GDT Theory 1st Principle Training

Geometric
Dimensioning
&Tolerancing
(GD&T)
Level1
Training
Manual
INDEX
Chapter
1. CourseIntroduction..
Introduction
Hexagonqualityassurancedocumentation
Agenda
Courseobjectives
2. IntroductiontoGeometricalProductSpecifications
IntroductiontoGPS
RequirementsofGPS
3. Datums
Datums
Referenceframes
Axis
Plane
Target
4. FormTolerances
Circularity(Roundness)
Straightness
Flatness
Cylindricity
5. LocationTolerances
Location
RegardlessofFeaturesize
MaximumMaterialCondition(MaximumMaterialReference)
Concentricity/Coaxiality
Symmetry
6. OrientationTolerances.
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Angularity
7. ProfileTolerances.
Profileofaline
Profileofasurface
8. RunoutTolerances..
Runout
CircularRunout
TotalRunout
9. Appendix..
FurtherMMCoptions
BasicSymbols
Hexagoncontacts
HexagonMetrologyGD&T Issue1May2006
CourseIntroduction
INTHISCHAPTER
Introduction
Hexagonqualityassurance
documentation
Agenda
Courseobjectives
11
IntroductiontoGD&TTrainingCourse
WelcometoHexagonMetrology
Hexagonmetrologywelcomesyoutodaytotheirmetrologyfacilityand
hopesthatyourvisitwillbeenjoyable,interestingandinformative.
Duringtheintroductionsessionwerespectivelyrequestthatyoutake
noteofanyhealthandsafetyrequirementsandthatyoucompletethe
HexagonMetrologyqualityassurancedocumentation.
Theinformationprovidedwillcontributetofuturedevelopmentofboth
existingandnewtrainingcourses.
IntroductionOverview
Welcome
IntroductiontoHexagonMetrology
Health&Safety
Coursesubsistencearrangements
CourseContentandTimes
Traineeregistrationandbackground
Trainingmanualcontents
Workbookprincipals
Evaluation
Certification
Furthercourses
CourseAgenda
Pleaseseethefollowingoverviewofthecourseagendaforboththe
Day1
Introduction/Courseaims&Objectives
GD&TTheory
o IntroductiontoGeometricProductSpecifications(GPS)
o OverviewofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)
o Standards
o Datum Systems
o UnderstandingtheBasicSymbolsofGD&T
o Form
o Location
o Orientation
o Runout
o Profile
o MaximumMaterialCondition
Pleasenote:Coursecontentandorderissubjecttochangeatthediscretion
oftheTrainingInstructor
CourseObjectives
ToachieveaBasicunderstandingofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD
&T)inthefollowingareas:
IntroductiontoGeometricProductSpecifications(GPS)
OverviewofGeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)
Standards
Datum Systems
UnderstandingtheBasicSymbolsofGD&T
MaximumMaterialCondition
TrainingManualandworkbook
Eachtraineewillbeprovidedwithatrainingmanualandworkbookcoveringdifferent
aspectsofthelevel1courseonly
Whatthistrainingmanualis!
The training manual is provided as a reminder to each student of the important
requirements that lead to the successful understanding of GD & T principles and
appropriatemeasurementstrategies.
Whatthistrainingmanualisnot!
Itisnotanotherversionofatechnicalmanual.orstandard
Whatistheworkbook?
The workbook provides evidence of competence achieved by each trainee during
thetrainingcourse.Itwillincludeexercisestocheckthatlearninghastakenplace
Evaluation
Asweallknowevaluationisveryimportant.Theworkbookwillprovideamethodof
evaluatingeachtraineescompetenceandgivethetraineeevidencetotakebackfor
themselves and their employer of their achievements during the course. Based on
the results obtained and evaluated by your training instructor, a certificate will be
issued. The assessment of competence can only be judged at the time of the
course. This does not mean that the trainee can be classed as an expert, it is
important for the trainees to implement the techniques they have learned on their
returntotheirrespectivecompany.
