en

g s lrzbg zbM
c I
TPp UmThd u TkWu
AlTPp jRlThP.

Zzbg a uCun
Zzbg a G[}[g
Zzbg g>kgn[}[ un

hMF

eheg
euCu, ukk600 006

 hM r
[} cF2005
ccn cF2007

Vn g[} t g d
k K. Q>uk

lzF rVn, eU[

gse e (kkV), ukk 600 005

Vn e
k E. ucruerk
k C. uro
Us e rn

gse e, ukk 600 005

Us e rn
q.. re e, kk 601 204

k Nk C. ekk

k g r

Us e rn
g e, ukk600 006

Us e rn
ukk SUe e,
grg, ukk600 059.

c R. k
, heF gk
g>F L, ere 630 003

c. A.V. Si
Ue eF Vn
> punF gsF L
uGeM 603 002

c S. kug
Ue eF Vn
r gsFL, geeg,
ukk600 106.

cgc R. okS
Ue eF Vn
lr gnngg zbe
gsF L, lru zbzgrg,
ukk600 028.

cgc K.G. RH
Ue eF Vn
Wg V nn zbe
gsFL, gJF,
ukk600 004.

Vn g[}tg gn

k A. rg u
lzF rVn, eU[
gse e (kkV), ukk 600 005

gn e
k M. ucrue
qF rVn, eU[
zbz eeeheg, ukk 600 025
k (cgc) N. u

c. K. GeB

lzF rVn, eU[

Us e rn
uCunFk e, ukk600 030

A.D.M. zbe e, eFzg

: .
Ge nF : hM reee
Lee lneeeg, hM.
l 60 K..g. L uCVFMU.
F Fu [J uCV :

pLm
RZL AWu 2003-m BidV YLhRpLs Utm
TPjhPjR AlTPVLd Li. UpX CWiPm
Bi
LRVp
UQYoLdLL
ClTPp
YYUdLlThs[,
RphTjR UVULd Li CVem EXLUVURu
NLlRUV 21-m t\ip. AVp Utm RphT
dVjYm YnkR LRVp TPp YWY Lm
dVjYm YnkRRm,
EXL SLp XYm RWjt CQVL Ckp
GRlThs[, CkR CXhVjR APYRtLL BVo
LrTt \k [em Lp Y]eLp uTt\lTm
TPpL[ YL Bn Nn CkX Gs[,
CmVtV] Shu CRW TLs[ Ut\ UpX
UQYoLm TV]Pm YLp Cdm G] Cd Sm\,
UQYoLs GUV] A\V LVm RUL
Ckp CWi TL[Ll dLlThs[, RtTp
ALs Utm AdLYLu TVuT. YdPo CVtLRm.
LXlTiLs Utm T\ YYd LRm BVY V
A\L[
[dLlThs[,
SV
NUuThj
RldLu oLs. J R[ AUVd LLs BVY V
VtL[n CPmTu\],
YL
iLRl
TVuTLs.
RL
iLRl
TVuTLs. YLdLf NUuTLs. RX LQdVp Utm
LrRL TWYpLs BVY CWiPm Tp CPmTu\],
R X LQdVp ALjPm CRW TLs
Ut\eLPm CPmTu\],
Ce [dLlThs[ TPl TLs RY] RX
EQojYR UhUu. LtlTYoLd UXndV
A\L[m
LtTYoLd
AlTP
RjYeL[
ReL[LY Lij k Li NVpTPm AjRm
jRULj RWlThs[],
AVp.
RphT
TVuTL[]Y
TPd
LjLPu u QdLlTh. AYtu Y[ofp dV
TeL
Ydu\],
SP\
LQdLs.
EkRd
FdlT]Lm
RPo
BoYjR
HtTjY]YLm.
AlTPd
LjLs
Utm
LjVp
Y\Lu
UmTht AlTPVLm AUu\],

TPlTLs[ JqY Ehm RWlThs[

GjdLhLs. TtLs Utm [dLlThs[ LhTh
Y\LdPV
J
TXUL
AUu\],
CkR
TtLd oL[ Li. RWlThs[ Tt - PL[f
NTolTRu Xm UQYoLs ReLu k Lsm
RuUVl TNdL m,
RtTRV LtjRp Utm Lt\u RYLd HtT
JqYl
Tm
GjdLhLs
Utm
TtLs
RWlThs[], Bnj \u. UoN] kR]. RuUVURp. YY
LR
VL
U]dLiu
LiYRp
BVYt\
FdlTY]YL AUm,
JqY TPlTu Cp RWlThs[ TtLs
YqY LjL[j RYR UhUu [dLlThs[
LhTL[ TXlTjm LVLm AUu\], Um
CY TPl Utm BndV kR]L[ FdLlTj
GfZXm P SmdLPm RVjPm NkdL m
GuTR BVo EVL Sm\, CqRjp TtL[
BVoLu ERV SPUp UQYoLs ReL[LY odL
Yim GuTR BVo u GoTolTm, UQYoLu
CmVtV] AYoLPV kR] \] Y[oj EVokR
CPjR
APV
ERm
LVLm
AUm,
CR]
ElTjYp Tt\oLs. UQYoLs Utm LR SXm
SYo VYm EQVL ClToLs GuTp BVo
PSmdL Lis[,
BVo UQYo NRVm Utm TUdLPk
CljRLjR Um UuUVPVf NnYRtL] BdLloY
BXN]Ls Utm UoN]eL[ BVo Tm
YWYt\,
K. cYNu

RXYo
XVo

TPjhPm
(1) ALs Utm AdLYLu TVuTLs : Nol A. SoU
TiLs. SoU A LQp. SoU ALQp \p SV
NUuThj Rlu o LQp. Au RWm J Au
R] NRWQ E Ut\eLs. SV NUuTLu RltV
JeLUjRuU. WUo . NUfWt\ NUuTLs. NUTjR]
SV NUuThj Rl. RW\.
(20 periods)
(2) YdPo CVtLRm : Nl TdLm CWi YdPoLd
CPlThP
LQm.
Nl
TdLju
TiLs.
TVuTLs. YdPo TdLm YXdL Utm CPdL AUl.
YdPo TdLju TiLs. TVuTLs. u YdPoLu
TdLm N lTdLm. N lTdLju
TiLs. YdPo lTdLm. Su YdPoLu YdPo
TdLm. Su YdPoLu Nl TdLm. LLs J
s Utm C YdPd CQVL. C sLs YVLf
Npm SodLLu NUuTLs (YWV\ RYpX) C
LLu CPlThP LQm, JW R[jp AUVd LLs
C LLd CPlThP f Wm. C LLs Yhd
Ls[ TkR]. Yhm s. u sLu JW
LhPUj RuU. R[eLs (YWV\Ls RYpX) - J
s Utm J YdPdf NejRL Bk R[ju
RX Utm AXf NeL YdPo J s YVLm
C YdPoLd CQVLm C sLs YVLm J
YdPd CQVLm JW LhXUVR u sLs
YfNpm C R[eLu YhdL Yf Npm
R[eLu NUuT LQp, J R[jtm J sdm
CPlThP Wm. C SodLL[ Es[PdV R[ju
NUuT. C R[eLd CPlThP LQm. J Lhtm
J R[jtm CPlThP LQm, L[m (YWV\Ls
RYpX) UVlsu X YdPo Utm BWm
hPju ]lsLs Xm L[ju YdPo Utm
LoVu NUuTLs LQp,
(28 periods)
(3) LXlTiLs : LXlTi Rl. CQd LXlTi TiLs.
YNhPf NL[L GRp LXlTiu Uh TiLs.
YYdLR EYUl [dLm. Y YYm. RuU Ul.
CQ Gi. hPp. jVNm. TdLp. YjRp. LXlTiLu
YdPo [dLm. Tpld LYf NUuTLu oLs. UnYu Rt\m ARu TVuTLm. LXlTiu XeLs
n-Bm T. lT. SuLm T XeLs,
(20 periods)
(4) T\ YYdLRm : m Y[Ls-YWV\ m
Y[u Tf NUuT. Tf NUuTh]l Tj
YLlTjRp. UVj RXj RLYl Tj m

Y[] YLlTjRp. TWY[Vm (YW\. Td

RYpX) hPf NUuT. TWY[VjR YWRp. \ hP
YYeLs. BV CPUt\m NnRp \. TWY[Vju hPf
NUuThu T YYm. X SP\d LQdLs, sYhPm
(YW\. Td RYpX) hPYYf NUuT.
sYhPm YWRp. sYhPju Ut\ YYm. sYhPju
hPf NUuThu T YYm. X SP\d LQdLs.
ATWY[Vm (YW\. Td RYpX) hPf NUuT.
ATWY[Vm YWRp. ATWY[Vju Ut\ YYm. m
Y[Lu QVXf NUuTLs. SiLs. RLLs
Utm NeLLs LoVu AUl. QVX AUl.
RXj RLLs. NqYL ATWY[Vm (YW\.
Td RYpX) hPf NUuT,
(30 periods)
(5) YL iLRm TVuTLs I : YLdL Um A[Y U
Rm RPo ULu U Rm. YLdL Nnu A[Y
RL. NeL Um Y[YWLd CPlThP LQm.
CPUlj Rt\eLs Wp Rt\m. XdWgu CPUlj
Rt\m PnXo . UdXu . XRs . RdL
Xls. Tm No. \m No. TUeLs. UeLs. .
. Y[ Ut\l sLs,
(28 periods)
ZLm RWV
(6) YL iLRm TVuTLs II :
UlLmRlZ. NoZ. dLhlZ. Y[YW
YWRp. T YLPp Xu Rt\m
(10 periods)
(7) RL iLRm TVuTLs : YLVjRj RLu
TiLs. sinnx Um cosnxu dL YnT (Ls Uhm).
TWl. [m. L] A[. Um \lTWl,
(22 periods)
(8) YLdLf NUuTLs : YLdLf NUuThP AUjRp.
YN. T Rp YN YLd L NUuTL[j ojRp
dLdV ULs. NUTjR]. SV NUuTLs. CWiPm
YN RtT YLd
Lf NUuTLs (UL[d
mx
LdL[Ld LiP) f(x) = e , sinmx, cos mx, x, x2
(18 periods)
(9) RXd LQdVp : (9A) RodLd LRm RodL\ t.
CQlLs. Un AhPYQ. UnU,
(9B) XeLs : Dlf NV AWdXm. NUPV
AWdLXm XeLs. Xju YN. J Elu YN (GV
TiLs. LQdLs Uhm)
(18 periods)
(10) LrRLl TWYp : NUYnl U. LrRL APojf No. TWYp
No. LR GoTol. XdL YodL NWN. RXl TWYp :
Dl TWYp. Tn^u TWYp. RPo TWYp: CVpXl TWYp,
(16 periods)
UjRm 210 periods

T[PdLm
TdL Gi
p Lm
TPjhPm
1. ALs Utm AdLYLu TVuTLs

1.1

ALm

1.2

Nol A

1.3

SoU

1.4

J Au RWm

1.5

SV NUuTLu
RltV JeLUjRuU

2. YdPo CVtLRm

14
21
50

2.1

ALm

50

2.2

CWi YdPoLd CPlThP LQm

50

2.3

Nl TdLm

50

2.4

YdPo TdLm

68

2.5

u YdPoLu TdLm

86

2.6

LLs

97

2.7

R[eLs

111

2.8

L[m

131

3. LXlTiLs

137

3.1

ALm

137

3.2

LXlTi Rl

138

3.3

CQd LXlTi

138

3.4

LXlTiL[ YNhPf NL[L GRp

143

3.5

LXlTiu Uh

144

3.6

YYd LR EYUl

148

3.7

Tpld LYf NUuTLu oLs

164

3.8

-UnYu Rt\m ARu TVuTLm

167

3.9

LXlTiu XeLs

173

4. T\ YYd LRm

182

4.1

ALm

182

4.2

m Y[Ls

188

4.3

TWY[Vm

190

4.4

sYhPm

212

4.5

ATWY[Vm

237

4.6

m Y[Lu QVXf NUuTLs

258

4.7

SiLs. RLLs Utm NeLLs

259

4.8

RXj RLLs

272

4.9

NqYL ATWY[Vm

280

TpYnl PV ]dLs

287

PLs

302

1, ALs Utm AdLYLu

TVuTLs
(APPLICATIONS OF MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS)

1,1 ALm :
AL[l
TtV
AlTP
YWV\Ls.
NRWQ
Nn\Ls. TiLs BVYt\l Tt UQYoLs u]W
Aks[]o,
ALd
CPV
YjRp
YWVdLlTYpX, YjRdl TXL ARt DP]
Au SoU Gu\ LsL ALlTjRlThs[,
CR]l Tt Ce YLd LiTm, J Au SoU
AV YWVdL YNVL Nol A GuTR] Rp
YWVlTm,

1,2 Nol A (Adjoint) :

A = [aij] GuT J n-Bm YN NW A GuL, Aij GuT
aij-Cu CQdLW GuL. AqY\u [Aij]T-B] A-Cu
Nol A G]lTm, G]Y.
A-Cu CQdLW A
[Aij]-Cu WWp Ut AVjRu A-Cu Nol A
Gu\m,
LsL : A GuT J nBm YN NW A Gp.
A (adjA) = | A | In = (adj A) A Bm. Ce In GuT n-Bm YN AX
AVm,
TQm : Sm CdLsLV J 3-Bm YN NW A A-d
lTm,
a11 a12 a13

a31
A
11
adj A = A12
A13

GuL,
a33
A31

A32 Bm,
A33

A = a21 a22 a23

a32
A21
A22
A23

A (adj A)-Cu

(i, j)-Y El = ai1 Aj1 + ai2 Aj2 + ai3 Aj3 = = | A | ; i = j Gp

= 0 ; i j Gp

0
| A | 0
1 0 0

A (adj A) = 0 | A | 0 = | A | 0 1 0 = | A | I3

0
0 0 1
0 | A |
CqY\ Sm (adj A)A = | A | I3 G] YXm,
A (adj A) = | A | I3 = (adj A) A
TYL. Sm A (adj A) = | A | In = (adj A) A G] YXm,

a b
GjdLh 1.1 : A =
Gu\ Au Nol AVd
c d
LiL,
ol :
a-Cu CQdLW = d, b-Cu CQdLW = c, c-Cu
CQdLW = b Utm d-Cu CQdLW = a. CqQd
LWL[ YNdWUUL Gjd LsYRu Xm AUm
A A-Cu CQdLW AVm,

d c
.
b a

A-Cu CQdLW A =

CkR CQdLW Au WL[m

CPUt\m NnP. A-Cu Nol A Pdm,

WpL[m

d b

c a

A-Cu Nol A =

GjdLh 1.2 : A = 1
2
1

1
2

3
1

3 -Cu Nol AVd LiL,

1
o : CQdLWLs uYU :

2 3
=3
1 3
1 3
=
= 9
2 3
1 2
=
=5
2 1

1-Cu CQdLW = A11 =

1-Cu CQdLW = A12
1Cu CQdLW = A13

 1 1
=4
1 3
1 1
=1

2 3
1 1

=3
2 1
1 1

=5
2 3
1 1

=4
1 3
1 1
=1

1 2

1-Cu CQdLW = A21 =

2-Cu CQdLW = A22 =
3-Cu CQdLW = A23 =
2-Cu CQdLW = A31 =
1-Cu CQdLW = A32 =
3-Cu CQdLW = A33 =

3
A-Cu CQdLW = 4
5
3
T
adj A = (Aij) = 9
5

9 5
1
4
4
1
3

1
5

4
1
3

1 2
Gp. A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I2
1 4

GjdLh 1.3 : A =
GuTR]f NTo,
o :

1
1
4
adj A =
1
1
A (adj A) =
1
4
(adj A) A =
1
A=

2
1 2
, | A | =
=2
1 4
4
2

1
2 4 2

=
4 1 1 0
2 1 2 2

=
1 1 4 0

(1) Utm (2)-Ck

1 0
=2
= 2I2
0 1
2
0

1 0
= 2
= 2I2
0 1
2

A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I2.

