn thit khc) cho n khi chng ta ch cn vi mt giao thc trong mi tin
nhn l cn thit. iu g xy ra nu thng ip cui cng khng c thng qua?
Chng ta ch ni rng l cn thit, v vy nu n b mt, cuc tn cng khng din
ra. K t khi ngi gi thng ip cui cng khng bao gi c th chc chn n ca
mnh, ng s khng mo him tn cng. T hn na, i qun mu xanh khc bit iu
ny, v vy h s khng tn cng.
xem s lin quan ca vn hai qun i ti vic gii phng cc kt ni, ch
cn thay th ''ngt kt ni'' cho ''tn cng''. Nu khng bn no c chun b ngt
kt ni cho n khi n l tin rng pha bn kia l chun b ngt kt ni qu, ngt kt
ni s khng bao gi xy ra.
190
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
PT
IT
Trong thc t, mt l thng chun b sn sng chp nhn ri ro hn khi gii

phng kt ni so vi khi tn cng i qun mu trng, v vy tnh hnh khng hon
ton v vng. Hnh 4.9 minh ha bn kch bn gii phng bng cch s dng bt tay
ba bn. Trong khi giao thc ny khng phi l khng th sai lm. (a) Trng hp bnh
thng ca bt tay ba bn. (b) cui cng ACK b mt. (c) p ng b mt. (d) p ng
b mt v sau DRS b mt.
Hnh 4.9 Bn kch bn giao thc cho gii phng mt kt ni
Trong Hnh 4.9(a), chng ta thy trng hp bnh thng, trong mt trong
nhng ngi s dng gi mt DR TPDU ( YU CU NGT KT NI) bt u
gii phng kt ni. Khi n n, ngi nhn gi li mt DR TPDU, v bt u tnh gi,
ch n khi trng hp DR ca n b mt. Khi DR ny n, ngi gi ban u gi li
mt ACK TPDU v gii phng kt ni. Cui cng, khi ACK TPDU n, ngi nhn
cng gii phng kt ni. Gii phng mt kt ni c ngha l cc thc th vn chuyn
loi b cc thng tin v cc kt ni t bng ca cc kt ni hin ang m v tn hiu
ch s hu ca kt ni (ngi s dng giao thng) bng cch no . Hnh ng ny
l khc nhau t mt ngi s dng giao thng vn ti ban hnh DISCONNECT
nguyn thy.
191
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
IT
Nu ACK TPDU kt thc b mt, nh th hin trong Hnh 4.9 (b), tnh hnh c
lu bi b m thi gian. Khi thi gian ht hn, kt ni c gii phng bt c cch
no.
By gi xem xt trng hp ca DR th hai b mt. Ngi s dng khi to ngt
kt ni s khng nhn c phn ng d kin, s ht, v s bt u li. Trong Hnh 4.9
(c) chng ta thy cch lm vic ny, gi nh rng ln th hai TPDU khng b mt v
tt c cc TPDU u n mt cch chnh xc v kp thi.
Kch bn cui cng ca chng ta, Hnh 4.9 (d), cng ging nh Hnh 4.9(c)
ngoi tr vic by gi chng ta gi nh tt c cc n lc lp i lp li truyn li cc
DR cng tht bi do cc TPDU mt. Sau N ln th, ngi gi t b v gii phng kt
ni. Trong khi , thi gian nhn ht v cng thot ra.
Trong khi giao thc ny thng y , v mt l thuyt n c th tht bi nu
DR v N truyn li ban u tt c u b mt. Ngi gi s t b v gii phng cc kt
ni, trong khi pha bn kia khng bit g v nhng n lc ngt kt ni v vn hon
ton ch ng. Tnh trng ny dn n mt kt ni na m (half-open).
Chng ta c th trnh c vn ny bng cch khng cho php ngi gi t
b sau khi N ln th li nhng buc n phi i mi cho n khi n nhn c mt
phn ng. Tuy nhin, nu pha bn kia ng thi gian ht, sau ngi gi s thc
s i mi, bi v khng c phn hi s c gi ti. Nu chng ta khng cho php bn
nhn ti thi gian ht, sau giao thc treo nh trong Hnh 4.9(d).
PT
Mt cch chn cc kt ni na m l phi c mt quy tc ni rng nu khng

c TPDU no n cho mt s lng nht nh ca giy, kt ni c sau t ng
ngt. Bng cch , nu mt bn ngt kt ni, pha bn kia s pht hin cc hot ng
thiu v cng ngt kt ni. Tt nhin, nu quy tc ny c gii thiu, iu cn thit
cho mi thc th vn chuyn l c mt b m thi gian c dng li v sau khi
ng li bt c khi no mt TPDU c gi i. Nu b m thi gian ny ht hn, mt
TPDU gi c truyn i, ch gi cho pha bn kia t vic ngt kt ni. Mt khc,
nu quy tc ngt kt ni t ng c s dng v qu nhiu TPDU gi lin tip b mt
trn mt kt ni khng dng n, mt bn u tin, sau pha bn kia s t ng
ngt kt ni.
Chng ta s khng bn vn ny na, nhng by gi n nn c r rng rng
gii phng kt ni m khng mt d liu l khng n gin nh n xut hin u tin
ti.
4.2.4 iu khin lung v b m
Sau khi tm hiu vic thit lp kt ni v gii phng kt ni , by gi chng ta
xem lm th no kt ni c qun l trong khi h ang s dng. Mt trong nhng
vn quan trng a ra trc y: kim sot lung. Trong mt s cch vn
kim sot lung trong lp giao vn cng ging nh trong lp lin kt d liu, nhng
theo nhng cch khc nhau n l khc nhau. S ging nhau c bn l trong c hai lp
mt ca s trt hoc chng trnh khc l cn thit trn mi kt ni gi cho mt
my pht nhanh chy trn mt my thu chm. S khc bit chnh l mt b nh tuyn
192
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
PT
IT
thng c tng i t ng, trong khi mt my ch c th c nhiu kt ni. S khc

bit ny lm cho n khng thc t thc hin chin lc m lin kt d liu trong
lp vn chuyn.
Trong lp lin kt d liu, bn gi phi m khung i bi v h c th c c
truyn li. Nu phn mng cung cp dch v gi, n v vn chuyn gi cng phi
m, vi cng mt l do. Nu ngi nhn bit rng ngi gi m tt c TPDUs cho
n khi h c cng nhn, ngi nhn c th c hoc c th khng dnh b m c
th kt ni c th, nu thy ph hp. Ngi nhn c th, v d, duy tr mt vng m
n chia s bi tt c cc kt ni. Khi mt TPDU n, mt n lc c thc hin c
c t ng mt b m mi. Nu n sn sng, cc TPDU c chp nhn, nu
khng, n s b loi b. K t khi ngi gi chun b truyn li TPDUs b mt do
cc mng con, khng c hi c thc hin bi vic nhn th cc TPDU, mc d mt
s ti nguyn b lng ph. Ngi gi ch cn gi c gng cho n khi n c mt s
tha nhn.
Tm li, nu cc dch v mng l khng ng tin cy, ngi gi phi m tt c
cc TPDU gi, cng nh trong lp lin kt d liu. Tuy nhin, vi dch v mng ng
tin cy, nhng nh i khc tr thnh c th. c bit, nu ngi gi bit rng ngi
nhn lun lun c khng gian m, n cn khng gi li bn sao ca TPDU gi. Tuy
nhin, nu ngi nhn khng th m bo rng tt c cc TPDU n s c chp
nhn, ngi gi s phi m bt c cch no. Trong trng hp sau, ngi gi khng
th tin tng s tha nhn ca lp mng, bi v s tha nhn c ngha l duy nht l
cc TPDU n, khng phi l n c chp nhn. Chng ta s quay tr li im
quan trng ny sau.
Ngay c khi ngi nhn ng lm m, vn cn c cc cu hi ca kch
thc b m. Nu hu ht cc TPDU gn nh cng kch thc, iu l t nhin
t chc cc vng m nh mt h bi ca b m c kch thc ging nhau, vi mt
TPDU mi b m, nh trong Hnh 4.10(a). Tuy nhin, nu c l s khc bit ln v
kch thc TPDU, t mt vi k t g vo mt thit b u cui cho n hng ngn
ngi chuyn tp tin, kch thc b m l vn cn quan tm. Nu kch thc b
m c chn bng TPDU ln nht c th, khng gian s b lng ph bt c khi no
mt TPDU ngn n. Nu kch thc b m c chn nh hn kch thc ti a
TPDU, nhiu b m s c cn thit cho cc TPDU di, vi s phc tp gi nh.
193
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Hnh 4.10: (a) b m kch thc c nh. (b) b m kch thc thay i. (c) b m
quay vng cho mi kt ni
PT
IT
Mt cch tip cn i vi vn kch thc b m l s dng b m kch

thc bin thin, nh trong Hnh 4.10 (b). Li th y l s dng b nh tt hn, vi
mc qun l b m phc tp hn. Kh nng th ba l dnh mt b m quay vng
ln duy nht cho mi kt ni, nh trong Hnh 4.10 (c). H thng ny cng s dng b
nh tt, vi iu kin l tt c cc kt ni c rt nhiu ti, nhng l khng hiu qu nu
mt s kt ni c ti nh.
Ti u cn bng gia m ngun v m ch ph thuc vo loi hnh giao vn
thc hin bi cc kt ni. i vi s bng pht lu lng bng thng thp, chng hn
nh sn xut bi mt thit b u cui tng tc, tt hn l khng dnh bt k b
m no, m l chng c t do linh ng c hai u. K t khi ngi gi
khng th chc chn ngi nhn c th c c mt b m, ngi gi phi gi li
mt bn sao ca TPDU cho n khi n c tha nhn. Mt khc, chuyn file v
lu lng truy cp bng thng cao khc, n l tt hn nu ngi nhn dnh cc b
m vi y ca s, cho php cc d liu lu thng vi tc ti a. Nh vy,
bng pht lu lng bng thng thp, s rt hn khi c b m pha gi, v s
trn tru lu lng bng thng cao, t b m pha nhn s tt hn.
Khi cc kt ni c m v ng v nh m hnh lu thng thay i, ngi gi
v ngi nhn cn phi t ng iu chnh phn b m ca h. Do , giao thc
truyn ti nn cho php my ch gi n yu cu khng gian m u kia. B m
c th l phn b cho mi kt ni, hoc tp th, cho tt c cc kt ni chy gia hai
my ch. Ngoi ra, ngi nhn, bit c tnh trng b m ca n (nhng khng bit
giao thng c cung cp) c th cho ni vi ngi gi '' Ti t X b m cho
bn'' Nu s lng kt ni m tng, vic phn b c gim bt c th l cn thit,
do giao thc nn cung cp cho kh nng ny
Mt cch hp l qun l phn b b m ng l tch cc m t s tha
nhn, tri ngc vi cc giao thc ca s trt ca chng 2. Qun l b m ng c
ngha, mt cch c hiu lc, mt ca s bin kch thc. Ban u, ngi gi yu
194
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
cu mt s lng nht nh ca b m, da trn nhu cu nhn thc ca n. Ngi

nhn sau nhn nh n c kh nng. Mi khi ngi gi truyn mt TPDU, n
phi gim gi tr n phn b, dng li hon ton khi phn b t n s khng. Sau
ngi nhn tr li mt cch ring bit c s tha nhn v phn b m vo lu lng
truy cp ngc li.
4.2.5 Khi phc kt ni
PT
IT
Nu my ch v thit b nh tuyn gp s c, kh nng phc hi t nhng s c

tr thnh mt ti. Nu thc th truyn ti l hon ton bn trong cc my ch, phc
hi t s c mng v router l n gin. Nu lp mng cung cp dch v gi d liu,
cc thc th vn chuyn mong i mt cc TPDU trong tt c cc thi gian v bit lm
th no i ph vi chng. Nu lp mng cung cp dch v hng kt ni, sau
mt mt mch o c x l bng cch thit lp mt ci mi v sau thm d thc
th vn chuyn t xa yu cu n m cc TPDU nhn c v c nhng ci
khng nhn c. Nhng ci n sau c th c pht li.
Mt vn rc ri hn l lm th no phc hi t s c my ch. c bit,
n c th l mong mun cho khch hng c th tip tc lm vic khi my ch sp
v sau nhanh chng khi ng li. minh ha cho nhng kh khn, chng ta
hy gi s rng mt my ch, khch hng, gi mt tp tin di n my ch khc, cc
my ch tp tin, s dng mt giao thc dng-v-ch i n gin. Lp giao vn trn
cc my ch ch n gin l vt qua cc TPDU ang n cho ngi dng vn
chuyn, tng ngi mt. Mt phn khc thng qua vic truyn, my ch b treo. Khi
n tr li, cc bng ca n c khi to li, do , n khng cn bit chnh xc ni
n .
4.3 Giao thc TCP
Tng giao vn chu trch nhim chuyn pht ton b bn tin t ng dng ti ng
dng. Ti tng ny c hai giao thc chnh l TCP v UDP. Mi giao thc cung cp
mt loi dch v giao vn: hng kt ni v phi kt ni. Sau y ta s xem xt chi tit
hn v hai giao thc ny.
Mt giao thc tng giao vn thng c nhiu chc nng. Mt trong s l to
mt truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh (chng trnh-ti-chng trnh). thc hin
iu ny, TCP s dng cng (port). Mt chc nng khc ca giao thc tng giao vn l
to mt c ch iu khin lung v iu khin li mc giao vn. TCP s dng giao
thc ca s trt thc hin iu khin lung. N s dng gi xc nhn, thi gian
ch v truyn li thc hin iu khin li.
TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. N c trch nhim thit lp mt kt ni vi
pha nhn, chia lung d liu thnh cc n v c th vn chuyn, nh s chng v
sau gi chng ln lt.
195
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
4.3.1 Truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh

