Chng I

Tnh lin tc ca hm s
Bi 1.1. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R sao cho f (f (x)) = x vi mi x R.
a) Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = x lun lun c nghim.
b) Hy tm mt hm tho mn iu kin trn nhng khng ng nht bng x trn
R.
Hng dn:
a) Gi s phng trnh f (x) = x v nghim trn R, tc l f (x) 6= x vi mi x R.
V hm f lin tc nn ta suy ra f khng i du trn R. Khng mt tng qut, gi s
f (x) > x vi mi x R. Khi : f (f (x)) > f (x) > x. iu ny mu thun vi gi
thit. Vy phng trnh f (x) = x lun c nghim.
b) D thy hm f (x) = 1 x tho mn iu kin f (f (x)) = x v khng ng nht
bng x.
Bi 1.2. Cho f : [a, b] [a, b] l mt hm lin tc sao cho f (a) = a, f (b) = b v
f (f (x)) = x vi mi x [a, b]. Chng minh rng f (x) = x vi mi x [a, b].
Hng dn:
T gi thit f (f (x)) = x ta d dng suy ra f l n nh. Kt hp vi tnh lin tc
ta kt lun c f l mt hm n iu. Hn na, do f (a) = a < b = f (b) nn f n
iu tng trn [a, b].
Nu tn ti xo [a, b] sao cho f (xo ) < xo hay f (xo ) > xo th f (f (xo )) < f (xo ) <
xo hay f (f (xo )) > f (xo ) > xo . iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
Vy f (x) = x vi mi x [a, b].
Bi 1.3. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R tho mn f (f (f (x))) = x vi mi x R.
a) Chng minh rng f (x) = x trn R. Hy tm bi ton tng qut hn.
b) Tm mt hm f xc nh trn R tho mn f (f (f (x))) = x nhng f (x) khng
ng nht bng x.
Hng dn:
a) T gi thit suy ra hm f n iu ngt trn R. Nu f gim ngt trn R th
f 2 tng ngt trn R. Do f 3 li gim ngt trn R. iu ny mu thun vi gi thit
f (f (f (x))) = x.
By gi gi s f tng ngt trn R. Nu tn ti xo R sao cho f (xo ) > xo th ta
suy ra f (f (xo )) > f (xo ) > xo , v f (f (f (xo ))) > f (xo ) > xo . iu ny mu thun.
Tng t ta cng c c iu mu thun nu f (xo ) < xo . Vy f (x) = x vi mi
x R.
Bi ton tng qut: "Cho f lin tc trn R v tho mn f 2n+1 (x) = x vi mi
x R. Chng
minh rng f (x) = x trn R."
x nu x
/ {1, 2, 3}

2 nu x = 1
b) f (x) =

3 nu x = 2

1 nu x = 3.
Bi 1.4. Cho f l mt hm lin tc v n nh trn (a, b). Chng minh rng f l mt
hm n iu ngt trn (a, b).
Hng dn:
Gi s f khng phi l hm n iu ngt trn (a, b), khi tn ti x1 , x2 , x3 thuc
(a, b) sao cho x1 < x2 < x3 v
1

f (x1 ) < f (x2 )

hoc

f (x1 ) > f (x2 )

.
f (x3 ) < f (x2 )
f (x3 ) > f (x2 )

f (x1 ) < f (x2 )

Gi s
. t m = max{f (x1 ), f (x3 )}, M = f (x2 ).
f (x3 ) < f (x2 )
Chn k [m, M ]. Theo nh l gi tr trung gian, tn ti c1 , c2 thuc (a, b) sao cho:
x1 < c1 < x2 < c2 < x3 v f (c1 ) = f (c2 ) = k.
iu ny mu
thun vi tnh n nh ca f .
f (x1 ) > f (x2 )
Tng t, nu
ta cng suy ra iu mu thun. Vy f l mt hm
f (x3 ) > f (x2 )
n iu ngt trn (a, b).
Bi 1.5.Cho hm s f : [a, b] [a, b] tho mn iu kin
|f (x) f (y)| < |x y| vi mi x [a, b], x 6= y.
Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = x lun lun c duy nht nghim trn [a, b].
Hng dn:
t (x) = f (x) x. D thy (x) lin tc trn [a, b].
Ta c: (a) = f (a) a 0, (b) = f (b) b 0 nn tn ti xo [a, b] sao cho
(xo ) = f (xo ) xo = 0, tc l f (xo ) = xo .
Nu tn ti x 1 , x2 thuc [a,b], x1 6= x2 m f (x1 ) = x1 , f (x2 ) = x2 th ta suy ra:
|x1 x2 | = f (x1 ) f (x2 ) < |x1 x2 |, iu ny l mu thun.
Vy phng trnh f (x) = x lun c duy nht nghim trn [a, b].
Bi 1.6. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R tho mn mt trong hai iu kin sau:
a) f l hm n iu gim trn R.
b) f l mt hm b chn trn R.
Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = x lun lun c nghim. Trong mi trng
hp, hy xem iu kin duy nht nghim c c m bo khng ?
Hng dn:
a) t (x) = f (x) x th lin tc trn R. Vi mi x > 0 ta c
(x) = f (x) x f (0) x.
Vi mi x < 0, ta c (x) = f (x) x f (0) x.
T suy ra lim = v lim = +.
x+

Do , tn ti xo R (xo ) = 0, tc l phng trnh f (x) = x c nghim.

b) t (x) = f (x) x th lin tc trn R. Theo gi thit, f b chn trn R nn
tn ti M > 0 sao cho vi mi x R th M f (x) M.
Chn x1 M , khi ta c
(x1 ) = f (x1 ) x1 f (x1 ) M 0.
Chn x2 M , khi ta c
(x2 ) = f (x2 ) x2 f (x2 ) + M 0.
Vy tn ti xo R sao cho (xo ) = 0, tc l phng trnh f (x) = x c nghim.
Bn c t kim tra iu kin duy nht nghim.
Bi 1.7. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R. Chng minh rng nu phng trnh
f (f (x)) = x c nghim th phng trnh f (x) = x cng c nghim.
Hng dn:

Gi s phng trnh f (x) = x v nghim trn R. Do f lin tc trn R nn ta suy

ra x R, f (x) < x hoc x R, f (x) > x.
Nu vi mi x R, f (x) > x th f (f (x)) > f (x) > x. iu ny mu thun vi
gi thit phng trnh f (f (x)) = x c nghim.
Tng t, nu vi mi x R, f (x) < x th ta cng c iu mu thun. Vy phng
trnh f (x) = x c nghim.
Bi 1.8. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R tho mn
|f (x)| < |x| vi mi x 6= 0.
a) Chng minh rng f (0) = 0.
b) Chng minh rng nu 0 < a < b th tn ti K [0, 1) sao cho
|f (x) K|x|, x [a, b].
Hng dn:
a) Ta c: |f (0)| = lim |f (x)| lim |x| = 0. Vy f (0) = 0.
x0

x0

f (x)
b) Vi mi x [a, b], t g(x) =
. Ta thy g lin tc trn [a, b]. t
x
f (x)
. V |g| lin tc trn [a, b] nn tn ti xo [a, b]
K = sup
x
x[a,b]
f (x) f (x )

o
K = sup
=
< 1.
x
xo
x[a,b]
T d thy rng |f (x) K.|x| vi mi x [a, b].
Bi 1.9. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R v tho mn mt trong ba iu kin di
y:
a) f (x) + f (2x) = 0, R.
b) f (x2 ) = f (x), x R.
c) f (x) = f (sin x), x R.
Chng minh rng f l hm hng.
Hng dn:
a) T gi thit suy ra f (x) = f (2x) vi mi x R. Bng qui np ta d dng
x
chng minh c f (x) = (1)n f ( n ) vi mi n N.
2
Ch rng t gi thit ta cng c f (0) = 0. V vy
x
f (x) = lim (1)n f ( n ) vi mi x R.
n
2

x
x

n
Ta c (1) f ( n ) = f ( n ). V f lin tc trn R nn lim f ( n ) = |f (0)| =
n
2
2
2
x
0. Do f (x) = lim (1)n f ( n ) = 0 vi mi x R.
n
2
b) Ta c f (x) = f (x) vi mi x R.
Mt khc, vi mi x > 0 ta c
1

f (x) = f (x 2 ) = f (x 4 ) = = f (x 2n ), n N.
1

Suy ra f (x) = lim f (x 2n ) = f (1) (do f lin tc trn R).

n

V f (x) = f (x), vi mi x R nn f (x) = f (1) vi mi x 6= 0.

Hn na, do tnh lin tc ca hm f , ta cng c

1
f (0) = lim f ( ) = lim f (1) = f (1).
n
n
n
Tm li, f (x) = f (1) vi mi x R.
c) Vi mi x R, t x1 = sin x, x2 = sin x1 , , xn+1 = sin xn . Khi , hy
chng minh rng (xn )n l dy n iu v b chn. Gi a = limxn ; t phng
n
trnh a = sin a ta suy ra a = 0.
Ta thy f (x) = f (xn ) vi mi n N. V vy
f (x) = lim f (xn ) = f ( lim xn ) = f (0).
n

T , ta kt lun c f (x) = f (0) vi mi x R, tc l f l hm hng.

f (x)
= k < 1.
x x

Bi 1.10. Cho f l mt hm khng m, lin tc trn [0, +) v lim

Chng minh rng tn ti xo [0, +) sao cho f (xo ) = xo .

Hng dn:
t (x) = f (x) x. Ta c (0) = f (0) 0.
f (x)
f (x)
V lim
= k < 1 nn tn ti c > 0 sao cho vi mi x c th
< 1. Suy
x x
x
ra f (c) < c hay (c) = f (c) c < 0.
Vy tn ti xo [0, c] [0, +) sao cho (xo ) = 0, tc l f (xo ) = xo .
Bi 1.11. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, n], f (0) = f (n) (n N). Chng minh rng
tn ti n cp (i , i ), i , i [0, n], i i N sao cho f (i ) = f (i ).
Li gii:
Ta chng minh bng qui np. R rng khng nh ng vi n = 1. Gi s rng nu
f l mt hm lin tc trn [0, n] sao cho f (0) = f (n), n N th tn ti n cp (i , i )
tho mn i i N, f (i ) = f (i ).
Ta chng minh khng nh trn ng vi n + 1. Gi s f (0) = f (n + 1).
Xt hm (x) = f (x + 1) f (x), x [0, n].
Ta c (0) + (1) + + (n) = 0.
Do tn ti xo [0, n] sao cho (xo ) = 0 hay f (xo + 1) = f (xo ).
t

f (x), x [0, xo ]
h(x) =
f (x + 1), x (xo , n].
D thy rng h lin tc trn [0, n] v h(0) = h(n). Theo gi thit qui np tn ti n
cp (i , i ) tho mn
(
h(i ) = h( i )
i i N.
t i = i nu i [0, xo ]; i = i nu i [0, xo ],
i = i + 1 nu i (xo , n]; i = i + 1 nu i (xo , n].
R rng

f (i ) = f (i )
i i N

(i , i ) 6= (xo , xo + 1), i = 1, n.
t n+1 = xo , n+1 = xo + 1. Ta c iu cn chng minh.

Bi 1.12. Cho f : (0, +) (0, +) l mt hm n iu tng sao cho g(x) =

l mt hm n iu gim. Chng minh rng f lin tc trn (0, +).
Bn c t gii.

f (x)
x

Bi 1.13. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [a, +) v lim f (x) = c.

x+

a) Chng minh rng f b chn trn [a, +).

b) Chng minh rng f lin tc u trn [a, +).
c) Gi s thm rng c > f (a). Chng minh rng tn ti xo [a, +) sao cho
f (xo ) = inf{f (x) : x [a, +)}.
Hng dn:
a) T gi thit ta suy ra tn ti b > a sao cho
|f (x) c| 1 khi x > b.
Do |f (x)| 1 + |c| khi x > b.
V f lin tc trn [a, b] nn f b chn trn [a, b]. Ta t M = sup |f (x)|.
x[a,b]

Khi , |f (x)| max{M, 1 + |c|} vi mi x [a, +).

b) Vi mi > 0, tn ti xo > a sao cho
|f (x) c| < /3, x xo .
V f lin tc trn [a, xo ] nn f lin tc u trn on ny, do tn ti > 0 sao
cho

|f (x) f (y)| < , x, y [a, xo ].

3
By gi ly x, y [a, +) tho mn |x y| < . Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s
x < y.
* x, y [a, xo ] : |f (x) f (y)| < /3 < .
2
* x, y xo : |f (x) f (y)| |f (x) c| + |f (y) c| <
< .
3
2
* x [a, xo ], y > xo : |f (x) f (y)| |f (x) f (xo )| + f (xo ) f (y)| <
< .
3
Vy f lin tc u trn [a, +).
c) V f (a) < c nn tn ti b > a sao cho f (x) > f (a) vi mi x b. Hm f lin
tc trn [a, b] nn tn ti xo [a, b] sao cho f (xo ) = inf f (x).
x[a,b]

R rng f (xo ) f (a) < f (x) vi mi x b. V vy ta c

f (xo ) =

inf

x[a,+)

f (x).

Bi 1.14. Cho f, g : [0, 1] [0, 1] l cc hm lin tc tho mn f (g(x)) = g(f (x)) vi

mi x [0, 1].
a) Chng minh rng tn ti xo [0, 1] sao cho f (xo ) = g(xo ).
b) Kt lun cn ng khng nu thay [0, 1] bi R?
Hng dn:
a) Gi s phng trnh f (x) = g(x) v nghim. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c
th gi s f (x) > g(x) vi mi x [0, 1]. Khi tn ti xo [0, 1] sao cho
m = inf {f (x) g(x)} = f (xo ) g(xo ) > 0.
x[0,1]

Do f (x) g(x) + m, x [0, 1]. Vy f (g(x)) g(g(x)) + m, x [0, 1]. Ta

suy ra f (f (x)) m g(f (x)) g(g(x)) + m, x [0, 1].
V vy f (f (x)) g(g(x)) + 2m.
Bng cch lp li qu trnh ny ta suy ra
f (f ( f (x)) ) g(g( g(x)) ) +k.m, k N.
|
{z
} |
{z
}
k ln

k ln

Suy ra k.m 1, vi mi k N. iu ny l mu thun. Vy c xo [0, 1] sao

cho f (xo ) = xo .
b) Kt lun khng cn ng nu thay [0, 1] bi R. Chng hn ly f (x) = x, g(x) =
ex .
Bi 1.15. Cho f, g : [0, 1] [0, 1] l cc hm lin tc tho mn f (g(x)) = g(f (x)) vi
mi x [0, 1]. Gi s f l mt hm n iu. Chng minh rng tn ti xo [0, 1] sao
cho f (xo ) = g(xo ) = xo .
Hng dn:
V g lin tc nn tn ti a [0, 1] sao cho g(a) = a. t x1 = f (a), x2 =
f (x1 ), , xn = f (xn1 ) vi mi n N. Khi (xn )n l mt dy n iu v b
chn. V vy tn ti xo [0, 1] sao cho xo = lim xn . Do hm f lin tc nn ta cng
x

c f (xo ) = xo (ch rng xn = f (x(n1 )).