(1)
(2)


GjdLh 1.4 : A = 1
2
1

3
1

3 Gp. A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I3

2
1

G] NTodL,

3
o : GjdLh 1.2-Cp. Sm adj A = 9
5

4 5
1
3

1
4

Lis[m,

| A | = 1
2
1

A (adj A) = 1
2
1

= 1(6 3) 1 (3 + 6) + 1( 1 4) = 11
3
1
11 0 0
3 4 5
3 9 1
4
= 0 11 0
0 0 11
3 5 3
1
1

2
1
1
2

1
1 0 0

= 11 0 1 0 = 11 I3 = | A | I3

0 0 1
1 1
1
3 4 5

(adj A) A = 9
5

4 1
1 2

3
1
0 0

2
1

11
3 = 0
3 0

= 11 0 1 0 = 11 I3 = | A | I3

0 0 1
(1) Utm (2)-Ck Sm TY
A(adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I3

(1)
0
11
0

11
0

(2)

1,3 SoU (Inverse) :

A GuT J n-Bm YN NW A GuL. AB = BA = In
GU J A B-I LQ kRp BB] A-Cu SoU
A G]lTm, CkXp A-B] SoU LQjRdL
G]lTm, J A A-d SoU A Clu. A JUj
RuU (unique)
YnkRRm, ARY J Ad Jud
UtThP SoU A CdL V, CR]d LQ A-Cu C
SoU ALs B Utm C G]d LsYUu.

AB = BA = In
AC = CA = In
ClT AB= In

C(AB) = CIn (CA)B = C

InB = C B = C

(1)
(2)
(Nol TiuT)

G]Y. SoU AV] JUjRuU YnkRRm,

Aj. Sm SoU A LiTRtL] YnThPd
LiTm,
HtL]Y. Sm A-J n-Bm YN NW AVu.
A(adj A) = (adj A)A = | A | In G]l TojRm,
A-GuT fVUt\ LY A (non-singular matrix) G]d
LsYUu. | A | 0.
UtLiP NUuThP | A |-Bp YdL.
1
1

A | A | (adj A) = | A | (adj A) A = In G] AP\m,

1
CfNUuThk A-Cu SoU AV] | A | (adj A)
GuTR A\m, CR] A1G] du\m, Nol Au
YXL J Au SoU\d LiTRtL] YnT
uYU:
A GuT fVUt\ LY AVu A-dV SoU A
1
LQ CVm. A A1 = | A | (adj A) GuTRm,

1,3,1 TiLs (Properties) :

1, SoULdV YNUt (Reversal Law for Inverses) :
A Utm B BVY JW YN LiP HRm C
fVUt\ LY ALs GuL, AqY\u AB-m J
fVUt\ LY AVm, Um.
(AB)1 = B1 A1
ARY. TdLu SoU AV] SoU ALu
YN Utl TdLdf NUUm,
TQm : A Utm B fVUt\ LY ALs GuL, | A | 0
Utm | B | 0 Bm,

| AB | = | A | | B | G] SUdj Rm,
| A | 0, | B | 0 | A | | B | 0 | AB | 0
G]Y. AB-m J fVUt\ LY AVm,
AB SoU LQjRdL,
(AB) (B1A1) = A (BB1)A1
= AIA1 = AA1 = I
CqY\ (B1A1) (AB) = I G] YXm,
(AB) (B1A1) = (B1A1) (AB) = I
AB-Cu SoU B1 A1Bm,
i.e., (AB)1 = B1 A1
2, WWp UtdV YNUtl Ti (TQu)
[Reversal Law for Transposes (without proof)] :
A Utm B Gu\ ALs TdLd ELkRYVu.
T
(AB) = BTAT Bm, ARY. TdLu W Wp Ut\] W
Wp Ut\pLu YN Utl TdLdf NUUm,
1

3. A J fVUt\ LY AVu (AT)

= (A 1) Bm,

TQm : AA1 = I = A1 A GuTR Sm AYm,

T

AA1 = I-Cu C\m W Wp Ut LQ. (AA1) = IT

W Wp UtdV YN Utl TilT.
T

(A1) AT = I

(1)

CR Tp A A = I-Cu C\m W Wp Ut LQ.

T

AT(A1) = I
(1) Utm (2)Ck

(2)

T
T
(A1) AT = AT (A1) = I
T

G]Y. (A1) B] AT-Cu SoU\m,

ARY

(AT)

= (A 1)

1,3,2 SoU A LQp (Computation of Inverses) :

RWlThP Ad SoU A LiTRtV \V
uYm GjdLhLs Xm [dYm,
GjdLh 1.5 : uYm ALu SoU AL[d
LiL,

1 2
(i)

1 4

2 1
cos sin
(ii)
(iii)
(iv) 2 2
4 2
sin cos
3

1
2

1
0

o :

1 2
1 2
(i) A =
Gp. | A | =
=20
1 4
1 4
A J fVUt\ LY A, G]Y. SoU LQjRdL,
CQdLWLu AV]
4 1

2 1
4 2
adj A = [Aij]T =

1 1
[Aij] =

2 1
1
1 4 2
= | A | (adj A) = 2
= 1 1
1 1 2 2

2 1
2 1
GuL, | A | =
=0
4 2
4 2

(ii) A =

A B] fVdLY AVm (singular matrix). G]Y A1

LQ V,

cos sin
cos sin
(iii) A =
GuL, | A | =

sin cos
sin cos
= cos2 + sin2 = 1 0
C fVUt\ LY AVm G]Y. A1 LQj
RdLRm,
cos sin
Adj A =

sin cos

1
1 cos sin cos sin
A1 = | A | (Adj A) = 1
=

sin cos sin cos

3 1 1
3 1 1

GuL.
1

(iv) A = 2 2

|A|=

2
1

2
2

=20
1
0

AfVUt\ LY A, G]Y A 1 LQ m,

2 0
=2
2 1
2 0
1Cu CQd LW = A12 =
= 2
1 1
2 2
1Cu CQd LW = A13 =
=6
1 2
1 1
2-Cu CQd LW = A21 =
=1
2 1
3 1
2Cu CQd LW = A22=
= 2
1 1
3 1
0-Cu CQd LW = A23 =
= 5
1 2
1 1
1Cu CQd LW = A31 =
=2
2 0
3 1
2Cu CQd LW = A32 =
=2
2 0
3 1
1-Cu CQd LW A33 =
=8
2 2
3-Cu CQd LW = A11 =

[Aij] = 1
2
2

2 1 2

2 5 ; adj A = 2 2 2
6 5 8
2 8
2 1 2

1
1
1
A = | A | (adj A) = 2 2 2 2
6 5 8
2


= 1
3

1
1 2 1
1
5
2

0 1
1 2
Gp.
Utm B =
1 1
1 2

GjdLh 1.6 : A =

(AB)1 = B1 A1 GuTRf NTodLm,

o : | A | = 1 0 Utm | B | = 1 0

G]Y A Utm B SoU LQjRdLY Bm,

1 2 0 1 2 3
AB =
=

1 1 1 2 1 1
2 3
| AB | =
= 1 0.
1 1
G]Y AB-m SoU LQjRdL,

1 2

1 1

adj A =

1
1
A1 = | A | (adj A) =
1
2
1

adj B =

1 0
2
1
B1 = | B | (adj B) =
1

1 3

1 2

adj AB =

1
1
(AB)1 = | AB | (adj AB) =
1
2 1 1 2
B1 A1 =

=
1 0 1 1

2
1

(1)
3

(1) Utm (2)-Ck Sm TY (AB)1 = B1 A1.

(2)

Tt 1.1
(1) uYm ALd Nol AL[d LiL :
1 2 3
2 5 3
3 1

(ii) 0 5 0
(i)
(iii) 3 1 2

2 4
2 4 3
1 2 1
1 2
(2) A =
Gu\ Au NolTd Li.
3 5
A (adj A) = (adj A)A = | A | . I GuTRf NTodL,
3 3 4

(3) A = 2 3 4 Gu\ Au NolTd Li

1
A (adj A) = (adj A)A = | A | . I GuTRf NTodL,
(4) uYm ALu SoUL[d LiL :
1 0
3
1
1 3 7

(i) 2 1 1
1 1 1
8 1 3
2
(iv) 5 1
10 1 4

(ii) 4 2 3

1 2 1

(iii) 1
0

2 2 1
(v) 1 3 1

1 2 2

2 1
5 2
(5) A =
Gp.
Utm B =
7 3
1 1
(i) (AB)1 = B1 A1

(6)

(7)

3
A = 2
0

(ii) (AB)T = BTAT NTo,

3 4

3 4 Cu SoU Li Utm A3 = A 1 If NTo,

1

1
A= 2
2

2 2
1
2

2 Cu Nol A 3AT G] L,

10

 4 3 3
0
1 Cu Nol A A G] L,
(8) A = 1

4 4 3

2
1
2

1
(9) A = 3

1
4
4

(10) A =

2
1
2

2
1

Gp A1 = AT G] L,

-d. A = A1 G]d LhL,

5

1,3,3 SoU A LQp \p SV NUuTh

Rlu o LQp (Solution of a system of linear equations
by Matrix Inversion method) :
x1, x2, x3 xn GuTY UlPYiV n ULs GuL,
CmULp AUkR ANUTjR] n SV NUuTLu
RlT Gjd LsYm,
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2n xn = b2

an1x1 + an2 x2 + + ann xn = bn

a11 a12 a1n

an

21

a22

an2

a
2n

nn

x b
= Gu\ AUlp Es[,

x b
x1

b1

CqY\L AX = B (1) Gu\ A NUuThP AP\m,

11

a11 a12 a1n

x1

b1

a22

a2n

nn

A=

21

n1

an2

x b

; X= ;B=


x b
a

LdLu A A-B] fVUt\ LY AVu

A Id LQXm, (1)-Cu u\UL A1Bp TdL.

A1 (AX) = A1B
(A1A)X = A1B
IX = A1B

X = A1B GuT (1)Cu oYm,

G]Y X Gu\ o YdPo LQ A1-Id
AYVU\, Um Cjo JUj oYm,
GjdLh 1.7 : SoU ALQp \p odL :
x + y = 3, 2x + 3y = 8
o :
RWlThP NUuTL[l uYU GRXm,

1 1 x 3
=

2 3 y 8

Ce

AX = B
1 1
|A| =
=10
2 3

A fVUt\ LY A BRXp A1 LQm,

3 1

2 1

A1 =
X = A1B GuT oYm,

12

LiT

x 3 1 3

=
y 2 1 8
x 1
=
y 2
x = 1, y = 2
GjdLh 1.8 : SoU A LQp \p odL :
2x y + 3z = 9, x + y + z = 6, x y + z = 2
o : RWlThP NUuTLu A AUl
1 3

x 9
1 1 y = 6

1 1 z 2
9
x
2 1 3

A X = B, Ce A = 1 1 1, X = y Utm B = 6


z
1 1 1
2
2 1 3
| A | = 1 1 1 = 2 0
1 1 1
2
1
1

AB] fVUt\ LY A. G]Y A1-Id LQ m,

CQdLWL[]Y A11 = 2, A12 = 0, A13 = 2
A21 = 2, A22 = 1, A23 = 1, A31 = 4, A32 = + 1, A33 = 3
CQdLWL[p EYdLlTm A

2
[Aij] = 2
4
2
A-Cu Nol A = 0
2

1
2
1
1

3
4

1 = adj A
3

1
A-Cu SoU A = | A | (adj A)

13

1
A1 = 2

2
0
2

2 4
1
1

3
1

oY] X = A B Bm,
2 2 4 9
x
y = 1 0 1 1 6
2


z
2 1
3 2
2
1
1
4 = 2
= 2

3
6
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
Tt 1.2
SoU A LQp \p uYm SV NUuThj
RlL[j odLm,
(1) 2x y = 7,
3x 2y = 11
(2) 7x + 3y = 1,
2x + y = 0
(3) x + y + z = 9,
2x + 5y + 7z = 52, 2x + y z = 0
(4) 2x y + z = 7,
3x + y 5z = 13,
x+y+z=5
(5) x 3y 8z + 10 = 0, 3x + y = 4,
2x + 5y + 6z = 13

1,4 J Au RWm (Rank of a Matrix) :

JqY APm. ARu RWm Gu\ J \Vt\
GiQj RPo TjRXm, J Au RWm Gu\
LsLV] NUTjR] Utm ANUTjR]
NUuTh
RlL[j olTp Lm dV Te] Ydu\.
J Au RWjR YWVdL. ET A (Submatrix) Utm
Au t\dLY (Minor of a matrix) BVYt\
YWVjRp AYVUm, A GuT HRm J A GuL,
Ck X WL[m X WpL[m dYRp Pdm
A A-Cu J ET AVm, lTL A-IV Sm A-Cu J ET
AVLd LRXm, A-Cu HRm J NW ET Au
AdLYVjRu A-Cu t\dLY GuTo, NW ET
Au YN r Gp. ARtV t\d LYu YNm r
G]d Ls[lTm,

14

YWV\ :
A Gu\ Au RWm r Gp uYm TkR]Ls
EiUVL Yim,
(i) A B] \kRThNm J r YN fVUt\ t\d
LYVY TtjRp Yim,
(ii) A-Cu JqY (r + 1) YN Utm ARP ALU]
YN
LiP
t\d
LYLu
UlLs
fVeL[jRp Yim,
UtLiP YWV\k J A A-Cu RWm GuT
ARu fVUt\ t\d LYLu EfN YN GuTR
A\m,
A-u RWjR (A) G]d lYo, J fV Au RWm
B] fVm G] YWVdLlTm,
n YN LiP AX Au RWm n Bm, J m n A
A-Cu RWU] m Utm nBp G \Y]R AmUld
LRRL AUm, (A) min {m, n}.
7 1
GjdLh 1.9 :
Au RWm LiL,
2 1
7 1
o : A =
GuL, C 2Bm YN A,
2 1
G]Y A-Cu t\d LYu EfN YNm 2.
7 1
Cft\d LY =
=90
2 1
G]Y. A-Cu fVULR t\d LYu EfN YN 2.
(A) = 2.
2 4
GjdLh 1.10 :
Gu\ Au RWm LiL,
1 2
2 4
o : A =
GuL,
1 2
2 4
A-Cu EfN YN t\d LY
= 0. CWiPm
1 2
YN t\d LY fVUYRp (A) 2, G]Y Rp
YN fVUt\ t\d LYLs A-Cp Es[]Y G]l
TolTm, A-Cp fVUt\ ElLs ClTRp. C
NjVUm, (A) = 1.