Courseevaluation
Hexagonmetrologytakesprideintheservicesitprovidesandcontinuestostriveto
improvethisqualityservice.Itisimportantforustogetfeedbackaboutourservices.
Aspartofthisprocess,wewillkindlyrequestthatoncompletionofyourcourseyou
completeatrainingevaluationform.
During each sessionof the course the students willbe encouraged to participatein
boththetheoreticalandpracticalelements.
Questionsandanswerssessionsfortheaboveelementsandanyotherrequirements
willbeincludedasrequested.
6
GeometricalProduct
Specification(GPS)
INTHISCHAPTER
IntroductiontoGPS
RequirementsofGPS
Atthefirstdesignstagesofcomponentparts,thedesignerimaginestheproduct
tobeanideal,perfectobject.Allcomponentpartsareassumedtobeofperfect
formandsize.
Duringthemanufacturingprocessescomponentpartsvaryinmanydifferent
ways,formerrorsandchangestothesurfaceparametersbecomeapparentwhen
usingdifferentmanufacturingmethods.
Theseerrorsandparameterchangescanhaveagreateffectonthefunctionality
ofthecomponent.
Itisthereforecriticalthatthesedefinitionsarestandardisedandunderstood,so
thatthevariationthatisinherenttomanufacturingprocessescanbetakeninto
accounttominimisewasteproductsandassemblies.
Tobeableunderstandthegeometricalvariationswithincomponentpartsasetof
requirementshavebeenproduced.
TheseareknownasGeometricalProductSpecifications(GPS),covering
requirementsonsizesanddimensions,geometricaltolerancesandgeometrical
propertiesofsurface
Formoflineandsurface
Independentofdatum
Dependentondatum
Size
Distance
Radius
Angle
GPS
Model
Orientation
Location
Circularrunout
Totalrunout
Datum
Roughnessprofile
Wavinessprofile
Primaryprofile
Surfaceimperfections
ExtractedfromtheDTINationalMeasurementGoodPracticeguideNo80FundamentalGood
practiceinDimensionalMetrology.(AvailablefromtheNationalPhysicalLaboratoryNPL
Teddington,Middlesex,UnitedKingdom
TheGPSstandardtechnicalrulesareorganisedintosixchainlinksforanygiven
characteristic
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Therules,symbolsandhowtounderstandthespecificationsofproduct
documentation
Theoreticaldefinitionsoftolerancesandtheirnumericalvalues.
Geometryofanonideal,realworkpiecedefinedinrelationtotolerance
symbolsonthedrawing.
Theconformance,nonconformanceofrealworkpiecedeviationsto
specificationtakingintoaccountmeasurementuncertainty
Generalapproachtomeasurementequipmenttypesandrequirements
Calibrationstandards,proceduresandrequirementsofthemeasuring
equipmentusedandtherelinktoNationalandinternationalStandards
ExtractedfromtheDTINationalMeasurementGoodPracticeguideNo80FundamentalGood
practiceinDimensionalMetrology.(AvailablefromtheNationalPhysicalLaboratoryNPL
Teddington,Middlesex,UnitedKingdom)
GeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)isauniversallanguageof
symbols,muchliketheinternationalsystemofroadsignsthatadvisedrivershow
tonavigatetheroads.
