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Bolt Tightening
Bolt Tightening
Bolt Tightening
Figure 2-1
T
kgfcm
10
0.981
1.08
1.18
1.27
1.37
1.47
20
1.96
2.06
2.16
2.26
2.35
2.45
30
2.94
3.04
3.14
3.24
3.33
40
3.92
4.02
4.12
4.22
4.31
50
4.90
5.00
5.10
5.20
60
5.88
5.98
6.08
70
6.86
6.96
80
7.85
90
100
1.57
1.67
1.77
1.86
2.55
2.65
2.75
2.84
3.43
3.53
3.63
3.73
3.82
4.41
4.51
4.61
4.71
4.81
5.30
5.39
5.49
5.59
5.69
5.79
6.18
6.28
6.37
6.47
6.57
6.67
6.77
7.06
7.16
7.26
7.35
7.45
7.55
7.65
7.75
7.94
8.04
8.14
8.24
8.34
8.43
8.53
8.63
8.73
Formula of screw
8.83
8.92
9.02
9.12
9.22
9.32
9.41
9.51
9.61
9.71
9.81
9.90
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
TFf
d
2
n
n
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
9.81
10.8
11.8
12.7
13.7
14.7
15.7
16.7
17.7
18.6
200
19.6
20.6
21.6
22.6
23.5
24.5
25.5
26.5
27.5
28.4
300
29.4
30.4
31.4
32.4
33.3
34.3
35.3
36.3
37.3
38.2
400
39.2
40.2
41.2
42.2
43.1
44.1
45.1
46.1
47.1
48.1
500
49.0
50.0
51.0
52.0
53.0
53.9
54.9
55.9
56.9
57.9
600
58.8
59.8
60.8
61.8
62.8
63.7
64.7
65.7
66.7
67.7
700
68.6
69.6
70.6
71.6
72.6
73.5
74.5
75.5
76.5
77.5
800
78.5
79.4
80.4
81.4
82.4
83.4
84.3
85.3
86.3
87.3
900
88.3
89.2
90.2
91.2
92.2
93.2
94.1
95.1
96.1
97.1
1000
98.1
99.0
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
T Torque
Ff Axial tension
d2 Pitch diameter
dn Pitch diameter of
bearing surface
7.188 0.15
11.27
T=8000
0.0554)0.15() 1000 Friction coefficient of
(
2
2
cos30
threaded portion
=13.4Nm
nFriction coefficient of
bearing portion
Formula of pitch diameter of bearing surface
n1
n
Half angle of screw thread
Lead angle [degree]
a: Hexagon bearing surface (first type nut, bolt)
d2=7.188mm
dn1=11.27mm(1 class nut)
tan=0.0554
From Table 2-5 =n=0.15=30
From Table 8-1
dn1
Table 1-5
kgfm
10
98.1
108
118
127
137
147
157
167
177
186
20
196
206
216
226
235
245
255
265
275
284
30
294
304
314
324
333
343
353
363
373
382
40
392
402
412
422
431
441
451
461
471
481
50
490
500
510
520
530
539
549
559
569
579
60
588
598
608
618
628
637
647
657
667
677
70
686
696
706
716
726
735
745
755
765
775
80
785
794
804
814
824
834
843
853
863
873
90
883
892
902
912
922
932
941
951
961
971
100
981
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
1040
1050
1060
1070
Technical Data
1-2
D3H3
D2H2
T
Kd
Friction on the
theaded portin
40%
Nm
N
mm(See table 8-1)
mm(See table 8-1)
(See table 2-4
(See table 2-4)
(ISO screw 30
)
tan(See Figure 2-2)
(See table 8-1
dn1
Formula of screw
TKdFf or Ff
Friction on
the bearing
surface 50%
B
dH
dn
dn
d2
d
24
T
Tension(N)
Ff 10%
tan)
{ d
2 ( cos
Figure 2-2
Detail drawing
Table 1-4
kgfcm
Technical Data
Technical Data
1. Torque
dn
dH
D
2-1/2-2
Technical Data
25
(2) Relation figure between screw and torque (Torque coefficient K=0.2)
2. Bolt Tightening
T KdFf
d2d3
As
300
T Tightening torqueNm
30
20
18
16
14
200
12
d Nominal diametermm
Ff Axial tensionN
Nm