15

 1 2 3
GjdLh 1.11 : 2 4 6 Gu\ Au RWm LiL,
5 1 1
1 2 3
o : A = 2 4 6 GuL,
5 1 1
A-Cu EfN YN t\d LY

1
2
5

1
6 = 2 1
5
1
3

2
2

=0
1
3
3

1
1
3-Bm YN t\d LY fVUYRp. (A) 3
2 4

= 22 0
5 1
A-B] 2-Bm YN fVUt\ t\d LY Ju
Tts[Rp. (A) = 2
1 1 1 3

GjdLh 1.12 : 2 1 3

5
1

o : A = 2 1 3

1 7

Gu\ Au RWm LiL,

11
4

GuL,
11
3

1 7
C 3 4 YN A,
A-Cu t\d LYLu EfN YN 3. AY
1 1 1
1 1 3

2
5

= 0 ; 2 1 4 = 0 ;
5 1 11
7
1 1 3
3

4 = 0 ; 1 3 4 = 0

1 7 11
11

1 3

1
1
1

2 3

5 7

16

GpX 3-Bm YN t\d LYLm fVUYRp.

(A) 3, Aj 2-Bm YNp fVUt\ t\d LY
HRm Ju Es[R G]l TolTm, C NjVUm,
1 1
H]p
= 3 0 (A) = 2
2 1
l :
UtLiP GjdLhLu Xm Sm AY
VRp J Au RWm LQ \V Ad LYL[
UlP Yis[, WLs Utm WpLdV NRWQ
EUt\eL[
UtLsYRu
Xm
AdLYL[
UlYp Bm WUjRd \dL m, CqUt\eLs.
RWm LQp Utm AR] RPoPV Ut\ Wf]L[
Gp odL Lm ERVL Cdm,
1,4,1 J Au R] NRWQ EUt\eLs (Elementary

transformations on a Matrix) :
(i) HRm C WL[ (ApX WpL[) CPUt\m
NnRp,
(ii) J Wp (ApX Wp) Es[ JqY ElTm
J fVUt\ NVp TdRp,
(iii) J Wp (ApX Wp) Es[ ElL[ Ut\
Wp (ApX Wp) Es[ JjR ElLPu JW
UVp Td hRp,
UtLiP NRWQ EUt\eL[ YNdWUUL uYm
L[d Li lPXm,
(i) Ri Rj (Ci Cj) ;
(ii) Ri kRi (Ci kCi)
(ii) Ri Ri + kRj (Ci Ci + kCj)
A Utm B GuTY NUYN LiP ALs GuL, CYtp
J AV Ut\ Ak J Y] GidLs[
AlTP EUt\eL[ UtLsYRu Xm TYUu.
A-m B-m NU] ALs G]lTm, A Gu\ A B Gu\ Adf
NU]Us[R A
B Gu\ hPp lPXm,
LsL (TQu) :
NU] ALs NUU] RWeL[l Ttdm,
J Au HT YYm (Echelon form of a matrix) :
A GuT J m n YN A GuL, CqY HT Yp
(dLQ Yp) Es[Ru uYm TkR]Ls EiUVL
Yim,

17

(i) GpXU fV ElL[nd LiP JqY Wm

fVUt\ ElPV Wd Z AURp Yim,
(ii) JqY fVUt\ Wu Rp El 1BL CjRp
Yim,
(iii) fVUt\ Wp Ym Rp fVUt\ Elt
uTL CPmTm fVeLu GidL ARt
Aj Ym Wp Es[ fVeLu GidLV
Pd \YL CjRp Yim,
UtLiP NRWQ EUt\eL[ J Au
NjYRu Xm AkR AV HT Yt GRLd
Li YWm,
LsL (TQu ) :
HT Yp Es[ Au RWU] AqYp Es[
fVUt\ WLu GidLdf NUUm,
l :
(1) UtLiP TkR]LNp TkR] (ii) PlThPm
TRLpX. CR]p UtV LsL TdLlTP,
(A,,). JqY fVUt\ Wp Ym Rp fVUt\
Gi 1 ApXR Y GiQLm CdLXm,
(2) HT Yu Xm J Au RWjR Sm L Gp
LQ m, Ce AdLYLu UlL[d LQ
YiV AYVpX, Ym fVUt\ WLu
GidLV Uhm LiT TU],
J AV HT Yt Ut ARu RWm Lm \V
uYm GjdLhLs Xm [dYm,

1 1 1
GjdLh 1.13 : 2 3 4 Gu\ Au RWm LiL,
3 2 3
1 1 1
o : A = 2 3 4 GuL,
3 2 3
1 1 1 R2 R2 2R1
0 5 6 R3 R3 3R1
0 5 6
18

1
0
0

R3 R3 R2

0
LP NU] AV] HT Yp Es[, Cp
CWi fVUt\ WLs Es[Rp (A) = 2

1
GjdLh 1.14 : 2
3
1 2 3 1
o : A = 2 4 6 2
3 6 9 3

2 3 1

4 6 2 Gu\ Au RWm LiL,

6 9
GuL,

1 2 3 1 R R 2R
2
1
0 0 0 0 2

R3 R3 3R1
0 0 0 0
LP NU] AV] HT Yp Es[, Cp JW
J fVUt\ W Es[Rp. (A) = 1.
4 2 1 3

GjdLh 1.15 : 6 3 4 7 Gu\ Au RWm LiL,

2 1 0 1
4 2 1 3
o : A = 6 3 4 7 GuL,

2 1 0 1
1 2 4 3
4 3 6 7 C C
3

1
0 1 2 1
4
3
1 2

0
1
0

5 10 5 R2 R2 4R1

1
2
1
2 4 3
1
1 2 1 R2 R2
5

1 2 1
19

1 2 4 3
0 1 2 1 R R R
3
2

3
0 0 0 0
LP NU] AV] HT Yp Es[, Um
fVUt\ WLu GidL 2 GuTRp (A) = 2
3 1 5 1

GjdLh 1.16 : 1 2

3
o : A = 1
1

1
2
5

5 1
1

0
0
1
0
0

5 1

R2 R2
R3 R3
7
5

14 R3 R3
7

8 14

7 8
2 1
7

1
3
1

5
2

7
1 2

5 Gu\ Au RWm LiL,

R1 R2 GuL,

3R1
R1

R2

0
0
LP NU] AV] HT Yp Es[, Cp Es[
fVUt\ WLu GidL 3, (A) = 3
Tt 1.3
uYm ALu RWm LiL,
1 1 1
3 1 2 0
6 12 6
(1)

(4)

3
2
0

2
1

2
3
1

(2) 1

1
0
1

1
(5) 2
3

(3) 1 0 1 0

8 4
2 1
4

20

2 1

2
7
3

1
(6) 2
1

3
2
4
2

0
3

6
4

1 3
7

1,5 SV NUuTLu RltV

JeLUjRuU
(Consistency of a system of linear equations) :
AVu TpY Ls. TVp. TVp.
YLVp BV TpY \Lp SV NUuTh RlLs
CVpTLY CPmTYRd LQXm, u] tLu
TlTn.
CWNV]
RtNXLu
YlThPj
oUjRp Tu\ TpY \Lp Gm Wf]Lu
oLs. AYttV SV NUuTL[j olTRf Nok
AUu\],
G]Y.
AjRLV
NUuTL[j
odL
UtLs[dV
\Ls
Lm
dVjYm
YnkR]YVm, CYtu RPoTL. ALs Utm Ad
LYL[l TVuTj NUuTL[j odm \Ls Lm
dV TeL Ydu\],
A SoU \p SV NUuTh RlTj
olTRl Tt u]W TojRm, NUuTLu GidLm
UlPYiV ULu GidLm NUUdmT
UhU A SoU \Vl TVuTjR m, Um
LdLu A fVUt\d LY AVLm CdL Yim,
Cm\p T\lTm o J JUj oYm, B]p.
TYL GpX Wf]Lm NUuTLu GidLm
UlP YiV ULu GidLm NUUdL YiV
RYpX, AlTlThP NUVeLp uYm u XLs
GZ Ynl Ei, NUuTh Rld (1) JW J o
CdLXm (2) Jud UtThP o CdLXm (3) VR
oU CpXUp CdLXm,
JW J oY ApX VR oU CpXdm
Rl UXnp VR dVjYm TYpX, Um
Jut UtThP oLs LiP Ru oLs
A]jU lPjRdL]Yn AUYpX, CYts X
oLs
Ut\YL[d
Lhm
AL
dVjYm
YnkR]YVL Cdm, AYLs \kR o] RokRjRp
AYVUm, SV NUuThj RlL[j odL Lm
ERVL CdLdV
(1) WUo \ (ApX AdLY \)
(2) RW \ BVYt\l Tt ClTp LiTm,
Cm\Lu Xm RWlThP NUuTh Rlt o
Es[R. CpXV GuTR oUdL CVYR Uhu.
AqY o Clu AR]d LiTm NjVU\,

21

1,5,1 o LQeLu YVp TiLs (The Geometry of Solution sets) :

SV NUuTLu Rlu o LQU] RjRf
NUuTLu o LQeLu YhdLQUm, ARY
Rlu GkRY om. AjRlp Es[ JqY
NUuThdm oYL AUm, ax = b (a 0) Gu\ NUuTht
x = b/a B] J JUj o Bm, C SodLhu
AUkR J sVd dm, CqY\L. C ULp AUkR
JW J SV NUuThu o LQU] R[jp AUkR J
SodLPm, u ULp AUkR JW J SVf
NUuThu o LQU] Y[Y Yp AUkR J
R[Um,
[dL GjdLh
I : (UlP YiV ULu
GidL NUuTLu GidL)
uYm u YqY\] NUuTLu oL[
BWnYm,
(i) 2x = 10
(ii) 2x + y = 10
(iii) 2x + y z = 10
(i)-Cu o : 2x = 10 x = 5
(ii)-Cu o : 2x + y = 10
S
CWi ULu UlL[ JW
NUuThk
AV
Yim,
CRt
Sm
x-d
HRm
J
TPm 1.1
UlTj
Ak
y-d
o
LQXm, ApX y-d HRm J
UlTj Ak x d o
S
LQXm,
x = k y = (10 2k)
CqY\L o] k-Cu XUL
T\m, k-d lhP UlLs
TPm 1.2
Y
RYRu
Xm
Sm
lhP
oL[l
T\
m,
S
GjdLhPL
1
k = 1, 2, 5, 3, 2 G]l WYRu Xm
O
X
\V
Z
1
(1, 8), (2, 6), (5, 0), ( 3, 16) Utm 2 , 9

BV oL[l T\m,
TPm 1.3
(iii)-Cu o : 2x + y z = 10

22

Ce
x, y, z BV u ULu UlL[ J Rf
NUuThu Xm LQ Yis[, CRt. HRm C
ULd HRm UlL[ Aj ARum u\Y
Ud o LQXm,
x = s, y = t G]d LiPp z = 2s + t 10 Bm, CY o
LQjRj Rm,
s Utm t-Cu YqY\] UlLd YqY\] oL[
AP\m,
1,5,2

WUo \ (AdLY \) (Cramers Rule

Method [Determinant Method]) :

LlVp WUo (1704 1752) GuTYo J v LRUR,
CYo RjYm. AW . LR YWX Tu\ TX RXlLp
jRLeL[ Gs[o. CYo J AW AYXo. BXVeL[l
ljRp. WR]l TsL[j Ri GjRp Tu\
YXLp DTm RX[oLd \ll Tt AlTp
YpXYo, CYo UQULRYo, RmPV \kR TLdLL
TpY L[l Tt\Yo,
WUu Rt\U] n UlP YiV ULp AUkR n
SVf NUuThj Rld o LiTRt Lm ERVL
CdLdV J jWjR SUdj R\. CfjWjR
WUu Gu\m, CRu Xm oL[d LlTR
Uhu. AYtu LR V] TiL[l Ttm AV
\,
Rt\m1.1 (TQu) WUu : AX = B GuT n UlP
YiV ULp AUkR NUuThj Rl GuL, det(A) 0
GuL, AqY\u RWlThP Rlt J JUj o LQ
m, CjoY]
det (A1)
det (A2)
det (An)
x1 = det (A) , x2 = det (A) , xn = det (A)
Ce Aj Gu\ AV] A-Cu j-Y Ws[
b1
ElLdl TXL B =

b
2

bn

WPd Pdm AVm,

23

Gu\ As[ ElL[l

CWi
UlP
YiV
ULp
AUkR
NUfWt\
NUuTLdV WUu (Cramers Rule for Non
homogeneous equations of 2 unknowns) :
CWi UlP YiV ULs x, y-Cp AUkR CWi
SVf NUuTLs LiP Rl] Gjd LsYm,
a11x + a12y = b1
(i)
(ii)

a21x + a22y = b2
a11 a12
Let =

a21 a22

a11 a12
=
a21 a22

x. = x

a11x a12

a21x a22

b1 a12y

a12

b2 a22y

a22

((i) Utm (ii) NUuTLk)

b1 a12
a12 a12
y
(AdLY TiLuT)
b2 a22
a22 a22

b1 a12
y . 0 (AdLY TiuT)
b2 a22
b1 a12
x. =
= x (GuL)
b2 a22
a11 b1
y. =
= y (GuL)
a21 b2
b1
Ce xI -Cu Rp WX -Bp WYRm y I b2
b
1
Cu CWiPm X Bp WYRm T\Xm,
b2
=

x
x = x x =

y
( 0BL Cdm YW)
y = y y =

24

, x, y BVY JU UlPVR]Y BRp. UtLiP

NUuThj Rltm J JUj oY Pdm,
(JeLU Es[), UX YdLlThP \VjRu WUu
Gu\m, C 0 G] CdmT UhU NVtTjR
m GuTR AL,
= 0BL CdLp RWlThP Rl JeLU Es[RLY
ApX JeLU At\RLY CdLXm,
X 1 : = 0 Utm x = 0, y = 0 Um a11, a12, a21, a22 BV
LdLp HRm Jum fVUt\Ru. Rlt
GidLVt\
oLs
LQm,
G]Y.
CkXp
NUuThj Rl JeLU EPVRm,
X 2 : = 0 Utm x, y-Lp HRm Ju fVUt\Ru.
Rl JeLU At\Rm, ARY. ARt o LQ V,
CkXL[ [dYRt HYL. C ULp AUkR
uYm u NUuThj RlL[ Gjd LsL,
(1) x + 2y = 3
(2) x + 2y = 3
(3) x + 2y = 3
x+y=2
2x + 4y = 6
2x + 4y = 8
JW J o
o (1) :
Y
1 2
=
= 1 GuL,
1 1
3 2
S
x =
= 1
2 1
O
X
1 3
X+2Y = 3
=

1
y =

X+Y = 2
1 2
TPm 1.4
0 GuTRp. Rlt J Rjo Pdm, WUu
y
x
x=
=1 ; y=
= 1
(x, y) = (1, 1)
lT.