Trc khi tm hiu TCP, chng ta phi hiu v truyn thng trm-ti-trm v
truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, cng nh s khc nhau gia chng. IP c trch
nhim truyn thng t trm-ti-trm. L mt giao thc tng mng, IP ch c th
chuyn pht cc thng bo ti my ch. Tuy nhin, y cha phi l mt s chuyn
pht hon chnh. Thng bo cn c x l bi ng chng trnh ng dng. Trch
nhim chuyn thng bo ti chng trnh ng dng thch hp l chc nng ca TCP.
4.3.1.1 a ch cng
Mc d c mt s cch thc hin truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng
cch thng dng nht l thc hin thng qua m hnh khch-ch (client-server). Mt
IT
tin trnh trn my cc b, c gi l khch, cn mt dch v t mt ng dng trn

trm xa, c gi l ch. C hai tin trnh (khch, ch) c cng mt tn. V d,
ly thi gian v ngy thng t mt my ch xa, chng ta cn mt tin trnh khch
Daytime chy trn my cc b v mt tin trnh ch Daytime chy trn my xa.
PT
Cc h iu hnh hin nay h tr c mi trng a ngi dng v a chng

trnh. Mt my xa c th chy nhiu chng trnh ng dng cng lc, ging nh
nhiu my cc b c th chy mt hoc nhiu chng trnh khch cng lc. truyn
thng, chng ta cn xc nh:
-
Trm cc b,
Tin trnh cc b
Trm xa
Tin trnh xa
Trm cc b v trm xa c xc nh s dng a ch IP. xc nh cc tin

trnh, chng ta cn mt s hiu nhn dng th hai, l s cng. Trong TCP/IP, s
cng l mt s nguyn nm trong khong t 0 n 65535 (s 2 byte).
Chng trnh khch t xc nh n bng mt s cng c chn ngu nhin.
Cng ny c gi l cng ngu nhin.
Chng trnh ch cng phi t xc nh bng mt s cng. Tuy nhin, cng ny
khng th c chn ngu nhin. Nu my ch xa chy mt tin trnh ch v ly
mt s ngu nhin l s cng, th ng dng my khch mun truy nhp v s dng
dch v trn my ch s khng bit c s cng cn s dng. Tt nhin, mt gii
php c th l gi mt gi c bit yu cu s cng ca mt ng dng ch c th,
tuy nhin cch ny lm tng lu lng mng. TCP/IP chn cch s dng cc s
196
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
cng thng dng cho cc ng dng ch. Mi tin trnh khch phi bit s cng ca tin
trnh ch tng ng.
By gi, chng ta bit rng a ch IP v s cng ng vai tr khc nhau trong
vic chn ch cui cng ca d liu. a ch IP ch xc nh trm trong s nhiu
trm khc nhau. Sau khi trm c chn, s cng xc nh mt tin trnh trn trm
c th .
Cc s cng c chia thnh ba vng: thng dng, ng k v ng.
Cng thng dng. Cc cng nm trong khong t 0 n 1023 l cc cng
thng dng. Nhng cng ny c gn v gim st bi IANA. Mt s cng
TCP thng dng c lit k trong Bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2: Cc cng TCP thng dng
20
FTP, data
21
FTP, control
23
TELNET
25
SMTP
53
80
110
-
Miu t
Giao thc truyn tp (kt ni d liu)
IT
Giao thc
Giao thc truyn tp (kt ni iu khin)

Giao thc ng nhp t xa
Giao thc truyn th n gin
PT
Cng
DNS
H thng tn min
HTTP
Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
POP3
Giao thc nhn th in t
Cng ng k. Cc cng nm trong khong t 1024 n 49151 khng do

IANA gn v iu khin. Chng ch c th c ng k vi IANA trnh
trng lp.
Cng ng. Cc cng nm trong khong t 49152 n 65535 c th c s
dng bi mi tin trnh. Chng cn c gi l cc cng ngu nhin.
4.3.1.2 a ch socket
thit lp kt ni, TCP cn hai s hiu nhn dng: a ch IP v s cng. S kt
hp a ch IP v s cng c gi l a ch socket. s dng dch v TCP, chng
ta cn mt cp a ch socket: a ch socket khch v a ch socket ch. a ch
socket khch nh danh duy nht ng dng khch. a ch socket ch nh danh
duy nht ng dng ch. Bn thng tin ny l mt phn ca tiu IP v tiu TCP.
Tiu IP cha a ch IP, cn tiu TCP cha a ch cng.
197
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Cc dch v TCP
o Dch v d liu lung
TCP c xem nh mt dch v lung tng giao vn, ngha l TCP gi chp nhn
mt lung k t t chng trnh ng dng gi, to gi (c gi l phn on) c kch
thc thch hp c trch ra t lung d liu, v gi chng qua mng. TCP pha nhn
s nhn cc phn on, trch phn d liu, sp xp th t nu chng n khng ng
th t, v chuyn chng di dng mt lung k t ti chng trnh ng dng nhn.
chuyn pht theo lung, TCP pha gi v pha nhn s dng cc b m. TCP
gi s dng mt b m gi lu d liu n t chng trnh ng dng gi. TCP
nhn lu cc phn on nhn c b m nhn.
o Dch v song cng
PT
IT
TCP cung cp dch v song cng, ngha l d liu c th truyn theo hai hng
cng lc. Sau khi hai chng trnh ng dng c kt ni vi nhau, chng c th gi
v nhn d liu. Mt kt ni TCP c th mang d liu t ng dng A n ng dng B
cng lc vi d liu t ng dng B n ng dng A. Khi gi c gi t A n B, n
c th mang thng tin xc nhn v cc gi m A nhn c ca B v ngc li.
Ngha l d liu c th c gi km xc nhn. Tt nhin, nu mt pha khng c d
liu gi, n c th ch gi xc nhn m khng c d liu.
o Dch v tin cy
TCP l mt giao thc giao vn tin cy. N s dng c ch xc nhn kim tra
s an ton v s n ca d liu.
4.3.2 Phn on TCP
n v d liu truyn gia hai thit b s dng TCP c gi l phn on

(segment). Phn on TCP gm mt phn tiu c chiu di t 20 byte n 60 byte,
theo sau l d liu t chng trnh ng dng. Tiu c chiu di 20 byte nu n
khng cha ty chn v c chiu di ti a 60 byte nu n cha cc ty chn. nh
dng ca tiu phn on TCP c cho Hnh 4.11.
198
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Bit 0-3
Bit 4-7
Bit 8-11
Bit 12-15
Bit 16-19
Source port
Bit 20-23
Bit 24-27
Bit 28-31
Destination port
Sequence number
Acknowledgement number
HL
Reserved
Flags
Window size
Checksum
Urgent pointer
Options
Hnh 4.11: Cu trc tiu TCP
IT
Cc trng ca phn tiu :
Source Port: Trng 16 bit ny xc nh s cng ca chng trnh ng dng

gi.
Destination Port: Trng 16 bit ny xc nh s cng ca chng trnh ng

dng nhn.
PT
Sequence number: Trng 32 bit ny xc nh s c gn cho byte d liu

u tin cha trong phn on. Nh chng ta ni phn trc, TCP l mt
giao thc giao vn lung. m bo tnh kt ni, mi byte c gi i phi
c nh s. S trnh t ni cho ch bit s hiu byte u tin trong phn
on. Trong giai on thit lp kt ni, mi pha s dng mt b to s ngu
nhin to mt s trnh t khi u (ISN), s ny thng khc nhau trong
mi hng. V d, nu s ISN l 2367 v gi th nht mang 1000 byte d liu,
s trnh t l 2369 (2367 v 2368 c s dng thit lp kt ni); phn on
th hai mang 500 byte d liu s c s trnh t 3369 (2369 + 1000), v.v.
Acknowledgment Number: S 32 bit ny xc nh s hiu byte m trm gi

phn on ang ch nhn. Nu n nhn thnh cng byte s x, th s xc
nhn ca n l x + 1.
HL Header Length: Trng 4 bit ny cho bit chiu di tnh theo t (4 byte)
ca phn tiu TCP.
Reserved: Trng 6 bit ny c dng cho tng lai.
Flags: Trng ny xc nh 6 bit iu khin khc nhau. Mt hoc nhiu bit ny

199
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
c th c t ti cng thi im. Su bit c ln lt l:

+ URG: Khi c ny c t, trng con tr khn s c hiu lc. Khi c ny
khng c t, trng con tr khn c b qua.
+ ACK: C ny c t cho bit gi tr ca trng xc nhn l hp l.
+ PSH: Khi c ny c t, ton b d liu trong b m (k c d liu c
lu t trc) s c chuyn ngay ln cho chng trnh ng dng. Cn nu
c ny khng c t, TCP ch n khi thch hp mi chuyn d liu i,
nhm tng hiu qu ca h thng.
+ RST: C ny c t bo cho bn nhn bit bn gi ang t b kt ni.
+ SYN: C ny c t ng b ho cc hiu trnh t.
+ FIN: C ny c t bo bn gi khng cn d liu.
Window Size: Trng 16 bit ny xc nh kch thc ca ca s (tnh theo
byte) m pha kia phi duy tr. Kch thc ti a ca ca s l 65.535. Chng
ta s tm hiu chi tit hn v trng ny phn ca s trt.
Checksum: Trng 16 bit ny cha m kim tra li (theo phng php CRC)
cho ton b phn on (c tiu v d liu).
Urgent Pointer: Trng 16 bit ny ch hp l khi c URG c t. N xc

nh s phi cng vi s trnh t ly c s hiu ca byte khn cui cng
trong phn d liu.
Options: Trng c chiu di ti a 40 byte ny cha cc thng tin ty chn.
PT
IT
4.3.3 iu khin lung (flow control)
iu khin lung nh ngha lng d liu m ngun c th gi trc khi nhn

mt xc nhn t ch. Trong trng hp c bit, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi
mt byte d liu v i xc nhn trc khi gi byte tip theo. Nhng nu lm nh vy,
qu trnh gi s din ra rt chm. Nu d liu phi i qua on ng di th ngun s
trng thi ri trong khi i xc nhn.
Trong mt trng hp c bit khc, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi tt c d
liu n c m khng quan tm ti xc nhn. Lm nh vy s tng tc truyn, nhng
c th lm trm ch khng th x l kp. Bn cnh , nu mt phn d liu b mt, b
nhn i, sai th t hoc b hng th trm ngun s khng bit.
200
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
TCP s dng mt gii php nm gia hai trng hp c bit ny. N nh ngha
mt ca s, t ca s ny ln b m gi v ch gi lng d liu bng kch thc
ca s.
4.3.3.1 Ca s trt (sliding window)
IT
thc hin iu khin lung, TCP s dng k thut ca s trt. Hai trm hai
u kt ni TCP u s dng mt ca s trt. Ca s ny bao ph phn d liu trong
b m m mt trm c th gi trc khi quan tm ti xc nhn t trm kia. N c
gi l ca s trt do c th trt trn b m khi trm gi nhn c xc nhn.
Hnh 4.12: Ca s trt
PT
Hnh 4.12 minh ho mt ca s trt c kch thc l 10. Trc khi nhn xc nhn
t ch, ngun c th gi ti a 10 byte. Tuy nhin, nu n ch nhn c xc nhn v
3 byte u tin, th n s trt sang phi 3 byte. iu ny c ngha n c th gi 10
byte na trc khi quan tm ti xc nhn.
Ca s chng ta thy v d trn c kch thc c nh. Tuy nhin kch thc ca
ca s trt c th thay i, v trong mi xc nhn ch c th nh ngha kch thc
ca ca s.
4.3.3.2 Qun l ca s
TCP s dng hai b m v mt ca s iu khin lung d liu. TCP bn gi

c mt b m lu d liu n t chng trnh ng dng gi. Chng trnh ng dng
to d liu v ghi chng vo b m. Bn gi t ca s ln b m v gi cc phn
on khi kch thc ca ca s ln hn 0. TCP bn nhn cng c mt b m. N
nhn d liu, kim tra chng, v lu tr chng trong b m chng trnh ng dng
nhn dng.
Nh chng ta bit, kch thc ca s ca bn gi do bn nhn xc nh v c
thng bo trong cc phn on xc nhn. Nhng lm cch no bn nhn chn kch
thc ca ca s? Thng th kch thc ca s c thng bo bng vi kch thc
cn ri trong b m nhn. Trong v d Hnh 4.13, TCP bn gi nh ngha mt b
201
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
IT
m rt ln, nhng TCP bn nhn ch nh ngha mt b m 4000 byte. Trong qu

trnh thit lp kt ni, bn nhn thng bo kch thc ca s l 4000, bng vi kch
thc b m ca n.
Hnh 4.13: Qun l ca s
PT
TCP bn pht gi 4000 byte d liu trong phn on u tin. Khi , b m ca