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
10
30
20
Torque
22
K Torque coefficient0.20.15
P Pitchmm
33
24
H Fundamental triangle
heightmm
39
36
27
6
H 0.866025P
42
Ff
48
45
1
900
800
700
600
500
400
d3 d1
M52
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
300
200
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
1
900
800
700
600
500
400
30
300
5
4.5
4
3.5
Nominal diameterdmm
As
mNm
2.5
20
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
2.2
2
1.8
200
30
20
0.0195
0.027
0.037
0.058
0.086
0.128
0.176
0.23
0.36
0.63
1
1.5
2.15
3
5.2
8.4
12.5
24.5
42
68
106
146
204
282
360
520
700
960
1240
1600
2000
2500
2950
3800
4800
5900
7200
8800
500
600
700
1.8T
2.4T
0.035
0.049
0.066
0.104
0.156
0.23
0.315
0.41
0.65
1.14
1.8
2.7
3.9
5.4
9.2
15
22
44
76
122
190
270
370
500
650
940
1260
1750
2250
2900
3600
4500
5300
6800
8600
10600
13000
16000
0.047
0.065
0.088
0.140
0.206
0.305
0.42
0.55
0.86
1.50
2.40
3.6
5.2
7.2
12.2
20.0
29.5
59
100
166
255
350
490
670
860
1240
1700
2300
3000
3800
4800
6000
7000
9200
11600
14000
17500
21000
M1
M1.1
M1.2
M1.4
M1.6
M1.8
M2
M2.2
M2.5
M3
M3.5
M4
M4.5
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
M42
M45
M48
M52
M56
M60
M64
M68
0.199
0.275
0.377
0.591
0.877
1.31
1.79
2.35
3.67
6.42
10.2
15.3
21.9
29.4
53.0
85.7
127
250
428
693
1080
1490
2080
2880
3670
5300
7140
9790
12600
16300
20400
25500
30100
38700
48900
60200
73400
89700
0.100
0.138
0.189
0.296
0.438
0.653
0.897
1.17
1.84
3.21
5.1
7.6
11.0
14.7
26.5
42.8
63.2
127
214
347
540
744
1040
1430
1840
2650
3570
4890
6320
8160
10200
12800
15300
19400
24500
30100
36700
44900
0.357
0.500
0.673
1.06
1.59
2.35
3.21
4.18
6.63
11.6
18.4
27.5
39.8
53.0
93.8
153
224
449
775
1240
1940
2750
3770
5100
6630
9590
12800
17800
22900
29600
36700
45900
54000
69300
87700
108000
133000
163000
0.479
0.663
0.897
1.43
2.10
3.11
4.28
5.61
8.77
15.3
24.5
36.7
53.0
70.6
124
204
301
602
1020
1690
2600
3570
5000
6830
8770
12600
17300
23500
30600
38700
48900
61200
71400
93800
118000
143000
178000
214000
T series
0.5 series
1.8 series
2.4 series
Screws
(Strengths) (Materia)
4.66.8
SS,SC,SUS
8.812.9
SCr,SNC,SCM
10.912.9
SCr,SNC,SCM,SNCM
210
300160
105
15080
380
540290
500
710380
Application products
400
(Ref. data)
Nomina
diameter
Application
300
2.4 series
200
0.0098
0.0135
0.0185
0.029
0.043
0.064
0.088
0.116
0.18
0.315
0.5
0.75
1.08
1.5
2.6
4.2
6.2
12.5
21
34
53
73
102
140
180
260
350
480
620
800
1000
1260
1500
1900
2400
2950
3600
4400
(Ref. data)
1.8 series
1.4
1.1
100
Torque value
M1
M1.1
M1.2
M1.4
M1.6
M1.8
M2
M2.2
M2.5
M3
M3.5
M4
M4.5
M5
M6
M7
M8
M10
M12
M14
M16
M18
M20
M22
M24
M27
M30
M33
M36
M39
M42
M45
M48
M52
M56
M60
M64
M68
0.5 series
1.6
10
1.2
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Nominal
diameter
Ordinary products
Electronic products
Construction products
From Max. to Min. of axial stress is considered about dispersion of torque coefficient.