Mt khc g(xo ) = g(f (xo )) = f (g(xo )) = f g( lim xn ) = lim f (g(xn )).

D thy rng g(xn ) = xn vi mi n. Do

g(xo ) = lim f (g(xn )) = lim f (xn ) = f (xo ) = xo .

x

Bi 1.16. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R tho mn

f (x + h) 2f (x) + f (x h) 0 (h ) ()
vi mi x R. Chng minh rng
a) Nu f l hm s l th f (x) = Ax vi mi x R.
b) Nu f l hm s chn th f l hm hng.
c) Chng minh rng f (x) = Ax + B, A, B = const.
Li gii:
a) T gi thit ta c:
h
i
1
f (x) =
lim f (x + h) + f (x h) , x R.
2 h
h
i
1
f (x + y) =
lim f (x + y + h) + f (x + y h)
2 h
h
i
1
lim f (x + y + h) + f (x y h) + f (x + y h) f (x y h)
=
2 h
h
i
1
=
lim f (x + y + h) + f (x y h) + f (x + y h) + f (y (x h))
2 h
= f (x) + f (y).
T suy ra f (x) = Ax, A = const.
b) Bn c t gii.
c) Hng dn:

f (x) =
t

f (x) + f (x) f (x) f (x)

+
, x R.
2
2

f (x) f (x)
f (x) + f (x)
, h(x) =
.
2
2
V g l hm s chn tho mn iu kin (*), h l hm s l tho mn iu kin (*),
nn ta suy ra f (x) = Ax + B t cu a) v cu b).
g(x) =

Bi 1.17. Cho f, g l cc hm lin tc trn R tho mn

|f (x) x| g(x) g(f (x)), x R

g(x) 0, x R.
Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = x c nghim.
Li gii:
Chn x1 R v t xn+1 = f (xn ), n 1.
Ta c
|f (xn ) xn | g(xn ) g(xn+1 ), n N.
|xn+1 xn | g(xn ) g(xn+1 ), n N.
Do (g(xn )n ) l mt dy gim v b chn di. t l = lim g(xn ).
n

V |xn+1 xn | g(xn ) g(xn+1 ), nn

|xn+p xn | g(xn ) g(xn+p ), n, p N.

T suy ra (xn )n l mt dy Cauchy. Gi c = lim xn . Ta d thy rng f (c) = c.
n

Bi 1.18. Cho f l mt hm xc nh bi

1 x nu x I [0, 1]
f (x) =
x nu x Q [0, 1].
a) Kho st tnh lin tc ca f ti cc im 0, 1, 21 .
b) Kho st tnh lin tc ca f ti a I [0, 12 ).
c) Chng minh rng f l mt song nh t [0, 1] ln [0, 1] v tm f 1 .
Hng dn:
a) Hm s gin on ti xo = 0, xo = 1.
1
1
Ti xo = , f (xo ) = f ( 12 ) = .
2
2
Vi mi x [0, 1] ta c

1

|x | nu x Q [0, 1]

2
f (x) f ( ) =
1

2
| x| nu x I [0, 1]
2
1
= |x |.
2

T , lim1 f (x) f ( 12 ) = lim1 |x 12 | = 0.

x 2

x 2

1
.
2
1
b) Ti a I [0, 2 ) ta c f (a) = 1 a.
Vy f lin tc ti

V Q tr mt trong R nn tn ti dy (xn )n Q, c th gi s xn [0, 1] vi mi

n, sao cho lim xn = a.
n
1
Nu f lin tc ti a th lim f (xn ) = f (a) hay a = 1 a, tc l a = .
n
2
iu ny mu thun v a I [0, 12 ). Vy f gin on ti a I [0, 12 ).
c) Bn c t gii.
Bi 1.19. Cho f, g : [0, 1] [0, +) l cc hm lin tc tho mn
sup f (x) = sup g(x).
x[0,1]

x[0,1]

Chng minh rng tn ti xo [0, 1] sao cho

(f (xo ))2 + 3f (xo ) = (g(xo ))2 + 3g(xo ).
Hng dn:
Xt hm (x) = (f (x))2 + 3f (x) (g(x))2 3g(x) th lin tc trn [0, 1]. Do
tnh lin tc ca cc hm f v g nn tn ti x1 , x2 [0, 1] sao cho
f (x1 ) = g(x2 ) = sup f (x) = sup g(x).
x[0,1]

x[0,1]

Khi d dng kim tra c rng (x1 ) 0 v (x2 ) 0. T y suy ra iu

cn chng minh.
Bi 1.20. Cho a > 0 v f : R R l mt hm lin tc sao cho
|f (x) f (y)| a|x y|, x, y R.
Chng minh rng f l song nh.
Hng dn:
T gi thit suy ra f l n nh. Hn na, hm f lin tc trn R nn theo Bi 2.4
ta c f l hm n iu.
Gi s f l hm n iu tng. Khi ta c
f (x) f (0) a(x 0) vi mi x > 0,
hay f (x) f (0) ax vi mi x > 0.
Tng t, f (x) f (0) ax vi mi x < 0. Bng cch qua gii hn, ta c
lim f (x) = +, lim f (x) = .
x+

Vy f l ton nh, do f l song nh.

Trng hp hm f n iu gim, ta cng kt lun c f l song nh.

Bi 1.21.Cho f : [0, 1] [0, 1] l mt hm lin tc tho mn f (0) = 0. v |f (x)

f (y)| |x y|, x, y [0, 1].
a) Chng minh rng f (x) = x vi mi x [0, 1].
b) Kt lun trn cn ng khng nu thay [0, 1] bi R?
Hng dn:
a) T gi thit suy ra f n nh, do f n iu. D thy rng f (1) 1 nn f
n iu tng, v ta suy ra c f (1) = 1.
Ta thy
f (x) = |f (x) f (0)| x, vi mi x [0, 1].
1 f (x) = |f (x) f (1)| 1 x, vi mi x [0, 1].
V vy f (x) = x vi mi x [0, 1].
b) Xt hm f (x) = 2x.

Bi 1.22. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [0, 1] sao cho f (0) = f (1).

a) Chng minh rng vi mi n N, phng trnh f (x) = f (x + n1 ) lun lun c
nghim trong [0, 1 n1 ].
b) Tm tt c cc s thc d (0, 1) sao cho phng trnh f (x) = f (x + d) lun
lun c nghim trong [0, 1 d].
Hng dn:
a) t (x) = f (x) f (x + n1 ) th lin tc trn [0, 1 n1 ]. Ta thy:
1
n1
(0) + ( ) + + (
) = f (0) f (1) = 0.
n
n
Nu ( nk ) = 0 vi mi k {0, 1, n 1} th ta c iu phi chng minh.
Nu tn ti k {0, 1, , n 1} sao cho ( nk ) 6= 0, gi s ( nk ) > 0, th lc
0
ta lun tm c k 0 6= k, k 0 {0, 1, , n 1} sao cho ( kn ) < 0. Do , tn ti
xo [0, 1 n1 ] sao cho (xo ) = 0.
b) Hy chng t d = n1 .
Bi 1.23. Chng minh rng tn ti dy s thc (an )n [0, 2 ] sao cho cos an = ann . Tm
lim an .

Hng dn:
Vi mi n N, t n (x) = cos x xn . Ta thy n lin tc trn [0, 2 ] v
n (0) > 0, n ( 2 ) = ( 2 )n < 0. V vy tn ti an (0, 2 ) sao cho n (an ) = 0, tc l
cos an = ann .
V an [0, 2 ] nn cos an [0, 1]. Do 0 ann 1.
1
Suy ra cos 1 ann = cos an 1. T ta c (cos 1) n an 1.
Vy liman = 1.
x

Bi 1.24. Cho f : R R l mt hm lin tc tho mn f (x + 1) = f (x) vi mi

x R.
a) Chng minh rng f l hm b chn.
b) Chng minh rng f lun t gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn R.
c) Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = f (x + ) lun c nghim trn R.
Hng dn:
a) Hm f lin tc trn on [0, 1] nn b chn trn on ny. Do , tn ti M > 0
sao cho vi mi x [0, 1] th |f (x)| M.
Xt x R bt k. Khi tn ti n Z x + n thuc [0, 1]. Ch rng t gi
thit ta suy ra f (x) = f (x + n) vi mi n Z. V vy
|f (x)| = |f (x + n)| M.
Tm li, hm f b chn trn R.
b) Hm f lin tc trn [0, 1] nn t gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn on ny. V
f (x) = f (x + 1) vi mi x R nn ta suy ra f t gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn R.
c) Bn c t gii.
Bi 1.25. Liu c tn ti hay khng mt hm lin tc f : [0, 1] [0, 1] v hai tp con
A, B ca [0, 1] sao cho A B = [0, 1], A B = v f (A) B, f (B) A?
Hng dn:
Gi s tn ti 2 tp A, B v hm f : [0, 1] [0, 1] tho mn cc iu kin ca bi
ton.

10

Ta c: f (0) 0, f (1) 1. V f lin tc trn [0, 1] nn suy ra tn ti xo [0, 1]

sao cho f (xo ) = xo .
Nu xo A th f (xo ) = xo B. Do xo A B, tc l A B 6= , iu ny
mu thun vi gi thit.
Lp lun tng t ta cng c iu mu thun nu xo B.
Vy khng tn ti hm f v 2 tp A, B tho mn yu cu bi ton.
Bi 1.26. Cho M > 0 v f l mt hm lin tc tho mn

f (x + y) f (x) f (y) M, vi mi x R.
Chng minh rng vi mi x R, lun tn ti gii hn lim

f (nx)
.
n

Hng dn:
Bng qui np ta d dng suy ra

f (nx) nf (x) M, vi mi n N.

Khi mf (nx)nf (mx) = m[f (nx)nf (x)]n[f (mx)mf (x)] (m+n)M.

f (nx)
f (nx)
f (mx)
1
1

V vy

. l mt dy
M ( + ). T y suy ra
n
m
n m
n
n
f (nx)
Cauchy. Do n hi t, tc l tn ti lim
.
n
n
Bi 1.27. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [a, b] v x1 , x2 , , xn [a, b]. Chng minh
rng tn ti c [a, b] sao cho
f (x) =

f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )

.
n

Hng dn:

f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )

. Hm f lin tc trn [a, b] nn tn ti x , x
n
thuc [a, b] sao cho
t =

f (x ) = min f (x), f (x ) = max f (x).

x[a,b]

x[a,b]

Khng mt tng qut, gi s x x . Khi , hm f lin tc trn on [x , x ]

nn theo nh k Bolzano-Cauchy, f nhn mi gi tr trung gian gia f (x ) v f (x ).
V [f (x , f (x )] nn tn ti c [x , x ] [a, b] sao cho = f (c).
Bi 1.28 Cho f : [0, +) [0, +) l mt hm lin tc.
a) Chng minh rng lim f (x) = + khi v ch khi
x+

lim f (f (x)) = +.

x+

b) Khng nh cu a) cn ng khng nu thay [0, +) bi (0, +)?

Hng dn:
a) iu kin cn l r rng. Ta chng minh iu kin .
Gi s lim f (x) < +. Khi tn ti s N > 0 sao cho vi mi n, tn ti
x+

xn > n v 0 f (xn ) N. Hm f lin tc trn [0, N ] nn tn ti M > 0 sao cho

f (x) M vi mi x [0, N ].

11

Nh vy, vi mi n N, tn ti xn > n sao cho f (f (xn )) M . iu ny tri vi

gi thit lim f (f (x)) = +.
x+
1
b) Xt f : (0, +) (0, +) vi f (x) = .
x
Ta c: f (f (x)) = x + khi x +. Tuy nhin f (x) 0 khi x +.
Bi 1.29. Cho f : R [0, +) c tnh cht: vi mi > 0, tp {x R : f (x) }
l hu hn.
a) Chng minh rng vi mi khong m (a, b) R, tn ti xo (a, b) sao cho
f (xo ) = 0.
b) Hy chng minh f lin tc ti mi xo tho mn f (xo ) = 0.
Hng dn:
1
a) Vi mi n N, t An = {x R : f (x) }. V A1 hu hn nn tn ti
n
a1 , b1 (a, b), a1 < b1 , |b1 a1 | < 1 v
[a1 , b1 ] A1 = .