GD&TsymbolsallowaDesignEngineertopreciselyandlogicallydescribepart
featuresinawaytheycanbeaccuratelymanufacturedandinspected.Todothis
useismadeofanengineeringdrawingorCADmodeltoprovidetheinformation
AnEngineeringDrawingandCADmodelhasapurposetoshowtherequired
designfunctionandthereforeallowallpartiesinvolvedtointerpretthedesign
requirements
GeometricDimensioningandTolerancing(GD&T)isusedinconjunctionwith
standarddimensioningtodescribethegeometryofproductsandtheirrelationship
betweenvariousfunctionalpartsorassemblies
TheinterpretationoftheTechnicalDrawingsusingGD&Tisdoneinvarious
ways.Thedesignerwillmakeuseofvarioussymbolslinkedtodifferent
categories.Eachoptionavailabletothedesignershouldbedefinedbyutilising
someofthefollowing
FeatureControlFrames
GeometricCharacteristics(Symbols)
GeometricReferences(Datums)
ToleranceShapes
ToleranceZones(Values)
10
FeatureControl
FramesandDatum
Definitions
INTHISCHAPTER
11
FeatureControlFrames
Datums
Axis
Plane
Target
Geometrictolerancesarenormallyexpressesbyusingacombinationoffeature
controlframesanddatumreferencesymbols.NormallyGD&Tsymbolswillonly
bepartofthedimensioningshownonthedrawingorCADmodel.Remember
standardbilateralandunilateraltoleranceswillbeshownalongwithother
parametersaboutthesurfacetexturerequirementsandmaterialspecifications.
Geometrictolerancesaredefinedwithinfeaturecontrolframes.Theseframesare
specificallydesigned.Somearerelativetoadatumreference,somearerelative
tothemselves.Thefeaturecontrolframeislikeabasicsentencethatcanberead
fromlefttoright.Examplesoffeaturecontrolframesareshownbelow
FeatureControlframes
Geometric
SymbolofControl
(Symbol)
Tolerance
Zoneand
shape
Primary
Datum
Secondary
Datum
Tertiary
Datum
NoDatumReference
TwoDatumReferences
12
OneDatumReference
ThreeDatumsReferences
Thegeometricsymbolofcontrolisspecifiedonthelefthandside.Thiswillvary
dependingontherequirementandfunctionalityrequiredfromthefeatureand
componentpart
Theshapeandtolerancewithinthefeaturecontrolframedeterminethelimitsof
productionvariability.
Datumexamples
ThePrimaryDatumcanbedefinedbyaminimumof3pointcontactonasurface
orbythegenerationofa3DAxisthroughaminimumof2features.
TheSecondaryDatumcanbedefinedfromaminimumof2points,ofanedgeor
throughanaxisrelativetothePrimarydatum
TheTertiaryDatumcanbedefinedbyaminimumofonepointinrelationtothe
Primaryandsecondarydatums
TechnicalDrawingshowingthedatumdefinitions(Measurementterms:
alignmentorcoordinatesystem)
13
TechnicalDrawingshowingthedatumrelationships
FeatureControlFramesDefinitions
NoDatumReference
0.035
SingleDatumReference
0.085
0.145
AB
MultipleDatumReference
14
TwoDatumReference
0.200
ThreeDatumReference
0.145
Tolerancezonesoveraspecifiedlength
0.01/100
0.01mmoverany100mmlength
CombinedToleranceZone
0.2
0.05/190
Overalltolerance0.2mm,
0.05mmoverany190mmlength
but
15
Theoreticallyexactdimensions
Dimensiondefiningthetheoreticalexactpositionaredefinedinabox.Eachof
thesedimensionsshouldhaveafeaturecontrolframeattachedatsomestageto
defineatoleranceotherwisethesedimensionsshouldbeproducedperfectlyto
thesesizeswithnovariation.
156
4
6.2
38
Datumsymbols
Thedatumsymbolsusedarenormallyspecifiedasbelow.Theuseofaletteris
theconventionusedofspecifiedwithintheASMEandISOstandards
Thedatumsymbolscanbepositionedindifferentplacesonadrawingtodefine
therequirementsofthecomponentpart.Eachtimethedatumsymbolsareused
thisshouldtellthemanufacturingandmeasurementdepartmentshowtosetup
thepart.Itiscriticalthattheinterpretationofthisiscorrecttoavoidanyerrorsin
thesetupofboththemachinetoolandthemeasurementequipmentused.