Example) max2100.20.14300 [N/mm2]
Torque coefficient : 0.14 (minimum)0.2 (average)0.26 (maximum)
26
Technical Data
2-2
2-3
Technical Data
27
Technical Data
kNm
Calculation formula
cNm
Technical Data
0.100.150.20
0.0670.100.14
0.160.180.20
0.120.1350.15
Note:The value on this table is for standard screw joint. This in not applicable for special condition.
Min and max mean width of dispersion. Variation width will be smaller if the condition is limited
(lubrication oil, shape etc.)
K1.30.025
Standard torque
Standard torque
0.46
0.0195
96
139.50
75.0
0.0098
49.0
70.0
37.7
0.035
175.0
250.0
134.5
0.047
235.0
336.0
181.0
M1.1 0.588
M1
0.027
122.8
175.5
94.4
0.0135
61.4
87.6
47.2
0.049
222.5
318
171.5
0.065
295.5
422
227.5
M1.2 0.732
0.037
154
220
118.6
0.0185
77
110.2
59.3
0.066
275
393
211.5
0.088
367
524
282
M1.4 0.983
0.058
207
296
159.6
0.029
103.6
148
79.6
0.104
371
531
285.5
0.14
500
714
385
1.27
0.086
268.5
384
206.5
0.043
134.5
192
103.4
0.156
487
696
375
0.206
644
920
495
M1.8 1.7
0.128
356
508
273.5
0.064
178
254
137
0.230
639
912
491
0.305
848
1210
652
2.07
0.176
440
629
338
0.088
220
314.5
169
0.315
788
1126
606
0.42
1050
1500
808
M2.2 2.48
0.23
523
746
402
0.116
263.5
377
203
0.41
932
1332
716
0.55
1250
1785
962
554
0.18
360
514
277
0.65
1300
1850
1000
0.86
1720
2455
1324
M2
M2.5
3.39
0.36
720
1028
M3
5.03
0.63
1050
1500
808
0.315
525
750
404
1.14
1900
2715
1460
1.5
2500
3570
1925
M3.5 6.78
1.00
1430
2040
1098
0.50
714
1020
549
1.80
2570
3670
1980
2.4
3430
4900
2635
8.78
1.50
1875
2680
1440
0.75
950
1355
730
2.7
3380
4820
2595
3.6
4500
6430
3460
M4.5 11.3
2.15
2390
3410
1840
1.08
1200
1715
924
3.9
4330
6190
3330
5.2
5780
8260
4440
5540
M4
2.4T series
M1.6
1.8T series
Minimum axial tension
0.100.150.20
0.140.200.26
Friction coefficient(n)
minaveragemax
Standard torque
Torque coefficient K
minaveragemax
0.5T series
Minimum axial tension
Lubrication
T series
Standard torque
Nominal diameter
K d
2 tan
ndn
2d
cos
Technical Data
M5
14.2
3.00
3000
4290
2310
1.50
1500
2145
1154
5.4
5400
7720
4150
7.2
7200
10280
Lubrication
M6
20.1
5.2
4330
6190
3330
2.6
2165
3095
1665
7660
10960
5900
12.2
10160
14500
7820
M7
28.9
8.4
6000
8580
4620
4.2
3000
4290
2310
15
10720
15300
8240
20.0
14300
20400
10980
M8
36.6
12.5
7820
11160
6010
6.3
3910
5540
3000
22
13750
19650
10580
29.5
18450
26350
14200
M10
58
24.5
12260
17500
9420
12.3
6130
8920
4720
44
22000
31450
16900
59.0
29500
42100
22700
M12
84.3
42
17500
25000
13450
21.0
8750
12500
6730
76