Bng qui np, ta xy dng c dy on ng lng nhau [an , bn ] n c tnh cht

1
|bn an | < vi mi n v [an , bn ] An = .
n

T
1
[an , bn ]. D thy rng 0 f (xo ) , t
Theo b Cng to, tn ti xo
n
n=0
suy ra f (xo ) = 0.
b) Vi mi > 0, ta c tp A = {x R : f (x) } l hu hn v xo
/ A .
V vy tn ti > 0 sao cho [xo , xo + ] A = . Khi , 0 f (x) vi
|x xo | < , tc l f lin tc ti xo .
Bi 1.30. Cho f, g : [0, 1] R l hai hm s b chn v : R R l hm s xc
nh bi

x R, (x) = sup f (t) + xg(t).

t[0,1]

Chng minh rng tn ti K > 0 sao cho

|(x) (y)| K|x y|, x, y R.
Hng dn:
Vi
mi t [0,
1],
vi mi x, y R ta c
f (t) + xg(t) f (t) + yg(t) = (x y)g(t) K.|x y| vi K = sup |g(t)| hay
t[0,1]

f (t) + xg(t) f (t) + yg(t) + K|x y|, vi mi t [0, 1]. T y ly supremum hai
v ta c (x) (y) + K.|x y|.
L lun tng t, ta c (y) (x) + K.|x y|.
T , (x) (y) K.|x y| vi mi x, y R.
Bi 1.31. Cho hm s f lin tc trn [0, +), a1 , a2 , , an R v
lim f (x) = +.

x+

Chng minh rng nu b > a = f (a1 ) + f (a2 ) + + f (an ) th tn ti cc s thc

bi > ai , i = 1, n sao cho
b = f (b1 ) + f (b2 ) + + f (bn ).
Hng dn:

12

a) t (x) = f (a1 + x) + f (a2 + x) + + f (an + x) b th l lin tc trn

[0, +). Ta c (0) = a b < 0. V lim f (x) = + nn tn ti xo > 0 sao cho
x+

(xo ) > 0.
T (0).(xo ) < 0. Vy tn ti (0, xo ) sao cho () = 0 hay b =
f (a1 + ) + f (a2 + ) + + f (an + ).
t bi = ai + , ta c iu phi chng minh.
Bi 1.32. Cho f : R R lin tc tho mn f (f (x) = x2 vi mi x R. Chng
minh f (x) 0 vi mi x R.
Hng dn:
Vi mi x 0, gi y R sao cho x = y 2 . Khi
f (x) = f (y 2 ) = f (f (f (y))) = [f (y)]2 0.
Ta s chng minh thm rng f (x) 0 vi mi x > 0. Tht vy, t gi thit suy ra
f n nh trn (0, +), do n iu trn khong ny.
Gi s tn ti xo (0, +) sao cho f (xo ) > 0. Gi x1 , x2 l 2 s thc tho mn
0 < xo < x1 < x2 .
Xt trng hp f l n iu tng trn (0, +). Khi ta c
0 < f (xo ) f (x1 ) f (x2 ).
nn x21 x22 hay x1 x2 . iu ny l mu thun.
L lun tng t cho trng hp f n iu gim ta cng c iu mu thun.
T suy ra f (x) 0, x R.
Bi 1.33. C tn ti hay khng hm f lin tc trn R tho mn mt trong hai iu kin
di y
a) f (x) Q khi v ch khi f (x + 1) I.
b) f (x) I vi mi x Q v f (x) Q vi mi x I.
Hng dn:
a) Gi s tn ti hm f lin tc trn R tho mn iu kin f (x) Q khi v ch khi
f (x + 1) I.
Xt hm g(x) = f (x + 1) f (x). Khi g(x) I vi mi x R. Kt hp vi
tnh lin tc ca hm g ta suy ra g(x) phi l hm hng tc l
f (x + 1) f (x) = g(x) = c vi mi x R.
V vy, c phi l s v t v ta c f (x + 1) = c + f (x), x R. T gi thit, ta
suy ra tn ti xo sao cho f (xo ) Q. Lc ta c f (xo + 2) Q. Tuy nhin, ta li c
f (xo + 2) = 2c + f (xo ) nn f (xo + 2) f (xo ) = 2c. iu ny mu thun v c I.
b) Tng t cu a), bn c t gii.
Bi 1.34. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R v nhn nhng gi tr tri du. Chng
minh rng tn ti 3 s a, b, c lp thnh cp s cng sao cho f (a) + f (b) + f (c) = 0.
Hng dn:
Theo gi thit, tn ti x sao cho f (x) > 0. V hm f lin tc nn trong mt
ln cn ca x ta c f (x) > 0. Khi , ta tm c mt cp s cng ao , bo , co m
f (ao ) + f (bo ) + f (co ) > 0.
Tng t, ta cng tm c cp s cng a1 , b1 , c1 m f (a1 ) + f (b1 ) + f (c1 ) < 0.
Vi t [0, 1], xt cp s cng a(t), b(t), c(t) cho bi
a(t) = ao (1 t) + a1 t.

13

b(t) = bo (1 t) + b1 t.
c(t) = co (1 t) + c1 t.
Xt hm s F (t) = f (a(t)) + f (b(t)) + f (c(t)) th F lin tc trn [0, 1]. D thy
rng F (0) > 0 v F (1) < 0. V vy, tn ti to [0, 1] sao cho F (to ) = 0. Nh vy, ta
c cp s cng phi tm l a(to ), b(to ), c(to ).
Bi 1.35. Cho f l mt hm lin tc v tn ti T > 0 sao cho
lim f (x) = 0; f (x) = f (x + T ), x R.

Chng minh rng f (x) = 0 vi mi x R.

Li gii:
Gi s tn ti xo sao cho f (xo ) 6= 0. Khi tn ti A > 0 sao cho
|f (xo )|
khi |x| A.
2
Ta c xn = xo + nT > A khi n ln. Do vy
|f (x)| <

|f (xo )|
2
khi n ln. Mu thun ny chng t f (x) = 0 vi mi x R.
|f (xn )| = |f (xo + nT )| = |f (xo )| <

Bi 1.36.
Cho f v

g l cc hm tun hon vi cc chu k tng ng l Tf , Tg > 0 v

lim f (x) g(x) = 0.
x

a) Chng minh rng Tf = Tg .

b) Chng minh rng f (x) = g(x) vi mi x R.
Gii:
a) T gi thit suy ra f (x+Tf )g(x+Tg ) 0 (x ). Do f (x)g(x+Tf )
0, (x ).
Vy g(x) g(x + Tf ) 0, (x ).
Theo Bi tp 1.35. g(x) = g(x + Tf ) vi mi x R.
Suy ra Tf Tg . Tng t Tg Tf . Nh vy Tf = Tg .
b) t h(x) = f (x) g(x).
Ta c
(
lim h(x) = 0
x

h(x+Tf ) = h(x), x R
Theo Bi tp 1.35., h(x) = 0 vi mi x R. Vy f (x) = g(x) vi mi x R.
Bi 1.37. Cho f l mt hm xc nh trn R tho mn
|f (x) f (y)| K|x y|, x, y R(K > 0).
a) Chng minh rng nu K < 1 th phng trnh f (x) = x lun c duy nht nghim.
b) Gi s thm rng vi mi x R, lim f (x+n) = 0, hy chng minh lim f (x) =
0.

x+

c) Hy ch ra mt hm lin tc trn R tho mn lim f (x + n) = 0, nhng f (x) 6

n
0, khi x +.
Li gii:
a) Ly xo R. t x1 = f (xo ); xn+1 = f (xn ), n 1.

14

Ta c:

f (xn+1 ) f (xn ) K|xn+1 xn |

K|f (xn ) f (xn+1 | K 2 |xn xn+1 |
K n+1 |x1 xo |.

Do vi mi n, p N th

|xn+p xn | xn+p xn+p1 + + xn+1 xn

K n+p + + K n+1 |xo x1 |

K n K + K 2 + + K p |xo x1 |
K
Kn
|xo x1 | 0 (n ).
1K
Do vy (xn )n l dy Cauchy trong R nn hi t. Gi x? = lim xn .
n

Do tnh lin tc ca f v cch xy dng (xn )n ta c f (x? ) = x? .

Nu tn ti x0? 6= x? sao cho f (x0? ) = x0? ,
th |x? x0? | = |f (x? ) f (x0? )| K|x? x0? |.
V K < 1 nn iu ny v l. Vy phng trnh f (x) = x c duy nht nghim trn
R.

b) Vi mi > 0, gi xo = 0 < x1 < < xm = 1 vi xi xi1 <

, i = 1, m.
2K

V lim f (xi + n) = 0 nn tn ti N sao cho |f (xi + n)| < , n N, i = 1, m.

n
2
Vi mi x > N , gi n l s nguyn dng sao cho n x, x n < 1.

Khi n N v tn ti xi sao cho |x (xi + n)| = |xi (x n)| <

.
2K

Do |f (x) f (xi + n)| K|x (xi + n)| < .

2

V vy |f (x)| < |f (xi + n)| + < .

2
Bi 1.38. Cho f, g l hai hm s lin tc trn [0, 1] tho mn
x [0, 1], 0 < f (x) < g(x).
Cho (xn )n l mt dy bt k ca on [0, 1]. Vi mi n N, ta t yn =
Chng minh rng dy (yn )n hi t v tnh lim yn .

f (xn ) n
.
g(xn )

Hng dn:

Xt hm h xc nh trn [0, 1] bi h(x) =

f (x)
. D thy rng h lin tc trn [0, 1]
g(x)

v h([0, 1]) (0, 1).

Mt khc, h lin tc nn h([0, 1]) = [m, M ] vi m, M (0, 1). V vy
x [0, 1], m
c bit, vi n N ta c m

f (x)
M.
g(x)

f (xn )
M . iu ny ko theo
g(xn )

n N, mn yn M n .
V m, M (0, 1) nn lim mn = lim M n = 0, t lim yn = 0.
n

15

Chng II. o hm ca hm s
Bi 2.1. Kho st tnh kh vi ca cc hm s sau:
(
x2 nu x Q
a) f (x) =
0 nu x R \ Q
(
b) f (x) =

x2 nu x Q
x3 nu x R \ Q

c) f (x) = [x] sin2 x.

p
d) f (x) = cos |x|.

1
n

2, x = 2
e) f (x) =
n
1, vi x cn li.
Gii:
a) Ti mi x 6= 0, hm f khng lin tc nn khng kh vi
- Ti xo = 0 ta c
f (x) f (0)
f (x)

| |x|, x 6= 0

=|
x0
x
f (x) f (0)
V lim |x| = 0 nn lim
= 0 do f c o hm ti xo = 0 v f 0 (0) = 0.
x0
x0
x0
b) D chng minh rng f khng lin tc ti mi x
/ {0, 1} nn f khng c o
hm ti cc im .
- Ti x = 0, ta c
f (x) f (0) |f (x)|

| |x| + x2 , x 6= 0
=

x0
|x|
f (x) f (0)
= 0.
x0
x0
x0
0
Do f c o hm ti x = 0 v f (0) = 0.
- Ti x = 1
2
x 1

, nu x Q, x 6= 1

f (x) f (0)
x1
=

x1
x3 1

, nu x Q, x I
x1
(
x + 1, nu x Q, x 6= 1
=
2
x + x + 1, nu x I

V lim (|x| + x2 ) = 0 nn lim

Chn dy (xn )n Q, xn 1(n ) xn 6= 1, n, ta c

f (xn ) f (1)
2 (n )
xn 1

16

Chn dy (x0n )n I, xn 1 (n ) ta c
f (xn ) f (1)
3 (n )
xn 1
Vy f khng c o hm ti x = 1.
c) Hm s c o hm trn R.
Bi 2.2 Cho

x2 sin 1 + ax, nu x 6= 0
f (x) =
(0 < a < 1)
x

0, nu x = 0

a) Chng minh rng f c o hm trn R.

b) Chng minh rng vi mi > 0, hm f 0 i du trn (, ).
T suy ra rng hm f khng n iu trn mi khong m cha 0.
Gii:
a) D dng chng minh c f c o hm trn R v

a + 2x sin 1 cos 1 , nu x 6= 0
0
f (x) =
x
x

a, nu x = 0
1
1
1
) = (1)n+1 + a, f 0 (
) = (1)n + a. V a (0, 1) nn f 0 ( ) v
n
(n + 1)
n

1
1
1
f 0(
(, ).
) lun tri du nhau. Chn n ln sao cho
,
(n + 1)
(n + 1) n
Ta c f 0 i du trn (, ).
V f 0 i du trn mi khong m cha 0 nn f khng n iu trn mi khong
m cha 0.
Ta c f 0 (

Bi 2.3 (nh l Darboux) Cho f l mt hm kh vi trn [a, b] v

f 0 (a) < 0 < f 0 (b).
a) Chng minh rng f t gi tr nh nht ti mt im xo (a, b).
b) Chng minh rng tn ti xo (a, b) sao cho f 0 (xo ) = 0.
Gii:
a) t M = inf f (x)
x[a,b]

f (x) f (a)
0. iu ny v l v f 0 (a) < 0.
xa
xa
f (x) f (b)
Nu f (b) = M th lim+ lim
0.
xb
xb
iu ny v l v f 0 (b ) > 0.
Do f lin tc trn [a, b] nn f phi t gi tr nh nht ti mt im xo [a, b], xo 6=
a, xo 6= b. Do tn ti xo (a, b) sao cho
Nu f (a) = M th lim+

f (xo ) = inf f (x).

x[a,b]

17

b) Suy ra trc tip t cu a) v B Fermat.

Bi 2.4. Cho f l mt hm s kh vi ti xo (a, b). Chng minh rng
h
i
1
lim n f (xo + ) f (xo ) = f 0 (xo )
n
n
f (xo + ch) f (xo )
lim
= cf 0 (xo )
h0
h
f (xo + ch) f (xo + (c 1)h)
lim
= f 0 (xo )
h0
h
Bn c t gii.
Bi 2.5. Cho f : R R tha mn
|f (x) f (y)| k|x y| , x, y R ( > 1, k 0)
Chng minh rng f (x) l hm hng trn R.
Gii:

f (x + h) f (x)

Vi mi h 6= 0 ta c
k|h|1 .
h
f (x + h) f (x)
V lim k|h|1 = 0 nn lim
= 0, x R.
h0
h0
h
Do
f 0 (x) = 0, x R
Vy f (x) = const, x R.
Bi 2.6. Cho f : [0, +) R l hm kh vi.
f (x)
= a.
x
f (x)
b) Chng minh rng nu lim f 0 (x) = + th lim
= +.
x
x x
c) Chiu ngc li trong cu a) c ng khng ?
a) Chng minh rng nu lim f 0 (x) = a, th lim
x

Li gii:
a) Trc ht ta chng minh: nu lim 0 (x) = 0 th
x

(x)
= 0, vi kh vi trn (0, +).
x

Vi mi > 0, tn ti c > 0 sao cho |0 (x)| , x c.

2
Do vi mi x c th
(x) (c) + (c)
0 ()(x c) + (c)
(x)
=
=
x
x
x
V vy
(x)

c
|(c)|
|(c)|
|
| (1 ) +
+
x
2
x
x
2
x
(c)

Chn hng s c1 > c sao cho

< vi mi x > c1 .
x
2
(x)

Khi vi mi x > c1 ta c
< .
x
lim

18

(x)
= 0.
x x
By gi ta t (x) = f (x) ax. Ta c lim 0 (x) = 0.
Vy lim

(x)
f (x)
Do lim
= lim (
a) = 0.
x x
x
x
f (x)
Suy ra lim
= a.
x x
b) T gi thit ta chng minh c lim f (x) = +.
x

Kt qu c suy ra t qui tc L'Hospital.

f (x)
= 1 nhng lim f 0 (x) khng tn
x x
x

c) Xt hm s f (x) = x + sin x. Ta c lim

ti.