GidLVt\ o
o (2) :
Y
1
2

=
= 0 GuL,
2 4
3 2
x =
= 0
o
X
6 4
S
1
3

X + 2Y = 3
y =
= 0
2X + 4Y = 6
2 6
TPm 1.5

25

 = 0 Utm x = 0, y = 0. Um a11, a12, a21, a22Lp \kR

Ju\Y fVUt\Ru GidLVt\ oLs Cdm,
UtLiP Rl x + 2y = 3 Gu\ J RfNUuTPL Um,
CR]j odL y = k G]d Li. x = 3 2y = 3 2k
oY] x = 3 2k, y = k ; k R
k-Cu YqY UlLd. YqY oLs T\Xm,
lTL (1, 1), ( 1, 2), (5 1) Utm (8, 2.5) BVY \V
k = 1, 2, 1 Utm 2.5 G]lWYRp T\lTm oL[m,
o CpX
o (3) :
Y
1 2
=
= 0 ;
2 4
3 2
1 3
x =
= 4 ; y =
=2
8 4
2 8
o
X
= 0 Utm x 0,
2X + 4Y = 8
X + 2Y = 3
y 0, G]Y Rl
JeLU CpXR, BLY
TPm 1.6
o LQ V,
1,5,3 u UlP YiV UL[d LiP NUfWt\
NUuTLs (Non homogeneous equations of three unknowns) :
a11x + a12y + a13z = b1
a21x + a22y + a23z = b2
a31x + a32y + a33z = b3 Gu\ SVf NUuThj Rl]
Gjd LsYm,
u YdLlThP TXY , x, y Utm zI
YWVlTm,
a11 a12 a13
b1 a12 a13

a21
a31
a
11
y = a21
a31

a22
a32
b1
b2
b3

,
a33
a13

a23 ,
a33
a23

a
a
b
2 22 23
b3 a32 a33
a
b
a
11 12 1
z = a21 a22 b2
a31 a32 b3

x =

CWi ULd YjR TXY. UtLiP Rlu

ojRdV \L[d LiTm,

26

X 1 : 0 Gp RWlThP Rl JeLU EPVRm,

WUo Vl TVuTj Rlu oYd LQXm,
X 2 : = 0 Gp u dV (ETXL[) AP\m,
ETX 2(a) : = 0 Utm x, y, z-p HRm J Ul
fVUt\Ru. Rlt o LQV, CkXp
NUuTLs odLj RdLY ApX,
ETX 2(b) : = 0 Utm x = y = z = 0 Um -u 2 2
t\ LY fVUt\Ru Rl JeLU EPVRm,
Um GidLVt\ oLs Pdm, CkXp u
NUuTL[]Y. CWi NUuTL[Ld \k m,
CR]j odL CWi RkR NUuTL[ Gjd LsYm,
u UlP YiV ULp Jut HRm J
Ul] Rk ARu Xm Ut\ C ULu Ul[m
LQXm,
ETX 2(c) : = 0 Utm x = y = z = 0 Um GpX (2 2)
t\d LYLu Ul fVeL[ B]p u \kR
J ElTY fVUt\Ru (aij 0). RlT] JeLU
EPVRm, GidLVt\ oLs Pdm, CkXp
RWlThP RlT] JW J NUuTht \m, CR]j
odL HRm C ULd HRm UlL[j Rk AYtu
Xm u\Y Uu UlT AVXm,
ETX 2(d) : = 0, x = y = z = 0 Um p Es[ GpX
2 2 t\dLYLu Ul fVeL[. B]p x ApX
y ApX z-u HRm J 2 2 t\d LYu Ul
fVUt\RL Clu. Rl JeLU At\Rm,
Rt\m 1.2 (TQu) :
J ANUTjR] SVf NUuThj Rlp UlP
YiV ULu GidL NUuTLu GidLV P
ALUk JeLU EPVRm Clu. AjRlt
GidLVt\ oLs Cdm,
UtLiP
XL[
[dYRt
HYL
uYm
GjdLhL[d LiTm,
(1) 2x + y + z = 5
(2) x + 2y + 3z = 6
x+y+z=4
x+y+z=3
x y + 2z = 1
2x + 3y + 4z = 9
(3) x + 2y + 3z = 6
(4) x + 2y + 3z = 6
(5) x + 2y + 3z = 6
2x + 4y + 6z = 12
x+y+z=3
2x + 4y + 6z = 12
3x + 6y + 9z = 18
2x + 3y + 4z = 10
3x + 6y + 9z = 24

27

o (1) :
2x + y + z = 5 ; x + y + z = 4 ;
2
1 1

= 1 1 1 = 3

1 1 2
5 1 1
x = 4 1 1 = 3

1 1 2

x y + 2z = 1
JW J o

TPm 1.7

2 1 5
2 5 1

z = 1 1 4 = 3
y = 1 4 1 = 6 ;

1 1 2
1 1 1
= 3, x = 3, y = 6, z = 3
0 WUu lT Rlt JW J oRu
Cdm,
x 3
y 6
z
x = = 3 = 1, y =
= 3 = 2, z =
=1

x = 1, y = 2, z = 1 oYm,
(x, y, z) = (1, 2, 1)
o (2) :
x + 2y + 3z = 6 ; x + y + z = 3 ; 2x + 3y + 4z = 9
1 2 3
6 2 3

x = 3 1 1 = 0
= 1 1 1 =0 ;

2 3 4
9 3 4
1 6 3
1 2 6
y = 1 3 1 = 0 ;
z = 1 1 3 = 0

2 9 4
2 3 9
= 0 Utm x = y = z = 0 B]p \kR J 2 2 t\d
LYu Ul fVUt\RlTRp Rl JeLU
1 2 0 GidLVt\ oL[l Ttdm,
EPVRm,
1 1

28

RWlThP Rl CWi NUuTLd \m z = k G]d

LsYRu Xm Rp C NUuTL[Y].

i.e.,

x + 2y + 3k
x+y+k
x + 2y
x+y

=
=
=
=

GidLVt\ oLs

6
3
6 3k
3k

1 2
=1
=
1 1
TPm 1.8

6 3k 2
= 6 3k 6 + 2k = k
3 k 1

x =

1 6 3k
= 3 k 6 + 3k = 2k 3
1 3 k

y =

oY]

x=

x
k
=
= k

y=

y
2k 3
=
= 3 2k

x = k, y = 3 2k Utm z = k

i.e.
(x, y, z) = (k, 3 2k, k). k R
lTL k = 1, 2, 3, 4 G]d LsYRu Xm \V
(1, 1, 1), (2, 1, 2), (3, 3, 3), (4, 5, 4) BVYt\ APVXm,
o (3) :
x + 2y + 3z = 6 ; 2x + 4y + 6z = 12 ;

1 2 3
= 2 4 6 = 0

3 6 9

3x + 6y + 9z = 18

6 2 3
x = 12 4 6 = 0

18 6 9

1 6 3
1 2 6

y = 2 12 6 = 0 ; z = 2 4 12 = 0

3 18 9
3 6 18
Ce = 0 Utm x = y = z = 0.

29

Um GpX 2 2 t\d
LYLu
UlLs
fVm
Bu\],
-u
\kR
J
ElTY
fVUt\RRXp
GidLVt\
oLs
Cdm,
UtLiP NUuThj Rl J
NUuThd \m,

GidLVt\ oLs

TPm 1.9

LdLlThP RlT] x + 2y + 3z = 6 Bm,

y = s, z = t GU HR UlL[j RW.
x = 6 2y 3z = 6 2s 3t
oY] x = 6 2s 3t, y = s, z = t
i.e. (x, y, z) = (6 2s 3t, s, t) s, t R
s,
t-Cu
AP\m,

YqY

UlLd

TpY

oL[

o (4) :
x + 2y + 3z = 6 ; x + y + z = 3 ;
1 2 3
= 1 1 1 = 0

2 3 4

2x + 3y + 4z = 10
o CpX

6 2 3
x = 3 1 1 = 1

10 3 4
TPm 1.10
= 0, x 0 GuTRp NUuThj Rl JeLU
At\Rm, (x, y, z-Cp \kR Ju\Y fVUt\) o
PV,
o (5) :
x + 2y + 3z = 6
1
= 2

;
2x + 4y + 6z = 12 ; 3x + 6y + 9z = 24
2 3
6 2 3
4 6 = 0 ;
x = 12 4 6 = 0

24 6 9
6 9

30

1 6 3
y = 2 12 6 = 0 ;

3 24 9

1 2 6
z = 2 4 12 = 0

3 6 24

Ce = 0 Utm x = y = z = 0.
o CpX
-Cu GpX 2 2 Ad LY
UlLs fVeLs Bm, B]p
x ApX y-Cu J 2 2
AdLYu
UlT]
(x-Cp
fVUt\Rs[Rp.
Es[
3-Cu
t\dLY
12 4 0)
24 6
TPm 1.11
Rl JeLU At\Rm, G]Y CRt o PV,
GjdLh 1.17: AdLY \p uYm NUuTLu
RlL[j odL,
(1)
x + y = 3,
(2) 2x + 3y = 8,
(3) x y = 2,
2x + 3y = 7
4x + 6y = 16
3y = 3x 7
o
(1) : x + y = 3 ; 2x + 3y = 7
1 1
=
= 3 2 = 1, ; 0 GuTRp JW J
2 3
oRu Ei,
3 1
1 3
x =
= 9 7 = 2 ; y =
=76=1
7 3
2 7
= 1,

x = 2,

y = 1

WUu lT.
x=

x 2
= 1 =2

; y =

y
1
= 1 = 1

o (x, y) = (2, 1)
o (2) : 2x + 3y = 8 ; 4x + 6y = 16

2 3
= 12 12 = 0
4 6

31

 8 3
= 48 48 = 0
16 6
2 8
y =
= 32 32 = 0
4 16

x =

= 0 Utm x = y = 0 GuTRm. -Cu \kR J L

aijBY fVUt ClTRp. Rl JeLU EPVRm,
GidLVt\ oLs Pdm,
GpX 2 2 t\d LYLs fVeL[Lm. \kR J
(1 1) t\dLY fVUt\ BRXp Rl JW J
RfNUuTht \m, x (ApX y)-d HRm J
UlTj y (ApX x)Cu UlTd LQXm.
1
x = t G]j RW y = 3 (8 2t).
8 2t
G]Y o LQU] (x, y) = t, 3 , t R

lTL
(x, y) = (1, 2)
t = 1 Gp
(x, y) = ( 2, 4)
t = 2 Gp
1
1
(x, y) = 2 , 3
t = 2 Gp

o (3) : x y = 2 ; 3y = 3x 7
1 1
=
= 0,
3 3
2 1
x =

7 3 = 1
= 0 Utm x 0 Rl JeLU At\, o
PV,
GjdLh 1.18 :
RlL[j odL:
(1)
x + 2y + z = 7
2x y + 2z = 4
x + y 2z = 1
x + y + 2z = 4
(4)
2x + 2y + 4z = 8
3x + 3y + 6z = 12

uYm
(2)

ANUTjR]

x + y + 2z = 6
3x + y z = 2
4x + 2y + z = 8
(5) x + y + 2z = 4
2x + 2y + 4z = 8
3x + 3y + 6z = 10

32

(3)

NUuThj
2x + 2y + z = 5
xy+z=1
3x + y + 2z = 4

o : x + 2y + z = 7,
1 2
=

2
1

2x y + 2z = 4,
1

x + y 2z = 1

= 15
2
2

1
0 GuTRp JW J oRu Ei,
7
2
1
1 7

x = 4 1 2 = 15
1 1 2
1 2
7

z = 2 1 4 = 30
1 1 1

1
2 = 30

; y = 2 4

1 1 2

= 15, x = 15, y = 30, z = 30

WUo lT.
y
z
x
= 1, y = = 2, z = = 2
x=

o (x, y, z) = (1, 2, 2)
o (2) : x + y + 2z = 6,
3x + y z = 2,
4x + 2y + z = 8
1
1
2
6
1
2

= 3 1 1 = 0, x = 2 1 1 = 0,

4
1
y = 3

2
6

1
2

2 1 = 0,

8
1
z = 3

2 1
1 6
1 2 = 0

2 8
1
= 0 Utm x = y = z = 0 Um -u (2 2) t\d
LYLp HRm Ju fVUt\, BRXp. Rl
JeLU EPV Um GidLVt\ oLs Ttdm,
C RkR NUuTL[ Gjd Li. HRm J
Ud HRm J Ul RYRu Xm Ut\ C ULu
UlL[d LQXm,
z = k R GuL,
x + y =6 2k
3x + y = 2 + k
8

33

1 1
=13=2
3 1

6 2k 1
= 6 2k 2 k = 4 3k
2 + k 1

x =

1 6 2k
y =
= 2 + k 18 + 6k = 7k 16
3 2 + k
WUu lT
x=

x
4 3k
1
=
= 2 (3k 4)

y=

y
7k 16
1
=
= 2 (16 7k)

o LQU]
3k 4 16 7k
(x, y, z) = 2 ,
, k
2

kR

k = 2 Utm 2dV. lhP oL[]Y. \V

( 5, 15, 2) Utm (1, 1, 2) Bm
o (3) : 2x + 2y + z = 5,

x y + z = 1,

2 2 1
= 1 1 1 = 0

3 1 2

3x + y + 2z = 4

5 2 1
; x = 1 1 1 0

4 1 2

= 0 Utm x 0 (x, y, z-u UlLp \kR HRm

Ju fVUt\) GuTRp. Rl JeLU At\, ARY
CRt o PV,
o (4) : x + y + 2z = 4,
2x + 2y + 4z = 8,
3x + 3y + 6z = 12
1 1 2
4 1 2
= 2 2 4 = 0

3 3 6

x = 8 2 4 = 0

12 3 6

1 4 2
y = 2 8 4 = 0,

3 12 6

1 1 4
z = 2 2 8 = 0

3 3 12

34

 = 0 Utm x = y = z = 0 Um , x, y, z-Cu GpX 2 2

t\d LY UlLm fVeLs BRXp X 2(c)-CuT
A JeLU EPV, GidLVt\ oL[l Ttdm,
( -Cu \kR J L aijBY fVUt\Rs[Rp.
CjRl JW J NUuTht \m)
x = s Utm y = t GuL, Rp NUuThk
1
z = 2 (4 s t) o L]U]
4 s t
(x, y, z) = s, t,
2 , s, t R

s = t = 1 Gp (x, y, z) = (1, 1, 1)
3
s = 1, t = 2 Gp (x, y, z) = 1, 2, 2

o (5) : x + y + 2z = 4,

2x + 2y + 4z = 8,

3x + 3y + 6z = 10

1 1 2
= 2 2 4 = 0

3 3 6

1 4 2
y = 2 8 4 = 0

3 10 6

4 1 2
x = 8 2 4 = 0,

10 3 6

1 1 4
z = 2 2 8 = 0

3 3 10

= 0 Utm x = y = z = 0. Um -u GpX 2 2 t\d

LYLu UlLs fVUYRm. x, y Utm z-Cu X
t\d LYLs fVUt\Rs[Rp Rl JeLU
At\, G]Y ARt o PV,
GjdLh 1.19 : J Tp , 1. Utm , 2. Utm ,5
SQVeLs Es[], Tn 100 Ult UjRm 30 SQVeLs
Es[], AqY\u JqY YLm Es[ SQVeLu
GidLV LiL,
o :
,1, ,2 Utm , 5 YLp Es[ SQVeLu GidLLs
\V x, y Utm z GuL, RWlThP YWlT
x + y + z = 30
(i)
x + 2y + 5z = 100
(ii)

35

u UlP YiV ULm B]p CWi

NUuTLm UhU Es[], zd HRm J Ul k Aj x
Utm y-Cu UlT LQXm,
NUuTLs (i) Utm (ii) B]
(i)

x + y = 30 k

(ii)

x + 2y = 100 5k

kR

30 k 1
1 30 k
1 1
=
= 3k 40, y =
= 70 4k
= 1, x =
1 2
100 5k 2
1 100 5k
WUu lT
x =

x
= 3k 40,

y=

y
= 70 4k

o (x, y, z) = (3 k 40, 70 4k, k) k R.