16
DatumAxis
DatumPlane
orextension
FeatureOutline
FeatureExtension
Drawingexamplesofbothaxisandplane
17
Axisandplanewiththealternativeoptionofspecifyingadatum
18
DatumTargets
Datumscanbedefinedformanufacturingpurposesastargets.Oftenusedinthe
castingindustry.Theycouldbeusedtocreatethefinaldatumsofthecomponent
part.Thesetargetsarenormallycategorisedasonofthefollowing
Point
Line
Area
Point
Datumtargetpointfromthecornerisdefinedasbelow.Thiscouldbelocatedon
thecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture
6
6
Line
Datumtargetlinefromthecornerisdefinedasbelow.Thiscouldbelocatedon
thecomponentbytheuseofapredefinedfixture
B1
B1
90
19
Area
Datumtargetareasfromthecorneraredefinedasbelow.Thesecouldbeeither
circularorboxedasshown.Thiscouldbelocatedonthecomponentbytheuseof
apredefinedfixture
9
A1
4
2x2
4A2
ThreedatumtargetareasspecifyingtheprimarydatumA
20
12
5
12
TwolinesspecifyingthesecondarydatumBandapointspecifyingthe
TertiarydatumC
TwodiametersdefiningtheDatumthroughacommonaxis
21
Primaryandsecondarydatumsascheckedbyagauge
22
FormTolerance
INTHISCHAPTER
23
Circularity(Roundness)
Straightness
Flatness
Cylindricity
Circularity
CircularityalsoknownasRoundnessinthisexampletheshapeofthe
diametertobeproducedandmeasuredshouldberoundwithinatolerancezone
of0.040
Thetoleranceisspecifiedbyazone
boundedbytwoconcentriccircles
Themeasurementofcircularitycanbeachievedby
differentmethodsnormallybyaspecific
roundnessmeasuringmachineorbyutilising
Coordinatemeasuringmachinesoftware
Diametervaryingwithintoleranceofsizeandform
24
0.040
CircularityonaTaper
Circularitymeasurementexampletakenusingadialindicator,standandvee
block
25
Circularitymeasurementstakenusingaroundnessmeasuringmachine
26
Straightness
Straightnesscanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationawayfroma
straightlineoraxiswithinthetolerancezone
Definitionoftolerancezones
Onedirection
Twodirections,
differentvalues
Onedirection,
tapereddiameter
Onedirection,
cylindricalzone
Onedirection,possible
shapesofpart
27
Flatness
Flatnesscanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationonasurfacewithin
thetolerancezone
Tolerancezoneacrossthreesurfaces
28
Flatnessdefinition
Measurementonsurfacetableusing3locationsupportsandadialindicator
andstand
29
Cylindricity
Cylindricitycanbedefinedasthemaximumallowabledeviationofallpointsona
surfaceofrevolutionequidistantfromacommonaxiswithintheatolerancezone
definedbytwocylinders
Cylindricity
0.025
0.040
0.025
0.040
Measurementstakenusingaroundnessmeasuringmachine
30
LocationTolerances
INTHISCHAPTER
31
Location
RegardlessofFeaturesize
MaximumMaterial
Condition(MaximumMaterial
Requirement)
Symmetry
TruePosition
Locationtolerancesarealsoknownastruepositionaltolerances.Eitherdefined
asacylindricalzoneorparallelepiped(Boxed/rectangular)
Establishingdimensions
32
RegardlessofFeatureSize(RFS)
S
RegardlessofFeatureSize(RFS)Thesymbolwasusednexttothe
tolerance,withinthefeaturecontrolframeinapreviousANSIstandard
Cylindricalzoneexample
33
Positionaltoleranceonanedgeataspecificangle
34
Bidirectionalpositionaltoleranceofholes
Cylindricaltolerancezoneonapatternofholes
35
Positionaltoleranceonasurfaceataspecificangle
DrawingexamplerelativetothreeDatums
36
PositionofsurfacerelativetoDatumsAandB
RFSCalculation
37
Actualcentrepositionrelativetothenominalcentreposition
Actualpositioncalculationexpressedasadiameteroutput
38
MaximumMaterialConditionprinciple
MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)Aproductfeaturehasthemostamountof
materialwithintheallowedtolerancezone
Internalfeatureisthesmallestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerance
zone
Externalfeaturethelargestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone
.