Bi 2.7. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [0, 1], kh vi trn (0, 1) sao cho f (0) =
0, f (1) = 1.
a) Chng minh rng tn ti cc im x1 , x2 , , x2002 , 0 < x1 < x2 < <
x2002 < 1 sao cho
1
[f 0 (x1 ) + f 0 (x2 ) + + f 0 (x2002 )] = 1.
2002
b) Chng minh rng tn ti a, b (0, 1), a 6= b sao cho
f 0 (a).f 0 (b) = 1
Li gii:
a) Theo nh l Lagrange, vi mi i {1, 2, , 2002}, tn ti
i 1 i
xi
,
sao cho
2002 2002
i
i1
1
f(
) f(
) = f 0 (xi ).
.
2002
2002
2002
Do vy
2002
1 X 0
f (xi ) = f (1) f (0) = 1.
2002 i=1
b) Bn c t gii.
Bi 2.8. Cho f, g l cc hm lin tc trn R sao cho
g 0 (x) = f (g(x)), x R.
Chng minh rng nu lim g(x) = c th f (c) = 0.
x

Li gii:
T gi thit ta c lim g 0 (x) = f (c).
x

Nu f (c) > 0 th tn ti xo > 0 sao cho

g 0 (x)
V vy

f (c)
> 0, x > xo .
2

Zx
g 0 (t)dt + g(xo )

g(x) =
xo

f (c)
(x xo ) + g(xo )
2

19

iu ny mu thun v
lim

h f (c)

i
(x xo ) + g(xo ) = +.

2
Tng t nu f (c) < 0 th cng dn n mu thun. Vy f (c) = 0.
Bi 2.9. Cho f l mt hm c o hm trn R tha mn
x

f (x + sin x) f (x), x R.
a) Chng minh rng phng trnh f 0 (x) = 0 c v s nghim.
b) Hy ch ra mt hm tha mn iu kin trn.
Gii:
t g(x) = f (x) f (x + sin x).
Ta c

g(x) 0, x R

g(k2) = 0, k Z.
V vy mi im x = k2, k Z l cc tr a phng ca hm g. Theo b Fermat
th
g 0 (k2) = 0
Ta c
g 0 (k2) = f 0 (k2) f 0 (k2)(1 + cos k2) = 0
f 0 (k2) = 0, k Z
b) f (x) = cos x.
Bi 2.10. Cho f v g l cc hm c o hm trn R tha mn

f (x) g(x), x R
f (xo ) = g(xo ).
Chng minh rng f 0 (xo ) = g 0 (xo ).
Gii:
t h(x) = g(x) f (x).
D thy h t cc tr ti xo , do h0 (xo ) = 0. V vy
f 0 (xo ) = g 0 (xo ).
Bi 2.11. Cho f l mt hm s c o hm trn R \ {0} v tn ti gii hn lim f 0 (x).
x0

Chng minh rng f 0 (0) tn ti.

Hng dn:
Xt t s
g(x) =

f (x) f (0)
, x 6= 0,
x0

v dng nh l Lagrange.
Bi 2.12. Cho f l mt hm xc nh trn R tha mn
f (0) = 0, f (x) | sin x|, x R.
Chng minh rng o hm ca hm f ti 0 khng tn ti.

20

Gii:

f (x) f (0)
sin x
Gi s f 0 (0) tn ti. Vi mi x (0, ) ta c

2
x0
x
V vy
f (x) f (0)
sin x
f 0 (0+ ) = lim+
lim+
=1
x0
x0
x0
x
Tng t ta chng minh c f 0 (0 ) 1. Mu thun ny chng t f 0 (0) khng tn
ti.
Bi 2.13. Cho f (x) = a1 sin x + a2 sin 2x + + an sin nx.
Gi s rng f (x) | sin x| vi mi x R. Chng minh rng
|a1 + 2a2 + + nan | 1
Gii:
Ta c

f (x) f (0)
|f (x)|
| sin x|

|f (0)| = lim
lim
=1
= lim
x0
x0 |x|
x0
x0
|x|
0

Mt khc |f 0 (0)| = |a1 + 2a2 + + nan |

Do |a1 + 2a2 + + nan | 1.
Bi 2.14. Cho R [0, +) l mt hm c o hm lin tc trn R sao cho tn ti
k > 0 tha mn
f (a) = 0, |f 0 (x)| kf (x), x R.
h
1
1i
Hy chng minh rng f (x) = 0, x a , a +
2k
2k
T suy ra f (x) = 0 vi mi x R.
Gii:
1
1
t M = sup {f (x) : a
x a + } < +
2k
2k x

1
1
R 0

Vi mi x [a , a + ] ta c |f (x)| = f (t)dt
2k
2k
a
* Nu x a th
Zx
Zx
Zx
M

|f (x)| = f 0 (t)dt |f 0 (t)|dt k f (t)dt kM (x a)

.
2
a

M
Tng t nu x a ta cng c |f (x)|
.
2
V vy
h
1
1i
M
, x a , a +
.
f (x) = |f (x)|
2
2k
2k
Do
h
1
1i
M
0 M = sup {f (x) : x a , a +
}
.
2k
2k
2
h
1
1i
Vy M = 0 v f (x) = 0 vi mi x a , a +
.
2k
2k
Bi 2.15. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [a, +) tha mn
f 0 (x)
f (x) > 0, x [a, +) v inf
> 0.
xa f (x)

21

f (x)
=0
x+ f ((1 + )x)

Chng minh rng vi mi > 0 ta c lim

Gii:

f 0 (x)
> 0. Ta c
xa f (x)

Chn a0 sao cho a0 > max {1, a}. t k = inf

f 0 (x) kf (x) > 0, x a0 .

T suy ra f n iu tng trn [a0 , +) v khi x a0
(1+)x
Z

(1+)x
Z
0

f ((1 + )x) f (x) =

f (t)dt k
x

f (t)dt kxf (x).

x

Do
f ((1 + )x) f (x)(1 + kx), x a0 .
f (x)
1
Suy ra 0 <

, x a0 .
f ((1 + )x)
1 + kx
f (x)
T ta c lim
= 0.
x f ((1 + )x)
Bi 2.16. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [0, 1], kh vi trn (0, 1), f (1) = 0. Chng
minh rng tn ti c (0, 1) sao cho
1
f (c) +
cf 0 (c) = 0.
2002
Hng dn:
Xt hm (x) = x2002 f (x). p dng nh l Rolle.
Bi 2.17. Cho , > 1, f kh vi trn [0, 1], f (0) = 0 v f (x) > 0 vi mi x (0, 1).
Chng minh rng tn ti c (0, 1) sao cho

f 0 (c)
f 0 (1 c
= .
.
f (c)
f (1 c)

Hng dn:
Xt hm (x) = (f (x)) .(f (1 x) .
p dng nh l Rolle.
Bi 2.18. Cho f l mt hm kh vi trn R, f 0 gim ngt.
a) Chng minh rng vi mi x R ta c
f (x + 1) f (x) < f 0 (x) < f (x) f (x 1).
b) Chng minh rng nu lim = l th lim f 0 (x) = 0.
x

c) Hy tm mt v d v hm g kh vi trn R sao cho lim g(x) = l nhng g 0 (x)

khng tin v 0 khi x +.

Gii:
a) Theo nh l Lagrange, vi mi x R, tn ti c1 , c2 sao cho x 1 < c1 < x <
c2 < x + 1 v
f (x + 1) f (x) = f 0 (c2 )
f (x) f (x 1) = f 0 (c1 ).

22

V f 0 gim ngt nn f 0 (c2 ) < f 0 (x) < f 0 (c1 ).

Do f (x + 1) f (x) < f 0 (x) < f (x) f (x 1).
b) Nu lim f (x) = l th
x

lim [f (x + 1) f (x)] = lim [f (x) f (x 1)] = 0.

Do lim f (x) = 0.
x+

sin x2
,x 6= 0
c) Xt hm g(x) =
x

0,x = 0.
D chng minh kh vi trn R nhng lim g 0 (x) khng tn ti.
x+

Bi 2.19. Cho f l mt hm xc nh trn [0, +), f (0) = 0. Hm g xc nh bi

f (x) , nu x > 0
g(x) =
x
0
f (0), nu x = 0.
a) Chng minh rng nu f 0 n iu tng trn [0, +) v f kh vi lin tc trn
[0, +) th g lin tc v n iu tng trn [0, +).
b) Chng minh rng nu f kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [0, +) th g kh vi lin
tc trn [0, +).
Gii:
a) * g(x) =

f (x)
kh vi trn (0, +) do g lin tc trn (0, +).
x

f (x)
= f 0 (0) = g(0).
x0
x
Do vy g lin tc trn [0, +).
Ti mi x (0, +),
* lim+

f (x)
f 0 (x)
0
xf
(x)

f
(x)
x .
g 0 (x) =
=
x2
x
Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti c (0, x) sao cho
f (x)
f (x) f (0)
=
= f 0 (c).
x
x0
Do vy
f (x) f (c)
0.
x
Vy g l hm n iu tng trn (0, +) v do g n iu tng trn [0, +).
g 0 (x) =

b) Bn c t gii.
Bi 2.20 Cho f l mt hm kh vi trn [0, 1] sao cho
f (0) = f 0 (0) = f 0 (1) = 0.
Chng minh rng tn ti c (0, 1) sao cho f 0 (c) =
Gii:

f (c)
.
c

23

f (x)
, nu x (0, 1]
(x) =
x

0, nu x = 0.

Khi l mt hm lin tc trn [0, 1], kh vi trn (0, 1] v

0 (1) = f 0 (1) f (1) = f (1)
* Nu f 0 th kt lun ca bi ton l hin nhin.
* Xt f 6 0.
Th1: C xo [0, 1] sao cho f (xo ) > 0. Gi c [0, 1] sao cho
f (x)
> 0.
x[0,1] x

(c) = max (x) = max

x[0,1]

Ta c c 6= 0. Nu c = 1 th (1) = f (1) > 0 v 0 (1) = f (1) < 0. Mt khc

0 (1) = lim
x1

(x) (1)
0.
x1

Mu thun ny chng t c 6= 1. Vy c (0, 1). Theo b Fermat, ta c 0 (c) = 0

f (c)
.
nn f 0 (c) =
c
Th2: Nu c xo [0, 1] sao cho f (xo ) < 0, ta gi c [0, 1] sao cho
(c) = inf (x).
x[0,1]

Lp lun tng t a n f 0 (c) =

f (c)
.
c

Bi 2.21. Cho n l mt s nguyn dng, ak , bk R, (k = 1, 2, , n). Chng minh

rng phng trnh
n
X
(ak sin kx + bk cos kx) = 0
x+
k=1

c nghim trong (, ).
Hng dn:
Xt hm
n

x2 X ak
bk
(x) =
+

cos kx + sin kx , x [, ]
2
k
k
k=1
Khi () = (). p dng nh l Rolle.
Bi 2.22.
a) Cho c1 , c2 , , c2003 l cc s thc tha mn
c1 3c3 + 5c5 7c7 + + 2001c2001 2003c2003 = 0.
Chng minh rng phng trnh
c1 cos x + 22 c2 cos 2x + + 20032 .c2003 cos 2003x = 0
c t nht 3 nghim trn (, ).

24

b) Cho a1 , a2 , , an tha mn
a2
an
a1 +
+ +
= 0 (n > 1).
2
n
Chng minh rng phng trnh a1 + a2 x + + an xn1 = 0 c nghim trong (0, 1).
n
X

c) Cho a0 , a1 , , an R tha mn
Chng minh rng phng trnh
Hng dn:
a) Xt hm

k=0

n
X

ak
= 0.
2k + 1

ak cos(2k + 1)x = 0 c nghim trong (0, ).

2
k=0

(x) = c1 sin x + 2c2 sin 2x + + 2003c2003 sin 2003x.

Khi ta c: (0) = ( ) = () = () = ( ).
2
2
p dng nh l Rolle.
x2
xn
+ + an .
2
n
Ta c (0) = (1) = 0. p dng nh l Rolle.
b) Xt hm (x) = a1 x + a2

c) Xt hm
(x) =

n
X
ak sin(2k + 1)x
k=0

2k + 1

Bi 2.22. Cho f l mt hm kh vi trn R, c, d R sao cho

c < d v f (c) = f (d), f 0 (c) > 0, f 0 (d) > 0.
Chng minh rng tn ti, xo (c, d) tha mn
(
f (xo ) = f (d)
f 0 (xo ) 0.
Li gii:
t (x) = f (x) f (d).
Ta c (c) = (d) = 0, 0 (c) > 0, 0 (d) > 0. Ta cn chng minh tn ti xo (c, d)
sao cho (xo ) = 0.
(x) (c)
> 0 nn tn ti > 0 sao cho
V 0 (c) = + lim
xo
xc
(x) > 0, x (c, c + ) [c, d].
t xo = sup { [c, d] : (x) > 0, x (c, c + )}.
Ta d dng chng minh (xo ) = 0 v xo (c, d). Ta c
0 (xo ) = 0 (x
o ) = lim
x0

= lim
x0

(x) (xo )
x xo

(x)
0.
x xo

25

Bi 2.23. Cho f l mt hm c o hm trn [0, 1] v

f 0 (0) < 0, f 0 (1) < 0, f (0) = f (1) = 0.
a) Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nghim trong (0, 1).
b) C th khng nh rng tn ti x1 , x2 (0, 1), x1 6= x2 v
f 0 (x1 ) = f 0 (x2 )?
Bn c t gii.
Bi 2.24. Cho f l hm kh vi trn [0, 1], f (0) = 0, f (1) = 1. Chng minh rng vi
mi K1 , K2 > 0, tn ti x1 , x2 (0, 1), sao cho x1 6= x2 v
K1
K2
+ 0
= K1 + K2 .
0
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
Gii:
Xt hm (x) = f (x)

K1
.
K1 + K2

K1
K2
< 0, (1) =
> 0.
K1 + K2
K1 + K2
V (0).(1) < 0, nn tn ti c (0, 1) sao cho
K1
(c) = 0 f (c) =
.
K1 + K2
p dnh nh l Lagrange cho hm f trn [0, c] ta c:
x1 (0, c) : f (c) f (0) = f 0 (x1 )c.
K1
K1
Do
= f 0 (x1 )c hay 0
= c.
K1 + K2
f (x1 )(K1 + K2 )
p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f trn [c, 1] ta c:
x2 (c, 1) : f (1) f (c) = f 0 (x2 )(1 c).
K2
Nh vy 0
= 1 c.
f (x2 )(K1 + K2 )
Do
K1
K2
+ 0
=1
0
f (x1 )(K1 + K2 ) f (x2 )(K1 + K2 )
K1
K2
hay 0
+ 0
= 1.
f (x1 ) f (x2 )
Ta c (0) =

Bi 2.25. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [a, b], kh vi trn (a, b). Bit rng f (a) f (b) v
f (x) + f 0 (x) < , x (a, b).
Chng minh rng f 0 (x) < , x (a, b).
Gii:
V f l hm lin tc trn [a, b] nn tn ti xo [a, b] sao cho
f (xo ) = sup f (x).
x[a,b]

+ Nu xo (a, b) th theo b Fermat f 0 (xo ) = 0. Do

f (xo ) = f (xo ) + f 0 (xo ) < .
V vy f (x) < , x (a, b).
+ Gi s xo = b.