bn nhn y. Bn nhn gi xc nhn nhn c phn on nhng thng bo kch
thc ca s l 0. Bn gi khng th gi d liu na (do kch thc ca s bng 0), v
phi i n khi nhn c mt xc nhn c thng bo kch thc ca s ln hn 0 ri
mi tip tc truyn. Ti pha nhn, chng trnh ng dng dng 1000 byte d liu
trong b m. D , c 1000 byte trng. Bn nhn gi mt xc nhn mi vi kch
thc ca s l 1000. Lc ny, bn pht c th gi mt phn on 1000 byte.
4.3.4 iu khin li
TCP l mt giao thc giao vn tin cy. Ngoi iu khin lung, TCP cn cho php
iu khin li. iu khin li gm cc c ch pht hin phn on b hng, b mt, sai
th t hoc nhn i. N cng gm c ch sa li sau khi chng c pht hin.
Pht hin li trong TCP c thc hin thng qua vic s dng ba cng c n
gin: tng kim tra, xc nhn v thi gian ch (time-out). Mi phn on c cha mt
trng tng kim tra pht hin phn on li. Nu phn on c pht hin l c
li, n s b TCP bn nhn b i. TCP s dng phng php xc nhn thng bo
gi ti ch m khng hng. Khng c xc nhn ph nh (xc nhn gi hng)
trong TCP. Nu mt phn on khng c xc nhn trc khi thi gian ch ht hiu
lc th n c xem nh b hng hoc b mt trn ng i.
202
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
C ch sa li trong TCP cng rt n gin. TCP ngun t mt b nh thi cho

mi phn on c gi iv b nh thi ny c kim tra nh k. Khi n tt, phn
on tng ng c xem nh b hng hoc b mt v n s c truyn li.
4.3.5 Cc b nh thi ca TCP
h tr hot ng, TCP s dng bn b nh thi sau:
4.3.5.1 B nh thi truyn li (retransmission)
iu khin mt phn on mt hoc b hng, TCP dng b nh thi truyn li.
B nh thi ny c tc dng x l thi gian truyn li hay thi gian i xc nhn ca
mt phn on. Khi TCP gi mt phn on, n to mt b nh thi truyn li cho
phn on . Khi hai trng hp c th xy ra. Nu xc nhn ca phn on ny
c nhn trc khi b nh thi tt th b nh thi mt hiu lc. Nu b nh thi tt
trc khi xc nhn n, phn on s c truyn li v b nh thi c t li.
IT
4.3.5.2 B nh thi kin nhn (persistence)
PT
gii quyt cc thng bo kch thc ca s bng 0, TCP s dng mt b nh

thi khc. Gi s TCP nhn thng bo mt kch thc ca s bng 0. TCP gi s
ngng truyn cho ti khi bn nhn gi xc nhn thng bo kch thc ca s ln hn
0. Tuy nhin xc nhn ny c th b mt. Chng ta cn nh rng, trong TCP khng c
xc nhn cho mt xc nhn. Nu xc nhn mt, bn nhn ngh rng mnh lm
xong nhim v v i bn gi gi d liu. Trong khi , bn gi khng nhn c xc
nhn v tip tc i bn nhn gi xc nhn thng bo kch thc ca s khc 0. Khi
c hai bn TCP i nhau v hn.
gii quyt vn ny, TCP s dng mt b nh thi kin nhn cho mi kt
ni. Khi bn gi nhn c mt xc nhn thng bo kch thc ca s bng 0, n khi
ng b nh thi kin nhn. Khi b nh thi kin nhn ht hn, TCP bn pht gi
mt phn on c bit, c gi l probe. Phn on ny ch cha mt byte d liu.
N cng c s trnh t, nhng s trnh t ca n khng bao gi c xc nhn. Phn
on probe cnh bo cho bn nhn bit xc nhn b mt v cn gi li.
Gi tr ca b nh thi kin nhn c t bng gi tr ca thi gian truyn li.
Tuy nhin, nu khng nhn c tr li no t bn nhn, mt phn on probe na li
c gi, gi tr ca b nh thi kin nhn c nhn i v c thit lp li. Bn
pht s tip tc gi cc phn on probe, nhn i v thit lp li b nh thi kin
nhn cho n khi t ti mt ngng (thng l 60 giy). Sau , c 60 giy, bn pht
gi mt phn on probe cho n khi ca s c m li.
203
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
4.3.5.3 B nh thi cn tn ti (keepalive)

B nh thi cn tn ti c s dng trnh tnh trng mt kt ni gia hai trm
trng thi ri qu lu. Gi s mt my khch m mt kt ni TCP ti my ch,
truyn mt s d liu v sau khng lm g c. Trong trng hp ny kt ni c th
c m mi mi.
gii quyt tnh trng ny, hu ht cc thc thi TCP u trang b cho my ch
mt b nh thi cn tn ti. Mi khi my ch nghe thy t mt my khch, n t li
b nh thi ny (thng l 2 gi). Nu trong hai gi ng h, my ch khng nghe
thy g t my khch, n gi mt phn on probe. Nu khng c tr li sau 10 probe
(c 75 giy gi mt probe), n cho rng my khch khng hot ng v s kt thc kt
ni.
4.3.5.4 B nh thi thi gian i (time-waited)
IT
B nh thi thi gian i c s dng trong giai on kt thc kt ni. Khi TCP
ng mt kt ni, n khng xem kt ni thc s ng. Kt ni c gi trong tnh
trng lp lng trong khong thi gian i. Nh th, cc phn on FIN sao y ti ch
c b i. Gi tr ca b nh thi ny thng c t bng hai ln thi gian tn ti
ca mt phn on.
PT
4.3.6 Thit lp v gii phng kt ni
TCP l mt giao thc hng kt ni. Ngha l n thit lp mt kt ni o gia

ngun v ch. Mi phn on thuc cng mt thng bo c chuyn qua knh o
ny. Vic s dng mt ng i o cho ton b thng bo lm n gin qu trnh xc
nhn cng nh truyn li.
4.3.6.1 Thit lp kt ni
Vic thit lp kt ni TCP c thc hin thng qua th tc bt tay ba bc nh

sau (Hnh 4.14):
1) My khch gi phn on u tin, phn on SYN. Phn on ny cha mt
s trnh t khi to c s dng nh s cc byte d liu gi t ngun n
ch. Nu my khch mun nh ngha MSS m n c th nhn t pha ch, n
thm ty chn tng ng. Cng vy, nu my khch mun kch thc ca s
ln, n c th nh ngha tha s co dn ca s. Phn on ny bo cho my
ch bit my khch mun thit lp kt ni vi mt s tham s nht nh. Ch
rng phn on ny khng cha s xc nhnv khng nh ngha kch thc
ca s. Kch thc ca s ch c hiu lc khi phn on cha s xc nhn.
204
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
IT
Hnh 4.14: Th tc bt tay ba bc
PT
2) My ch gi phn on th hai, phn on SYN v ACK. Phn on ny c hai

mc ch. Th nht, n xc nhn s nhn phn on u tin bng cch s dng
c ACK v trng s xc nhn. S xc nhn bng s trnh t khi to ca my
khch cng mt. My ch cng phi xc nh kch thc ca s ca my khch.
Th hai, phn on c s dng nh phn on khi to cho my ch. N
cha s trnh t khi to nh s cc byte gi my ch ti my khch. N
cng cha tha s co dn ca s v MSS (nu cn). y thc cht l hai phn
on gp mt.
3) My khch gi phn on th ba. y ch l phn on ACK. N xc nhn s
nhn phn on th hai s dng c ACK v trng s xc nhn. S xc nhn
ny bng s trnh t khi to ca my ch cng mt. My khch cng nh
ngha kch thc ca s ca my ch. Ch rng d liu c th gi km phn
on th ba.
4.3.6.2 Gii phng kt ni
ng kt ni c th xut pht t pha bt k. Khi kt ni trong mt hng c
ng, pha kia vn c th truyn d liu trong hng khc. Do vy, cn c bn hnh
ng ng kt ni (Hnh 4.15):
1) My khch gi phn on th nht, phn on FIN.
2) My ch gi phn on th hai, phn on ACK, thng bo s nhn phn
on FIN t my khch. Phn on ny s dng s xc nhn, bng s trnh t
trong phn on FIN cng mt.
205
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
IT
Hnh 4.15: Th tc gii phng kt ni bn bc
3) My ch c th tip tc gi d liu trong hng my ch-my khch. Khi

khng cn d liu truyn na, n gi phn on th ba. Phn on ny l mt
phn on FIN.
PT
4) Khch gi phn on th t, phn on ACK, thng bo s nhn phn on

FIN t my ch. Phn on ny cha s xc nhn, bng s trnh t trong phn
on FIN ca my ch cng mt.
4.4 Giao thc UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l mt giao thc truyn thng phi kt ni v khng
tin cy, c dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca ng dng. UDP c
trch nhim truyn cc thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng khng cung cp
cc c ch gim st v qun l. UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s cng
nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc
nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c
dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.
4.4.1 Cng UDP
Cng ging nh TCP, UDP s dng a ch cng nhn din ng dng. Mt s
cng UDP thng dng c lit k Bng 4.3.
206
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Bng 4.3: Cc cng UDP thng dng
Cng
Giao thc
Miu t
13
Daytime
Tr v ngy thng
53
DNS
H thng tn min
67
Bootps
Cng my ch ti thng tin khi ng
68
Bootpc
Cng my khch ti thng tin khi ng
69
TFTP
Giao thc truyn tp thng thng
111
RPC
Gi th tc xa
123
NTP
Giao thc thi gian mng
161
SNMP
IT
Giao thc qun l mng n gin
4.4.2 nh dng UDP datagram
nh dng ca UDP datagram c m t trong Hnh 4.16, vi cc trng tham s

n gin hn nhiu so vi phn on TCP.
Bt 4-7
Bt 8-11
Bt 12-15
Bt 16-19
PT
Bt 0-3
Bt 20-23
Bt 24-27
Source port
Destination Port
Total Length
Checksum
Bt 28-31
Data
Hnh 4.16: nh dng ca UDP datagram
Cc trng trong tiu UDP datagram gm:

-
Cng ngun (Source Port): Trng 16 bit ny xc nh s cng ca

chng trnh ng dng gi.
Cng ch (Destination Port): Trng 16 bit ny xc nh s cng ca

chng trnh ng dng nhn.
di tng (Total length): Trng 16 bit ny xc nh di tng (c

tiu v d liu) ca UDP datagram.
207
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Tng kim tra (Checksum): Trng 16 bit ny cha m kim tra li (theo
phng php CRC) cho ton b phn on (c tiu v d liu).
4.4.3 Dch v phi kt ni ca UDP

Nh cp trn, UDP cung cp dch v phi kt ni. iu ny c ngha mi
gi d liu UDP gi i l mt gi c lp. Khng c mi quan h gia cc gi d liu,
cho d chng ti t cng mt tin trnh ngun v n cng mt tin trnh ch. Cc gi
d liu khng c nh s, cng nh khng c giai on thit lp kt ni v gii
phng kt ni nh TCP.
Do l dch v phi kt ni nn cc tin trnh s dng UDP khng th gi mt lung
d liu cho UDP v yu cu UDP chia chng thnh cc gi c lin quan n nhau.
Thay vo , mi yu cu phi nh va vi UDP datagram. Do vy ch nhng
giao thc s dng cc bn tin ngn mi ph hp vi UDP.
IT
4.5 Tng kt
Chng ny trnh by cc vn c bn ca lp giao vn trong mng truyn
thng. Nhng ni dung chnh c cp bao gm:
Cc dch v giao vn, bao gm cc dch v c cung cp ti lp trn v cc

dch v giao vn nguyn thy ;
Cc chc nng c bn ca lp giao vn, bao gm: nh a ch, thit lp v gii
phng kt ni, iu khin lung v b m, khi phc kt ni;
Cc c im v hot ng ca giao thc TCP;
Cc c im v hot ng ca giao thc UDP;
PT
4.6 Cu hi n tp
1. Gii thiu v cc dch v giao vn, bao gm cc dch v c cung cp ti

lp trn v cc dch v giao vn nguyn thy ;
2. Trnh by chc nng nh a ch ca lp giao vn;
3. Trnh by chc nng thit lp kt ni ca lp giao vn;
4. Trnh by chc nng gii phng kt ni ca lp giao vn;
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Trnh by chc nng iu khin lung v b m ca lp giao vn;

Trnh by chc nng khi phc kt ni ca lp giao vn;
Gii thiu v truyn thng tin trnh ti tin trnh v khi nim a ch cng
Trnh by cu trc phn on TCP
Trnh by c ch iu khin lung ca TCP
Trnh by c ch iu khin li ca TCP
208
Chng 4. Lp Giao vn
Gii thiu v cc b nh thi ca TCP