SQVeLu GidL J \Vt\ Gi BRXp
k = 0, 1, 2
Um 3k 40 0,

Utm 70 4k 0 14 k 17

G]Y. (2, 14, 14), (5, 10, 15), (8, 6, 16) Utm (11, 2, 17) BVY
NjVj oL[m,
1,5,4 NUTjR] SV NUuThj Rl (Homogeneous linear

system) :
YXlTdLjs[ U ElLs Vm fVeL[Ld
LiP SVf NUuThj Rl NUTjR] SVf
NUuThj RlTm, CRu AUl
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + + a1n xn = 0
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + + a2n xn = 0
.
.
am1x1 + am2 x2 + .. + amn xn = 0
CjRl GlTU JeLU EPVRm, H]p
x1 = 0, x2 = 0 xn = 0 CRu J oYm, Cjo] YlTPj
o GuTo, Ut\ oLs CdUu AYt\ YlTPVt\
oLs GuTo,

36

NUTjR] SVf NUuThj Rlt uYU

oLs AUV Ynl Es[,
(i) YlTPj o UhU AUY
(ii) YlTPj
o
UhUpXUp
GidLVt\
YlTPVt\ oLm AUY,
GjdLhPL
CWi
Y
ULp
AUkR
CWi
X Y =0
NUTjR] SVf NUuTL[
Gjd LsYm,
S

x+y = 0
xy = 0

Cq
NUuTLm
BYVf
Npm
CWi
SoLL[j Ru\], G]Y
YlTP
oY]
Cq
SodLLm YhdLsm
sV] BVm,
Z RWlThs[ Rl
xy = 0
2x 2y = 0
B YV Npu\ JW J
SodLPm, G]Y Rlt
GidLVt\ oLs Cdm,

X +Y =0

TPm 1. 12
Y
X+ Y= 0
2X + 2Y = 0

TPm 1.13
ULu GidL NUuTLu GidLV P ALUL
CdLp YlTPVt\ oLs fNVUL PlTRt
YnlLs Ei,
Rt\m 1.3 : (TQu)
ULu GidL NUuTLu GidLV P
ALUL LiP NUTjR] SVf NUuThj Rlt
GiQt\ oLs Pdm,
GjdLh 1.20 :
o :

x + y + 2z = 0
2x + y z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0

37

o :

1 1 2
= 2 1 1 = 3

2 2 1
0 BRXp Rl JW J o]d Lidm,
G]Y UtLiP NUTjR] Rl YlTPj o UhU
Ttdm,
(x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0).
GjdLh 1.21 :
o :

o :

x + y + 2z = 0
3x + 2y + z = 0
2x + y z = 0

1
= 3
2

1
2
1

=0
1
2
1

= 0 GuTRp GidLVt\ oLs Cdm, Um u

\kR J 2 2 t\d LY fVUt\Rn ClTRp
CjRlT] CWi NUuTL[Ld \m, G]Y HRm
J U HRm J Ulm Ut\ C ULu Ul] CRu
Xm LQXm, ,z = k GuL, Rp Utm LP NUuTLk
Sm GkR CWi NUuTLs YiU]m Gjd
Ls[Xm)
x + y = 2k
2x + y = k
2k 1
1 2k
1 1
=
y =
= 3k,
= 5k
= 1, x =
2 1
k 1
2 k
WUu lT
x = 3k, y = 5k
(x, y, z) = (3k, 5k, k) oYm,

Tt 1.4
Z LdLlThs[ ANUTjR] SVf
Rl] AdLY \p odL :
(1)
3x + 2y = 5
(2)
2x + 3y = 5
x + 3y = 4
4x + 6y = 12

38

NUuThj

(3)

4x + 5y = 9
8x + 10y = 18

(4)

(5)

2x + y z = 4
x + y 2z = 0
3x + 2y 3z = 4

(6)

(7)

x + 2y + z = 6
3x + 3y z = 3
2x + y 2z = 3

(8)

1 2 1
2 4 1
(9) x + y z = 1 ; x + y + z = 5 ;

x+y+z=4
xy+z=2
2x + y z = 1
3x + y z = 2
2x y + 2z = 6
2x + y 2z = 2
2x y + z = 2
6x 3y + 3z = 6
4x 2y + 2z = 4
3 2 2
x yz=0

(10) J V LjRWe A\p 100 StLLs YlTRt

TU] CPs[, u YqY\] \eLp
StLLs YeL Yis[, (Ll. Xm Utm
TfN), Ll YiQ StLu X ,240. XYiQ
StLu X .260. TfNYiQ StLu X
.300,
UjRm
.25,000
Uls[
StLLs
YeLlThP, AqY\u JqY YiQjm
YeLjRdL StLLu GidLd \kRThNm
u oL[d LiL,
1,5,5 RW \ (Rank method) :
x1, x2, x3, xn Gu\ n UlP YiV ULp AUkR m
SVf NUuTL[ Gjd LsYm, (T 1,2-Cp
Es[Tp) CfNUuTL[
AX = B Gu\ AfNUuTPL Gd LsYm, Ce m n
A AB] LdLu AVm (coefficient matrix), Rlp
Es[ NUuTL[j odLdV x1, x2, x3 xn-Cu UlL[
RltV J oYLd LsYo,
\kRThNm J oYY Tt\ NUuThj RlT
JeLUf
NUuTLs
GuTo,
JeLUf
NUuThj
Rlt Ju ApX GidLVt\ oLs CdLXm. JW
J o Uhm Lilu Ajo JUj o G]lTm,
o GU T\R NUuThj Rl] JeLUVf
NUuThj Rl GuTo,

39

a11 a12 a13 a1n b1

a21 a22 a23 a2n b2
a31 a32 a33 a3n b3

Gu\ m (n + 1) AV

a
m1
m2 am3 amn
m
Rlu TjRlThP A (augmented matrix) GuTo,
AX
=
B
Gu\
SVf
NUuThj
Rl
JeLUkRRdL
RYV]m
TU]U]
V
VRp A Utm [A, B] Cu RWeLs NUUjRX Bm,
NRWQ EUt\eL[ UtLsYRu Xm RWlThP
SVf NUuThj Rlu o U\lTYpX, G]Y.
RWlThP NUuThj Rl] NRWQ EUt\eL[l
TVuTj J NU]j Rlt Ut JeLUjRuUV
BWnk oY Gp LQXm,
JeLUjRuUV BWV UtLs[ YiV XLs :
(i) RWlThP NUuThj RlT AX = B Gu\
AfNUuTPL Ut GL,
(ii) TjRlThP A [A, B]Id LiL
(iii) A Utm [A, B]dLu RWeL[d LQ WL[ UhU
EhTj NRWQ EUt\eL[ UtLsL, WpLu
R] EUt\eL[ UtLs[dP,
(iv) (A) A-Cu RWm [A, B]-Cu RWm. Gp NUuThj
Rl JeLUVRRm, CkXp RWlThP
NUuThj Rlt o PV,
(B) A-Cu RWm = [A, B] Cu RWm = n GuL, Ce n GuT
UlP YiV ULu GidLVm,
CkXp AB] fVUt\ LY AVm,
Um RWlThP NUuThj Rl JeLUf
NUuThj RlTm, CjRlt JW J
oY Uhm LQXm,
(C) A-Cu RWm = [A, B]-Cu RWm < n GuL, CkXm
NUuThj Rl JeLUkRRm, B]p
GidLVt\ oL[l Ttdm,
GjdLh 1.22 : RWlThP NUuThj Rl JeLUkRR
G] NToj. AqY JeLUkRRu AR]j odL :

2x + 5y + 7z = 52,

x + y + z = 9,

40

2x + y z = 0

o : RWlThP NUuThj Rl] uYU Af

NUuTPL Ut GRXm,
2 5 7 x 52

1 1 1 y = 9

2 1 1 z 0

AX = B
TjRlThP AV]
2 5 7 52
[A, B] = 1 1

1 9

2 1 1 0
1 1 1 9
2 5 7 52 R R
2

1
2 1 1 0
9
1 1 1
0 3 5 34 R2 R2 2R1

R3 R3 2R1
0 1 3 18
9
1 1 1
0 1 3 18 R R
3

2
0 3 5 34

0
0
1

20
9

1 3 18
0

R3 R3 + 3R2

LP NU] AV] HT Yp Es[, A u

fVUt\ WL[l Tts[Rp. [A, B] = 3 Bm,

0
0
1

Um A

4
1

1 3
0

Cp u fVUt\ WLs ClTRp. (A) = 3

(A) = [A, B] = 3 = UlP YiV ULu GidL,

41

G]Y. C JeLUf NUuThj RlTm, Um

CRt JW J oRu LQ m,
Ajo] APV. RWlThP NUuThj Rltf
NU]U] Af NUuThP Gjd LsYm,

0
0
1

1
1
0

3
4
1

18
20
9

x
y =

z

(1)

x+y+z = 9
y 3z = 18

(2)

4z = 20
(3)
(3) z = 5 ; (2) y = 18 3z = 3 ; (1) x = 9 y z x = 935 = 1
oY] x = 1, y = 3, z = 5
GjdLh
1.23 : uYm NUuTLu JeLUj
RuUV BWnL,
2x 3y + 7z = 5,
3x + y 3z = 13,
2x + 19y 47z = 32
o : RWlThP NUuThj Rl] AfNUuTPL
uYU GRXm,

2
3
2

3
1
19

3
47
7

x 5
y = 13

z 32

AX = B
TjRlThP AV]

2
[A, B] = 3
2

19 47

0
0

3
1 2

3
2

13
32
5

7
2

R
R
27
5
2

11
27 11
2 2 2
22 54

42

3
2

7
2

19 47

13 R1 2

32
5
2

R2 3R1
3 R3 2R1
2

R1


0
0

3
1 2

R
5

7
2

5
2

11
27 11
2 2 2

R3 4R2

0
0
LP NU] AV] HT Yp Es[, A u
fVUt\ WL[l Tts[Rp. [A, B] = 3
Um. CWi fVUt\ WLs ClTRp. (A) = 2 Bm,
(A) [A, B]
G]Y RWlThP NUuThj Rl JeLU CpXR
GuTRp o LQ V,
l : CdLQd] R1-I 2Bp YdLUp R2 2R2 3R1Tu\
EUt\eL[ TVuTjm LQXm,
GjdLh 1.24 : x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14, x + 4y + 7z = 30 BV
NUuTLs JeLUY] G]dLh AYt\j odLm,
o : RWlThP RldV Af NUuTP]
1 1 1 x 6

1 2 3 y = 14

1 4 7 z 30

AX = B
TjRlThP AV]
1 1 1 6
1 1 1

[A, B] = 1 2 3 14

1 4 7 30
1 1 1
0 1 2

0 0 0

6
0 1 2 8 R2 R2 R1

R3 R3 R1
0 3 6 24

8 R3 R3 3R2

0
LP NU] Ap CWi fVUt\ WLs Es[Rp.
(A, B) = 2 Bm,
A-Cp CWi fVUt\ WLs Es[Rp (A) = 2 Bm,
(A) = (A, B) = 2 < 3
G]Y
RWlThP
NUuThj
Rl
JeLU
EPVRm, B]p RWju T UlT] UlPYiV
ULu GidLV Pd \YL Es[Rp. RWlThP
Rlt GidLVt\ oLs Cdm, AYt\d LiTm,

43

RWlThP NUuThj RlT].

NUuThdf NU]U]Rm,
1 1 1 x 6

uYm

Af

0 1 2 y = 8

0 0 0 z 0

x+y+z = 6
(1)
y + 2z = 8
(2)
(2) y = 8 2z ; (1) x = 6 y z = 6 (8 2z) z = z 2
z = k G] Gjd LsYRu Xm x = k 2, y = 8 2k ; G]
AP\m, k R
k = 1 Gp. x = 1, y = 6, z = 1-I J oYLl T\m,
CqY\L k-d YqY UlLs RYRu Xm. RWlThP
NUuThj Rld GidLVt\ oL[ APVXm,
GjdLh 1.25 : RWlThP NUuThj Rl JeLU
EPVR G] NToj. AqY JeLU EPVRu
AR]j odLm,

x y + z = 5,

x + y z = 5,

2x 2y + 2z = 10

o : RWlThP RltV Af NUuTP]

1
1
2

1
1
2

1
2
1

x 5
y = 5

z 10

AX = B
TjRlThP A

1
[A, B] = 1
2

10
5

1 5

2 2
1 1 1 5

0 0

R2 R2 + R1

R3 R3 2R1
0 0

0
LP NU] Ap JW J fVUt\ WRu Es[,
G]Y [A, B] = 1
Um JW J fVUt\ WRu Es[ (A) = 1

44

G]Y (A) = [A, B] = 1 G]Y RWlThP Rl JeLU

EPVRm, Clm RWeLu TY] UlT] UlP
YiV ULu GidLV Pd \YL ClTRp.
GidLVt\ oLs Cdm, AYt\d LiTm, RWlThP
RlT] uYm AfNUuTht NU]U]Rm,
1 1 1 x 5

0 y = 0

0 0 z 0
x y + z = 5. y = k1, z = k2 Gp x = 5 + k1 k2. k1, k2-Cu TpY
UlLd SUd GidLVt\ oLs Pdm, (k1, k2 R)
GjdLh 1.26 : , -Cu GmUlLd
x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y + z = Gu\ NUuTLs
(i) VR om TtW (ii) JW J oY Ttdm
(iii) GidLVt\ oL[l Ttdm GuTR] BWnL,
o :
RWlThP NUuThj RltV Af NUuTP]
1 1 1 x 6

1 2 3 y = 10

1 2 z

AX = B
TjRlThP A
1 1 1 6
[A, B] = 1 2 3 10

1 2
1
0

1 1

6
R R2 R1
1 2
4 2
R3 R3 R2
0 3 10
X (i) : 3 = 0 Utm 10 0 i.e. = 3 Utm 10.
CkXp (A) = 2 Utm [A, B] = 3 (A) [A, B]
G]Y RWlThP Rl JeLU CpXR, G]Y o
PdL,
X (ii) : 3 0 Utm R i.e., 3 Utm R
CkXp
(A) = 3 Utm [A, B] = 3

45

(A) = [A, B] = 3 = UlP YiV ULu

GidL,
RWlThP Rl JeLU Es[, G]Y JW J
o] Ttdm,
X (iii) :
3 = 0 Utm 10 = 0 i.e., = 3 Utm = 10
CkXp (A) = [A, B] = 2 < UlP YiV ULu
GidL,
RWlThP NUuThj Rl JeLU Es[, B]p
GidLVt\ oL[l Ttdm,
1,5,6

NUTjR]