26

* Nu c x1 (a, b) f (x1 ) = f (b) = sup f (x) th f 0 (x1 ) = 0 v ta cng c

x[a,b]

f (x) f (x1 ) f (x1 ) + f 0 (x1 ) < , x (a, b).

* Nu f (x) < f (b) vi mi x (a, b), th ta cn chng minh f (b) . Gi s
ngc li f (b) > . Ta tm c > 0 sao cho f (x) > , x [b , b].
Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti c (b , b) sao cho
f (b) f (b )
f 0 (c) =
0.

Do vy f (c) + f 0 (c) > 0.

Mu thun trn chng t f (x) f (b) < , x (a, b).
Bi 2.26. Cho f l mt hm kh vi trn [1, 1], f (0) = 0.
Tm gii hn ca dy (un )n vi
n
X
k
un =
f( 2 )
n
k=1
Hng dn: (un )n hi t v

1 0
f (0).
2

Bi 2.27. Cho f l hm kh vi trn [0, +) v lim f 0 (x) = 0.

hx
i
Chng minh rng vi mi d > 0 ta c lim f (x + d) f (x) = 0.
x

Bn c t gii.
Bi 2.28. Cho f l mt hm tha mn

f 0 (x) < 0 < f 00 (x), x < 0

f 00 (x) < 0 < f 0 (x), x > 0.
Chng minh rng f 0 (0) khng tn ti.
Hng dn:
Gi s rng f 0 (0) tn ti, hy chng minh rng lc f 0 (0) = 0. Hy ch ra mu
thun bng cc gi thit trn.
Bi 2.29. Cho f l hm lin tc trn (a, b). Gi s rng vi mi x (a, b), gii hn
i
1h
lim+
f (x + h) f (x h) = g(x)
x0 2h
tn ti hu hn.
a) Chng minh rng nu g(x) 0 vi mi x (a, b) th f l hm n iu tng.
b) Chng minh rng nu g 0 th f l hm hng.
c) Chng minh rng nu g lin tc trn (a, b) th f kh vi lin tc trn (a, b).
Gii:
a) Trc ht xt trng hp g(x) > 0 vi mi x (a, b). Gi s f khng phi l hm
n iu tng trn (a, b), ta tm c x1 , x2 (a, b) sao cho x1 < x2 v f (x1 ) > f (x2 ).
f (x1 ) + f (x2 )
t c =
v (x) = f (x) c.
2
Ta c (x1 ) = f (x1 ) c > 0, (x2 ) = f (x2 ) c < 0.

27

t x = sup { (x1 , x2 ) : (x) 0 x (x1 , )}.

Ta tm c (bn )n , bn > 0, bn 0 v (x + bn ) < 0.
Khi
h
i
g(x) = lim f (x + bn ) f (x bn )
n
h
= lim (x + bn ) (x bn ) 0.
n

Mu thun ny chng t f n iu tng trn (a, b).

* Trng hp g(x) 0 vi mi > 0, xt h(x) = f (x) + x.
Theo chng minh trn h l hm n iu tng trn (a, b), do vy f cng l hm
n iu tng trn (a, b) v > 0 ty .
b) Nu g 0 th f va n iu tng va n iu gim do f l hm hng.
c) Gi G l mt nguyn hm ca g. Khi
G(x + h) G(x h)
lim
= g(x).
h0
2h
Do vy
(f G)(x + h) (f G)(x h)
= 0, x (a, b).
h0
2h
Theo cu b) th f G = const.
Suy ra f (x) = G(x) + c, x (a, b).
Nh vy f l hm c o hm lin tc trn (a, b).
lim

Bi 2.30. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [0, +) sao cho

f (0) = lim f (x).
x

00

Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = 0 c nghim.

Bi 2.31. Gi s f v g l cc hm kh vi trn [a, b], trong g(x) 6= 0 v g 0 (x) 6= 0
vi mi x [a, b]. Chng minh rng tn ti c (a, b) sao cho

f (a) f (b)
f (c) g(c)
1
1

g(b) g(a) g(a) g(b) g 0 (c) f 0 (c) g 0 (c).

Hng dn:

f (x)
1
, (x) =
, x [a, b].
g(x)
g(x)
Hy p dng nh l Cauchy.
t (x) =

Bi 2.32. Cho f v g l cc hm xc nh trn (a, b) sao cho vi mi x (a, b), tn

ti x > 0
f (x + h) f (x h) = 2hg(x), 0 < h < x .
Chng minh rng nu f kh vi th f 00 (x) = 0, x (a, b).
Bn c t gii.
Bi 2.33. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [0, +) tha mn
f (0) = 0, f 0 (0) > 0 v f 00 (x) f (x), x 0.

28

Chng minh rng f (x) > 0 vi mi x > 0.

Gii:
t (x) = ex (f 0 (x) f (x)). Ta c
0 (x) = ex (f 00 (x) f (x)) 0, x 0.
Do vy l n iu tng trn [0, +). Mt khc
(0) = f 0 (0) f (0) > 0.
Suy ra (x) > 0, x [0, +) nn f 0 (x) > f (x), x [0, +).
Lp li lp lun tng t vi (x) = ex f (x) ta suy ra
f (x) > 0, x > 0.

Bi 2.34. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [0, +) sao cho f > 0, f 0 0

v f 00 b chn trn [0, +). Chng minh rng
lim f 0 (x) = 0.

Gii:
T gi thit suy ra tn ti gii hn l = lim f (x).
x

Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s l = 0 (nu khng ta t hm

(x) = f (x) l). Vi mi > 0, tn ti A > 0 sao cho
|f (x)| < 2 , x > A.
t M = sup |f 00 (x)|.
x0

Vi mi x > A, tn ti (0, 1) sao cho

1
f (x + ) f (x) f 0 (x) = f 00 (x + )2 .
2
Do

|f (x + )| + |f (x)| 1
+ M.

2
1
(2 + M ).
2

|f 0 (x)|

Vy lim f 0 (x) = 0.
x

Bi 2.35. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [a, b] sao cho f (a) = f (b) =
f 0 (a) = f 0 (b) = 0. Chng minh rng tn ti c (a, b) sao cho f 00 (c) = f (c).
Hng dn:
Xt hm (x) = ex (f (x) + f 0 (x)]. p dng nh l Rolle.
Bi 2.36. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [a, b] v trn on ny f c
khng t hn ba khng im khc nhau. Chng minh rng tn ti c (a, b) sao cho
f (c) + f 00 (c) = 2f 0 (c).
Hng dn:
t (x) = ex f (x).

29

p dng nh l Rolle ta tm c c1 , c2 (a, b) sao cho f 0 (c1 ) = f (c1 ), f 0 (c2 ) =

f (c2 ), c1 6= c2 .
Li t (x) = ex (f 0 (x) f (x)) ri p dng nh l Rolle ta suy ra iu phi
chng minh.
Bi 2.37. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp n trn [0, 1], x1 , x2 , , xn , xn+1 l
cc s khc nhau thuc [0, 1]. Chng minh
n+1
X

f (xk )

(x
k x1 ) (xk xk1 )(xk xk+1 ) (xk xn+1 )
k=1
1

sup |f (n) (x)|

n! x[0,1]
Gii:t
n+1
Q

f (xk ).
(x) = f (x)

k=1

(x xj )

j=1
j6=k

n+1
X
n+1
Q

(xk xj )

j=1
j6=k

Ta c (x1 ) = (x2 ) = = (xn+1 ) = 0.

Do tn ti c (0, 1) sao cho (n) (c) = 0, tc l
f

(n)

(c)

n+1
X
k=1

n!f (xk )
= 0.
(xk x1 ) (xk xk1 )(xk xk+1 ) (xk xn+1 )

Suy ra
n+1
X

f (xk )
1

max f (n) (x).

x[0,1]
(x

x
)

(x

x
)(x

x
)

(x

x
)
n!
k
1
k
k1
k
k+1
k
n+1
k=1
Bi 2.38. Cho f l hm kh vi cp 2 trn R v tha mn
lim (f (x) |x|) = 0; f (0) 0.

Chng minh rng tn ti xo sao cho f 00 (xo ) = 0.

Li gii:
T gi thit suy ra
f (x)
f (x)
= 1; lim
= 1; lim f (x) = +
x x
x x
x
0
R rng f l hm lin tc trn R.
Th1: Nu f 0 khng phi l n nh trn R ngha l tn ti x1 , x2 R, x1 6= x2 v
f 0 (x1 ) = f 0 (x2 ), th theo nh l Rolle, tn ti xo sao cho f 00 (xo ) = 0.
Th2: Nu f 0 l n nh khi f 0 l hm n iu trn R. Do tn ti gii hn
lim f 0 (x) v lim f 0 (x), v
lim

f (x)
f (x)
= 1; lim f 0 (x) = lim
= 1.
x
x x
x
x x
Vy f 0 l hm n iu tng trn R v 1 < f 0 (x) < 1, x R.
lim f 0 (x) = lim

30

t (x) = x f (x). Ta c 0 (x) = 1 f 0 (x) > 0, x R, (0) = f (0) 0.

Vy x f (x) 6 0 (x +).
Nh vy trng hp ny khng th xy ra.
Bi 2.39. Gi s f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp 3 trn [0, +), f (x) > 0, f 0 (x) >
0, f 00 (x) > 0 vi mi x [0, +). Chng minh rng nu:
f 0 (x).f 000 (x)
= c, c < 2
x (f 00 (x))2
lim

th
1
f (x).f 00 (x)
=
.
0
2
x (f (x))
2c
lim

Hng dn:
Xt hm (x) =

1
f 0 (x)

Trc ht chng minh lim 0 (x) = 0. Do vy

x

(f 0 (x))2
= +.
x f 00 (x)
lim

Sau chng minh lim f (x) = +.

x

p dng qui tc L'Hospital

f (x).f 00 (x)
f (x)
= lim
0
2
x (f (x))
x (f 0 (x))2
f 00 (x)
1
1
= lim
.
=
0
000
x
f (x).f (x)
2c
2
(f 00 (x))2
lim

Bi 2.40. Cho f l hm kh vi n cp hai trn (a, b). Chng minh rng vi mi

x (a, b) ta c
f (x + h) + f (x h) 2f (x)
lim
= f 00 (x).
h0
h2
Gii:
Xt
f (x + h) + f (x h) 2f (x)
.
h2
1
Ta c f (x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)h + f 00 (x)h2 + o1 (h2 )
2
1 00
0
f (x h) = f (x) f (x)h + f (x)h2 + o2 (h2 ).
2
T ta c
o1 (h2 ) + o2 (h2 )
f (x + h) + f (x h) 2f (x)
00
=
f
(x)
+
lim
h0
h0
h2
h2
00
= f (x)
lim

31

Bn c t kim chng vi x = 0 v

x2 sin 1 , x 6= 0
f (x) =
x

e, x = 0.
Ta c lim

h0

f (0 + h) + f (0 h) 2f (0)
= 0 nhng f 00 (0) khng tn ti.
h2

Bi 2.41. Cho f l hm xc nh trn R c o hm mi cp v

1
(n)

(n1)
(x) < 2 , x R.
f (x) f
n
(n)
x
Chng minh rng lim f (x) = ce , c = const.
n

Hng dn:
Dy hm (f (n) (x))n hi t u v hm g(x) trn R. D thy rng g 0 (x) = g(x) vi
mi x R t suy ra g(x) = cex , c = const.
Bi 2.42. Cho P (x) l mt a thc bc n vi h s thc sao cho P (x) c n nghim
phn bit x1 , x2 , , xn . Chng minh rng
n
X
P 00 (xk )
= 0.
P 0 (xk )
k=1
Gii:
Theo gi thit P (x) = a(x x1 )(x x2 ) (x xn ), a 6= 0. Do
1
1
1
0
P (x) = P (x)
+
+ +
, x
/ {x1 , x2 , , xn }.
x x1 x x2
x xn
V P (x1 ) = P (x2 ) = = P (xn ) nn tn ti cc s y1 , y2 , , yn1 sao cho
x1 < y1 < x2 < y2 < < xn1 < yn1 < xn
P 0 (y1 ) = P 0 (y2 ) = = P 0 (yn1 ) = 0.
Ta li c

P 00 (x) = P 0 (x).

1
1
1
+
+ +
, x
/ {y1 , y2 , , yn1 },
x y1 x y2
x yn1

0 = P 0 (yk ) = P (yk ).

1
1
1
+
+ +
, k = 1, n 1.
yk x1 yk x2
y k xn

V P (yk ) 6= 0 nn ta c
1
1
1
+
+ +
= 0, x = 1, n 1.
yk x1 yk x2
y k xn
Do
n1
n

X
1
1
P 00 (xk ) X 1
=
+
+ +
P 0 (xk )
xk y1 xk y2
xk yn1
k=1
k=1
n X
n
X
1
=
= 0.
y

x
k
j
j=1
k=1

32

Bi 2.43. Cho P (x) l mt a thc bc n 1 tha mn P (x) = 0 vi mi x R.

Chng minh
P (x) + P 0 (x) + + P (n) (x) 0, x R.
Gii:
Gi s P (x) = an xn + an1 xn1 + + a0 (an 6= 0).
V P (x) 0 vi mi x R nn n chn v an > 0.
Xt hm
F (x) = P (x) + P 0 (x) + + P (n) (x).
V F cng l a thc bc n vi h s ca xn l an nn lim F (x) = +.
Do tn ti xo R sao cho F (xo ) = inf F (x).

xR

Theo b Fermat F 0 (xo ) = F (xo ) P (xo ) = 0.