Trnh by th tc thit lp v gii phng kt ni TCP
Trnh by nh dng ca UDP datagram
Khi nim dch v phi kt ni ca UDP
PT
IT
11.
12.
13.
14.
209
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
CHNG 5.
CC LP TRN
5.1 Lp Phin
Phn ny gii thiu nhng vn lin quan n hot ng ca lp Phin trong
m hnh phn lp mng . Lp phin cung cp mt phng php c cu trc trao i
d liu gia cc tin trnh x l (hay ng dng ) trn cc my trm giao tip. Lp ny
s dng khi nim phin thay v khi nim kt ni biu th rng vic truyn thng
c xem xt t gc ng dng ch khng phi t gc cc my trm. C th hn,
mt phin p t mt b quy tc trn cch thc giao tip ca cc ng dng. ng thi
cng cn quan tm l lm th no mt phin c th thc hin m phn gia hai ng
IT
dng , ng b ha v kim sot vic trao i thng tin gia cc ng dng (v d , lm

th no chng c th thay phin nhau ) , ni dung ca bn tin ( v d , chng lin quan
n h s t c s d liu hoc t hp phm trn mt thit b u cui ) , i ph vi
s c truyn dn , v hy bn tin theo yu cu bi mt s ng dng .
PT
u tin chng ta s xem xt cc dch v phin nguyn thy s s dng chng

bi cc lp cao hn. Sau chng ta s m t cc giao thc phin v cc vn lin
quan , chng hn nh vic s dng cc th bi, ng b ha , x l li , v cu trc cc
bn tin phin . Cui cng, chng ta s gii thiu mt s tiu chun ca lp phin.
5.1.1 Cc dch v
Nh vi cc lp trc, dch v phin c nh ngha da theo cc dch v

nguyn thy. Bng 5.1 tm tt cc dch v nguyn thy lp phin cng vi nhng
dng v thng s c th ca chng.
Bng 5.1: Cc dch v nguyn thy lp Phin
Primitive
S-CONNECT
Loi
Thng s
Mc ch
request
indicate
response
confirm
(addresses, QoS, result,

requirements, serial no.,
token, user data)
Khi to mt phin kt ni (kt

ni lun c khi to bi
ngi s dng dch v)
(initiating a session
Connection)
210
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
S-RELEASE
S-U-ABORT
request
indicate
response
confirm
(result, user data)
request
indicate
(user data)
Gii phng mt kt ni
(release of a Connection)
Hy dch v khi to bi ngi

s dng
(Service User-initiated Abort)
S-P-ABORT
indicate
(reason)
Hy dch v khi to bi nh
cung cp dch v
(Service Provider-initiated
Abort)
S-U-EXCEPTIONREPORT
request
indicate
(reason, user data)
Bo co ngoi l bi ngi s
dng dch v
IT
(exception reporting by a
Service user)
S-DATA
indicate
(indication)
PT
S-P-EXCEPTIONREPORT
request
indicate
(user data)
S-EXPEDITEDDATA
request
indicate
(user data)
S-TYPED-DATA
request
indicate
(user data)
request
indicate
(user data)
S-CAPABILITYDATA
Bo co ngoi l bi nh cung
cp dch v
(exception reporting by a
service provider)
Truyn d liu bnh thng
(normal data transfer)
Truyn d liu u tin cao

(high priority data transfer)
Truyn d liu nhp vo
(typed data transfer)
Trao i d liu khi khng c
hot ng no ang tin hnh
(data exchange when no
activity is in progress)
S-ACTIVITYSTART
request
indicate
(activity ID, user data)
Bt u mt hot ng
(starting an activity)
211
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
S-ACTIVITYINTERRUPT
request
indicate
response
confirm
(reason)
Tm thi gin on mt hot

ng
(temporarily interrupting an
Activity)
S-ACTIVITYRESUME
request
indicate
(new ID, old ID, serial

no.,
Khi phc mt hot ng b gin

on
user data)
(resuming an interrupted
Activity)
S-ACTIVITYDISCARD
request
indicate
response
confirm
(reason)
Loi b mt hot ng
(discarding an activity)
S-ACTIVITY-END request
indicate
response
confirm
(serial no., user data)
S-TOKEN-PLEASE request
indicate
(tokens, user data)
Kt thc mt hot ng
IT
(ending an activity)
c s dng bi ngi dng

dch v yu cu mt th bi
PT
(by a service user for requesting
S-TOKEN-GIVE
request
indicate
S-CONTROL-GIVE request
indicate
(tokens)
()
a token)
c s dng bi ngi dng

dch v chuyn tip mt th
bi cho ngi khc
(by a service user for forwarding
a token to the other user)
c s dng bi ngi dng
dch v chuyn tt c cc th
bi cho ngi khc
(by a service user for forwarding
all tokens to the other user)
S-SYNC-MINOR
S-SYNC-MAJOR
request
indicate
response
confirm
(type, serial no., user

data)
request
indicate
response
confirm
(serial no., user data)
Thit lp mt im ng b ph
(setting a minor
synchronization point)
Thit lp mt im ng b
chnh
(setting a major
212
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
synchronization point)
Srequest
RESYNCHRONIZE indicate
response
confirm
(type, serial no., tokens,
c s dng ti ng b
user data)
(Resynchronization)
Hnh 5.1 minh ha vic s dng cc dch v phin trong mt kch bn mu .

Ngi s dng dch v phin A yu cu mt kt ni bn song cng (half-duplex) ,
c ch nh n ngi s dng phin B bi nh cung cp dch v. B p ng cc yu
cu v cung cp dch v xc nhn vi A. Hai qu trnh truyn d liu bnh thng t A
n B c thc hin , vi mt chu k ng b nh gia. B sau yu cu A cho
PT
hy b phin lm vic.
IT
mt th bi d liu, A bn giao cho B. B gi mt vi d liu ti A, v sau yu cu
213
PT
IT
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
Hnh 5.1: Kch bn mu ca cc dch v phin
5.1.1.1 Vai tr ca lp phin
Vai tr chnh xc ca lp phin c th hin thng qua vic xem xt n mi

quan h ca n vi cc lp khc. Mc d lp phin c v tr di v nhn cc yu
cu t lp trnh din , vai tr chnh ca n l phc v lp ng dng bng cch cho
php cc ng dng trao i mt cch c cu trc. Lp trnh din l hon ton trong
sut i vi qu trnh ny.
Giao din gia lp phin v lp vn chuyn l rt n gin. N cung cp vic
m v ng kt ni truyn dn v chuyn giao d liu ng tin cy trn cc kt ni.
Giao din n gin ny c lm phong ph bi lp phin nh vo tp cc dch v
214
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
m bo cho vic s dng cui cng bi lp ng dng. Hnh 6.65 minh ha cho iu
ny.
Hnh 5.2: Vai tr ca lp phin
IT
5.1.1.2 Cc nhm chc nng

Ni chung l him khi mt ng dng yu cu s dng tt c cc dch v
ca lp phin, thng l mt tp hp tng i nh l . to iu kin cho c
im ny, cc dch v lp phin c chia thnh 13 nhm chc nng (xem Bng 5.2).
PT
Mi nhm chc nng bao gm mt s dch v phin c lin quan vi nhau. Cc nhm
chc nng c thng lng v la chn trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni bng cch
s dng thng s Requirements trong yu cu kt ni. Nhm chc nng c la chn
s xc nh nhng dch v no l kh dng trong thi gian ca phin giao dch. Nhm
Kernel i din cho tp cc dch v c bn nht m cc ng dng c th s dng . Tt
c cc thc thi lp phin u phi cung cp tp con ti thiu ny.
Bng 5.2: Cc nhm chc nng dch v phin
Nhm chc
nng
Dch v nguyn thy
Cng dng
Kernel
S-CONNECT
S-DATA
S-RELEASE
S-U-ABORT
S-P-ABORT
Cung cp cc dch v c bn cho vic thit

lp mt kt ni, truyn d liu, v chm
dt kt ni.
Negotiated
Release
S-RELEASE
S-TOKEN-PLEASE
S-TOKEN-GIVE
Cung cp kh nng m phn gii

phng kt ni.
Exceptions
S-U-EXCEPTION-REPORT Cung cp kh nng bo co li.
215
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
S-P-EXCEPTION-REPORT
Expedited data
S-EXPEDITED-DATA
Cung cp kh nng truyn d liu nhanh .
Typed Data
S-TYPED-DATA
Cung cp kh nng truyn d liu nhp m

khng ph thuc vo th bi d liu.
Cung cp kh nng truyn d liu khi
khng c hot ng no ang tin hnh.
Activity
Management
S-ACTIVITY-START
S-ACTIVITY-INTERRUPT
S-ACTIVITY-RESUME
S-ACTIVITY-DISCARD
S-ACTIVITY-END
S-TOKEN-PLEASE
S-TOKEN-GIVE
S-CONTROL-GIVE
Cung cp kh nng qun l hot ng
Half Duplex
S-TOKEN-PLEASE
S-TOKEN-GIVE
Cung cp kh nng trao i d liu bn

song cng s dng th bi d liu.
Full Duplex
S-TOKEN-PLEASE
S-TOKEN-GIVE
Minor
Synchronize
S-SYNC-MINOR
S-TOKEN-PLEASE
S-TOKEN-GIVE
Major
Synchronize
Cung cp kh nng trao i d liu bn

song cng
Cung cp kh nng ng b nh.
PT
Symmetric
Synchronize
IT
Capability Data S-CAPABILITY-DATA
Resynchronize
S-SYNC-MINOR
S-TOKEN-PLEASE
S-TOKEN-GIVE
Ging nh ng b nh, nhng hot ng

theo c hai hng.
S-SYNC-MAJOR
S-TOKEN-PLEASE
S-TOKEN-GIVE
Cung cp kh nng ng b ln.
S-RESYNCHRONIZE
Cung cp kh nng ti ng b
5.1.2 Giao thc

Nh vi cc giao thc lp vn chuyn, giao thc lp phin ch yu l
hng kt ni. N bao gm ba giai on: thit lp kt ni, truyn d liu, v gii
phng kt ni. Vic chuyn giao d liu l phc tp nht trong ba giai on, chim
hu ht cc dch v nguyn thy. Di y chng ta s phn tch cc vn lin quan
n giao thc m ch yu l x l giai on truyn d liu.
216
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
5.1.2.1 Th bi (Token)
Th bi cung cp mt c ch hn ch vic s dng cng nhng dch v phin
nht nh cho mt trong hai ngi dng phin ti mt thi im . Bn loi th bi
c cung cp:
Data Token: c s dng cho cc kt ni bn song cng. Ngi s dng
dch v s hu th c c quyn pht yu cu S -DATA . D liu trao i s dng cc
yu cu S-EXPEDITED-DATA v S-TYPED-DATA khng b nh hng bi th ny
. Th ny khng lin quan n v khng s dng c trong kt ni song cng (fullduplex).
Release Token: c s dng cho cc kt ni tho thun thnh cng vic
s dng nhm chc nng Negotiated Release. Ngi s dng dch v s hu th c
IT
c quyn pht ra yu cu S-RELEASE. Vic ngt kt ni s dng yu cu S-UABORT khng b nh hng bi th ny.
Sync-Minor Token: c s dng cho cc kt ni tha thun thnh cng
PT
vic s dng nhm chc nng Minor Synchronize. Ngi s dng dch v s hu th
c c quyn pht yu cu S-SYNC-MINOR. Th ny khng thch hp v khng kh
dng khi nhm chc nng Symmetric Synchronize c s dng thay th.
Sync-Major/Activity Token: c s dng cho cc kt ni tha thun
thnh cng vic s dng cc nhm chc nng Major Synchronize hay Activity
Management. Ngi s dng dch v s hu th c c quyn gii phng cc yu cu
S- SYNC-MAJOR v S-ACTIVITY .
Vic phn phi th c qun l bi ba dch v nguyn thy. S-TOKENPLEASE c s dng bi ngi s dng dch v yu cu quyn s hu mt hoc
nhiu th t ngi s dng khc . S-TOKEN-GIVE c s dng bi ngi s hu
mt hoc nhiu th chuyn tip chng cho ngi khc . Cui cng, S-CONTROLGIVE cho php ngi dng dch v chuyn tt c cc th ca mnh cho ngi s dng
khc .
217
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
5.1.2.2 SPDU
Cc bn tin lp phin c trao i bi lp giao vn s dng n v d liu giao
thc phin (SPDU). Hu ht cc dch v nguyn thy u c trin khai nh mt
hoc hai SPDU (SPDU b sung c s dng khi cn yu cu bo nhn). Mt s
SPDU c nh x ring vo TSDUs (v d, Connect and Disconnect SPDU). Cn cc
SPDU khc lun gn vi Token v Give-Token SPDU, sau nh x vo TSDUs (v
d, tt c cc Activity SPDU).
Bng 5.3: Cu trc tng qut ca SPDU
Trng
Quy nh kiu ca SPDU.
Length Indicator
Tng chiu di cc thng s theo sau.
IT
Service ID
Parameter ID
Xc nh kiu ca thng s ny.
Length Indicator
Chiu di ca thng s.
Parameter Value
Xc nh gi tr ca thng s.
PT
V d
thng s
n
M t
... cc thng s
hoc
THNG
S
nhm thng s
khc...
V d
nhm
thng s
Parameter Group ID
Xc nh mt nhm cc thng s.
Length Indicator
Tng chiu di ca cc thng s trong

nhm ny.
Group
Cc thng s ca nhm xut hin tng ci

mt y
Parameters
v c th cha cc nhm khc.
User Data
D liu ngi dng dch v phin thc t
Cu trc chung ca mt SPDU c th hin trong Bng 5.3. Cc thng s chnh

xc ph thuc vo loi SPDU. Nh nu trong bng, thng s c th c nhm li
vi nhau. Hn na, cc nhm thng s c th cha cc phn nhm.
218
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
5.1.3 Cc chun
Cc dch v phin tho lun trn c xc nh bi cc tiu chun ISO 8326
v ITU-T X.215. Cn cc giao thc phin c nh ngha v trnh by trong tiu
chun ISO 8327 v ITU-T X.225.
5.2 Lp trnh din
Cc ng dng s dng mt lot cc hnh thc d liu khc nhau, t phc tp (v
d, cu trc d liu lng nhau) n rt n gin (v d, vn bn). Thng tin lin lc
gia cc ng dng lin quan n vic trao i nhng d liu nh vy . Tuy nhin, tt
c cc dng d liu ph thuc vo ngn ng lp trnh v my tnh, c ngha l mc d
d liu c chuyn i sang nh dng chp nhn c bi cc ng dng, ngha
ca d liu vn s b mt trong qu trnh truyn.
IT
Vai tr ca lp trnh din l h tr vic trao i d liu bo ton ng ngha