SVf

NUuTLs

(Homogeneous

linear

Equations) :
NUTjR] SVf NUuThj Rl uYU:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 + a13 x3 + ...+ a1n xn = 0
a21 x1 + a22 x2 + a23 x3 + . + a2n xn = 0

am1x1 + am2 x2 + am3 x3 + + amn xn = 0

ARtV TjRlThP AV]
a11 a12 a1n 0

[A, B] =

21

a22 a2n

= [A, O]

0
0

am2 amn
A-Cu RWm = [A, O]-Cu RWm GuT GlTm
EiUVRXp.
NUTjR]
RlT]
GlTm
JeLU EPVRdm,
x1 = 0, x2 = 0, x3 = 0 xn = 0 GuT GlTm CRu J
oYm, CjoY J YlTPj oYLd LYo,
A-Cu RWm [A, B]-Cu RWjt NUULm UlP YiV
ULu GidLV] n-I Pd \YLm Clu
CjRlt YlTPV] oPu YlTPVt\ oLs
Pdm,
A-Cu
RWm
n-BL
Clu.
CjRlt
YlTPV] o UhU Cdm,
m1

46

GjdLh 1.27 : uYm NUTjR] SVf NUuTL[j

odLm,
x + 2y 5z = 0, 3x + 4y + 6z = 0,

x+y+z=0

o : RWlThP NUuThj RldV AfNUuT

1 2 5 x 0
3 4 6 y = 0 A X = B

1 1 1 z 0
TjRlThP A

1 2 5 0
[A, B] = 3 4 6 0

1 1 1 0

1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0

21

21

0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

R2 R2 3R1
R3 R3 R1

R2 R3

R3 R3 2R2

fVUt\ WLu GidL 3

1 2 5
[A, B] = 3. Um A

0
0

9
6

fVUt\ WLu

0
GidL 3 (A) = 3
(A) = [A, B] = 3 = UlP YiV ULu
GidL
G]Y RWlThP Rl JeLU EPVRm, C JW
J oYl Ttdm,
ARY x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0

47

l : (A) = 3 GuTRp | A | 0 A fVUt\ LY

AVm, CkXp x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 Gu\ YlTPj o
UhU Pdm,
GjdLh 1.28 : -Cu GmUlt
x + y + 3z = 0,
4x + 3y + z = 0,
2x + y + 2z = 0 Gu\
Rlt (i) YlTPj o (ii) YlTPVt\ o
Pdm,
o : RWlThP NUuTL[ AX = B G] GRXm,
1 1 3 x 0
4 3 y = 0

2 1 2
1
[A, B] = 4

0
1 3 0
3 0

1 2 0

0 1
0 1
1 1

0 1
0 0
1

0
0

0
0
0

12 0
4
3
12

R2 R2 4R1
R3 R3 2R1

R3 R3 R2

8
X (i) : 8 Gp 8 0 G]Y 3 fVUt\ WLs Es[],
[A] = [A, B] = 3 = UlP YiV ULu GidL,
G]Y RWlThP Rlt x = 0,
YlTPj o Pdm,

y = 0,

z = 0 Gu\

X (ii) :
= 8 Gp [A, B] = (A) = 2
(A) = [A, B] = 2 < UlP YiV ULu GidL
CkXp Rl JeLU EPVRm, Um
GidLVt\ YlTPVt\ oL[l Tm, AYt\d
LiTm, RWlThP NUuThj RlT] x + y + 3z = 0 ;
y + 4z = 0-df NU]U]Rm,

48

 y = 4z ;
x = k, y = 4k, z = k
oL[m,

x = z, z = k G]d LsYUu

[k R {0}] CY YlTPVt\

l : X (ii)-Cp Rl YlTPV] oPu

GidLVt\
YlTPVt\
oLs
Ttdm.
YlTPVt\ oL[ Uhm LQ Sm k = 0-I ds[m.
Tt 1.5
(1) uYm NUuTLu Rl JeLU EPVR
GuTR BWnL, JeLU EPVRu AYt\j odL :
(i)
4x + 3y + 6z = 25
x + 5y + 7z = 13
2x + 9y + z = 1
(ii) x 3y 8z = 10
3x + y 4z = 0
2x + 5y + 6z 13 = 0
(iii) x + y + z = 7
x + 2y + 3z = 18
y + 2z = 6
(iv) x 4y + 7z = 14
3x + 8y 2z = 13
7x 8y + 26z = 5
(v) x + y z = 1
2x + 2y 2z = 2
3x 3y + 3z = 3
(2) -Cu GpX UlLdm uYm NUuThj Rlu
oL[ BWnL.
x + y + z = 2,
2x + y 2z = 2,
x + y + 4z = 2
(3) k-Cu GmUlLd uYm NUuThj Rl
kx + y + z = 1,
x + ky + z = 1,
x + y + kz = 1 have
(i) JW J o (ii) Jud UtThP o
(iii) o CpXU Tm

49

2, YdPo CVtLRm
(VECTOR ALGEBRA)

2,1 ALm :
YdPo hPp. LjRp Gu\ CWi NVpL[l Tt
XI-Bm Ylp Sm TjRm, CkRl Tp Ut\ J NVp C
YdPoLu TdLp Tt TodLXm, CWi YdPoL[
CWi ReL[Ll TdLXm, AY Nl TdLp Utm
YdPo TdLp GuT] Bm, CYt\ YWVlTRt u
CWi YdPoLd CPlThP LQjRl Tt TolTm,

2,2 CWi YdPoLd CPlThP LQm

(Angle between two vectors) :

CWi YdPoLs a Utm b I \V OA, OB G] Gjd

LsL, a dm b dm CPlThP LQm GuT Aq

YdPoLu NLd CPlThP LQm Bm, Cq
NLU Yhm sp Ck Vd V]YVLY
ApX Vd VYVLY CdLXm,
B
b

TPm 2. 1

TPm 2. 2
C YdPoLd CPlThP LQju A[ Gp
0 GuT RYm,

2,3 Nl TdLm ApX sl TdLm

(The Scalar product or Dot product) :

Utm

Guu\

fVUt\

YdPoLu

CPlThP LQm GuL, CYtu Nl TdLm a . b

50

CWi

Gu

lPlTm
Um

YWVdLlTm, i.e., a . b = a

a
b cos
C

b cos = ab cos

| | | |

G]

| || |

l : CWi YdPoLu Nl TdLm Xm SUd

PlT J N, G]Y ClTdLm Nl TdLm

G] AZdLlTu\, Utm a , b Gu\ CWi YdPoLd
SY s YlTRp CR] s TdLm Gum \Xm,
Nl TdLju YYd LR [dLm :

OA = a , OB = b GuL, a

Utm
b Cu
CPlThPd
b
LQjR GuL, BCk
OAd BL Gu\ Nejd L
YWL,

OL GuT a Cu b Cu
Zp Bm,
OL
OLBCk cos = OB

TPm 2.3

OL = (OB) (cos )

OL = b (cos )

| |
(1)


YWV\lT
a . b = | a | | b | cos

[ (1)Ck]
= | a | (OL)

a . b = | a | [ a -Cu b -Cu Zp]

a . b

a -Cu b -Cu Zp =
=

a
. b =a. b

| | | |

a . b

b -Cu a -Cu Zp =
= a .

| |

51

b

= a . b

| |

2,3,1 Nl TdLju TiLs

Ti 1 :
CWi YdPoLu Nl TdLm TUtl TiT
Tts[,


(i.e.,) JqY _ YdPoLs a , b dm a . b = b . a
TQm :

a , b GuT] HRm CWi YdPoLs Utm GuT
AYtu CPlThP LQm

a . b = a

| | |b | cos


b . a = | b | | a | cos


b . a = | a | | b | cos

(1)

(2)

(1) Utm (2)-Ck

a . b = b . a
sl TdLm TUtl TiT Tts[,
Ti 2 : JW So LhPU YdPoLu Nl TdLm :

(i) a , b GuT] JW SodLhp AUk JW Np
Clu = 0


b (1) = ab
a . b = a b cos = a

(ii) a , b GuT] JW Lhp AUk
Ttlu =

| || |

| || |

a . b = a

| | |b | cos = |a | |b |(cos )

= | a | | b | ( 1) = ab

(1)
Go

N
(1)

Ti 3 : sl TdLu :

sl TdLm a . b L ApX \ UnViQLY
ApX fVULY CdLXm,
(i) CWi YdPoLu CPlThP LQm eLQm
Gp (i.e., 0 < < 90) cos -Cu Ul L Gi,
CkXp sl TdLm Ko L Gi Bm,

52

(ii) CWi YdPoLu CPlThP LQm LQUL

Clu (i.e., 90 < < 180) cos -Cu Ul J \ Gi,
CkXp sl TdLm Ko \ Gi Bm,
(iii) CWi YdPoLu CPlThP LQm 90 Gp
(i.e., = 90) cos = cos 90 = 0. CkXp sl TdLm
Ul fVm Bm,

l : a . b = 0 Gp uYm u XL[ APu\m,


a . b = 0 a b cos = 0

| || |

(i)

|a | = 0

(i.e.,) a Ko fV YdPo Utm b HRm Ko

YdPo,
(ii)

|b | = 0

(i.e.,) b Ko fV YdPo Utm a HRm Ko

YdPo,

(iii) cos = 0 (i.e.,) = 90 (i.e.,) a m b m Nej YdPoLs,
dV :

a , b GuT] CWi fVpX YdPoLs Gp


a. b =0 a b
Ti 4 : CWi NU YdPoLu sl TdLm :
2

a . a = a

| | |a | cos 0 = |a | |a | = |a |
2
2
(a ) = a . a = |a | = a 2 = a2

= a2

UW :
Ti 5 :

(i) i . i = j . j = k . k = 1

(ii)
i . j = j . i = j . k = k . j = k . i = i . k =0

i . i = i

| | |i | cos 0 = (1) (1) (1) = 1

i . j = | i | | j | cos 90 = (1) (1) (0) = 0

Ti 6 : a , b GuT] CWi YdPoLs Utm m GuT HRm

Ko NVu m a . b = m a . b = a . m b

( )

53

( )

Ti 7 :

m, n GuT] HRm CWi NLs Utm a , b GuT]
CWi YdPoLs Gp

m a . n b = mn a . b = mn a . b = a . mn b

) (

Ti 8 :
Nl TdLp hPXl Tj Tehl TiT
Tts[,

a, b, c
GuT] HRm u YdPoLs Gp


a . b + c = a . b + a . c
B
TQm :
c

C
OA = a
b
c

+
b
OB = b

BC = c GuL
O
L
M
A

a
OC = OB + BC

= b + c
TPm 2.4
BL OA Utm CM OA YWL,

OL = a -Cu b Zp

LM = a -Cu c Zp

OM = a -Cu b + c Zp

a . b = a

Um

| | ( a -Cu b Zp)

a . b = | a | (OL)

a . c = | a | ( a -Cu c Zp)

a . c = | a | (LM)

a .( b + c ) = | a | a -Cu ( b + c ) Zp
54

(1)

(2)

= a (OM) = a (OL + LM)

| |
| |

= | a | (OL) + | a | (LM)

= a . b + a . c
G]Y

[(1) Utm (2)-Cu T]

a . b + c = a . b + a . c

[j Rt\m : a . b c = a . b a . c

Ti 9 : (i) a Utm b Gm HRm C YdPoLd

2

(a + b ) = (a ) + 2a . b + (b )
2



TQm : ( a + b ) = ( a + b ) . ( a + b )

= a2 + 2 a . b + b2

= a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b
2

(Tehl Ti)
2

(a ) + a .b + a .b + (b ) ( a .b = b .a )

2
2
= ( a ) + 2 a . b + ( b ) = a2 + 2 a . b + b2

CR Tp
2

(a b ) = (a ) 2a . b + (b ) = a2 2a . b + b2
2
2
(a + b ) . (a b ) = (a ) (b ) = a2 b2
(iii)



TQm : ( a + b ) . ( a b ) = a . a a . b + b . a b . b
2 2
= ( a ) ( b ) = a 2 b2
(ii)

Ti 10 : Lu YXL Nl TdLm :

a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k
b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k GuL

a . b = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k . b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

= a1b1 i . i + a1b2 i . j + a1b3 i . k + a2b1 j . i

+ a2b2 j . j + a2b3 j . k + a3b1 k . i + a3b2 k . j +

a3b3 k . k

(
(

)
)

(
(

)
)

(
(

)
)

(
(

)
)

55

= a1b1(1) + a1b2(0) + a1b3(0) + a2b1(0) + a2b2(1) + a2b3(0)

+ a3b1(0) + a3b2(0) + a3b3(1)
= a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
CqY\L

YdPoLu

Nl

TdLX]

AYtu JjR Lu TdLpLu Rdf NUUm,

Ti 11 : C YdPoLd CPlThP LQm :

a , b Gu\ C YdPoLd CPlThP LQm GuL,


a . b = a b cos
CqY\u

a . b
a . b
cos =
= cos1


a b
a b

| || |

| || |

| || |

a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k Utm b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

Gp. a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

|a | =

a12 + a22 + a32 ; b = b12 + b22 + b32

a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3

= cos1
2
2
2
2
2
2
b1 + b2 + b3
a1 + a2 + a3

| |

Ti 12 : HRm C YdPoLs a Utm b d

|a + b | |a | + |b | (dLQ NU)
2
2
2
|a + b | = |a | + |b | + 2(a . b )
2

2 2

| a + b | = | a | + | b | + 2| a | | b | cos
2 2

| a | + | b | + 2| a | | b |
2

2

| a + b | | a | + | b |

|a + b| |a|+|b|
56

[ cos 1]


GjdLh 2.1 : uYTYd a . b -Id LiL,

(i)

a = i 2 j + k Utm b = 4 i 4 j + 7 k

(ii) a = j + 2 k Utm b = 2 i + k

(iii) a = j 2 k Utm b = 2 i + 3 j 2 k
o :

a . b = i 2J + k . 4 i 4 j +7k

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

) (

= (1) (4) + ( 2) ( 4) + (1) (7) = 19

a . b = j + 2 k . 2 i + k = (0) (2) + (1) (0) + (2) (1) = 2

(
) (
)

a . b = ( j 2 k ) . (2 i + 3 j 2 k )

= (0) (2) + (1) (3) + ( 2) ( 2) = 7

GjdLh 2.2 : m-Cu GmUld a Utm b JudLu

NejR] YdPoL[m GuTRd LiL,

(i) a = m i + 2 j + k Utm b = 4 i 9 j + 2 k

(ii) a = 5 i 9 j + 2 k Utm b = m i + 2 j + k

o : (i) a b RWlThs[

a . b =0 m i +2 j + k . 4 i 9J +2k =0
4m 18 + 2 = 0 m = 4

(ii)
5 i 9J +2k . m i +2 j + k =0
16
5m 18 + 2 = 0 m = 5

GjdLh 2.3 : a Utm b BV C YdPoLs

a = 4, b = 3 Utm a . b = 6 GU Clu a dm b dm
CPlThP LQm LiL,

| |

) (

) (

| |

a . b
6
1
= (4) (3) = 2
o : cos =

a b

| || |

57

=3

GjdLh 2.4 :