Nh vy F (xo ) = inf F (x) = P (xo ) 0,
xR

V F (x) 0, x R.
Bi 2.44. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [a h, a + h], kh vi trn (a h, a + h), h > 0.
Chng minh rng tn ti (0, 1) sao cho

0
0
f (a + h) f (a h) = h f (a + h) + f (a h) .
Gii:
t (x) = f (a + x) f (a x), x [0, h]. Ta c lin tc trn [0, h] v kh vi
trn (0, h). Theo nh l Lagrange tn ti (0, 1) sao cho
(h) (0) = 0 (h).h
h
i
f 0 (a + h) f (a h) = f 0 (a + h) + f 0 (a h) h
Bi 2.45. Tm tt c cc hm f kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn R sao cho tn ti
(0, 1)
f (x + h) = f (x) + hf 0 (x + h), x, h R.
Gii:
Vi mi x, h R ta c f (x + h) = f (x) + f 0 (x)h + o(h2 ).
V vy h[f 0 (x + h) f 0 (x)] = o(h2 ).
f 0 (x + h) f 0 (x)
o(h2 )
Suy ra
=
, h 6= 0.
h
h2
Do bng cch ly gii hn khi h 0 ta c f 00 (x) = 0, x R
Vy f (x) = Ax + B.
Bi 2.46. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [2, 2] sao cho
|f (x)| 1, x [2, 2], (f (0))2 + (f 0 (0))2 = 4.
Chng minh rng tn ti xo (2, 2) sao cho f (xo ) + f 00 (xo ) = 0.
Gii:
t F (x) = (f (x))2 + (f 0 (x))2 .
Ta c F 0 (x) = 2f 0 (x)(f (x) + f 00 (x)), F (0) = 4.
Theo nh l Lagrange, tn ti (2, 0) sao cho
f (0) f (2) = f 0 (1 )2.

33

1
Do f 0 (1 ) (|f (0)| + |f (2)|) 1
2
Tng t tn ti 2 (0, 2) sao cho f 0 (2 ) 1. Suy ra
F (1 ) 2 v F (2 ) 2.
V F (0) = 4, F (1 ) 2, F (2 ) 2, nn F phi t gi tr ln nht ti xo (1 , 2 )
v F 0 (xo ) = 0.
Nu f 0 (xo ) = 0 th F (xo ) = (f (xo ))2 1, v l. Do vy
f 0 (xo ) 6= 0 v f (xo ) + f 00 (xo ) = 0.

Bi 2.47. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [a, b]. Chng minh rng tn
ti c (a, b) sao cho
f (a) + f (b)
a+b
(b a)2 00
= f(
)+
f (c).
2
2
8
Gii:

f (a) + f (b)
a+b
(b a)2
= f(
)+
.A.
2
2
8
f (a) + f (x)
a+x
(x a)2
t F (x) =
f(
)
.A.
2
2
8
Ta c F (a) = F (b) = 0 do tn ti (a, b) sao cho F 0 () = 0
Gi A l hng s sao cho:

cho

i a
1h 0
0 a+
f () f (
)
A = 0 ()
2
2
4
a+
Li p dng nh l Lagrange cho hm f 0 trn [
; ] ta tm c c (a, b) sao
2
f 0 () f 0 (
Thay vo (*) ta c f 00 (c) = A.
Nh vy tn ti c (a, b) sao cho

a+
a
) = f 00 (c).
.
2
2

f (a) + f (b)
a+b
(b a)2 00
= f(
)+
f (c).
2
2
8
Bi 2.48. Cho a, b, c R tha mn
Chng minh rng phng trnh

c
2 a+b
= (
).
3
5 n+2

a sinn x + b cosn x + c sin x + c = 0

c nghim trong (0, ).

2
Hng dn:
Xt hm
cosn+2 x c sin3 x c sin2 x
a sinn+2 x
b
+
+
.
n+2
n+2
3
2

Chng t (0) = ( ) ri p dng nh l Rolle.

2
(x) =

34

Bi 2.49. Cho phng trnh xn = x + n.

a) Chng minh rng vi mi n, phng trnh c duy nht nghim xn > 0.
b) Chng minh dy (xn )n b chn v tm lim

xn
1

nn

; lim xn .
n

Gii:
Xt hm fn (x) = xn x n. Ta c fn0 (x) = nxn1 1.
1 1
fn0 (x) 0 x ( ) n1
n
Ta c bng bin thin
Da vo bng bin thin ta thy phng trnh fn (x) = 0 c duy nht nghim xn vi
1 1
xn > ( ) n1 .
n
b) V fn (1) = n < 0 nn xn > 1.
V fn (2) = 2n 2 n > 0 nn xn < 2.
Vy (xn )n b chn. Ta c xnn = xn + n nn
xnn
xn + n
=
1 (n ).
n
n
xn
Do 1 1 (n ).
nn
T suy ra lim xn = 1.
n

Bi 2.50. Cho f : [0, 1] R l hm lin tc sao cho f (0) = f (1) = 0, f kh vi n

cp hai trn (0, 1) v f 00 (x) + 2f 0 (x) + f (x) 0 x (0, 1).
Chng minh rng f (x) 0 vi mi x [0, 1].
Gii:
Xt hm (x) = ex .f (x). Khi
(

(0) = (1) = 0

00 (x) 0, x (0, 1).

Nu tn ti xo (0, 1) sao cho (xo ) > 0 th gi c (0, 1) tha mn
(c) = sup (x) > 0.
x[0,1]
0

Ta c (c) = 0. V l n iu tng trn (0, 1) nn

( 0
(x) 0, x (c, 1)
0 (x) 0, x (0, c).
Do vy 0 = (0) (c) > 0. Mu thun ny chng t
(x) 0, x [0, 1].
Suy ra f (x) 0, x [0, 1].
Bi 2.51. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn R v f 00 (x) f (x) vi mi
x R. Chng minh rng nu tn ti a, b R, a < b, f (a) = f (b) = 0 th
f (x) 0, x [a, b].

35

Gii:
Gi s tn ti xo (a, b) sao cho f (xo ) > 0. Gi c (a, b) sao cho

f (c) = sup f (x) > 0.

x[a,b]

Ta c f 0 (c) = 0. Khi f 00 (c) f (c) > 0.

Gi [, ] [a, b] sao cho c (, ) v f 00 (x) > 0, x [, ].
Khi f 0 l hm n iu tng ngt trn (, ). Do f 0 (c) = 0 nn

f 0 (x) < 0, x (, c)
f 0 (x) > 0, x (c, ).

V vy f () > f (c) = sup f (x).

x[a,b]

Mu thun ny chng t f (x) 0, x [a, b]

Bi 2.52. Cho K l mt hng s , f l hm kh vi trn [0, +) sao cho

f 0 (x) kf (x), x 0.

Chng minh rng f (x) ekx f (0), x 0.

Hng dn:
Xt hm (x) = ekx f (x).

36

Chng III. php tnh tch phn

Bi 3.1. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R. t
Zx
F (x) = f (t)dt.
0

Chng minh rng nu f l hm chn th F l hm l , nu f l hm l th F l hm

chn.
Gii:
Gi s f l hm chn
Bng php i bin t = u,
x
Rx
Rx
R
ta c F (x) = f (t)dt = f (u)(du) = f (t)dt = F (x) vi mi x R.
0

V vy F l hm l . Trng hp cn li hon ton tng t.

Bi 3.2. Cho f l mt hm lin tc v nhn gi tr dng trn [0, 1].
a) Chng minh rng

Z2
f (sin x)dx

= .
f (sin x) + f (cos x)
4
0

b) Tnh cc tch phn

R2
R2
dx
dx

I=
;
J
=
.
cos 2x
tgx
0 1+e
0 1+
Gii:
a) t

Z2
I1 =

f (sin x)
dx.
f (sin x) + f (cos x)

Bng php i bin x = t ta suy ra

2

Z2
f (cos x)
dx.
I1 =
f (sin x) + f (cos x)
0

Do 2I1 = J1 + I1 =
b) Ta c

R
0

dx =

.V vy I1 = .
2
4
2

1
1
esin x
=
=
.
2
2
1 + ecos 2x
ecos2 xsin x + 1
esin x + ecos2 x

.
4
2
y l trng hp ring ca cu a) vi f (x) = ex .
Do I1 =

37

Bi 3.3. Cho f l mt hm chn lin tc trn [a, a], a > 0; g l mt hm lin tc

nhn gi tr dng trn [a, a] v
1
g(x) =
, x [a, a].
g(x)
a) Chng minh rng

Za

f (x)dx
=
1 + g(x)

Za
f (x)dx.
0

b) Tnh

Z2

cos x

dx.
1 x + x2 + 1

I=
2

c) Tnh

Za
lim

a+
a

dx
.
(1 + x2 )(1 + ex )

Gii:
a) t x = t, ta c
Za

f (x)dx
=
1 + g(x)

I=
a
Za

Za

f (t)dt
1 + g(t)

a
Za

Za
f (t)dt
f (t)g(t)dt
f (x)g(x)dx
=
=
.
1
1 + g(t)
1 + g(x)
1+
a
g(t) a

=
a

V vy

Za
I + I = 2I =

f (x)dx = 2
a

T suy ra I =

Ra

Za
f (x)dx.
0

f (x)dx.

b) p dng cu a) vi g(x) = x2 + 1 x. D thy

1
1
, x [ , ].
g(x) = x2 + 1 + x =
=
g(x)
2 2
x2 + 1 x
Bi 3.4. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [a, a]. Chng minh rng
Ra
Ra
a) f (x2 )dx = 2 f (x2 )dx.
a

b)

Ra

xf (x2 )dx = 0.

Hng dn:
a) t g(x) = f (x2 ). D thy g l hm chn trn [a, a].

38

b) t h(x) = xf (x2 ). D thy h l hm l trn [a, a].

Bi 3.5. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, 1]. Chng minh rng

R2
R2
1 R
a) f (sin x)dx = f (cos x)dx =
f (sin x)dx.
20
0
0
Rn

b)

f (cos2 x)dx = n

f (cos2 x)dx.

(Bn c t gii)

Bi 3.6. Cho f l mt hm lin tc nhn gi tr dng v tun hon vi chu k bng 1

trn R. Chng minh rng
Z1
0

f (x)
dx 1, n N .
1
f (x + )
n

Li gii: Ta c
Z1
0

f (x)
dx =
1
f (x + )
n

Zn
0

f (x)
dx +
1
f (x + )
n

Zn
1
n

Z1
f (x)
f (x)
dx + +
dx.
1
1
f (x + )
)
n1 f (x +
n
n
n

Trong mi tch phn

i+1

Zn

f (x)
dx, 1 i n 1,
1
f (x + )
i
n
n
i
thc hin php i bin x = t + , ta c
n
i+1
1
Zn
Zn f (x + i )
f (x)
n dx.
dx =
1
i+1
f (x + )
)
i
0 f (x +
n
n
n
V vy
Z1
0

f (x)
dx =
1
f (x + )
n

Zn
0

1
1
Zn f (x + 1 )
Zn f (x + n 1 )
f (x)
n dx + +
n dx.
dx +
1
2
f (x)
)
f (x + )
0 f (x +
0
n
n

Bng cch p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta nhn c

Z1
0

Zn

f (x)
dx n dx = 1.
1
f (x + )
0
n

39

Bi 3.7. Cho f l mt hm kh vi lin tc trn [a, b], f (a) = 0 v

0 f 0 (x) 1, x [a, b].
Chng minh rng
i
Rb
1h
a) f (x)dx (f (b))2 (f (a))2 .
2
a
Rb

b) (f (x)) dx

Rb

f (x)dx .

Gii:
a) Ta c f l hm n iu tng trn [a, b] v f (x) f (a) = 0, x [a, b]. Do
:
f (x) f (x).f 0 (x), x [a, b].
T y suy ra
Zb

Zb
f (x)dx
a

1
1
2
f (x).f (x)dx = [f (x)] = (f (b))2 (f (a))2 .
2
2
a
0

b) Xt hm s
Zx

Zx
2

F (x) = (

(f (t))3 dt, x [a, b].

f (t)dt)
a

Ta c
h Rx
i
Rx
0
3
2
F (x) = 2. f (t)dt.f (x) (f (x)) = f (x) 2 f (t)dt (f (x)) .
a

t G(x) = 2

Rx

f (t)dt (f (x))2 . Ta c

G0 (x) = 2f (x) 2f (x).f 0 (x) = 2f (x)(1 f 0 (x)) 0, x [a, b].

Do G(x) G(a) = 0, x [a, b].
T suy ra F 0 (x) 0, x [a, b]. Nh vy F (b) F (a) = 0.
Rb
2 Rb
Ngha l
f (x)dx (f (x))3 dx.
a

Bi 3.8. Cho f C[a,b] ; x1 , x2 , , xn [a, b], k1 , k2 , , kn > 0. Chng minh rng

tn ti xo [a, b] sao cho
Rx1
Rx2
Rxn
k1 f (x)dx + k2 f (x)dx + + kn f (x)dx = 0.
xo

xo

xo

Gii: Xt hm
Zx1
(x) = k1

f (t)dt + k2
x

Zxn

Zx2

f (t)dt.

f (t)dt + + kn
x

Ta d dng kim tra c

k1 (x1 ) + k2 (x2 ) + + kn (xn ) = 0.

40

Mt khc l hm lin tc trn [a, b] v ki > 0 vi mi i = 1, n, do tn ti xo [a, b]

Rx1
Rx2
Rxn
sao cho (xo ) = 0, hay k1 f (x)dx + k2 f (x)dx + + kn f (x)dx = 0.
xo

xo

xo

Bi 3.9. Chng minh rng vi mi a, b, 0 < a < b th

a+1
1
R

2
a)
sin x dx ,
a
a
Rb sin x 2

b)
dx .
x
a
a
Gii:
a+1
R
sin x2 dx. Bng php i bin t = x2 , ta c
a) Xt tch phn I =
a
2
(a+1)
Z

I=
a2

sin t
dt.
2 t

1
1 1
t u = , du = . dt v chn v = cos t.Ta c
2t 2 t
2 t
2

(a+1)
Z
cos t (a+1)2
cos tdt

|I| =

2 t a2
4t t
a2

Z
(a+1)
1
1
cos tdt

+
+
2(a + 1) 2a
4t t
a2

1
1
+
+

2(a + 1) 2a

2
(a+1)
Z

a2

b) t u =

1
dt
= .
a
4t t

1
1
, du = 2 dx v chn v = cosx. Ta c
x
x
cos x b Zb cos xdx
Zb sin x

dx =

2
x
x
x
a
a

1 1
+ +
a b

Zb

| cos x|dx
x2

1 1
+ +
a b

Zb
a

2
dx
= .
2
x
a

41

Bi 3.10. Tm tt c cc hm f lin tc trn [0, 1] sao cho

Zx

Z1
f (t)dt =

f (t)dt.

