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B Mon Thong Tin Quang 2
B Mon Thong Tin Quang 2
s Cao Hng Sn
MC LC
MC LC ........................................................................................................................... 1
Danh mc hnh v ............................................................................................................... 4
LI NI U ..................................................................................................................... 7
CHNG I : TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN QUANG WDM ............ 8
1.1.
1.2.
1.3
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.7.
1.4.8.
1.5.
1.5.3.
1.5.4.
1.8
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
V T VIT T T
GVD
Nhm h s tn sc
OADM
B xen rt quang
BER
Tc li bit
OTN
DCF
Si b tn sc
DEMUX Demultipplexer
B tch knh
SNR
EDFA
FWM
LASER
MUX
Multiplexer
B ghp knh
NF
Noise figure
Nn nhiu
SBS
CATV
Cable television
Cp tivi
OLT
B u cui ng quang
OSC
EDF
OXC
B kt ni cho quang
PMD
H s tn sc phn cc mode
APS
Chuyn mch bo v t ng
PON
Mng quang th ng
WDM
SMF
TDM
Si n mode
B ghp knh phn chia theo thi
gian
SPM
Nhm 2
Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 1.1: S chc nng h thng WDM ............................................................ 6
Hnh 1.2: H thng ghp bc sng n hng v song hng ...................................... 6
Hnh 1.3 : S b iu ch ngoi ................................................................................... 8
Hnh 1.4 : S khi bn thu ............................................................................................ 9
Hnh 1.5 : Cu trc tng qut si quang........................................................................... 10
Hnh 1.6. S khi b ghp/ tch knh bc sng ......................................................... 11
Hnh 1.7 Cu trc song song ............................................................................................. 12
Hnh 1.8 : Cu trc song song theo bng .......................................................................... 12
Hnh 1.9 : Cu trc ni tip............................................................................................... 13
Hnh 1.10 : Cu trc xen rt theo bng sng .................................................................... 13
Hnh 1.11 : S kt ni OXC .......................................................................................... 14
Hnh 1.12 : Khuch i quang OLA .................................................................................. 15
Hnh 1.13: Xuyn knh b gii ghp .............................................................................. 18
Hnh 1.14: Xuyn knh b ghp hn hp ....................................................................... 18
Hnh 1.15 : Cu trc mng Ring ....................................................................................... 21
Hnh 1.16 : Cu trc mng Mesh ...................................................................................... 21
Hnh 1.17 : Cu trc mng hnh sao n .......................................................................... 22
Hnh 1.18: Cu trc mng hnh sao kp ........................................................................... 22
Hnh 1.19 : Cu trc mng hnh Ring hai lp ................................................................... 23
Hnh 1.20: Cu trc tng qut ca mt b khuch i EDFA .......................................... 24
Hnh 1.21: Mt ct ngang ca mt loi si quang pha ion Erbium ................................. 25
Hnh 1.22: Gin phn b nng lng ca ion Er3+ trong si silica .......................... 26
Hnh 1.23 Ph hp th ...................................................................................................... 27
Hnh 1.24: Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu ......................................................................... 28
Hnh 1.25: Cu hnh b khuch i EDFA c bm kp [11]. ...................................... 30
Thit k v m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM s dng phn mm Optisystem
4
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
LI NI U
Vi s pht trin v cng mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin ni chung v k
thut vin thng ni ring. Nhu cu dch v vin thng pht trin rt nhanh to ra p
lc ngy cng cao i vi tng dung lng thng tin. Cng vi s pht trin ca k
thut chuyn mch, k thut truyn dn cng khng ngng t c nhng thnh tu
to ln, c bit l k thut truyn dn trn mi trng cp si quang. Tng lai cp si
quang c s dng rng ri trn mng vin thng v c coi nh l mt mi trng
truyn dn l tng m khng c mt mi trng truyn dn no c th thay th c.