3 i 2 j 6 k Utm 4 i j + 8 k BV

YdPoLd CPlThP LQm LiL,

o : a = 3 i 2 j 6 k ; b = 4 i j + 8 k .
GuT CYtt CPTThP LQm GuL,

a . b = 12 + 2 48 = 34

a = 7, b = 9

a . b
34
cos =
=
79

a b
34
= cos1 63

GjdLh 2.5 : a Utm b

Ce a = i j Utm b = j k



i j . j k
a . b
o :
cos =
=



a b
i j
j k

| |

| |

| || |

(
| || | |

) (
||

)
|

(1) (0) + ( 1) (1) + (0) ( 1)

2 2
2
1
cos = 2 = 3
cos =

GjdLh 2.6 : HRm Ko YdPo r d

r = r . i
i + r . j
j + r . k k G] L,

o : r = x i + y j + z k GuT HRm Ko YdPo GuL,

r. i = x i +y j +zk . i =x

(
)

r . j = (x i + y j + z k ) . j = y

r . k = (x i + y j + z k ) . k = z
(r . i ) i + (r . j ) j + (r . k ) k = xi + yj + zk = r
58

GjdLh 2.7 : 2 i + 6 j + 3 k Gu\ YdPu

7 i + j 4 k Gu\ YdPu Zp LiL,

a = 7 i + j 4 k ; b = 2 i + 6 j + 3 k GuL,

o :

7 i + j 4k . 2 i +6 j +3k
a . b

=
b a -Cu Zp =

2 i +6 j +3k
b

) (

| |

14 + 6 12
8
= 7
4 + 36 + 9

GjdLh 2.8 : a , b GuT] HRm CWi YdPoLs Gp
2

|a + b | + |a b | = 2 |a | + |b | G]d LhL,
2
2
2
2
|a + b | = (a + b ) = |a | + |b | + 2a . b
o :
2
2
2
2
|a b | = (a b ) = |a | + |b | 2a . b
2

(1)
(2)

(1), (2)I hL
2

|a + b | + |a b | = |a | + |b |

2
+2a . b + a

| |

2
+|b| 2a . b
2 2
2
2
= 2| a | + 2| b | = 2| a | + | b |

GjdLh 2.9 : a , b

GuT] C AX YdPoLs Utm

1

AYtu CPlThP LQm Gp sin 2 = 2 a b G] ,

o :

2




a b = a 2 + b 2 2a . b = 1 + 1 2 a b cos

= 2 2 cos = 2 (1 cos ) = 2 2 sin2 2

a b = 2 sin 2 sin 2 = 2 a b

59

GjdLh 2.10 : a + b + c = 0 ,

c = 7, Gp. a dm b dm CPlThP

o :
a + b + c

a + b

| |

|a |= 3, |b |= 5 Utm
LQjRd LiL,

= 0

= c

(a + b ) = ( c )

2
2
2
(a) + (b) +2a . b = (c)
2
2
2
|a | + |b | + 2|a | |b |cos = |c |

32 + 52 + 2(3) (5) cos = 72

1

cos = 2 = 3

GjdLh 2.11 : 2 i j + k , i 3 j 5 k , 3 i + 4 j + 4 k
Gu\ YdPoLs Ko NeLQ dLQju TdLeL[L AUm
G] ,

o : a = 2 i j + k ; b = i 3 j 5 k ; c = 3 i + 4 j + 4 k GuL,

Ce a + b + c = 0 G] LQXm,

a , b , c Ko dLQjR EYd\,
Um

a . b =

(2i j + k ) . (i 3j 5k )

= 2+35=0 a b
CqYdPoLs Ko NeLQ dLQjR EYdu\],

Tt 2.1

(1) a = 2 i + 2 j k , b = 6 i 3 j + 2 k Gp a . b -Id LiL,

(2) a = i + j + 2 k , b = 3 i + 2 j k Gp

a + 3 b . 2 a b -Id LiL,

(3) 2 i + j + k , i 2 j + k GuT] Nej YdPoLs Gp
-Cu Ul LiL,

) (

60

(4) a = 3 i + 2 j + 9 k , b = i + m j + 3 k GuT]
(i) Nej YdPoLs
(ii) CQ YdPoLs Gp m-Cu UlL[d LiL,

(5) i j + 2 k Gu\ YdPo BV AfLPu HtTjm

LQeL[d LiL,

+ j + k Gu\ YdPo BV AfdLp NU LQjR

HtTjm G]d Lh,

(6) i

(7) a , b GuT] C AX YdPoLs
CPlThP LQm Gp

Utm

CYtu

a b

G] ,
(ii) tan 2 =

a + b
(8) CWi AX YdPoLu Rp Ko AX YdPo Gp
AYtu jVNju Gi A[ 3 G]d LhL,
1
(i) cos 2 = 2 a + b

(9) a , b , c GuTY JudLu NejR] u AX

YdPoLs Gp a + b + c = 3 G] L,

(10)

|a + b | = 60, |a b | = 40

Utm

|b | = 46

Gp

|a |-u

Ul LiL,

(11) u , v Utm w BV YdPoLs u + v + w = 0 .

GU Es[], u = 3, v = 4 Utm w = 5 Gp

u . v + v . w + w . u -Cu UlTd LiL,

| |

| |

| |

(12) 3 i 2 j + k , i 3 j + 5 k , 2 i + j 4 k GuTY J
NeLQ dLQjR EYdm G]d LhL,

(13) 4 i 3 j + k , 2 i 4 j + 5 k , i j Gu\ X
YdPoL[PV sLs AUdm dLQm Ko
NeLQ dLQm G]d LhL,

61


(14) (i) z-Afu i j

(ii) 2 i j + 5 k Cu i + 2 j 2 k

(iii) 4 i j + 2 k -Cu 3 i + j k
ZXd LiL,

2,3,2 sl TdLu YYd LRl TVuTLs

(Geometrical Application of dot product) :
LNu jWm (Cosine formulae) :
GjdLh 2.12 : YZdLU] hLPu
b2 + c2 a2
c2 + a2 b2
a2 + b2 c2
;
(ii)
cos
B
=
(iii)
cos
C
=
2bc
2ac
2ab

(i) cos A=

o (i) :
TPjk

a = b + c

c
B

(a )2 = (b + c )2

C
a

a2 = b2 + c2 + 2 b . c

-A

AB + BC + CA = 0 a + b + c = 0

TPm 2.5

a2 = b2 + c2 + 2bc cos( A)
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
2bc cosA = b2 + c2 a2
cos A =

b2 + c2 a2
2bc

CRlTp (ii) Utm (iii)I dLXm,

Zp jWm (Projection Formulae) :
GjdLh 2.13 : YZdLU] hLPu
(i) a = b cos C+c cos B (ii) b = a cos C+c cos A (iii) c = a cos B+b cos A

62

o (i) : TPjk

AB + BC + CA
=0

a+b+c = 0

a = b c


a . a = a.b a.c

A
c
B

-B

TPm 2.6

a2 = ab cos ( C) ac cos ( B)
a2 = ab ( cos C) ac ( cos B)
a2 = ab cos C + ac cos B

a = b cos C + c cos B

CRlTp (ii) Utm (iii)I dLXm,

GjdLh 2.14 : Jo AWYhPjp Es[ LQm J
NeLQm, CR] YdPo \p dL,
o : O-I UVULd LiP YhPju hPm AB GuL,
AWYhPju P HRm Ko s GuL,
APB = 90 G]d LhPYim
P

Ce

OA = OB = OP (BWeLs)

PA = PO + OA

Um PB = PO + OB

= PO OA

TPm 2.7

PA . PB = PO + OA . PO OA
2
2

= PO OA

= PO2 OA2 = 0

PA PB APB = 2
AWYhPjp Es[ LQm Ko NeLQm Bu\,
GjdLh 2.15 : Ko Nn NWju X hPeLs Ju\
Ju NejRL Yhd Lsm GuTR] YdPo \p
L,

63

o : ABCD GuT Ko Nn NWm GuL,

AB = a Utm AD = b GuL,
Ce AB = BC = CD = DA
i.e.,

Um

|a | = |b |

(1)

AC = AB + BC = a + b

BD = BC + CD

= AD AB = b a

b
A

TPm 2.8

AC . BD = a + b . b a

(
) (
)


= (b + a).(b a)
2
2

= ( b ) ( a ) = 0 | a | = | b |

Um AC . BD = 0 AC BD
Ko NnNWju X hPeLs Ju\ Ju NejRL
Yhd Lsu\],
GjdLh 2.16 : J dLQju jdLLs JW
sp Nkdm GuTR] YdPo \p L,
o :
ABC-Cp jdLLs AD, BE-m O-Cp Nkdu\],
jdLLs JW s YVf Npm GuTR Y
CO B] AB-d NejRL Cdm G]d Lh]p Tm,
O-I BVLd LsL, A, B, C-Cu X YdPoLs \V

a , b , c GuL,
A

OA = a ; OB = b ; OC = c
E
F
AD BC
O

OA BC
B

TPm 2.9

64


OA . BC = 0

a . c b =0

a . c a . b = 0 (1)

BE CA OB CA


OB . CA = 0 b . a c = 0

b . a b . c =0
(1) Utm (2)Id hP

a . c b . c =0

(2)

(a b ) . c = 0

BA . OC = 0 OC AB
G]Y u jd LLm JW sp Nkdm
LL[m,
GjdLh 2.17 : cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B G] L,
o :
Y
O-I UVULd LiP AX
P (Cos A, Sin A)
YhPju Tp P, Q Gu\ C
Q (Cos B, Sin B )
sL[ Gjd LsL, OP
A
B
Utm OQ B]Y x-AfPu
X
O
M
L
HtTjm LQm \V A, B
GuL,
POQ = POx QOx = A B

TPm 2.10
P, Q Cu BVj RXLs \V (cos A, sin A) Utm (cos B, sin B) .

i , j Gu\ AX YdPoL[x, yAfj NLp Gjd LsL,

OP = OM + MP = cos A i + sin A j

OQ = OL + LQ = cos B i + sin B j

OP . OQ = cos A i + sin A j . cos B i + sin B j ..(1)

= cos A cos B + sin A sin B

YWV\uT OP . OQ = OP OQ cos (A B) = cos (A B) .. (2)

) (

65

(1) Utm (2)-Ck

cos (A B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

2,3,4 CVtVp Nl TdLju TVuTLs

N NnR YX (Work done by force) :
N NnR YX J N Bm, C Nu
GiQ[Y AqNu Np AUkR CPlTVofu
]p Td LQdPlTY Bm,
A
J L[] O Gu\ sp

d
YdLlThs[, OBGu\ YdPWp

dLlTm
F Gu\
NV]

AjLu Op NVpT\,
O
CqNu
NVpTh]p
L B
F

AjL[]
OA-Cu
Nd
TPm 2.11
SLojRlTu\,

OA B] CPlTVof YdPWj Rm, Um OL B] F Cu Np Lu CPlTVof Rm NeLQ OLA-Cp

OL = OA cos = d cos GuT F dm d dm

CPlThP LQm Bm
N NnR YX = (Nu GiQ[)
(Nu Np CPlTVof)


= F OL = F d cos

N NnR YX = F . d
l :
J Lu TpY NLs NVpTmT RjR
NLs Nnm YXLu RX] [ N Nnm
YXdf NUUm,
GjdLh 2.18 : J Ls A Gu\ sk B Gu\


sd F = i + 3 j k Gu\ Nu NVpTh]p SLojRl
Tt\p
AqN
Nnm YXV[Yd
LiL,
Ce

A-Cu X YdPo 2 i 6 j + 7 k Utm B-Cu X YdPo

3 i j 5 k G]d LsL,

| |

| |

66

o :

F = i + 3 j k ; OA = 2 i 6 j + 7 k ; OB = 3 i j 5 k

d = AB = OB OA = i + 5 j 12 k

N Nnm YX = F . d
=

(i + 3j k ) . (i + 5j 12k
)

= (1) (1) + 3(5) + 12 = 28

GjdLh 2.19 : J N F = a i + j + k -Cu

NVpTh]p J sV] (1, 1, 1) Gm Xk
(2, 2, 2) Gm Xd J SodLhu YV SLojRlTmT
NnR YX 5 AXLs Gp a-Cu UlTd LiL,

o : F = a i + j + k ; OA = i + j + k ; OB = 2 i + 2 j + 2 k
N Nnm YX = 5 AXLs

d = AB = OB OA = i + j + k

N Nnm YX = F . d


5= ai + j + k . i + j + k

) (

5 = a+1+1 a = 3

Tt 2.2
YdPo \p L :
(1) J CQLWju X hPeLs
CQLWm Ko NqYLm G] L,

NUm

Gp

AkR

(2) J NeLQ dLQju LoQju Sls ARu

EfLp Ck NU RXp Cdm,
(3) Ko CQLWju X hPeLu YodLeLu Rp
TdLeLu YodLeLu Rdf NUm,
(4) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

67

(5) J Ls 2 i + 2 j + 2 k Gm Xp Ck 3 i + 4 j + 5 k

Gm Xd J N F = 2 i + j + k -Bp SLojRlThPp
AqN NnR YXV LQd,

(6) 2 i 2 j + k Gm YdPd CQV]m GiQ[ 5
EPVU] N J L[ (1, 2, 3) Gu\ sp Ck
(5, 3, 7) Gu\ sd SLojUu AqN Nnm
YXVd LQdL,

(7) J Ls 4 i 3 j 2 k Gm Xk 6 i + j 3 k

Gm Xd 2 i 5 j + 6 k , i + 2 j k Utm 2 i + 7 j
Gu\ U\R NLu NVpTh]p SLojRlTt\p
AqNLs Nok Nnm YXVd LiL,

(8) 3 Utm 4 AXLs GiQ[ Es[ \V 6 i + 2 j + 3 k

Utm 3 i 2 j + 6 k Gu\ NLp AUkR NLs J

L[ (2, 2, 1) Gu\ Xp Ck (4, 3, 1) Gu\ Xd
SLojm T NnVlTm YXVd LQdL,

2,4 YdPo TdLm (Vector product) :

2,4,1 YXdL Utm CPdL AUl (Right-handed and left
handed systems) :

a , b , c GuTY B O YVLf NpXdV JTf NW
YdPoLs GuL, CY JTf NWRYVRXp GkR C
YdPoLm
CQjNLs
T\RYVm.
GpX

YdPoLU JW R[jp AUVRRm Cdm,

a dm

b dm CPlThP V LQm GuL, (i.e. 0 < < ) B O-I

GlTm R]d CPl\UL CdU JYo a -Ck

b -I Sd Wm SPlTRLd LsYm, a Utm b

Es[PdV R[ju Gl\jp c AU\R AkRl TdLjp

AkSTu RXlTLm AUkRp. a , b , c

B] YXdL
AUl LiP YdPoLs G]lTm,

68



c B] Go N Ttlu. a , b , c B] CPdL
AUl LiPY G]lTm,
z

z
b

b
O
y

a
c

y
x

TPm 2. 12

YWV\ : a , b Gu\ C YdPoLu YdPo TdLX


a b G]d lYo, CRu Gi A[ a b sin Bm, Ce

GuT a dm b dm CPlThP LQm Bm, 0 Utm

a b -Cu NV] a Utm b BV CWidU

NejR]RL Cdm, Um a , b Utm a b BV u
YdPoLm YXdL AUlT LiPYVL Cdm,
YRULf NpYUu.

| || |

<

a x b

a b = a
b sin n ,
n

GuT
a dm
b dm
CPlThP LQm Utm

a
n
GuT
a dm
b dm
TPm 2.13
NejR] Ko AX YdPo,

Um a , b , n GuT] YXdL AUlT EPV YdPoLs,
l :

(1) a , b , n GuT] YXdL AUlT Tts[ GuTRu

T[] a -Ck b -I Sd J YXdL LV

ZtYUu AjL u]m N n -Cu Np

AUm GuTRm, n B] a Utm b -I Es[PdV

R[jtf Nejj Np Cdm,
<

| || |

69

(2)

a -dm b -dm CPp d ClTRp a b -I C
YdPoLu dl TdLm G] AZdLXm,

2,4,2 YdPo d TdLju YYd LR [dLm

(Geometrical interpretation of Vector product) :

OA = a , OB = b GuL,

GuT a -dm b -dm

<

CPlThP LQm GuL, OA, OB

YdPoL[ AjRjR
TdLeL[Ld LiP OACB Gu\
CQLWjR YWL,
NeLQ dLQm ONBCp

BN = b sin

N
A
aTPm 2.14

| |

a b = a

| | |b | sin n
|a b | = |a | |b | sin
= (OA) (BN)
= AlTdLm EVWm
= OACB Gu\ CQLWju TWl

a b = a Utm b -I AjRjR TdLeL[Ld

LiP CQLWju TWl

1
Um, OABCu TWl = 2 OACB Gu\ CQLWju TWl

1
1

= 2 OA OB = 2 a b

|
|
1

OABCu YdPo TWl = 2 ( a b )

X dV Ls :

(1) a , b -I AjRjR TdLeL[Ld LiP CQLWju

TWl = a b

70


a , b -I AjRjR TdLeL[Ld LiP CQLWju

YdPo TWl a b
1

(3) a , b -Il TdLeL[Ld LiP ju TWl = 2 a b
(2)

1
1
(4) ABC-Cu TWl = 2 AB AC (ApX) 2 BC BA (ApX)
1
2 CA CB

2,4,3 YdPo TdLju TiLs :

Ti (1) : YdPo TdLm TUtl TiT \ NnV
(Non-Commutativity of Vector product) :
YdPo TdLp TUtl TidhThPRu (i.e.)

a Utm b GuT] HRm CWi YdPoLs Gp

a b b a , B]p a b = b a .