Hng dn: Ly o hm hai v.

Bi 3.11. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc trn [a, b], f (a) = f (b) = 0. Chng minh rng
Zb
Zb
1
a) xf (x).f 0 (x)dx =
[f (x)]2 dx.
2
a

Zb

[f (x)]2 dx = 1. Hy chng minh

b) Gi s
a

Zb

Zb
[f 0 (x)]2 dx.

1
[xf (x)]2 dx .
4

Gii:
1
a) t u = x, dv = f (x).f 0 (x)dx v chn v = (f (x))2 . Ta c
2
Zb

b 1 Z b
1

xf (x).f 0 (x)dx = x[f (x)]2

[f (x)]2 dx
2
2
a

1
2

Zb
[f (x)]2 dx.
a

b)
Zb

Zb
[f 0 (x)]2 dx.

[xf (x)]2 dx

Zb
xf (x).f 0 (x)dx
a

1
=
4

Zb

1
[f (x)]2 dx = .
4

Bi 3.12. Cho f l hm lin tc trn R. t

Zx
f1 (x) =

Chng minh rng fn+1 (x) =

(Bn c t gii).

Zx
f (t)dt, , fn (x) =

fn1 (t)dt.
0

1 Rx
(x t)n f (t)dt, n 1.
n! 0

42

Bi 3.13. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, ] sao cho

Z
Z
f (x) sin xdx = f (x) cos xdx = 0.
0

Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = 0 c t nht hai nghim phn bit trong
(0, ).
Gii:
Gi s rng f c khng qu mt nghim trn (0, ).
Th1: f v nghim trn (0, ). Do tnh lin tc ca f ta suy ra f khng i du
trn (0, ). Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s f (x) > 0 vi mi x (0, ). Khi
R
f (x) sin xdx > 0, mu thun.
0

Th2: f c duy nht nghim xo (0, ). D thy rng hm

g(x) = f (x) sin(x xo ) khng i du trn (0, ). Do
Z
f (x) sin(x xo )dx > 0.
0

Mt khc t gi thit cho ta c

Z
Z
Z
f (x) sin(x xo )dx = cos xo f (x) sin xdx sin xo f (x) cos xdx = 0
0

Mu thun trn chng t f c t nht hai nghim phn bit trn (0, ).
Bi 3.14. Cho Ik = [ak , bk ], k = 1, 2, , n l n on ri nhau tng i mt.
a) Gi s P (x) l mt a thc bc nh hn n tha mn
Zbk
P (x)dx = 0, k = 1, 2, , n.
ak

Chng minh rng P (x) = 0 vi mi x R.

b) Chng minh rng tn ti mt a thc khc khng bc n tha mn iu kin trn.
Hng dn:
a) Dng nh l gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn.
b) Bn c t gii.
Bi 3.15. Cho f l hm kh vi trn [1, 1] sao cho
Z0
Z1
f (x)dx = f (x)dx.
1

Chng minh rng tn ti c (1, 1) sao cho f 0 (c) = 0.

Gii:
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn, tn ti x1 [1, 0],

43

x2 [0, 1] sao cho

R1
R0
f (x)dx = f (x1 ), v f (x)dx = f (x2 ).
1

* Nu x1 6= 0 hoc x2 6= 0 th x1 6= x2 . Theo nh l Rolle, tn ti c (x1 , x2 )

(1, 1) sao cho f 0 (c) = 0.
* Nu x1 = x2 = 0, th
Z0

Z1
f (x)dx = f (0) =

f (x)dx.
0

Nu f (x) 6= f (0), x (0, 1] th g(x) = f (x) f (0) 6= 0 vi mi x (0, 1]. V

vy g(x) khng i du trn (0, 1] v
Z1

Z1
g(x)dx =

g(x)dx f (0) 6= 0.
0

Mu thun ny chng t tn ti x1 (0, 1] sao cho

f (x1 ) = f (0).
Li p dng nh l Rolle ta c iu cn chng minh.
Bi 3.16. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, 1]. Chng minh rng tn ti c [0, 1] sao cho
Z1

1
f (x)x2 dx = f (c).
3

Gii:
Do f l hm lin tc trn [0, 1] nn tn ti x1 , x2 [0, 1]
f (x1 ) = min f (x), f (x2 ) = max f (x).
x[0,1]

x[0,1]

Do
x2 f (x1 ) x2 f (x) x2 f (x2 ), x [0, 1].
Suy ra
1
f (x1 )
3

Z1

1
x2 f (x)dx f (x2 ).
3

Z1
x2 f (x)dx f (x2 ).

f (x1 ) 3
0

Theo nh l gi tr trung gian ca hm lin tc, tn ti c [0, 1]

Z1
x2 f (x)dx.

f (c) = 3
0

44

Bi 3.17.Cho > 0, f lin tc [0, 1], f (0) > 0, v

Z1
f (x)dx <

1
.
+1

Chng minh rng phng trnh f (x) = x c nghim trong (0, 1).
Li gii:
Xt hm (x) = f (x) x , x [0, 1]. Ta c (0) = f (0) > 0. Mt khc
Z1

Z1
(x)dx =

f (x)dx

1
< 0.
+1

V vy tn ti xo [0, 1] sao cho

R1

(x)dx = (xo ) < 0.

Do tnh lin tc ca v (0).(xo ) < 0 ta suy ra phng trnh (x) = 0 c

nghim trong (0, 1).
Zn
f (x)dx = 0, (n N). Chng minh

Bi 3.18. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, n] v

0

rng tn ti c [0, n 1] sao cho

Zc

Zc+1
f (x)dx =
f (x)dx.

Gii:
Xt hm
Zx
(x) =

Zx+1
Zx+1
f (t)dt
f (t)dt =
f (t)dt.

R rng lin tc trn [0, n 1] v

(0) + (1) + + (n 1) = 0.
Ta d dng suy ra tn ti c [0, n 1] (c) = 0.
Bi 3.19. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, 1] tho mn
R1 k
R1
x f (x)dx = 0, k = 1, , n 1, xn f (x)dx = 1.
0

Chng minh rng tn ti xo [0, 1] sao cho |f (xo )| 2n (n + 1).

Li gii:
Gi s rng |f (x)| < 2n (n + 1), x [0, 1]
Ta c
Z1
1
1
|x |n dx = n
.
2
2 (n + 1)
0

45

V vy
Z1

1
(x )n f (x)dx
2

Z1

1
|x |n |f (x)|dx
2

Z1
<

1
|x |n .2n (n + 1)dx = 1.
2

Mt khc
Z1

1
(x )n f (x)dx =
2

Z1
xn f (x)dx = 1.
0

Mu thun trn chng t rng tn ti xo [0, 1] sao cho

|f (xo )| 2n (n + 1).

Bi 3.20. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, 1] tho mn

Zb
|f (x)|dx = 0.
a

Chng minh rng f (x) = 0 vi mi x [a, b].

Li gii:
Gi s tn ti xo [a, b] sao cho f (xo ) 6= 0. Ta c |f (xo )| > 0.
Do tnh lin tc ca f , tn ti [, ] [a, b] v > 0 sao cho
|f (x)| ,

x [, ].

Khi :
Zb

Z
|f (x)|dx

f (x)dx (b a) > 0.

Mu thun ny chng t f (x) = 0, x [a, b].

Bi 3.21. Cho f l hm kh tch trn [a, b] v

Rb

f (x)dx > 0.

Chng minh rng tn ti [, ] [a, b] sao cho f (x) > 0, x [, ].

Li gii:
Gi s rng vi mi on [, ] [a, b], tn ti xo [, ] sao cho f (xo ) 0.
Rb
t I = f (x)dx > 0. Xt phn hoch [a, b] bi
a

xo = a < x1 < x2 < < xn = b, xi = a + i.

Ta c lim

n
X
i=1

ba
, i = 0, n.
n

f (i )xi = I > 0 vi i i = [xi1 , xi ].

46

Do vy, tn ti no sao cho vi mi n no th

n
X

f (i )xi

i=1

1
> 0.
2

Chn i [xi1 , xi ] sao cho f (i ) 0 ta dn n iu mu thun.

Bi 3.22. Cho f, g l cc hm lin tc trn [a, b]. Chng minh rng
Rb
2 Rb
Rb
a)
f (x)g(x)dx (f (x))2 dx. (g(x))2 dx.
R1

b) x 1 xdx
.
(n + 1) n + 2
0
Zb
Zb
f (x)dx.
c) Nu f (x) > 0, x [a, b], th
a

Gii:
a) Bn c t gii
b)
Z1
x

Z1
1 xdx =

1
dx (b a)2 .
f (x)

p
xn . xn (1 x)dx

Z1

12 Z1
12
xn dx .
xn (1 x)dx

n+1

Z1

Z1
xn dx

xn+1 dx

21

1 1
1 12

n+1 n+1 n+2

1
1
1

.
=
n + 1 n + 1. n + 2
(n + 1) n + 2

Bi 3.23. Cho f lin tc trn [0, 1], 0 f (x) 1 vi mi x [0, 1]. Chng minh rng
Z1

Z1
f (x)dx

2
f (x2 )dx .

Li gii: Xt
Zx2
(x) =

Zx
f (t)dt

2
f (t2 )dt , x [0, 1].

47

Zx
0 (x) = f (x2 ).2x 2

f (t2 )dt.f (x2 )

0

Zx
= 2.f (x2 )[x

f (t2 )dt].
0

Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn, tn ti [0, 1] :

0 (x) = 2f (x2 ) x xf ()

= 2xf (x2 ) 1 f () 0, x [0, 1].

Vy l n iu tng trn [0, 1]. Do vy (1) (0) = 0.
Z1
Z1
2
Ta suy ra
f (t)dt
f (t2 )dt .
0

s
Bi 3.24. Cho f l hm lin tc khng m trn [0, 1]. Chng minh rng

1+

R1

f (x)dx

Z1 p

Z1
1 + (f (x))2 dx 1 +

f (x)dx.
0

Li gii:
* Ta lun c f (x) 0 vi mi x [0, 1]. Do
p
1 + (f (x))2 1 + f (x), x [0, 1].
V vy
Z1
Z1 p
1 + (f (x))2 dx 1 + f (x)dx.
0

* Bt ng thc cn li tng ng vi
Z1 p
2 Z1
2
1
1 + (f (x))2 dx
f (x)dx
0

Z1
1

Z1
1
0

Z1 p

1 + (f (x))2 + f (x) dx.

1 + (f (x))2 f (x) dx
0

Z1

1 + (f (x))2 + f (x) dx. p

0

dx
1 + (f (x))2 + f (x)

Bt ng thc cui lun lun tho mn theo Bi 3.23.

Bi 3.25. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [0, b], v 0 < a < b, f nghch bin trn [0, b].
Chng minh rng

48

Za

Zb

f (x)dx a
0

f (x)dx.
0

Li gii:
Za
b

Za
f (x)dx a

Zb
f (x)dx + a

Ra

Ra

f (x)dx
a

(b a) f (x)dx a f (x)dx.
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn, tn ti 1 , 2 : 0 1 a 2 b v
Za
(b a) f (x)dx = a(b a)f (1 )
0

Zb
f (x)dx = a(b a)f (2 ).

a
a

V f (1 ) f (2 ) nn
Za
(b a)

Zb
f (x)dx a

f (x)dx.
a

Bi 3.26. Cho a, b, c R, a < b < c. Chng minh rng

1
ca

Zc

1
f (x)dx max{
ba

Zb

1
f (x)dx,
cb

Zc
Zc

1
1

c a f (x)dx > c b f (x)dx

a

Khi ta c

Zb
Zc
Zb

1
1
1

f (x)dx +
f (x)dx >
f (x)dx

ca
ba
ca

ca

Zb

Zc

1
f (x)dx +
ca

1
f (x)dx >
cb

f (x)dx},
b

vi f lin tc trn [a, b].

Li gii:
Gi
s c
Z
Zb

1
1

f (x)dx >
f (x)dx

ba
ca
a

Zc

Zc
f (x)dx
b

49

Zc
Zb

1
cb

f (x)dx >
f (x)dx

(b a)(c a)
ca
a

Zb
Zc

1
b

f (x)dx >
f (x)dx

(c b)(c a)
ca
a
b

b
c
Z
Z

cb

f (x)dx
f (x)dx >

ba

a
b

.
b

Z
Zc

ba

f (x)dx >
f (x)dx

cb

Zc
Suy ra

cbba
f (x)dx >
bacb

Zc
f (x)dx, v l.
b

Bi 3.27. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc trn [a, b], f (a) = 0. Chng minh rng
Zb

(b a)
|f (x).f (x)|dx
2

Zb
(f 0 (x))2 dx.

Li gii:
Vi mi x [a, b], ta c f (x) =
0

Do |f (x).f (x)|

Rx

Rx

f 0 (t)dt.

a
0

|f (t)|dt.|f 0 (x)|.

Suy ra
Zb

|f (x).f 0 (x)|dx
a

Ta c:

Rx

Zb Zx

|f 0 (t)|dt |f 0 (x)|dx.

0
|f 0 (t)|dt = |f 0 (x)|. Do vy

Zb Zx

1
|f (t)dt .|f (x)|dx =
2
0

Zx

2 b
|f (t)|dt
0

1
=
2

Zb
|f 0 (x)|dx

1
(b a).
2

Zb
|f 0 (x)|2 dx.
a

Ta c bt ng thc cn chng minh.

50

Bi 3.28. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc trn [a, b], f (a) = 0. Chng minh rng
1
ba

Zb

Zb
|f 0 (x)|dx.

|f (x)|dx
a

Gii: Ta c
Zx

|f (x)| = |f (x) f (a)| =

f 0 (t)dt

Zb

Zx
0

Do

|f 0 (t)|dt.

|f (t)|dt

Zb

Zb

|f 0 (x)|dx.

|f (x)|dx (b a)
a

Bi 3.29. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc trn [a, b]. Chng minh rng

Zb

2
(b a)2
f (x) f (a) dx
2

Zb
(f 0 (x))2 dx.
a

Li gii: Ta c

2
f (x) f (a) =

Zx

2
f (t)dt

Zx

Zx
0

12 dt

(f (t)) dt.
a

Zx
(f 0 (t))2 dt

(x a)
a

Zb
(f 0 (x))2 dx.