gia hai ng dng ngang hng. Lp trnh by t c iu ny thng qua hai giai
on: (i) hai ng dng ngang hng thng nht mt c php mc cao cho nh ngha d
liu, v (ii) m phn thng nht mt c php chuyn i nh dng phc v cho
PT
mc ch truyn dn.
5.2.1 Cc dch v
Khi nim c php l khi nim quan trng v trung tm ca cc dch v tng
trnh by. Di y l mt s m t v cc dch v nguyn thy tng trnh by v cc
nhm chc nng dch v.
5.2.1.1 C php (Syntax)
D liu c cu trc theo mt b quy tc, gi l c php. Ty vo mc , quy

tc c php c th c phn thnh hai loi: tru tng v c th. C php tru tng
l mt c t mc cao ca d liu m khng lin quan n cch biu din d liu trong
my tnh. C php tru tng m t c im chung ca d liu mt cch khi qut.
C php c th, l mt c t mc thp (bit-level) ca d liu bm theo mt s cch
biu din d liu c th trn my tnh. Ni chung, mt c php c th c rt ra t c
php tru tng thng qua vic p dng mt b quy tc m ha. l mt nh x
219
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
mt-nhiu gia c php tru tng ca d liu v c php c th ca n, c ngha l,

cng mt d liu c th c biu din trong nhiu nh dng khc nhau.
V d, hy xem xt pht biu sau y:
Mt mu RGB c nh ngha l mt i tng ca ba thnh phn (mu ,
mu xanh l cy, v mu xanh), mi thnh phn trong s l mt i lng s
nguyn.
y l mt v d v c t c php tru tng. N ch ra nhng c im khi
qut ca mt mu RGB m khng ni g v cch biu din chng trong my tnh. Mt
s cch thc m d liu ny c th c biu din ti mc thp th hin trong Hnh
5.3. nh dng 1 s dng mt s nguyn c du 16 bit i din cho mi mu c bn
trong mt loi my m cc bit c sp xp t tri sang phi. nh dng 2 ging vi
IT
nh dng 1, nhng cc bit c sp xp t phi sang tri. nh dng 3 s dng cc s

nguyn 8-bit khng du vi cc bit sp xp t tri sang phi. Trong nh dng 4, cc
PT
mu c bn xut hin theo th t ngc li.
Hnh 5.3: Bn cch biu din d liu ca mt mu RGB
C php c th l cn thit mi khi d liu c lu tr dng s hoc c

truyn i. Ni chung, mi h thng c c php c th ring ca mnh m c th khc
vi c php c th ca cc h thng khc. Hai ng dng giao tip chy trn hai h
thng nh vy s phi chuyn i d liu vo mt c php c th chung to iu
220
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
kin thun li cho vic truyn dn. Chng ta s s dng cc thut ng c php c th
ng dng v c php c th truyn ti phn bit hai loi c php ny .
bo ton cc c tnh ca d liu cn chuyn i, hai ng dng cn thng
nht chun ha v c php tru tng. Hnh 5.4 minh ha vai tr ca cc loi c php
IT
khc nhau.
Hnh 5.4: Vai tr ca cc loi c php khc nhau
5.2.1.2 Cc dch v nguyn thy
PT
Nh cp trong cc phn trc, tng trnh by l trong sut gia lp ng

dng v Phin thc hin vic trao i ng dng . Do , mi dch v nguyn thy
tng phin c tng ng bi mt nguyn thy lp trnh din. Lp trnh din b sung
thm chc nng cho bn dch v nguyn thy lp phin v cung cp cc dch v
nguyn thy mi (Bng 5.4). Cc dch v nguyn thy cn li l ging ht v chc
nng so vi cc nguyn thy tng ng ca lp phin.
Bng 5.4: Cc dch v nguyn thy lp trnh din
Cng dng
Nguyn thy
lp trnh din
Loi
P-CONNECT
request
indicate
response
confirm
S-CONNECT
Tng t nh S-CONNECT, nhng l

thng lng cc nhm chc nng
trnh din, tp ng cnh c nh
ngha, v ng cnh mc nh.
P-RELEASE
request
indicate
response
confirm
S-RELEASE
Tng t nh S-RELEASE, nhng xa

tp ng cnh c nh ngha.
P-U-ABORT
request
S-U-ABORT
Tng t nh S-U-ABORT, nhng xa
Nguyn thy lp
Phin lin quan
221
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
indicate
tp ng cnh c nh ngha.
P-P-ABORT
indicate
S-P-ABORT
Ging nh S-P-ABORT, nhng xa tp

ng cnh c nh ngha
P-other
...
S-other
Ging nh nhng nguyn thy tng

ng lp Phin.
P-ALTERCONTEXT
request
indicate
response
confirm
none
S dng thay i tp ng cnh c

nh ngha sau khi mt kt ni c
thit lp.
5.2.2 K hiu c php tru tng ASN.1

K hiu c php tru tng (Abstract Syntax Notation) ASN.1 l mt ngn ng
IT
hnh thc c thit k cho php cc ng dng chia s mt cch nh ngha d liu
chung. N h tr cch nh ngha d liu c lp vi ngn ng lp trnh v my tnh.
ASN.1 c s dng bi tng ng dng xc nh d liu ng dng , v bi tng
trnh by nh ngha n v d liu giao thc s dng trao i d liu. Mt k
PT
hiu khc, BER , c s dng ch cc c php c th.

7.2.1. Cc nh ngha trong ASN.1
Mt tp hp cc nh ngha kiu d liu ASN.1 c ng vo trong mt

module . Cu trc tng qut ca mt module nh sau:
Module-name DEFINITIONS ::= BEGIN
Type-assignment 1
...
Type-assignment n
END
nh ngha ny n gin ch ra rng mt module bao gm mt hoc nhiu php
gn kiu (Type-assignment). Mi php gn kiu c dng :
Type-name ::= Type-definition
222
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
Type-definition c th ch l mt tham chiu n mt kiu n gin hoc bao

gm mt kiu c cu trc . V d v mt kiu n gin c th l:
PacketLifetime :: = INTEGER
Bng 5.5 tm tt cc kiu n gin c xy dng trong ASN.1.
Bng 5.5: Cc kiu n gin trong ASN.1
Loi
M t
i din cho d liu logic (ly gi tr ng hoc sai).
INTEGER
i din cho tt c cc s nguyn.
REAL
i din cho cc s thc.
BIT STRING
i din cho chui ty cc bit.
OCTET STRING
i din cho chui ty cc octet.
ENUMERATED
i din cho tp cc gi tr c tn duy nht.
NULL
i din cho tp rng (khng c thng tin).
IT
BOOLEAN
Kiu c cu trc (Structured type) lun c xc nh theo cc kiu khc. Mt

v d v kiu c cu trc l:
PT
Message ::= SEQUENCE {

protocol
INTEGER,
ack-needed BOOLEAN,
source
Address,
destination
Address,
data
BIT STRING
}
Kiu ny nh ngha Message nh mt chui gm nm thnh phn khc.
Address biu th mt kiu c nh ngha bi ngi dng m chng ta gi nh l
c nh ngha t trc. Bng 5.6 tm tt cc kiu c cu trc c xy dng sn
trong ASN.1.
223
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
Bng 5.6: Cc kiu c cu trc xy dng sn trong ASN.1
Loi
M t
Tp hp cc thc th vi kiu c th khc nhau v khng
theo th t c th.
SET OF
Ging nh SET, nhng tt c cc thc th c cng kiu.
SEQUENCE
Tp hp cc thc th vi kiu c th khc nhau nhng theo

mt th t c th.
SEQUENCE OF
Tng t nh SEQUENCE nhng tt c cc thc th c

cng kiu.
CHOICE
Kiu d liu c th gi nh mt trong nhiu loi.
SELECTION
Kiu d liu m trc c nh ngha nh kiu

CHOICE.
ANY
i din cho bt k kiu hp l no ca ANS.1.
TAGGED
i din cho cch ch ra s xut hin nhiu ln ca cng

mt kiu.
PT
5.2.3 Giao thc
IT
SET
Giao thc tng trnh by rt ging vi giao thc tng phin, v n v d liu
giao thc tng trnh by (PPDU) cng ch khc SPDU trong mt vi chi tit nh. im
b sung chnh trong giao thc tng trnh by l kh nng m phn tp ng cnh nh
ngha, c trong thi gian kt ni v trong qu trnh truyn d liu.
Vic m phn tp ng cnh nh ngha dn n l ngi s dng dch v lp
trnh by xut mt tp cc c php tru tng, vi mi trong s mt hoc nhiu
c php truyn ti . Mi cp "c php tru tng + c php truyn ti c nh
ngha nh l mt nh danh ng cnh (context Identifier). Ngi s dng dch v u
kia c th chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn tng cp nh vy . Vi mi cp c
chp nhn, i tc cng la chn mt trong cc c php truyn ti c xut. Bng
cch ny xc nh c mt tp cc ng cnh trnh by v thit lp nn tp ng cnh
nh ngha.
Bi v c th c nhiu hn mt ng cnh trnh by trong tp ng cnh nh
ngha , mi hot ng chuyn giao d liu c gn vi mt nh danh ng cnh ca
224
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
ng cnh trnh by ph hp . Pha nhn s s dng th ny xc nh cn phi gii

m d liu nh th no.
5.2.4 Cc chun
Dch v trnh by tho lun trn c nh ngha bi cc tiu chun ISO 8822
v ITU-T X.216. ISO 8823 v ITU-T X.226 nh ngha cc giao thc lp trnh by.
ASN.1 c nh ngha bi cc tiu chun ISO 8824 v ITU-T X.208. ISO 8825 v
ITU-T X.209 m t thnh phn BER ca ASN.1.
5.3 Lp ng dng
5.3.1 Gii thiu
IT
Phn chnh ca qu trnh pht trin ng dng mng l vit chng trnh chy
trn cc h thng u cui khc nhau thc hin truyn thng qua mng. V d,
trong ng dng web c hai chng trnh phn mm ring bit truyn thng vi nhau:
phn mm trnh duyt chy trn thit b u cui ca ngi s dng (my tnh bn,
my tnh xch tay, PDA, in thoi di ng, ) v phn mm my ch chy trn my
PT
ch web. Hoc v d khc, trong h thng chia s tp ngang hng (P2P file sharing) c
mt chng trnh chy c hai trm u tham gia vo cng ng chia s tp. Trong
trng hp ny, cc chng trnh trong cc trm khc nhau c th gn ging hoc
ging ht nhau.
H thng mng my tnh thng c mt trong hai m hnh sau: khch/ch
(Client/Server) v ngang hng (peer-to-peer). Nhiu mi trng mng s dng c hai
m hnh. V d, mt cng ty c th dng ng thi cc h iu hnh Netware
khch/ch cng vi Novell v Windows for Workgroup ngang hng ca Microsoft.
5.3.2 Kin trc Client/Server
Mt trong nhng nguyn tc s dng mng l cho php chia s cc ti nguyn.
Vic chia s ny thng c thi hnh bi hai chng trnh ring bit, mi chng
trnh chy trn cc my tnh khc nhau. Mt chng trnh c gi l Server, cung cp
ti nguyn, chng trnh kia c gi l Client, s dng ti nguyn . Cc chng
trnh Server v Client thng l chy trn cc my khc nhau. Mt chng trnh
Server c th cng p ng cho nhiu chng trnh Client trn nhiu my tnh khc
nhau cng mt lc (Error! Reference source not found.).
225
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
Hnh 5.5: Kin trc khch ch (client/server)
truy nhp cc ti nguyn mng.
IT
Trong kin trc khch/ch, cc ti nguyn phn cng c th c tp trung trn

cc my ch v cc my khch c th c thit k theo cc cu hnh phn cng ti
thiu. M hnh khch/ch t ra l l tng i vi cc mng ln cn n h thng bo
mt mng. Di m hnh khch/ch, ngi qun tr c th d dng iu khin quyn
PT
Thng thng chng trnh Server chy trn mt my tnh no trong mng,
c kh nng cung cp mt dch v no . Chng trnh Client l chng trnh giao
tip vi ngi s dng, khi nhn yu cu ca ngi s dng, chng trnh Client s
gi cc yu cu n chng trnh Server v ch kt qu tr v, chng trnh Server khi
nhn c yu cu, s thi hnh dch v tng ng v tr kt qu v cho chng trnh
Client.
S lin h gia chng trnh Client v Server ch thng qua nhng dng thc
thng ip c qui nh khi lp trnh cn vic x l li Server v hin th ti Client l
c lp nhau. Do chng trnh Client v Server c th thay i thng xuyn m
vn hot ng tt min sao vn tun theo cc giao thc truyn thng gia chng.
5.3.3 Kin trc ngang hng
Trong kin trc ngang hng (P2P: peer-to-peer) c rt t (hoc khng c) my
ch h tng lun hot ng. Thay vo , ng dng khai thc truyn thng trc tip
gia cp trm kt ni lin tc, gi l cc thit b ngang hng (peer). Cc thit b ngang
hng ny khng phi ca nh cung cp dch v m l cc my tnh bn, my tnh xch
tay do ngi s dng iu khin v hu ht thit b ngang hng nm trong nh, trong
226
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
trng hc hay trong cc cng s. V truyn thng gia cc thit b ngang hng khng
cn qua my ch dnh ring nn kin trc ny c gi l ngang hng.
Rt nhiu ng dng thng dng v ng dng cn lu lng ln ngy nay da
trn kin trc ngang hng nh phn b tp (nh BitTorrent), chia s tp (nh eMule v
LimeWire), in thoi Internet (nh Skype) v IPTV (nh PPLive). Lu rng mt s
ng dng c kin trc lai ghp, kt hp c cc phn t khch/ch v ngang hng. V
d, vi nhiu ng dng gi tin nhn tc thi, cc my ch c dng truy vt cc
a ch IP ca ngi s dng, nhng cc bn tin ngi s dng-ngi s dng th gi
trc tip gia cc my trm ca ngi s dng (m khng cn chuyn tip qua cc
my ch trung gian).
IT
Mt trong nhng c im hp dn nht ca kin trc P2P l kh nng t m