Cc h thng thng tin quang vi u im bng thng rng, c ly xa, khng nh
hng ca nhiu v kh nng bo mt cao ,ph hp vi cc tuyn thng tin xuyn lc
a ng trc v c tim nng to ln trong vic thc hin cc chc nng ca mng
ni ht vi cc cu trc linh hot v p ng mi loi hnh dch v hin ti v tng
lai. Ta c th thy mng thng tin quang hin nay vn cn mt s hn ch v cht
lng truyn dn do bng thng cn hp, khong cch truyn dn ngn, v th yu cu
t ra l phi tng cht lng cng nh c ly ng truyn cho ch thng tin quang
hin nay. Gii php c a ra y l cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng WDM,
n cho php ghp nhiu bc sng trn cng mt si quang do c th tng dung
lng ng truyn m khng cn tng thm si quang.
Vi bi ton: xy dng phng n thit k h thng thng tin quang WDM c
s dng khuch i quang EDFA. Nhm em xin trnh by tng quan v h thng
thng tin quang WDM c s dng khuch i EDFA , xy dng m hnh m phng h
thng thng tin quang WDM theo phng n thit k.
Chng em xin c gi li cm n chn thnh ti thy gio Th.s Cao Hng
Sn, hng dn, gip nhm em trong thi gian qua.
Mc d c gng rt nhiu, nhng do trnh cn hn ch nn s khng trnh
khi nhng thiu xt. Rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca thy, cc bn
bi tp ca chng em c hon thin hn.
Chng Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Nhm 2
Pht tn hiu: Trong h thng WDM, ngun pht quang c dng l laser.
Hin ti c mt s loi ngun pht nh: Laser iu chnh c bc sng
(Tunable Laser), Laser a bc sng (Multiwavelength Laser)... Yu cu i vi
ngun pht laser l phi c rng ph hp, bc sng pht ra n nh, mc cng
sut pht nh, bc sng trung tm, rng ph, rng chirp phi nm trong
gii hn cho php.
Ghp/tch tn hiu: Ghp tn hiu WDM l s kt hp mt s ngun sng khc
nhau thnh mt lung tn hiu nh sng tng hp truyn dn qua si quang.
Tch tn hiu WDM l s phn chia lung nh sng tng hp thnh cc tn hiu
nh sng ring r ti mi cng u ra b tch. Hin ti c cc b tch/ghp tn
hiu WDM nh: b lc mng mng in mi, cch t Bragg si, cch t nhiu x,
linh kin quang t hp AWG, b lc Fabry-Perot... Khi xt n cc b tch/ghp
WDM, ta phi xt cc tham s nh: khong cch gia cc knh, rng bng tn
ca cc knh bc sng, bc sng trung tm ca knh, mc xuyn m gia cc
knh, tnh ng u ca knh, suy hao xen, suy hao phn x Bragg, xuyn m u
gn u xa...
Truyn dn tn hiu: Qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trong si quang chu s nh
hng ca nhiu yu t: suy hao si quang, tn sc, cc hiu ng phi tuyn, vn
lin quan n khuch i tn hiu ... Mi vn k trn u ph thuc rt nhiu vo
yu t si quang (loi si quang, cht lng si...).
Khuch i tn hiu: H thng WDM hin ti ch yu s dng b khuch i
quang si EDFA (Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier). Tuy nhin b khuch i
Raman hin nay cng c s dng trn thc t. C ba ch khuch i:
Thit k v m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM s dng phn mm Optisystem
8
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
1.4.3 Si quang
Cu to si quang
ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn, si quang c ch to c bn gm c hai lp:
-
Lp trong cng c dng hnh tr trn, c ng knh d = 2a, lm bng thy tinh c
chit sut n1, c gi l li (core) si.
Lp th hai cng c dng hnh tr bao quanh li nn c gi l lp bc
(cladding), c ng knh D = 2b, lm bng thy tinh hoc plastic, c chit sut n2
< n1.
Si quang G655 thch hp cho h thng DWDM, lm tng dung lng truyn dn.
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Khi nim :
- OADM ( Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) thng c dng trong cc mng
quang th v cc mng quang ng di v n cho hiu qu kinh t cao, c bit i
vi cu hnh mng tuyn tnh, cu hnh mng vng.
- OADM c cu hnh xen/ rt mt s knh bc sng,cc knh bc sng
cn li c cu hnh cho i xuyn qua.
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
B b tn
sc
1 ,2
,,W
OADM
Laser
Bm
Rama
n
SC
SC
My
thu
Chng
li
Chng
li
Laser
Trn thc t hin nay cc tuyn thng tin tc cao ngi ta s dng b
khuch i quang lm cc trm lp, ch yu l cc b khuch i ng dy pha tp
Eribum (EDFA). Cc b khuch i ny c u im l khng cn qu trnh chuyn i
O/E v E/O m thc hin khuch i trc tip tn hiu quang.