TheMMCsymbol M canbepositionedwithinthetoleranceframeeithernext
tothetoleranceoranydatumsymbol
MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)isabasisusedfortheassemblyofdifferent
productsforexampleapinfittingintoaholeoramanifoldfittingontostuds.
MMCprovidesthecombinationofthesmallestholeandthelargestpin,soasto
fittogetherasanassembly.
OncethishasbeenestablisheditisknownastheVirtualConditiontheworst
conditionforthepinandholetoassemble.
Atvirtualconditionthetwofeatureswouldjustfitandchangefromthiscould
resultinaneasierfitbetweenthetwofeatures.
VirtualConditionisaboundarythatisgeneratedbytheeffectsofcombining
theMMCandtheGeometricTolerance.
Internal:MMCConditionvalueminusthegeometrictolerance
External:MMCconditionvalueplusthegeometrictolerance
NoteThisisdependentonthefeaturesremainingwithintolerance
ofsize.
NoteMMCcanbeappliedtoothersymbolssuchasthefollowingStraightness
CircularityAngularity,Symmetry,Parallelism,Perpendicularity,Concentricity/Co
axialityandPosition
39
LeastMaterialConditionprinciple
LeastMaterialCondition(MMC)Aproductfeaturehastheleastamountof
materialwithintheallowedtolerancezone
Internalfeatureisthelargestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone
Externalfeaturethesmallestsizeallowablewithintheallowedtolerancezone
.
TheLMCsymbol
L canbepositionedwithinthetoleranceframeeithernext
tothetoleranceoranydatumsymbol
40
MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonanactualfeature
41
MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonadatumFeature
42
MaximumMaterialConditioncalculationonboththeactualanddatum
Features
43
ProjectedToleranceZone P
wherethepositionaltoleranceisprojected
outfromthefeaturebyaspecifiedamount(40and60inthisexample)
44
ConcentricityorCoaxiality
ConcentricityorCoaxialityisdefinedbythesamesymbol.Allsectionalfeaturestaken
aredefinedasbeingcommontothedatumaxisfeature.Asasimpleexplanationof
thedifferenceconsiderthegeometricelementscircleandcylinder,thesecanbe
definedastwodimensionalandthreedimensionalfeatures.BothConcentricityand
Coaxialitycanbethoughtofinthesameterms.
Concentricity
Coaxialityofanaxistoamultipledatumaxis
45
CoaxialityofaxisD2toaxisD1(cylindricalzonearoundaxis)
ConcentricityofoutsidediametercentretodatumAcentre
46
Deviationascalculatedfromandaxistoaxis
Measurementofconcentricityonaroundnessmeasuringmachine
47
Measurementofcoaxialityonaroundnessmeasuringmachine
48
Symmetry
Symmetryalsoknownthemiddleofforequal/equalaboutthecentre.Intheexample
thetoleranceisappliedtothemedianplanecreatedbythetwoinsidesurfacesofthe
slottodatumAcreatedfromthemedianplaneofthetwooutsidesurfaces
Tolerancezoneinonedirectionappliedtothecentre(medianplane)
49
ThetoleranceappliedtothecrossholecentrelineistothecentreofdatumaxisA
Holeisoncentretomultipledatumaxesintwodirectionswithdifferent
tolerances
50
Holeisoncentretomedianplanecreatedfromtwosurfacesandslotison
centretodatumaxisA
Measurementofslotoncentreusing
Dialindicator,stand,veeblocks,surface
plateandgaugeblockinsertedintothe
slot
51
52
Orientation
Tolerances
INTHISCHAPTER
53
Parallelism
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Parallelism