rng (self-scalability). V d, trong ng dng chia s tp P2P, mc d mi thit b
ngang hng to ra ti trng bng vic yu cu ly tp, mi thit b ngang hng cng
tng thm dung lng dch v cho h thng bng cch phn phi tp ti cc thit b
PT
ngang hng khc. Kin trc P2P cng hiu qu v chi ph v thng thng chng
khng cn h tng my ch v bng thng my ch. gim chi ph, cc nh cung cp
dch v (MSN, Yahoo) ngy cng quan tm n vic s dng kin trc P2P cho cc
ng dng ca h.
5.3.4 Cc dch v lp ng dng
Cc dch v lp ng dng in hnh bao gm dch v truy nhp Internet, dch v

kt ni Internet v dch v ng dng Internet. Dch v kt ni Internet l dch v cung
cp cho cc c quan, t chc, doanh nghip cung cp dch v Internet kh nng kt ni
vi nhau v vi Internet quc t. Dch v truy nhp Internet l dch v cung cp cho
ngi s dng kh nng truy nhp Internet. Dch v ng dng Internet l dch v s
dng Internet cung cp cc ng dng cho ngi s dng.
Sau y gii thiu mt s dch v thng dng trn Internet.
WWW (World Wide Web)
Web l s tp hp ca nhng trang d liu HTML cha tt c cc my tnh
trn th gii. WWW bao gm cc trang thng tin c k t, hnh nh v cc hiu ng ...
m bn c th xem bng cc trnh duyt web (Web browser), v d nh Microsoft
Internet Explorer (IE) hoc Netscape Navigator.
E-mail (Th in t)
227
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
L dch v p ng yu cu trao i thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng Internet

thng qua vic gi, nhn th in t (Electronic Mail). y l mt trong nhng dch
v c s dng nhiu nht trn Internet vi l do tin li, nhanh chng v kinh t.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
FTP l mt h thng ch yu chuyn ti file gia cc my vi tnh vo Internet.
File c chuyn ti c dung lng rt ln. FTP hu ht c s dng cho vic
chuyn ti nhng d liu mang tnh c nhn.
IRC (Internet Relay Chat)
Chat gip cho con ngi truyn t thng tin thng qua internet bng cch g
mu tin t bn phm my vi tnh. lm c iu ny bn phi kt ni vi mng
phc v IRC. Mt ln kt ni bn c th tham gia chat vi hng trm ch khc nhau
hoc thm ch to ch ring cho chnh bn.
IT
Telnet
L dch v kt ni chng trnh ca my tnh ngun vi mt my tnh khc xa.
PT
Trong trng hp ny bn cn phi c tn ngi s dng (username) v mt m

(password) cng nh tn ca my , bn cng phi cn bit m h thng my s
dng - h thng tng qut y l UNIX.
5.4 Tng kt
Chng ny trnh by v cc lp trn trong m hnh phn lp mng . Cc ni

dung chnh c cp bao gm:
-
Cc dch v ca lp phin: vai tr v cc nhm chc nng dch v ;

Cc giao thc lp Phin, khi nim th bi v nh dng SPDU;
Cc chun lp phin;
Cc dch v lp trnh din: c php v cc dch v nguyn thy;
K hiu c php tru tng ASN.1;

Cc giao thc v chun lp trnh din;
Kin trc Client/Server;
Kin trc ngang hng;
Cc dch v lp ng dng .
5.5 Cu hi n tp
1. Trnh by vai tr ca lp phin trong m hnh phn lp mng
2. Gii thiu cc nhm chc nng dch v ca lp phin
228
Chng 5. Cc lp trn
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Trnh by khi nim th bi v cc loi th bi lp phin

Trnh by v SPDU, nh dng v cc thng s SPDU
Trnh by khi nim c php v cc dicu nguyn thy lp trnh din
Trnh by cc c im chnh ca k hiu c php tru tng ASN.1
Gii thiu v giao thc lp trnh din
Trnh by cc c im chnh ca kin trc Client/Server
Trnh by cc c im chnh ca kin trc ngang hng
PT
IT
10. Gii thiu cc dch v lp ng dng
229
Chng 6. K thut v thit b mng IP
CHNG 6.
K THUT V THIT B MNG IP
6.1 K thut mng cc b

6.1.1 Cc thnh phn mng
Mng cc b (LAN) l mt mng d liu tc cao bao ph mt khu vc a l
tng i nh. N thng kt ni cc trm lm vic, my tnh c nhn, my in, my
ch v mt s thit b khc. Mng cc b cung cp cho ngi dng my tnh nhiu li
ch, gm chia s truy nhp ti cc thit b v ng dng, trao i tp v truyn thng
gia cc ngi dng thng qua th in t v cc ng dng khc.
v cc thit b lin kt mng.

Trm cui
IT
mt mng cc b c th hot ng, cn c c cc thnh phn phn cng v

phn mm. Phn cng mng cc b gm cc ng truyn dn, card mng, trm cui
PT
Cc thit b c ni vi mng cc b c gi l trm cui. Cc thit b ny

bao gm my tnh c nhn, my trm, my ch, my in, v.v. Cc trm cui cn c cc
chng trnh ng dng thc thi cc dch v nh th in t, truyn tp, v.v. v mt
chng trnh iu khin truyn thng truyn cc thng tin cn thit khi cc ng
dng c thc thi.
ng truyn dn
l phng tin truyn dn dng kt ni cc trm cui trong mng cc b.

ng truyn dn thc hin vic truyn v gi d liu gia cc trm cui.
Card mng
Card mng (NIC - Netwok Interface Card) cung cp giao din gia ng truyn
dn (cp mng) v trm cui.
Cc thit b lin kt mng
Cc thit b lin kt mng nh b lp, HUB, cu ni, b nh tuyn c s
dng kt ni cc on mng vi nhau v s c trnh by chi tit phn sau.
mng cc b c th hot ng th ngoi cc thnh phn phn cng, mi my
tnh c kt ni vo mng phi c ci t mt h iu hnh mng (NOS - Network
Operating System). Mt s h iu hnh mng thng dng hin ny gm Windows
230
2003 Server, Windows 2008 Server, Unix, Linux. Ngoi h iu hnh mng, cn cn
cc trnh iu khin (driver) iu khin vic truyn thng gia h iu hnh mng
v cc card mng. Cc card mng khc nhau s c trnh iu khin khc nhau, v n
thng i km card khi ta mua.
6.1.2 Kin trc mng
Thut ng kin trc (topology) ca mng my tnh ch s sp xp cc trm cui
c gn vo mng. Cc cu trc thng dng trong mng cc b l hnh sao (star),
PT
IT
ng trc (bus), v vng (ring) (Error! Reference source not found.).
Hnh 6.1: Cc kiu kin trc LAN
Mng hnh sao bao gm mt b iu khin trung tm, mi trm cui c kt

ni vo b iu khin trung tm ny.
Mng dng BUS bao gm mt ng truyn d liu tc cao duy nht. ng
truyn ny c gi l BUS v c chia s bi nhiu nt. Bt c khi no mun
truyn d liu, trm truyn n nh a ch trm ch v truyn d liu ln BUS.
Mng cu trc vng c hnh dng mt vng khp kn, cc nt c ni vi vng
ti cc im cch nhau mt khong no . Thng tin c truyn trn vng theo mt
hng nhm trnh xung t. Do mi nt c th ti to v lp li tn hiu nn cu trc
lin kt kiu ny ph hp vi cc mng c phm vi rng hn so vi kin trc dng
BUS.
6.2 Cc thit b mng cc b
Cc thit b mng c s dng kt ni cc phn on ca mt mng vi nhau
231
hoc kt ni cc mng to thnh mt lin mng. C th phn loi nhng thit b ny

thnh bn loi: b lp (repeater), cu ni (bridge), b nh tuyn (b nh tuyn) v
cng ni (gateway). Mi thit b hot ng ti cc tng khc nhau trong m hnh OSI,
trong hai thit b u l c trng cho mng cc b v s c xem xt trong phn
ny. Hai thit b sau c trng cho mi trng kt ni lin mng s c cp trong
phn sau.
6.2.1 B lp
PT
IT
B lp l mt thit b ch hot ng ti tng vt l trong m hnh OSI. Cc tn hiu

mang thng tin trong mt mng c th i qua mt khong cch gii hn trc khi b
suy hao. B lp c lp t trn mt lin kt nhn tn hiu, ti to mu bit ban u v
chuyn tn hiu tr li lin kt.
Hnh 6.2: B lp hot ng ti tng vt l trong m hnh OSI
B lp cho php chng ta m rng chiu di vt l ca mt mng, cng nh tng

s lng my tnh ni vo mng. Hai phn c ni ti b lp thc t ch l mt
mng. Nu trm A gi d liu ti trm B, th mi trm (k c C v D) s nhn khung,
ging nh trng hp mt mng khng c b lp. B lp khng c s thng minh
gi khng cho khung i sang on mng pha bn phi khi khung c gi ti mt
trm trn on mng bn tri.
Thit b tng vt l chng ta hay gp hin nay l HUB, mt b lp c nhiu cng.
232
6.2.2 Cu ni
Cu ni hot ng c tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu ca m hnh OSI. Cu
ni chia cc mng ln thnh cc on nh hn. Tuy nhin, cu ni c th gi lu
lng ring bit cho mi on mng. Cu ni thng minh ch chuyn tip khung
ti phn on bn kia nu ch ca khung thuc phn on . Cu ni c kh nng
lc lu lng. Do , chng c s dng iu khin tc nghn v c lp cc lin
kt li.
PT
IT
Cu ni khng thay i cu trc hoc ni dung ca mt gi, v do , ch c th s

dng gia cc phn on s dng cng mt giao thc.
Hnh 6.3: Cu ni hot ng ti hai tng thp nht trong m hnh OSI
Cu ni hot ng tng vt l v tng lin kt d liu. Do vy, n c th truy

nhp ti a ch vt l ca mi trm kt ni ti n. Khi mt khung i ti cu ni, cu
ni khng ch ti to tn hiu m cn kim tra a ch ch v ch chuyn tip khung ti
phn on cha a ch . Khi cu ni nhn mt khung, n c a ch cha trong
khung v so snh a ch ny vi bng a ch ca n (bng cha a ch ca mi trm
trong mng v cng m cc trm ni ti). Khi thy khp a ch, n bit c trm
ch thuc phn on no v chuyn gi ti phn on .
Chuyn mch (Switch) l mt thit b hot ng nh cu ni a cng kt ni hai
hoc nhiu phn on mng. N thng c s dng tng tc truyn d liu
233
thc s ca mng. V d, mt mng Ethernet hot ng tc 10 Mb/s gm c 5

trm; cc trm ny cnh tranh truy nhp mng. Do mng phi chia s gia nm thit b,
nn tc d liu thc t ch l 2 Mb/s. Mun tng tc d liu cho mi thit b, s
dng cu ni a cng (chuyn mch) chia mng thnh nm phn on khc nhau.
Nh vy, cho php mi phn on c lp vi cc phn on khc v do tng tc
ti 10 Mb/s. Ni cch khc, khi khng c cu ni c nm thit b chia s bng thng
sn dng ca mng; cn vi cu ni th mi thit b s dng ton b bng thng.
6.3 Thit b nh tuyn IP
6.3.1 Hot ng ca b nh tuyn trong mng
IT
B lp v cu ni l cc thit b phn cng n gin c kh nng thc hin mt s

cng vic c th. B nh tuyn l mt thit b phc tp hn. Chng c kh nng truy
nhp ti a ch tng mng v cha phn mm cho php chng xc nh trong cc
ng i sn c ti ch, ng i no l ti u nht. B nh tuyn hot ng tng
vt l, tng lin kt d liu v tng mng ca m hnh OSI.
PT
B nh tuyn chuyn tip cc gi d liu gia cc mng c kt ni vi nhau.