31650
45200
24350
100.0
41700
59500
32050
M14
115
68
24300
34700
18700
34.0
12150
17350
9350
122
43600
62200
22500
166.0
59300
84600
45600
M16
157
106
33150
47300
25500
53
16580
23650
12750
190
59400
84800
45700
255.0
M18
192
146
40600
57900
31200
73
20300
29000
15600
270
350.0
M20
245
204
51000
72800
39200
102
25500
36400
19600
370
490.0
M22
303
282
64100
91600
49300
141
32000
45700
24600
500
670.0
M24
353
360
75000
107200 57700
180
37500
53600
28850
650
M27
459
520
96200
137500 74000
260
48100
68800
37000
940
1240
M30
561
700
350
58300
83300
44800
1260
1700
M33
694
960
480
72800 104000
56000
1750
2300
M36
817
620
86000 123000
66200
2250
3000
M39
976
800
102500 146500
78800
2900
3800
M42
1120
1000
119000 170000
91500
3600
4800
M45 1310
1250
4500
6000
1470
1475
5300
7000
M52 1760
1900
6800
9200
2030
2400
8600
M60 2360
Reutilization screw
tension
Technical Data
2. Bolt Tightening
Ffmax
Kmin
Nominal diameterd10mm
Tightening torque:T24Nm
Torque coefficientKmin0.14K0.2Kmax0.26
Kmin0.14
Ffs
Ffmin
Ffmax=24/(0.140.0117140N
Kmax0.26
M48
Ffmin=24/(0.260.019230N
Kmax
K0.2
Ffs240.20.0112000N
Axial tension will change around double on Kmin, Kmax.
28
Technical Data
2-4
M56
2950
246000 351000 189000 10600 884000 1262000 680000 14000 1166000 1665000 898000
2680
3600
281500 402000 216500 13000 1016000 1450000 782000 17500 1365000 1955000 1052000
M68 3060
4400
323500 462000 249000 16000 1176000 1680000 904000 21000 1545000 2205000 1188000
M64
2-4
Technical Data
29
maxsminL
Thread strength
Bearing surface strength
Fixing
1 Standardization
Sealing
Transmission
Looseness
Confirmation of the
Transfer
Female screw
Looseness
To adopt 70% of the breaking torque as the tightening torque for screw joints.
(Ffmax=FU)
5 tension measurement
To adopt 130% of the minimum required tightening torque, the level that
prevent loosening, as the tightening torque. (Ffmin=FL)
To specify the tightening torque as the optimal axial tension by measuring with
an axial tension meter.
Fu=Ffmax
Fixing
Ffs
Male screw
Determination of tightening
torque by method
based on breaking torque
Leak
Ffmax
Fu
Bearing surface
Body tightened
Technical Data
Technical Data
2. Bolt Tightening
Ffmin
FL
Ffs
Ffmin
FL
30
Fu
Ffmax
Ffs
Determination of tightening
torque by method based on
minimum required torque
FL=Ffmin
30
Fu
Ff s
Ffmin
FL
For threaded joints, sometimes more definite tightening control is necessary, and sometimes
relatively rough control is enough just so that it will not loosen.