Parallelismcanbedefinedinmanywaysasshownbelow,whetherapplied
toanaxisorasurface
Tolerancezonedefinedbytwoparallelplanesorlinesrelativetodefined
datumfaceA
54
Tolerancezonedefinedbyacylindricaltolerancezoneelativetothedatum
axisasdefinedbydatumdiameterA
CombiningFlatnessandParallelism
55
Effectsofflatnesswhendealingwithparallelism
ParallelismofasurfaceoncentrelinetoamultipledatumdefinedbyAand
B(singledirection)
Datum
ParallelismofadiametertoanaxisdefinedbyA(twotolerancesineach
direction)
Datum
56
ParallelismofadiametertoanaxisdefinedbyA(cylindricaltolerancezone)
Datum
ParallelismofanedgetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singledirection)
Datum
ParallelismofasurfacetoadiameterdefinedbyA(singletoleranceacross
surface)
Datum
57
ParallelismofasurfacetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singletoleranceacross
surface)
Datum
ParallelismofanedgetoasurfacedefinedbyA(singletoleranceacross
surfaceandparallelismofandaxistoanaxisoftwopins(cylindricalzone)
58
Measurementoftheparallelismofadiameterusingadialindicator,standand
surfaceplate
Measurementoftheparallelismofasurfaceusingadialindicator,standand
surfaceplatesupportedoftheaxisofdatumA
59
Perpendicularity
Perpendicularitycanbedefinedinmanywaysasshownbelow,whether
appliedtoanaxisorasurface
Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtoasurfaceoredgewherethefeatureis
tobeat90degreestodatumfaceA
0.200
Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtotheaxisdefinedbybothsidesora
diameter
0.200
60
Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurfacewiththetoleranceintwodirections
Datumaxis
Datumsurface
Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurfacewiththetoleranceinonedirectionsand
surfacetoasurface
Datumaxis
Datumsurface
61
Perpendicularitytoleranceappliedtoanaxistoasurfacewithdifferent
tolerancesintwodirections.
Datumsurface
Perpendicularityofanaxistoasurface(cylindricaltolerancezone)
Datumsurface
62
Drawingexampleofdeviation
PerpendicularityMeasurementoftheactualsurfacewithaprecisionor
cylindricalsquare
63
PerpendicularityMeasurementoftheactualaxistothedatumsurfaceusinga
dialindicator,standandsurfacetable
AnalternativemethodofmeasuringPerpendicularityisbymeansofalaseror
autocollimator.CalibrationofCMMsisoftendonebythelasermethod
64
Angularity
Angularityisamethodofcheckingthedeviationofasurfaceoranaxisata
specifiedangle
Angularityspecifiedasasurfacetoasurfaceorasurfacetoanaxis
65
Measurementofangularityusingadialindicator,stand,surfaceplateand
ananglegauge.AnalternativemeasurementmethodistouseaSineBar
Angularityofacentrelinetoanaxis
66
Angularityofasurfacetoanaxis
Angularityofasurfacetoasurface
Measurementofangularityusingaprotractororclinometer
67
68
Profile
INTHISCHAPTER
69
Profileofaline
Profileofasurface
Profile
Profiletolerancesfallintotwomaincategories
ProfileofaLine
Profileofasurface
Thesetolerancesarenormallyappliedtoirregularornormaledges,surfacesor,
arcs.Thetolerancecanbeappliedeithersideofthenominalprofile(Bilateral)or
tooneside(unilateral)only.Theuniformboundarycanbeappliedrelativetothe
profileonlyoralternativelycanbeappliedrelativetothedatumreferencesystem
aswellastheprofile.