N thc hin nh tuyn gi d liu t ngun n ch. chuyn tip gi ti ng
phn on, cu ni s dng thng tin trong bng a ch. nh tuyn gi d liu ti
ch, b nh tuyn s dng thng tin trong bng nh tuyn.
234
IT
PT
Hnh 6.4: B nh tuyn hot ng ti 3 tng thp nht trong m hnh OSI
Khi mt gi c gi t ngun n ch, trc tin n c gi ti b nh tuyn

ni ti mng ngun. B nh tuyn ny so snh a ch lgic trong gi d liu v a
ch trong bng nh tuyn ca n xc nh ng i cho gi. Sau , gi c gi
ti b nh tuyn k tip trn ng i va xc nh. Cc b nh tuyn trn ng i
u thc hin cc chc nng tng t. B nh tuyn cui cng (ni ti mng ch) s
chuyn gi ti my ch.
6.3.2 Cc thnh phn ca b nh tuyn
Phn ny trnh by v cc thnh phn ng vai tr chnh trong tin trnh cu hnh
b nh tuyn. Bit c thnh phn no lin quan n tin trnh cu hnh cho php
chng ta hiu tt hn v cch b nh tuyn lu tr v s dng cc lnh cu hnh. Bit
cc bc c thc hin trong qu trnh khi to b nh tuyn gip chng ta xc nh
v tr xut hin s c khi khi ng b nh tuyn.
235

u cui o
VTY 0-4
Cc giao
din
Cng console
Cng AUX
My ch TFTP
Modem
Trm qun l
mng
Modem
Hnh 6.5: Thng tin cu hnh b nh tuyn c th n t nhiu ngun
IT
Nh thy Hnh 6.5, chng ta c th cu hnh b nh tuyn t nhiu ngun bn

ngoi, bao gm:
T u cui iu khin (mt my tnh kt ni trc tip vi b nh tuyn
thng qua cng console).
Thng qua Modem s dng cng AUX.
T cc u cui o, sau khi b nh tuyn c ci t trn mng.
T mt my ch TFTP trn mng.
PT
Cc thnh phn bn trong ca b nh tuyn

Cc thnh phn bn trong ca b nh tuyn c cho thy Hnh 6.6.
RAM
NVRAM
FLASH
ROM
Console
Giao din
AUX
Hnh 6.6: Cc thnh phn cu hnh bn trong b nh tuyn
Chc nng ca cc thnh phn bn trong b nh tuyn nh sau:

RAM/DRAM Lu tr cc bng nh tuyn, kho lu ARP, kho lu chuyn
mch nhanh, b m gi (RAM chia s) v cc hng i gi gi. RAM cng
cung cp b nh hot ng cho tp cu hnh ca b nh tuyn khi b nh
236
tuyn hot ng. Ni dung ca RAM s mt khi tt hoc khi ng li b

nh tuyn.
NVRAM (Nonvolatile RAM) Lu tr cu hnh d phng ca tp cu hnh.
Ni dung trong NVRAM c gi li khi tt hoc khi ng li b nh
tuyn.
B nh FLASH Hot ng nh mt ROM c th xo v lp trnh li, cho
php lu tr h iu hnh lin mng v vi m. B nh FLASH cho php cp
nht phn mm m khng phi g b hoc thay th chp. Ni dung ca
FLASH c gi li khi khi ng li hoc tt b nh tuyn. FLASH cng
c th lu tr nhiu phin bn ca h iu hnh lin mng ca b nh tuyn.
ROM Cha chng trnh khi ng, chun on v phn mm h iu
hnh ti thiu. Nng cp phn mm trong ROM yu cu phi g v thay th
chp trn bo mch chnh.
6.3.3 Cc ch lnh
IT
Cc giao din Phc v nh cc kt ni mng trn bo mch chnh hoc trn

cc module giao din ring bit, qua cc gi vo/ra b nh tuyn.
PT
Cu hnh b nh tuyn c thit lp thng qua giao din dng lnh, ngha l
ngi dng nhp lnh ri nhn Enter sau tip tc nhp lnh tip theo. B nh tuyn
h tr nhiu ch lnh khc nhau v mi ch cc lnh sn c s khc nhau. Do
, d dng cho vic cu hnh b nh tuyn cn bit v phn bit cc ch lnh
ca b nh tuyn cng nh tc dng ca tng ch lnh.
B nh tuyn lm vic cc ch lnh sau:
Ch thc thi ngi s dng
y l ch tham kho. Ngi s dng ch ny ch c quyn tham kho

cu hnh ca b nh tuyn. Mc nh sau khi bt b nh tuyn s ch ny. Nu
khng t mt khu Console th mi ngi dng u c th vo ch ny.
Ch thc thi c quyn
Ch ny cho php cu hnh cc tham s hot ng ca b nh tuyn. vo
c ch ny, ngi s dng phi nhp mt khu.
Ch cu hnh ng kt ni
Ch ny cho php thit lp cu hnh tham s cho cc ng u cui.
Ch cu hnh ton cc
237
Ch ny cho php cu hnh cc tham s p dng cho ton b h thng ca b

nh tuyn, chng hn nh mt khu, tn b nh tuyn, v.v.
Ch cu hnh giao din
Ch ny cho php cu hnh tham s cho cc giao din LAN v WAN ca b
nh tuyn (Ethernet, Serial, ISDN, v.v.).
Ch cu hnh b nh tuyn
Ch ny cho php cu hnh giao thc nh tuyn IP nh RIP, OSPF, IGRP,
BGP, v.v.
6.4 Cng ni
IT
Cng ni l mt thit b chuyn i giao thc v hot ng c by tng trong

m hnh tham chiu OSI. B nh tuyn ch c th c s dng kt ni cc mng
s dng cng mt giao thc. Cng ni c th nhn mt gi t mt giao thc ny
(chng hn AppleTalk) v chuyn i chng thnh cc gi ca mt giao thc khc
(chng hn TCP/IP) trc khi chuyn tip gi.
PT
c th chuyn i c giao thc, cng ni phi hiu c cc giao thc m

cc mng ni trc tip vi n s dng. C trng hp, cng ni ch cn thay i mt
s thng tin trong phn tiu v phn ui. Nhng cng c nhng trng hp, cng
ni phi iu chnh kch thc, tc cng nh nh dng d liu.
Hnh 6.7: Cng ni hot ng c 7 tng trong m hnh OSI
238
6.5 Tng kt
Trong chng ny trnh by v cc k thut v thit b ca mng IP. Vi k
thut mng cc b, cc ni dung i su l cc thnh phn mng v cc kiu kin trc
mng, vai tr chc nng v hot ng ca cc thit b lp v cu ni.
cung cp nhng kin thc c bn v k thut kt ni lin mng vi cng ngh
mng din rng, trong ni dung chng gii thiu v cu trc, cc thnh phn v
hot ng ca cc thit b kt ni lin mng in hnh l b nh tuyn v cng ni.
y l nhng kin thc c s gip ngi hc c th vn dng nhng kin thc l
thuyt hc vo cng vic thit k, vn hnh v khai thc mng trong thc t .
Cu hi n tp
Trnh by chc nng cc thnh phn ca mng cc b
Trnh by cc kiu kin trc mng cc b
Gii thiu v cc thit b lp v cu ni trong mng cc b
Trnh by khi qut v hot ng ca b nh tuyn trong mng IP
IT
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Gii thiu cc thnh phn ca b nh tuyn v chc nng ca cc thnh

phn ny
6. Trnh by cc ch lnh ca b nh tuyn in hnh
7. Trnh by vai tr, chc nng v nhng c im chnh ca thit b cng ni
PT
6.6
239
Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
Thut ng
Ting Anh
Ting Vit
3DES
Triple DES
Thut ton m DES bi 3
3G
Third Generation
Th h th 3
AA
Access Accept
Chp nhn truy nhp
AAA
Authentication, Authorization
and Accounting
Xc thc, cp quyn v thanh ton
AAL
ATM Adaptation Layer
Lp thch ng ATM
AC
Access Control
iu khin truy nhp
ACL
Access Control List
ADSL
Asymmetric Digital Subscriber
0-9
Line
Danh sch iu khin truy nhp

ng dy thu bao s bt i xng
Advanced Encryption Standard
Chun m ha d liu m rng
Authentication Header
Giao thc tiu xc thc
Alternate Mark Inversion
M o du lun phin
Application Programming
Interface
Giao din lp trnh ng dng
Address Resolution Protocol
Giao thc phn gii a ch
AS
Autonomous System
H t tr
ASCII
American Standard Code for

Information Interchange
Chun m trao i thng tin M
ASIC
Application Specific Integrated

Circuit
Mch tch hp chuyn dng
ASP
Active Server Page
Ngn ng web ng ca Microsoft
ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Phng thc truyn ti khng ng

b
AH
AMI
API
ARP
PT
AES
IT
240
Thut ng vit tt
AToM
Any Transport over MPLS
Mi giao vn qua MPLS
BDR
Backup Designated Router
B nh tuyn ch nh d phng
BER
Bit Error Rate
T l li bit
BGP
Border Gateway Protocol
Giao thc nh tuyn cng bin
B-ISDN
Broadband ISDN
ISDN bng rng
BOOTP
Bootstrap Protocol
Giao thc Bootstrap
BPRZ
Bipolar Return to Zero
Lng cc tr v khng
BS
Base Station
Trm gc
CA
Certificate Authority
Thm quyn chng nhn
CBC
Cipher Block Chaining
Ch chui khi mt m
CCS7
Common Channel Signalling

Number 7
Bo hiu knh chung s 7
CHAP
Challenge - Handshake
Authentication Protocol
Giao thc xc thc i hi bt tay
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
nh tuyn lin min khng phn

lp
Committed Information Rate
T l thng tin cam kt
Classical IP
IP trn ATM
CPU
Central Processing Unit
n v x l trung tm
CoS
Class of Service
Lp dch v
CQ
Custom Queuing
Hng i ty chn
CR
Constrained Routing
nh tuyn rng buc
CR-LDP
Constrained Routing-LDP
Giao thc phn b nhn-nh tuyn

rng buc
CRM
Customer Relationship
Management
H thng qun l khch hng
CIR
CLIP
PT
CIDR
IT
241
Thut ng vit tt
CSMA
Carrier Sense Multiple Access
a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang
CSMA/CA

with Collision Avoidance
a truy nhp cm nhn sng mang

c trnh xung t
CSMA/CD

with Collision Detection
a truy nhp cm nhn sng mng

c pht hin xung t
CSPF
Constrained SPF
SPF rng buc
DAMA
Demand Assigned Multiple

Access
a truy nhp theo nhu cu
DCE
Data communication Equipment
Thit b truyn thng d liu
DCLI
Datalink Connection Identifier
Nhn dng kt ni lin kt d liu
DES
Data Encryption Standard
Chun m ha d liu
DH
Diffie-Hellman
Giao thc trao i kha DiffieHellman
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration

Protocol
Giao thc cu hnh trm ng
Data Link Connection Identifier
Nhn dng kt ni lp lin kt d

liu
Demilitarized Zone
Vng cch ly
Domain Name System
H thng tn min
Denial of Service
T chi dch v
DiffServ
Differentiated Service
Cc dch v c phn bit
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
ng dy thu bao s
DR
Designated Router
B nh tuyn ch nh
DTE
Data Terminal Equipment
Thit b u cui s liu
EAP
Extensible Authentication
Protocol
Giao thc xc thc m rng
EBCDIC
Extended Binary-Coded
M trao i thp phn c m ho
DMZ
DNS
DoS
PT
DLCI
IT
242
Thut ng vit tt
Decimal Interchange Code
nh phn m rng
ECB
Electronic Code Book Mode
Ch sch m in t
EGP
Exterior Gateway Protocol
Giao thc nh tuyn ngoi
EIR
Excess Information Rate
T l thng tin vt qu
ER
Explicit Routing
nh tuyn hin
ESP
Encapsulating Security Payload
Giao thc ng gi ti tin an ton
Flag
FCS
Frame Check Sequence
Chui kim tra khung
FCFS
First Come First Serve
n trc phc v trc
FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface
Giao din d liu phn b cp

quang
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple

Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
FEC
Fowarding Equivalence Class
Lp chuyn tip tng ng
PT
FIFO
IT
First In First Out
Vo trc ra trc
Forced Periodic Reauthentication
Bt buc xc thc theo chu k
Frame Relay
Chuyn tip khung
File Transfer Protocol
Giao thc truyn file
GK
Gate Keeper
B gi cng
GPRS
General Package Radio Service
Dch v v tuyn gi chung
GRE
Generic Routing Encapsulation
ng gi nh tuyn chung
GUI
Graphic User Interface
Giao din ha ngi dng
GW
Gateway
FPA
FR
FTP
G
Thit b cng
H
HMAC
Hashed-keyed Message
M xc thc bn tin bm
243
Thut ng vit tt
Authenticaiton Code
HSPA
High-Speed Packet Access
Cng ngh truy nhp gi tc cao
HSDPA
High-Speed Downlink Packet

Access
Cng ngh truy nhp gi ng

xung tc cao
HTML
Hypertext Markup Language
Ngn ng lien kt siu vn bn
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
Giao thc truyn siu vn bn
HTTPS
Hypertext Transfer Protocol

over SSL
Giao thc HTTP qua SSL
IAB
Internet Architectural Board
Hi ng kin trc Internet
ICMP
Internet Control Message

Protocol
Giao thc bn tin iu khin

Internet
ICV
Intergrity Check Value
IDN
Intergrated Digital Network
Mng s tch hp
IDS
Intrusion Detection System
H thng pht hin xm nhp
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
T chc tiu chun k thut Internet
Internet Group Management

Protocol
Giao thc qun l nhm Internet
Interior Gateway Protocol
Giao thc nh tuyn trong
Internet Key Exchange
Trao i kha qua Internet
Internet Key Management

Protocol
Giao thc qun l kha qua Internet
IN
Intelligent Network
Mng thng minh
IP
Internet Protocol
Giao thc Internet
IPSec
IP Security Protocol
Giao thc an ninh Internet
IPv4
IP version 4
Giao thc Internet phin bn 4
IPv6
IP version 6
Giao thc Internet phin bn 6
IntServ
Integrated Service
Cc dch v c tch hp
ISAKMP
Internet Security Association
Giao thc lin kt an ninh v qun l
IGP
IKE
IKMP
PT
IGMP
IT
Gi tr kim tra tnh ton vn
244
Thut ng vit tt
kha qua Internet
ISDN
Integrated Service Digital