Li ch:
+ Thay th cc b lp t tin trong h thng b gii hn bi suy hao
+ Tng nhy ca b thu
+ Nng cao mc cng sut pht
+ c lp v tc v nh dng tn hiu, khuch i tn hiu a knh
WDM ng thi
Thit k v m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM s dng phn mm Optisystem
18
Nhm 2
+ Nng cp n gin
c tnh ca 1 s b khuch i quang l tng
+ H s khuch i v mc cng sut u ra cao vi hiu sut chuyn i
cao.
+ rng bng tn khuch i ln vi h s khuch i khng i
+ Khng nhy cm vi phn cc
+ Nhiu thp
+ Khng gy xuyn knh gia cc tn hiu WDM
+ Suy hao ghp ni vi si quang thp.
Phn loi :
+ Vo : ging nh laser bn dn nhng c phn cc di ngng
+ B khuch i quang si pha tp t him: khuch i xy ra trong si
quang pha tp t him, ph bin l b EDFA
+ Ra : khuch i xy ra trong si quang nh mc cng sut bm cao
1.4.8. B chuyn i bc song
Nhm 2
1.5.
Li 10 log
O (i )
dBMUX
I i i
(2.1)
Li 10 log
O (i )
dBDEMUX
I i i
(2.2)
Trong Li l suy hao ti bc sng i khi thit b c ghp xen vo tuyn truyn
dn. Cc tham s ny c cc nh ch to cho bit i vi tng knh quang ca thit b.
- Ii(i), Oi(i) tng ng l tn hiu c bc sng i i vo v i ra ca th i ca b
ghp.
- Ii(i), Oi(i) tng ng l tn hiu c bc sng i i vo v i ra ca th i ca b
tch.
1.5.2. Xuyn knh
Xuyn knh l s c mt ca mt knh ny trong knh k cn lm tng nn nhiu v
gim t s tn hiu nhiu ca knh ang xt.
Trong h thng ghp knh quang, xuyn knh xut hin do:
-Cc vin ph ca mt knh i vo bng thng ca b tch knh v b lc ca knh
khc. Khi sng mang quang c iu ch bi mt tn hiu, s iu ch cng sut trong
cc vin ph ca n nh l iu ch cng sut trong bng bi knh k cn.
-Xut pht t nhng gi tr hu hn thc t v chn lc v cch ly ca cc b
lc.
-Tnh phi tuyn trong si quang mc cng sut cao trong cc h thng n mode.
C ch ca n l tn x Raman, l hiu ng tn x kch thch phi tuyn lm cho cng sut
Thit k v m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM s dng phn mm Optisystem
20
Nhm 2
U ( )
Di (i ) 10 log i k dB
I i (k )
Trong b gii ghp th Ui(k) l lng tn hiu khng mong mun bc sng k b
d ca ra th i m ng ra ch c tn hiu bc sng i, hnh 2.8a.
Si
quang
MUX
Oi(i) ...Ui(k)
I(i) ...I(k)
Ii(i)
I(i)...I(k)
Si quang
Oi(j
Ui(k)+Ui(j
)
)
Hnh 1.14: Xuyn knh b ghp hn hp
Nhm 2
f c
f
df
c
f
c
2
2
d
(2.4)
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
tng xuyn m gia cc knh, suy gim mc cng sut tn hiu ca tng knh dn n
suy gim t s S/N, nh hng n cht lng h thng.
1.6. Cu trc mng truyn ti quang
1.6.1. Cu trc mng Ring
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Tng t nh mng ring hai lp mng mesh v mang ring hai lp to kt ni gia
mang ni b vi cc mang ni b khc
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Hnh 1.22: Gin phn b nng lng ca ion Er3+ trong si silica
Gin phn b nng lng ca Er3+ trong si silica c minh ha trong hnh trn.