TotalTolerance
Nominalprofile
TotalTolerance
Nominalprofile
UniLateral(InternalorExternal)
BilateralTolerance
Toleranceofformonly
Toleranceofformandlocation
70
Profileofalinetoleranceontheformonlyasindicated
Profileofasurfacetoleranceontheformofthesphericalradius
71
72
RunoutTolerances
INTHISCHAPTER
73
Runout
CircularRunout
TotalRunout
Runout
Runoutisappliedtocontrolanycircularfeaturesurfacesrotatedthrough360
degrees.Thiscouldapplytoadiameterorasurfaceatanypositionacrossthat
surfaceofrevolution
Circularrunoutisappliedthesurfacearoundthedatumaxis,includedwithinthe
toleranceareanyeffectsofconcentricityandcircularity.Axialrunoutisappliedto
thesurfaceadjacenttotheaxisaroundthedatumaxis,includedwithinthe
tolerancearetheeffectsofflatnessandPerpendicularityatthepositionwherethe
resultsareobtained
74
CircularRunoutexample
AxialRunoutexample
75
RunouttoleranceappliedtobothdatumAandBunabletogeneratean
axisfromdatumB
RunoutofsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughdatumdiameterA
Runoutoftaperedsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughdatumdiameter
A
76
Runoutofcurvedsurfacerotatedaroundtheaxisthroughmultipledatum
diametersAandB
Runoutofoutsidediameterrotatedaroundtheaxisthroughmultipledatum
diametersAandB
77
RunoutofthesurfacerotatedaroundthecommonaxisdatumdiametersA,
wheredatumAisdefinedbylocatingthecomponentpartbetweencentres
MeasuringRunoutusingcentresorveeblockanddialindicators
78
MeasuringRunoutofatapereddiameterausingcentresorveeblockanddial
indicators
Runoutofadiametertoamultipledatumdefinedthroughtheaxisofdatum
diametersAandBwhereAandBareatasetdistanceasdefinedbythe
boxeddimension
79
TotalRunout
TotalRunoutcontrolsthesurfacesaroundtheaxisof360degreesrevolution.The
differencefromrunoutisthatthistoleranceisappliedacrossthecompletesurface
asonetolerance.Asacompositetolerancetotalrunoutincludestheeffectsof
circularity,Cylindricity,concentricityCoaxialityPerpendicularity,Parallelism,and
Flatness
TotalrunoutappliedtoaPlanesurfacearoundanaxisofrevolution
80
Totalrunoutappliedtoacylinderaroundanaxisofrevolution
81
TotalcircularRunoutofoutsidediameteralongitslengthtotheaxiscreated
throughmultipledatumdiametersAandB
TotalRunoutacrossthesurfacetotheaxiscreatedthroughdatumdiameter
D
82
Appendix
INTHISCHAPTER
83
FurtherMMCoptions
BasicSymbols
References
HexagonContacts
MMCappliedtoStraightness
MMCappliedtoPerpendicularity
84
MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)andLeastMaterialCondition(LMC)
85
MaximumMaterialCondition(MMC)appliedtotwodiametersfloating
Ifthetwodiametersareattheirmaximumsizethenthecentrepositioncan
varyasshownapplyinga0.1tolerancearoundeachdiameter
86
Ifthetwodiametersareattheirminimumsizethenthecentrepositioncanvary
asshownapplyinga0.1tolerancearoundeachdiameterplusthe0.2tolerance
ofsize(0.1/sideoneachdiameter)
87
BasicSymbols
Form
Symbol
Circularity
BasicDimension
Straightness
38
156
Flatness
6.2
Cylindricity
Location
TruePosition
MaximumMaterialCondition
LeastMaterialCondition
Projectedtolerance
DatumReference
M
L
P
Orientation
Parallelism
FeatureControlFrame
Perpendicularity
Angularity
Symmetry
ProfileandRunout
Profileofaline
Profileofasurface
References
Moredetailedinformationis
availablefromvariousstandards
throughouttheworld.
Asanexample
ASMEY14.5
BS8888:2004Technical
ProductSpecifications(TPS)
Runout
TotalRunout
88
ExamplesofISOstandardsused
ISO:1101
ISO2692
HexagonDetails
89

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