Network
Mng s a dch v
IS-IS
Intermediate System Intermediate System
Giao thc nh tuyn IS-IS
ISO
International Standard
Organization
T chc chun ha quc t
ISP
Internet Service Provider
Nh cung cp dch v Internet
ISUP
ISDN User Part
Phn ngi dng ISDN
ITU-T
ITU-Telecommunication Sector
Tiu ban vin thng Lin minh

vin thng quc t
IV
Initial Vector
Vc t khi to
IT
and Key Management Protocol
K
KMV
Keyboard/Mouse/Video
Bn phm/Chut/Video
Layer 2 Forwarding
Giao thc chuyn tip lp 2
Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol
Giao thc ng hm lp 2
Local Area Network
Mng cc b
LAN Emulation
M phng LAN
Logical Channel Number
S knh logic
Link Control Protocol
Giao thc iu khin ng truyn
LDAP
Lightweight Directory Access

Protocol
Giao thc truy nhp th mc
LDP
Label Distribution Protocol
Giao thc phn b nhn
LER
Label Edge Router
B nh tuyn bin nhn
LIB
Label Information Base
C s thng tin nhn
LSA
Link State Advertisement
Qung co trng thi lin kt
LSP
Label Switched Path
ng dn chuyn mch nhn
LSR
Label Switch Router
B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
L2F
L2TP
LAN
LANE
LCN
LCP
PT
245
Thut ng vit tt
M
MTP L2 Peer-to-Peer Adapter
Tng thch ngang hng MTP lp 2
M2UA
MTP2 User Adapter
Tng thch ngi dng MTP2
M3UA
MTP3 User Adapter
Tng thch ngi dng MTP3
MAC
Message Authentication Code
M xc thc bn tin
MAM
Maximum Allocation Multiplier
H s cp pht ti a
MAN
Metropolitan Area Network
Mng th
MD5
Message Digest 5
Thut ton gin lc bn tin MD5
MG
Media Gateway
Cng phng tin
MGC
Media Gateway Controller
B iu khin cng phng tin
MTP
Message Tranfer Part
Phn chuyn giao bn tin
MPLS
Multiprotocol Label Switching
Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPOA
Multiprotocol Over ATM
a giao thc trn ATM
MSAU
MultiStation Access Unit
Khi truy nhp a trm
MTU
Maximum Transfer Unit
n v truyn ti cc i
Network Access Server
My ch truy nhp mng
Network Address Translation
Chuyn i a ch mng
Next Generation Network
Mng th h sau
Next Hop Resolution Protocol
Giao thc phn gii chng k tip
NLRI
Network Layer Reachabiliy

Information
Thng tin c th ly c lp
mng
NSA
National Sercurity Agency
C quan an ninh quc gia M
NSP
Name Space Provider
Dch v khng gian tn
OSI
Open System Interconnnection
M hnh kt ni cc h thng m
OSPF
Open Shortest Path First
Giao thc nh tuyn ng i ngn

nht
NAS
NAT
NGN
NHRP
PT
IT
M2PA
246
Thut ng vit tt
P
Password Authentication
Protocol
Giao thc xc thc mt khu
PCM
Pulse Code Modulation
iu xung m
PCT
Private Communications
Technology
Cng ngh giao tip c nhn
PDA
Personal Data Assistants
Thit b tr gip c nhn
PDU
Protocol Data Unit
n v d liu giao thc
PID
Protocol Identifier
Nhn dng giao thc
PIM
Personal Information Manager
Qun l thng tin c nhn
PKI
Public Key Infrastructure
C s h tng kha cng cng
PNNI
Private Network-Network
Interface
Mng ring o
POP
Point of Presence
im hin din
PPP
Point to Point Protocol
PQ
PSTN
PT
PPTP
IT
PAP
Giao thc im ti im
Point to Point Tunneling

Protocol
Giao thc ng hm im ti im
Prority Queue
Hng i u tin
Public Switched Telephone
Mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng
Network
Q
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
K thut iu bin cu phng
QoS
Quality of Service
Cht lng dch v
RADIUS
Remote Authentication Dial-in

User Service
Dch v xc thc ngi dng quay

s t xa
RARP
Reverse Address Resolution

Protocol
Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc
247
Thut ng vit tt
Remote Access Service
Dch v truy nhp t xa
RESV
Resevation
Bn tin dnh trc
RFC
Request for Comment
Ti liu tiu chun ca IETF trn

Internet
RIP
Routing Information Protocol
Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn
RSA
Rivest-Shamir-Adleman
Mt loi gii thut mt m bng

kha cng cng
RSVP
Resource Reservation Protocol
Giao thc dnh sn (d tr) ti

nguyn
RTCP
Real Time Control Protocol
Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc
RTP
Real-time Transport Protocol
Giao thc truyn thi gian thc
IT
RAS
Security Association
SAD
SA Database
SAFI
Subsequent Address Family

Identifier
Nhn dng nhm a ch tip theo
Signaling Connection Control

Part
Phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu
Service Control Point
im iu khin dch v
Space Division Multiple Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo khng

gian
SG
Signalling Gateway
Cng bo hiu
SHA-1
Secure Hash Algorithm-1
Thut ton bm SHA-1
S-HTTP
Secure Hypertext Transfer

Protocol
Giao thc bo mt HTTP
SIP
Session Initiation Protocol
Giao thc khi to phin
SMB
Small and Medium Business
Nhm ngi dng va v nh
SMTP
Simple Message/Mail Transfer

Protocol
Giao thc chuyn th n gin
SCCP
SCP
SDMA
PT
SA
Lin kt an ninh
C s d liu SA
248
Sequence Number
S th t
SNMP
Simple Network Management

Protocol
Giao thc qun l mng n gin
SOHO
Small Office/Home Office
Vn phng nh / Nh nh
SPF
Shortest Path First
Gii thut ng i ngn nht trc
SPI
Security Parameter Index
Ch s thng s an ninh
SS
Soft Switch
Chuyn mch mm
SS7
Signalling System Number 7
H thng bo hiu s 7
SSL
Secure Socket Layer
Lp Socket bo mt
SSO
Single Sign On
ng nhp mt ln
SSP
Service Switching Point
im chuyn mch dch v (hoc

chuyn mch trung tm
STM
Synchronous Transmission
Mode
Ch truyn dn ng b
STP
Signalling Transfer Point
im chuyn tip bo hiu
SVC
IT
SN
PT
Thut ng vit tt
Signaling Virtual Circuit
Knh o bo hiu
Transmission Control Protocol
Giao thc iu khin truyn ti
Time division multiple access
a truy nhp phn chia theo thi

gian
Traffic Engineering
K thut lu lng
TTL
Time To Live
Thi gian sng
TLS
Transport Level Security
An ninh mc truyn ti
TLV
Type-Leng-Value
Kiu-Chiu di-Gi tr
ToS
Type of Service
Kiu dch v
UA
User Agent
Tc nhn ngi s dng
UDP
User Data Protocol
Giao thc d liu ngi s dng
T
TCP
TDMA
TE
249
Thut ng vit tt
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
a ch tham chiu Internet
USB
Universal Serial Bus
Chun kt ni tun t a nng
VC
Virtual Circuit
Knh o
VCI
Virtual Circuit Identifier
Nhn dng knh o
VoIP
Voice over IP
Truyn thoi qua IP
VLSM
Variability
Mask
VP
Virtual Path
ng o
VPLS
Virtual Private LAN Service
Dch v LAN ring o
VPI
Virtual Path Identifier
Nhn dng ng o
VPN
Virtual Private Network
Mng ring o
Extensible Markup Language
Ngn ng nh du m rng
W
WAN
WCDMA
WDM
WFQ
PT
X
XML
Subnetwork Mt n mng con chiu di bin

thin
IT
Length
Wide Area Network
Mng din rng
Wideband Code Division

Multiple Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m

bng rng
Wave Division Multiplexing
Ghp knh quang theo bc sng
Weighted Fair Queue
Hng i cng bng trng s
250
Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Andrew S. Tanenbaum. Computer Networks, Fourth Edition. Prentice Hall,
2011.
2. Russell Bradford. The Art of Computer Networking. Pearson Education
Limited, 2007.
3. Larry L. Peterson, Bruce S. Davie. Computer Networks - A Systems Approach.
Elsevier Inc., 2007.
4. James F Kurose, Keith W. Ross. Computer networking - A Top-Down
IT
Approach Featuring the Internet. Addison-Wesley, 2004.

5. Mitchell S. Moore, N. Todd Pritsky, Cliff Riggs, Peter V. Southwick.
Telecommunications: A Beginners Guide. Hill Associates, Inc., 2002.
6. T. Aattalainen. Introduction to Telecommunications Network Engineering.
Artech House, 1999.
7. Nguyn Tin Ban. Cng ngh IP/MPLS v cc mng ring o. NXB Thng tin
v Truyn thng, 2011.
PT
8. Nguyn Tin Ban, Nguyn Th Thu Hng. Mng vin thng. Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2010.
9. Nguyn Tin Ban. Mng vin thng th h mi. Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh
Vin thng, 2010.
10. Nguyn Tin Ban, Hong Trng Minh, Nguyn Th Thu Hng, Dng Th
Thanh T, Nguyn nh Long. Qun l mng vin thng. Hc vin Cng ngh
Bu chnh Vin thng, 2009.
11. Nguyn Tin Ban, Nguyn Th Thu Hng, Nguyn Vn t, Dng Th Thanh
T, Nguyn nh Long. Tng quan v vin thng. Hc vin Cng ngh Bu
chnh Vin thng, 2009.
12. Nguyn Tin Ban. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc. Hc vin Cng
ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2007.
13. Nguyn Tin Ban. K thut vin thng. Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng, 2007.
14. Nguyn Tin Ban. Mng ring o. Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng,
2007.
15. Nguyn Tin Ban. Thoi qua giao thc IP. Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng, 2007.
16. Nguyn Tin Ban. Tng quan v NGN. Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng, 2007.
251

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HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

KHOA VIN THNG 1

NGUYN TIN BAN

Cc loi mng truyn thng ......................................................................... 14

1.1.1 Mng cc b ............................................................................................ 14

1.1.4 Mng khng dy ...................................................................................... 19

Nguyn l hot ng chung ca mng truyn thng ..................................... 23

1.2.1 S phn lp giao thc .............................................................................. 23

1.2.2 Thit k chc nng cho cc lp ................................................................ 23

Cc m hnh phn lp mng ........................................................................ 28

1.3.1 M hnh OSI ............................................................................................ 28

Mng Internet .............................................................................................. 37

1.4.1 S ra i v pht trin .............................................................................. 37

Xu hng hi t ca cc mng vin thng ................................................... 39

1.5.1 S hi t gia cc mng cc b v din rng ........................................... 40

CHNG 2. LP VT L V LIN KT D LIU............................................. 43

2.1.1 Truyn tn hiu lp Vt l ...................................................................... 43

Lp Lin kt d liu .................................................................................... 56

2.2.1 Cc chc nng ca lp lin kt d liu ..................................................... 56

2.2.4 iu khin lung ..................................................................................... 62

Cng ngh Ethernet ..................................................................................... 69

2.3.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................ 69

Cng ngh truy nhp khng dy .................................................................. 75

2.4.1 Cc phng thc truy nhp khng dy ..................................................... 75

Mt s cng ngh lp lin kt d liu khc .................................................. 80

2.5.1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................ 80

CHNG 3. LP MNG ...................................................................................... 91

Chc nng v hot ng ca lp Mng ........................................................ 91

3.1.1 K thut lu v chuyn gi ....................................................................... 91

3.2.1 Nguyn l chung ca nh tuyn ............................................................... 92

3.2.4 nh tuyn vect khong cch ............................................................... 101

Cc giao thc lp mng trong Internet ....................................................... 113

3.4.1 Giao thc IP .......................................................................................... 113

Tng kt .................................................................................................... 178

CHNG 4. LP GIAO VN ............................................................................. 180

Cc dch v giao vn ................................................................................. 180

Chc nng lp giao vn ............................................................................. 184

4.2.1 nh a ch .......................................................................................... 185

Giao thc TCP .......................................................................................... 195

4.3.1 Truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh...................................................... 196

Giao thc UDP .......................................................................................... 206

4.4.1 Cng UDP ............................................................................................. 206

CHNG 5. CC LP TRN ............................................................................. 210

Lp Phin .................................................................................................. 210

5.1.1 Cc dch v ............................................................................................ 210

Lp trnh din............................................................................................ 219

5.2.1 Cc dch v ............................................................................................ 219

Lp ng dng ............................................................................................ 225

5.3.1 Gii thiu .............................................................................................. 225

Tng kt .................................................................................................... 228

CHNG 6. K THUT V THIT B MNG IP .............................................. 230

K thut mng cc b................................................................................. 230

6.1.1 Cc thnh phn mng............................................................................. 230

Cc thit b mng cc b ........................................................................... 231

6.2.1 B lp .................................................................................................... 232

6.3.1 Hot ng ca b nh tuyn trong mng ............................................... 234

Tng kt .................................................................................................... 239

THUT NG VIT TT........................................................................................ 240

Hnh 1.10: M hnh TCP/IP v OSI........................................................................... 37

Hnh 2.3: M dch pha............................................................................................... 45

Hnh 2.17: Th tc truyn khung trong CSMA/CD .................................................... 65

Hnh 2.27: ng gi d liu PPP ............................................................................... 81

Hnh 2.31: Tiu t bo UNI v NNI ...................................................................... 84

Hnh 3.11: Gii hn khong cch ti a................................................................... 105