(x a)
a

Do

Zb

f (x) f (a) dx

Zb

Zb

(f 0 (x))2 dx

(x a)dx.
(b a)2
2

Zb
(f 0 (x))2 dx.
a

Bi 3.30.Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc trn [0, 1], f (0) = 0. Chng minh rng

Z1
(f 0 (x))2 dx.

sup |f (x)|
0x1

51

Bi 3.31. Cho f lin tc trn [a, b] v

Rb

f (x)g(x)dx = 0 vi mi hm g kh vi lin tc

trn [a, b] tho mn g(a) = g(b) = 0.

Chng minh rng f (x) = 0 vi mi x [a, b].
Li gii:
Gi s rng tn ti xo [a, b] sao cho f (xo ) > 0.
Khi tn ti [, ] [a, b] v > 0 sao cho f (x) > > 0, x [, ]. t

0 nu x [a, ]
g(x) = (x )2 (x )2 , x (, )

0,x [, b].
Khi g kh vi lin tc trn [a, b] v
Zb

Z
(x )2 (x )2 dx > 0.

f (x)g(x)dx
a

(qui c [a, ] = {a} nu = a, [, b] = {b} nu = b.)

Bi 3.32. Cho f, g l cc hm lin tc n iu cng loi trn [a, b]. Chng minh rng
Zb
Zb
Zb
Zb
1
f (x)g(a + b x)dx
f (x)dx. g(x)dx f (x)g(x)dx.
ba
a

Hng dn:
Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn, tn ti xo [a, b]:
Zb

Zb
g(x)dx =

g(a + b x)dx = g(a + b xo ).

a

S dng

(f (x) f (xo )) g(a + b x) g(a + b xo ) 0, x [a, b] suy ra phn u

ca bt ng thc.
Bi 3.33. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc n cp hai trn [0, 2]. Chng minh rng
Z2
2
3
(f 00 (x))2 dx f (0) 2f (1) + f (2) .
2
0

Li gii:
Z1
Z1
Z1
Z1
00
2
2
00
2
(f (x)) dx = 3 x dx. (f (x)) dx 3( x2 f 00 (x)dx)2
0

0
0
0
2
= 3 f 0 (1) + f (0) f (1) .
Z2
Z2
Z2
Z2
2
(f 00 (x))2 dx = 3 (x 2)2 dx. (f 00 (x))2 dx 3
(x 2)f 00 (x)dx
1

52

2
= 3 f 0 (1) + f (2) f (1) .
Do
Z2
h
2
2 i
00
2
0
0
(f (x)) dx 3 f (1) + f (0) f (1) + f (1) + f (2) f (1)
0

2
3
f (0) 2f (1) + f (2) .
2

Bi 3.34. Cho f : [0, 1] R, g : [0, 1] [0, 1] l cc hm lin tc, f n iu gim.

R1
t a = g(x)dx.
0

Chng minh rng

R1

f (x)g(x)dx

Li gii:
t (x) =

Rx

f (x)dx.

g(t)dt v F (x) =

Lc

Ra

Rx

f (t)g(t)dt

(x)
R

f (t)dt.

F 0 (x) = f (x)g(x) f ((x).0 (x)

= f (x).g(x) f ((x)).g(x)
h
i
= f (x) f ((x)) g(x), x [0, 1].

Ta c

Zx
(x) =

g(t)dt = g()x x, x [0, 1].

0

Do g((x)) g(x), x [0, 1].

T suy ra F 0 (x) 0, x [0, 1].
V vy F (1) F (0) = 0 hay
Z1

Za
f (x)g(x)dx

f (x)dx.
0

Bi 3.35. Cho f, g l cc hm lin tc trn [a, b], f n iu tng v 0 g(x) 1 vi

Rx
mi x [a, b]. t h(x) = g(t)dt.
a

a) Hy so snh
Rx
F (x) = f (t)g(t)dt v G(x) =
a

b) Chng minh vi l =

Rb

a+h(x)
R

f (t)dt.

g(x)dx, ta c

Zb
a

Za+l
f (x)g(x)dx
f (x)dx.
a

53

Hng dn: Tng t Bi tp 3.34.

Bi 3.36. Cho a, b R, b 0 f l hm lin tc trn [0, +], f (x) 0 vi mi
x [0, +) v
Zx
f (x) a + b f (t)dt, x 0.
0
bx

Chng minh rng f (x) ae , x 0. Li gii:

+ Th1: b = 0. Ta d dng suy ra kt qu.
Rx

f (t)dt + ab . Ta c
+ Th 2: b > 0. Xt h(x) = ebx
0

Zx
h0 (x) = ebx (f (x) a b

f (t)dt) 0, x 0.
a

Do h l hm gim trn [0, +) v h(x) h(0), x [0, +).

Zx
a a
Suy ra: ebx
f (t)dt +
, x 0, hay
b
b
a

Zx

f (t)dt aebx x 0.

a+b
a

V vy f (x) aebx , x 0.
Bi 3.37. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn [a, b] v
Zb
Zb

f (x)dx = |f (x)|dx.
a

Chng minh rng f khng i du trn [a, b]. Li gii:

T gi thit suy ra
Zb

Zb
f (x)dx =

Th1: Gi s

Zb
|f (x)|dx hay

Rb
a

f (x)dx =

Zb
f (x)dx =

Rb

|f (x)|dx.
a

|f (x)|dx. Khi

Zb
(|f (x)| f (x))dx = 0
a

t (x) = |f (x)| f (x). Ta c lin tc trn [a, b], (x) 0, x [a, b], v
Rb
a

(x)dx = 0.
Do vy: (x) = 0, x [a, b] hay |f (x)| = f (x), x [a, b].
Vyf (x) 0, x [a, b].

54

Th2: Gi s

Rb

f (x)dx =

Rb

|f (x)|dx. Hon ton tng t ta suy ra

f (x) 0, x [a, b].

Bi 3.38. Cho f l mt hm lin tc n iu tng trn [a, b]. t
Zx
F (x) =

f (t)dt.
a

Chng minh rng

(*) F (x + (1 )y) F (x) + (1 )F (y), x, y [a, b], (0, 1).
Li gii:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s x y. Khi
x x + (1 )y y.
(*) c vit li nh sau
x+(1)y
R
Rx
Ry
f (t)dt f (t)dt + (1 ) f (t)dt.
a

a
x+(1)y
Z

()

Zy

f (t)dt (1 )
a

Ry

Kt qu trn c c bng cch thay

f (t)dt.

x+(1)y

f (t)dt bi

Zx

x+(1)y
Z

f (t)dt +
a

Zy

f (t)dt +
x

f (t)dt.

x+(1)y

Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn, tn ti 1 , 2 sao cho

x 1 x + (1 )y 2 y
v
V T () = .f (1 ).(1 )(y x)
V P () = (1 )f (2 )(y x).
V f (1 ) f (2 ) nn (**) lun tho mn.
Bi 3.39. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc trn [0, 1] sao cho
Z1
f (0) = f (1) = 0, |f 0 (x)|dx = 1.
0

1
Chng minh rng |f (x)| , x [0, 1].
2
Hng dn: S dng
Zx
Zx
|f (x)| = | f (t)dt| |f 0 (t)|dt
0

55

Z1
Z1

|f (x)| = f (t)dt f 0 (t)dt.

x

Bi 3.40. Cho f kh vi lin tc trn [a, b], v f (a) = f (b) = 0, |f 0 (x)| M, x [a, b].
Chng minh rng
Zb

(b a)2

.
f (x)dx M.
4
a

(Bn c t gii)
Bi 3.41. Cho f l hm kh tch trn [a, b] sao cho f (x) > 0, x [a, b].
Rb
Chng minh rng f (x)dx > 0.
(Bn c t gii).

Bi 3.42. Cho a [0, 1]. Tm tt c cc hm khng m, lin tc trn [0, 1] sao cho
Z1

Z1
f (x)dx = 1,

Z1
x2 f (x)dx = a2 .

xf (x)dx = a,
0

Hng dn: S dng s

bt ng thc Cauchy-Schwartz:
s
R1
R1
R1
a = xf (x)dx
x2 f (x)dx.
f (x)dx = a, v iu kin du \=" xy ra
0

kt lun khng c hm f no tho mn.

Bi 3.43. Cho f l mt hm lin tc trn R tho mn
Zy
x + y
1
f (t)dt = f
, x, y R, x 6= y.
yx
2
x

Chng minh rng f (x) = Ax + B, vi A, B = const.

Hng dn: Chng minh
1
f (x) =
2h

x+h
Z
f (t)dt, x, h R, h 6= 0.
xh

T suy ra f c o hm lin tc trn R.

Bng cch ly o hm hai v biu thc 2hf (x) =

x+h
R

f (t)dt

xh

theo h ta nhn c iu cn chng minh.

Bi 3.44. Tm tt c cc hm lin tc trn [0, 1] tho mn
Z1

Z1
(f (x))2 dx =

Z1
(f (x))3 dx =

(f (x))4 dx.
0

56

Z1 h
i2
Hng dn: S dng
f (x) (f (x))2 dx = 0.
0

Bi 3.45. Tm cc gii hn lim un , trong :

a) un =

R1
0

b) un =

R1

dx
.
1 + xn
xn arctg(nx)dx.

c) un =

R1
0

d) un = n

xn ln(1 + x2 )dx.

R4

tg n xdx.

0
1

e) un =

Rn

arctg(nx)dx.

R1
f) un = n xn 1 xdx.
g) un =

R1
0

h) un = n

xn tgxdx.
R1

xn tgxdx.

(Bn c t gii)
Bi 3.46. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, +). t
Zx
1
F (x) =
f (t)dt.
x
0

a) Chng minh rng nu lim f (x) = l th lim F (x) = l.

x+

x+

b) Chng minh rng nu lim f (x) = + th lim F (x) = +.

x+

x+

c) Hy tm mt v d ch ra chiu ngc li cu a) khng cn ng.

Li gii:
a) Ta c:
Zx
Zx
1
1

|F (x) l| =
f (t)dt l =
(f (t) l)dt
x
x
0

Rx

Hm s G(x) =

|f (t) l|dt

, x > 0.

Rx
f (t) ldt l hm n iu tng, khng m trn (0, +).
0

Nu G(x) b chn trn bi M , ta c

f (x) l M , x > 0.
x

57

T suy ra lim F (x) = l.

x+

Nu G(x) khng b chn trn [0, +) khi lim G(x) = +.

x+

Theo qui tc L'Hospital

G(x)
lim
= lim G0 (x) = lim |f (x) l| = 0.
x+
x+
x+
x
Do vy lim f (x) = l.
x+

b) Hng dn: p dng qui tc L'Hospital:

Rx
f (t)dt
0
lim F (x) = lim
= lim f (x) = +.
x+
x+
x+
x
Rx
f (t)dt = +.)
( rng lim
x+ 0

c) Xt f (x) = sin x.
Bi 3.47. Cho f (x) l hm lin tc trn [0, +) v lim f (x) = l.
x+
Ra
Chng minh rng vi mi a > 0, ta c lim
f (nx)dx = al.
x+ 0

Li gii:
Dng php i bin t = nx ta c
Zna
Zna
Za
1
1
f (nx)dx =
f (t)dt = a
f (t)dt.
n
an
0

Theo Bi tp 3.46. th
1
lim
x na
Do vy lim

Ra

x 0

Zna
f (t)dt = l.
0

f (nx)dx = al.

Bi 3.48. Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, +), lim = l 6= 0, v f (0) + f (1) + +

x+

f (n) 6= 0 vi mi n. Chng minh rng

Rn
f (x)dx
h
i
0
lim
= 1.
x f (0) + f (1) + + f (n)
Li gii: Ta c
Ra
Rn
1
f
(x)dx
f (x)dx
h
i
n
0
0
lim
= lim f (0)+f (1)++f (n) .
x f (0) + f (1) + + f (n)
x
n
n
1R
Theo Bi tp 3.46, th lim
f (x)dx = l.
x n 0
Mt khc v lim f (n) = l, nn
x

f (0) + f (1) + + f (n)

= l.
x
n
lim

58

Rn
h
Vy lim

f (x)dx

f (0) + f (1) + + f (n)

= 1.

Bi 3.49. Cho f l hm lin tc trn R tun hon vi chu k T, g l mt hm lin tc

trn [0, T ]. Chng minh rng
ZT
lim

f (nx)g(x)dx = 0.

x
0

Bn c t gii.
Bi 3.50. Cho f v g l cc hm lin tc tun hon vi chu k bng 1 trn R. Chng
minh rng
Z1

Z1
f (nx)g(x)dx =

lim

x
0

Z1
f (x)dx.

g(x)dx.
0

Bi 3.51. a) Cho f l hm lin tc trn [0, 1]. Chng minh rng

Z1
xn f (x)dx = f (1).

lim n

0
0

b) Gi s f (1) tn ti v f (1) = 0. Hy chng minh

Z1
xn f (x)dx = f 0 (1).

lim n2

Li gii:

R1
a) Trc ht ta chng minh lim n xn (f (x) f (1))dx = 0.
x

Vi mi > 0, tn ti (0, 1) sao cho

f (x) f (1) < , x (1 , 1).

t M = sup |f (x)|. Ta c
x[0,1]

Z1
Z1

Z1

n
n
2M x dx + n
xn dx
n x (f (x) f (1))dx n
0

2M (1 )n+1 + .
n+1

R1

Do lim n xn (f (x) f (1))dx , > 0.

x

T suy ra lim n
x

R1
0

xn (f (x) f (1))dx = 0.

59

h R1
Do lim n xn f (x)dx
x

i
n
f (1) = 0.
n+1

R1

Suy ra lim n xn f (x)dx = f (1).

x

b) Bn c t gii.
Bi 3.52. Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc trn [a, a], a > 0. Tm gii hn
Za
1 cos nx
lim
f (x)dx.
x
x
a

Bn c t gii.
Bi 3.53. Cho f : [0, +) [0, +) l hm lin tc tho mn
Zx
lim f (x) (f (t))2 dt = 1.
x+

0
1
3

Chng minh lim f (x)(3x) = 1.

x+

Bn c t gii.