Theo, cc ion Er3+ c th tn ti nhiu vng nng lng khc nhau c k hiu:
4I15/2 , 4I13/2 , 4I11/2,4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2. Trong :
- Vng4I15/2 c mc nng lng thp nht, c gi l vng nn (ground-state band)
- Vng 4I13/2 c gi l vng gi bn (mestable band) v cc ion Er3+c thi gian
sng(lifetime) ti vng ny lu (khong 10ms) trc khi chuyn xung vng nn.
Thigian sng ny thay i ty theo loi tp cht c pha trong li ca EDF.
Nhm 2
- Vng 4I11/2, 4I9/2, 4F9/2, 4S9/2, 2H11/2 l cc vng nng lng cao, c gi l
vng kchthch hay vng bm (pumping band). Thi gian cc ion Er3+ c trng thi
nnglng trong cc vng ny rt ngn (khong 1 s)
Ph hp th (absortion spectrum)v ph li (gain spectrum) ca EDFA c li pha
Ge c biu din trn hnh 2.12 [2].
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
(2.11)
Trong :
- (z), (z): mt ion erbium trng thi kch thch v trng thi nn ti v tr
ztrong on si quang pha erbium.
- L: chiu di si pha erbium.
- (e)s , (a)s : tit din ngang hp th v pht x ca ion erbium ti bc sng tn
hiu.
Phng trnh (2.11) cho thy li lin quan n s nghch o nng trung bnh.
Gi1 N
, 2 N ln lt l nng ion Erbium mc nng lng nn
v mc nng lng kch thchtrung bnh. Khi 1 N , 2 N s c tnh theo cng thc
sau:
Thit k v m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM s dng phn mm Optisystem
34
Nhm 2
(2.12)
(2.13)
(2.14)
(2.15)
Trong :
: thi gian sng ca ion erbium trng thi kch thch 4I13/2.
Ps(z): cng sut ca tn hiu ti v tr z trong si quang.
Pp(z): cng sut bm ti v tr z trong si quang.
s : h s chng lp ti bc sng tn hiu.
p : h s chng lp ti bc sng bm.
A : din tch tit din ngang hiu dng.
fs : tn s tn hiu.
fp : tn s bm.
N : mt ion erbium tng cng.
s : l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng tn hiu.
p : l tit din ngang hp th v pht x ti bc sng bm.
h : hng s Planck; h = 6,625.10-34J.s.
T cng thc (2.15) ta thy h s khuch i ca EDFA ph thuc vo cc yu t
sau:
Ph thuc vo nng ion Er+3: Khi nng Er+3 trong si quang ca b EDFA
tng
th kh nng chng c chuyn ln mc nng lng cao hn cng nhiu, do h s
khuch i tng. Nhng nu nng Er+3 tng qu cao s gy tch t dn n hin
tng tiu hao quang lm cho h s khuch i gim.
b) Cng sut ra bo ho (Output saturation power)
Thit k v m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM s dng phn mm Optisystem
35
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Th vin si quang
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Thit b o in:
-
Oscilloscope
Nhm 2
- Ram 128MB( gi ).
- Internet explorer 5.5 hoc cao hn.
- DirectX 8.1 hoc cao hn.
Key bo v: Mt key bo v phn cng c cung cp km theo phn mm
Ch : Xin hy chc rng key bo v phn cng khng c kt ni trong
sut qu trnh ci t Optisystem.
chc chn Optisystem vn hnh mt cch ng n, kim chng li theo
cc bc sau:
- Key bo v kt ni ng vo cng song song /USB ca my tnh.
- Nu bn s dng nhiu hn mt key bo v, chc rng khng c s xung t
gia key bo v Optisystem v cc key kia.
Ch : Dng mt hp chuyn i ngn chn s xung t key bo v. Chc rng
cp gia hp chuyn i v my tnh l ln nht ca dng c o.
Th mc Optisystem
Thng thng, b ci Optisystem s to ra mt th mc Optisystem trong
cng ca bn. Th mc Optisystem gm mt s th mc con sau:
- \bin cc tp thc thi c,th vin ng dn ng, v tp tr gip.
- \components tham s cc phn t ca Optisystem t nh cung cp.
- \doc ti liu h tr Optisystem.
- \libraries th vin phn t Optisystem.
- \samples tp v d Optisystem.
- \toolbox tp lin h MATLAB.
Ci t
Optisystem c th c ci t trn Windows XP hoc Vista. Nn thot ht cc
chng trnh Windows trc khi ci t chng trnh.