Exceed tightening
Table 2-7
Fu
Ffmax
Ffs
FL Ffmin
Insufficient tightening
Tightening torque
Class
Torque
Special
Torque coefficient
Impossible tightening
Fu
Ff s
FL
Ffmin
1st class
Tolerance
Variation width
Upper lower
limit (Ratio)
15
15
11585
0.75
20
20
12080
0.65
Measured value
Measured value
Ffmax
Coefficient
Tolerance
10
Axial tension
2nd class
Standard torque
(measured value)
20
0.140.26
0.100.20
30
35
13565
0.50
3rd class
Standard torque
30
0.120.28
0.090.20
40
50
15050
0.35
30
Technical Data
2-5
2-5/2-6
Technical Data
31
2 t2
In order to make n smaller, it is necessary to make k and
Elastic zone
Tightening method
Description
Torque control
method
Loading
method
Plastic zone
Elongation
measurement
method
Yeild point
3n = 31.2
Gradient
method
Break point
Torque
control
method
n = 10232 10.4
K t grade.
3
Angle control
method
Example)
K = 0.2 0.063
0.06 100= 10
K =
30.2
t = 3
Technical Data
When you need strict bolt management, the following formulas express the relationships using the
Axial tension
Technical Data
2. Bolt Tightening
Various tightening methods for stability of initial axial tension are invented. Following are some of examples.
Advantage and disadvantage
Control and operation is easy in tightening.
Since torque value does not change because of bolt length,
standardization is easy.
Dispersion band of axial tension is wide and bolt efficiency is
low.
When bolts are tightened within the plastic zone, dispersion of
axial tension is small and operation is easy.
Since it will be tightened over yield point, there is a limitation
on the threaded joint with additive load or retightening, and it
is difficult to define the tightening angle.
8
3
4
7
The tightening sequence will not follow, as this drawing if tightening will
kind of tightening to get initial axial tension. First it will be tightened with 100% torque and once more
9
10
Next the final tightening will be done by 100% torque. The method to
4
6
8
There's a delay for axial tension transmission and adequate initial axial tension will not be obtained
because there's an existing soft part such as packing or rubber in the flap tightened. This method is a
tightened with 100% torque.
(4) Stabilized tightening
Heating
method
This is a kind of tightening method to prevent initial axial tension drop by doing tightening with 100 %
torque, loosening the screw and doing tightening one more, when bearing surface will be deformed
(including bur and surface roughness) by tightening.
32
Technical Data
2-6/2-7
2-7/2-8
Technical Data
33
and rotation of screws is neglected. But when dynamic characteristics (overtorque measure of
Method by drawing
multiple units) are discussed, how the tightening torque will increase with rotation of screws
It is measured from actual screw joint for tightening rotation turn (angle).
should be considered. Generally speaking, it is called a "soft joint" or a "hard joint", but it is
1
e
T0
dT
dn TT
formula (1)
n turns of rotation
T0Tightening torque
n or
Technical Data
Technical Data
2. Bolt Tightening
Figure 2-12
1
e
n
formula (3)
360
e
formula (4)
T
T0
Figure 2-10
T
Simple method
(e) is available from rotation angle ( ') when
T0
more.
72
e formula (5)
'
From360nd360dn
360 dT
e
T0 d TT0
formula (2)
dT
dn TT
T00
360
T0-0.8T0
e
T0
'
e
e
1 T
T n
1
n
or
1
n
e
Preparation
Put protractor on outside of measuring bolt (The protractor should have a hole as bolt will be center.)
Set the line to be needle on outside of the socket
TT0
360
360
1
n 10 rotation or it is
reached from snug torque to tightening torque by
That is e=10 means
Figure 2-11
Measurement
Tighten up to 0.8T0 (10.7 [N.m]) first.
Next, set the protractor "0" to fit with the needle.
Tighten up to T0 (13.4 [N.m]) and read the angle
(7.2
).
T
T0
Actual relation
Snug point
=36
.
34
Technical Data
2-9
Figure 2-13
T
13.4
10.7
T0
0.8T0
Calculation
From simple method
72
72
e10
7.2
7.2
2-9
Technical Data
35