Nhm 2
Bng 1: Cc bc ci t
Bc
1
2
3
Thc hin
ng nhp vo vi vai tr ngi qun tr hoc ng
nhp vo ti khon vi c quyn qun tr.
Cho CD Optisystem vo CD ROM.
Trn thanh cng c,vo Start v chn Run.
Hp thoi Run hin ra.
Trnh din Optisystem bao gm nhiu nht l 15 kch bn. Vi cng mt tp trnh din
nh nhau bn c th c nhiu kch bn vi cc phn t khc nhau v ty chn cc phn t.
Khu qut
Mi kch bn c th c cc tham s c gn sn trong ch qut. Bn c th
t gn s ln qut bng cch thay i tham s la chn. Gi tr tham s thay i theo mi
ln qut lp; to ln mt lot cc kt qu tnh ton khc nhau cn c trn s thay i gi
tr tham s.
Qut tham s ph thuc vo yu t ca mt kch bn: tham s v kt qu.
Ti u ha
Mi kch bn c s ti u ha. S dng ti u ha thay i gi tr ca cc
tham s bit trong sut qu trnh tnh ton v vy h thng ca bn cn t c nhiu
iu kin yu cu. Qu trnh ti u ha l c lp vi cc ln qut tham s, nhng c th
c s dng cho mi ln qut lp tham s ring bit.
Thit k v m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM s dng phn mm Optisystem
44
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Th vin cc phn t:
- Th vin ngun quang - ( optical sources library )
- Th vin cc b thu quang - (receivers library)
- Th vin si quang - (optical fiber library)
- Th vin cc b khuch i (quang, in) - (amplifier library)
- Th vin cc b MUX, DEMUX
- Th vin cc b lc (quang, in) - (filter library)
- Th vin cc phn t FSO - ( free space optics library)
- Th vin cc phn t truy nhp - ( access library)
- Th vin cc phn t th ng (quang, in) - (passiver library)
- Th vin cc phn t x l tn hiu (quang, in) -( signal processing library)
- Th vin cc phn t mng quang (network library)
- Th vin cc thit b o quang, o in
Ngoi ra cc phn t c nh ngha sn, Optisystem cn c
- Cc phn t Measured components. Vi cc phn t ny, Optisystem cho php nhp cc
tham s c o t cc thit b thc ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau.
- Cc phn t do ngi s dng t nh ngha ( User-defined Components)
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
- Dockers : bao gm
+ Project Browser : truy nhp n cc tham s v kt qu ca thit k (Hnh 3)
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Hnh 2.14:Hy b ch kt ni t ng
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
+ Tin hnh thit lp ca s thi gian: ti Value chn Set Time Window v nhp gi
tr
Hnh2.18 : Thit lp ca s thi gian thc
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Tc bit:
10 Gbit/s
C ly truyn dn:
300 km
Mt s gi khi thit k:
-
Loi si:
Nhm 2
Ngun pht:
2) Yu cu:
a) S dng phn mm Optisystem xy dng m hnh m phng h thng thng tin quang
WDM theo phng n thit k.
Lu : cc tham s ton cc (global parameters m phng) c thit lp nh sau
-
Tc bit:
10 Gbit/s
Chiu di chui:
128 bits
S mu trong 1 bit:
64
Thit b o BER
c) Chy m phng
d) Hin th kt qu m phng bng cc thit b o t trn tuyn
e) Thay i cc tham s ca cc phn t trn tuyn t c BER = 10-12
3) Bo co kt qu thc hnh
-
M hnh m phng
Kt qu m phng
o Kt qu m phng theo phng n thit k ban u h thng ban u
o S thay i ca cc tham s thit k t c BER = 10-12
Nhm 2
10GBps
Chiu di chui:
128bits
S mu trong mt bt: 64
S mu =Chiu di chuiS mu trong mt trong mt bit=12864=8192
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
B iu ch ngoi
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Hnh 2.37. B lp
Do si quang c suy hao tn sc nn trong tuyn truyn dn s s dng b b tn sc
DCF.
Thng s ca b b tn sc:
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Thit b o BER
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
T l li bit BER
Mt quang
Nhm 2
Nhm 2
BER thay i
+ BER ca knh th nht thay i
Nhm 2
Nhm 2