B
a Utm b GuT] CWi
b
n
fVUt\ Utm CQVt\
YdPoLs GuL, GuT

AYtu CPlThP LQm

2 -
Gp.
A

<

<

b sin n ,
a b = a

n GuT a , b dm NejR]
Ko AX YdPo,

| || |

-n

TPm 2.15

b a = b a sin() ( n ) = a b sin n = a b

Ce b , a , n GuT] YXdL AUlT EPV YdPoLs,



G]Y a b b a . B]p a b = b a
Ti (2) :
JW SodLhPU (CQ) YdPoLu YdPo TdLm
(Vector product of Collinear (Parallel) Vectors) :

a , b GuT] JW SodLhPU (CQ) YdPoLs Gp

a b = 0

| || |

| || |

71


a , b GuT] JW SodLhPU ApX CQ YdPoLs
Gp = 0,
= 0, Gp sin = 0

G]Y a b = a

| | |b | sin n


= | a | | b | (O) n = 0

:
CWi fVUt\ YdPoLu YdPo TdLm fVm
Gp AkR YdPoLs CQV]Y (SodLhPUkRY),
CRu URXm EiU,

i.e., a b = o a CQ b , Utm a , b GuT] CWi
fVUt\ YdPoLs,
TQm :

a b = O G] Gjd LiPp

|a | |b | sin n = O

Ce a 0 & b 0, n O

| |

| |

sin = 0
= 0 or

a Utm b JW LhPUkRY (CQV]Y)

URXVL
a || b Gp
= O ApX
sin = O

a b = a

| | |b | sin n = o

a b = o

l : a b = o Gp
APu\m,

uYm

XL[

(i) a Ko fV YdPo Utm b HRm Ko YdPo

(ii) b Ko fV YdPo Utm a HRm Ko YdPo

(iii) a m b m CQ YdPoLs (JW LhPUkRY)

72

Ti (3) : CWi NUYdPoLu YdPo TdLm (Cross Product

of Equal Vectors) :

a a = a a sin n

= a a (0) n

= o

JqY fVUt\ a -dm a a = o Bm,

Ti (4) : i , j , k GuT] KWX YdPoLu YdPo TdLm

(Cross product of Unit Vectors i , j , k )
UtlhP TiuT

i i = j j = k k = O

| || |
| || |

k
k
O

j
Y

i
X

TPm 2. 16

Um

i j = i

CRlTp

j k = i,

Utm

j i = k, k j = i , i k = j

| | |j | sin 90k = (1) (1) (1) k = k

k i = j

Ti (5) : m Ko N Utm a , b GuT] CWi YdPoLs.
CYtt CPlThP LQm Gp

ma b = m a b = a mb
Ti (6) : YdPo TdLm hPXl Tj Tehl TiTl
Tts[ (Distributivity of vector product over vector addition) :

a , b , c GuT] HRm u YdPoLs Gp

73

(i)

a b+c = a b + a c

) (
) (
) (CP Te)
(b +c ) a = (b a ) + (c a ) (YX Te)

(ii)
:
YdPo TdLju AdLY AUl (Vector Product in the
determinant form) :

a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k GuL

b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k GuT] C YdPoLs Gp

a b = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k b1 i + b2 j + b3 k



= a1b1 i i + a1b2 i j + a1b3 i k

)
(
)
(
)



+ a2b1( j i ) + a2b2( j j ) + a2b3( j k )



+ a3b1( k i ) + a3b2( k j ) + a3b3( k k )

= a1b2 k + a1b3( j ) + a2b1( k ) + a2b3 i

+ a3b1 j + a3b2( i )

= ( a2b3 a3b2) i (a1b3 a3b1) j + ( a1b2 a2b1) k

= a1
b
1

j k
a2
b2

a3

b3

Ti (7) : CWi YdPoLu CPlThP LQm :

a , b GuT] CWi YdPoLs. CYtu CPlThP
LQm Gp

a b = a

| | |b | sin n

| a b | = | a | | b | sin n
74

|a b | = |a | |b |sin


|
a b|
1 | a b |
sin =
= sin

|a | |b |
| a | | b |

l :
Ce GuT eLQULY Pdm, CqRm Sm
YdPo TdLXl TVuTjd LQ A[ LQdhPp
eLQm Uhm Pdm,
BLY LQ A[ Lm LQdLp sl TdLjRl
TVuTjRX Su. AY LQm AUu\ XVj
RYdm,
Ti (8) : LdLlThP CWi YdPoLd NejR]
KWX YdPoL[d LQp (Unit vectors perpendicular to two given
vectors) :
(i.e.)
RWlThP C YdPoL[ Es[PdV R[jtf
NejR] Ko AX YdPo,

a , b GuT] C fVUt\. CQ ApXR YdPoLs GuL.
Utm CYtt CPlThP LQm GuL,

a b = a

| | |b | sin n

(1)

Ce a -dm b -dm NejR] KWX YdPo n Bm,

|a b | = |a | |b | sin
(1) Utm (2)-Ck

a b

n =

a b

(2)

a b

GuTm a dm b dm NejR] Ko AX

a b
YdPo Bm,

G]Y. a , b d NejR] Ko AX YdPoL[]Y
l :

75


a b

n =

a b

a , b -I Es[PdV R[jtf

a b
NejR]U] YdPo

a b
GjdLh 2.20 :

a , b GuT] CWi YdPoLs Gp
Gi A[ EPVm

(
|

)
|

|a b | + (a . b ) = |a | |b |

o :

a dm b dm CPlThP LQm GuL,

| | |b | sin n
|a b | = |a | |b | sin
2
2
2
|a b | = |a | |b | sin2
2
2
2
(a . b ) = |a | |b | cos2
2
2
2
2
2
2




2
2
| a b | + ( a . b ) = | a | | b | (sin + cos ) = | a | | b |

a b = a

GjdLh 2.21 : 4 i j + 3 k , 2 i + j 2 k Gm
YdPoLd NejR]m Gi A[ 6 EPVU]
YdPoL[d LiL,
o :

a = 4 i j + 3 k ; b = 2 i + j 2 k GuL

i
j
k

a b =
4 1 3 = i +2 j +2k

|a b | =

( 1)2 + (2)2 + (2)2 = 3

76


a b

a b

= 6

RYV] YdPoLs

= 2 i +4 j +4k

GjdLh 2.22 :

a b LiL,
o :

|a | = 13, |b | = 5

Utm a . b = 60 Gp

a b

+ a . b

= a

| ( ) | || |
2
2
2
2
|a b | = |a | |b | (a . b )
= (13)2 (5)2 (60)2 = 625

|a b | = 25

GjdLh 2.23 : 2 i + j k Utm i + 2 j + k Gm

YdPoLd CPlThP LQjR YdPo TdLjRl
TVuTj LiL,
o :

a = 2 i + j k ; b = i + 2 j + k GuL

a , b d CPlThP LQm GuL,
= sin

a b =

|a b | =
|a | =

i
2
1

|a b |
|a | |b |

j
k
1
2

32 + ( 3)2 + 32 = 3 3
22 + 12 + ( 1)2 = 6

77

1 = 3 i 3 j + 3 k
1

|b | =

12 + 2 2 + 1 2 = 6

a b
sin =

a b

|
| = 3
| | | | 6

3 3
=
6 2

=3

GjdLh 2.24 : p = 3 i + 4 j 7 k , q = 6 i + 2 j 3 k Gp


p q LQdh p m p q m JudLu Nej G]m

q m p q m JudLu Nej G]m NTodL,
o :

p q = 3
6

k
j
4
2

7
3

= 2 i 51 j 30 k
Ce

p . p q = 3 i + 4 j 7 k . 2 i 51 j 30 k

) (

) (

= 6 204 + 210 = 0

p m p q m JudLu NejR\,

q . p q = 6 i + 2 j 3 k . 2 i 51 j 30 k
= 12 102 + 90 = 0

q m p q m JudLu NejR\,

Ce

) (

) (

GjdLh 2.25 : i + 2 j + 3 k , 4 i + j + 5 k Utm 7 i + k
Gu\ X YdPoL[PV sLs \V A, B, C Gp

AB AC LiL,

o :
OA = i + 2 j + 3 k , OB = 4 i + j + 5 k ; OC = 7 i + 7 k

AB = OB OA = 4 i + j + 5 k i + 2 j + 3 k

) (

78

AB = 3 i j + 2 k

AC = OC OA = 6 i 2 j + 4 k

i
j
k

AB AC = 3 1 2 = 0

AB, AC YdPoLs CQV]Y Utm CYtt J T
s A Es[,

ABm ACm JW Lhp AUm,
A, B, C JW LhPUkR sLs,

Tt 2.3

(1) a = 2 i + k , b = i + j + k Gp a b -Cu GiQ[
LiL,

(2) a = 3, b = 4 Utm a . b = 9 Gp a b

(3) 2 i + j + k Utm i + 2 j + k BV YdPoL[d LiP
R[jtf NejR] Ko AX YdPoL[d LiL,

(4) a = 3 i + j 4 k Utm b = 6 i + 5 j 2 k d
NejR]RLm Gi A[ 5 EPVU] YdPWd
LQdL,

(5) a b = a . b Gp. a dm b dm CPlThP LQjRd
LiL,

(6) a = 2, b = 7 Utm a b = 3 i 2 j + 6 k Gp a dm b
dm CPlThP LQjRd LiL,

(7) a = i + 3 j 2 k , b = i + 3 k Gp a b LiL. Utm

a -m b -m a b -d RjRVL NejR G]f NdL,

| |

| |

| |

| |

(8) a , b , c GuT] HRm u YdPoLs Gp

a b + c + b c + a + c a + b = 0

79


(9) a , b , c GuT] Ko AX YdPoLs,

Um a . b = a . c = 0 Utm b -dm c -dm CPlThP

LQm 6 Gp a = 2 b c G]d Lh,

(10) a b = c d , a c = b d Gp a d Utm b c
CQ YdPoLs G]d LhL,

2,4,4 YdPo TdLju YYd LRl

(Geometrical applications of cross product) :

TVuTLs

GjdLh 2.26 : AC Utm BD-I XhPeL[Ld LiP

1
StLWm ABCD-Cu TWl 2 AC BD G]d LhL,
o :
StLWm ABCD-Cu ABC-Cu YdPo TWl +

YdPo TWl = ACD-Cu YdPo TWl

1 1
= 2 AB AC + 2 AC AD

1 1
= 2 AC AB + 2 AC AD

1
= 2 AC AB + AD
1
= 2 AC BA + AD

TPm 2.17

1
= 2 AC BD
1
StLWm ABCD-Cu TWl = 2 AC BD
CRum :

1

d 1, d 2-I XhPeL[Ld LiP CQLWju TWl = 2

d 1 d 2 G]j RdLXm,

80

GjdLh 2.27 :
dLQm ABC-Cu EfL[] A, B, C-u XYdPoLs

ABC-Cu
c
b,
a,
Gp.
dLQm
TWlT]
1

2 a b + b c + c a G] L, CRum a , b , c JW

SodLhPU YdPoL[dL TkR]Vd LiL,

1
o :
ABC-Cu TWl = 2 AB AC

AB = OB OA = b a

AC = OC OA = c a
1 1

G]Y. ABC-Cu TWl = 2 AB AC = 2 b a c a

)
1
= 2 |b c b a a c + a a|
1
= 2 |b c + a b + c a|
1
ABC-Cu TWl = 2 | a b + b c + c a |

A, B, C BV sLs
ABC-Cu TWl = 0 Bm,

JW

) (

SodLhPUY]Yu.

1
2 a b + b c + c a =0

|
|

|a b + b c + c a| = 0

(ApX) a b + b c + c a = 0


G]Y. a b + b c + c a = 0
TkR]Vm,

GuT

RYV]

b
c
a
GjdLh 2.28 : YZdLU] hLPu sin A = sin B = sin C
G] L,

o : BC = a , CA = b , AB = c GuL,

81

dLQjtV TWl TiuT.

1 1 1
2 a b =2 b c =2 c a



a b = b c = c a
ab sin (C) = bc sin(A) = ca sin (B)

| |

|
| |

-A

ab sinC = bc sinA = ca sinB

A
b

abc-Bp YdL
sin B
sinC sinA
c = a = b

-B

-C
C

TPm 2.18

sB

(Co Q

, -S

in B

a
b
c
RXr LQ sin A = sin B = sin C
GjdLh 2.29 : sin(A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB G] L,
o :
Y (Co
O-I UVUnd LiP
sA
P , S in
AXYhPju P Utm
A)
Q GuTY HRm C
sLs GuL, x-AfPu OP
A M N
X
Utm
OQ
GuTY
O
B
HtTjm
LQeLs
\V A, BGuL,
POQ = POx + QOx = A + B

TPm 2.19

P Utm Q-Cu AfjWeLs \V (cosA, sinA) Utm

(cosB, sinB) Bm, x Utm y AfdLu YV \V i Utm

j Gu\ AX YdPoL[ Gjd LsL,

OP = OM + MP = cos A i + sin A j

OQ = ON + NQ = cos B i + sin B j
NQ = sinB

= cos B i sin B j

(1)
OQ OP = OQ OP sin (A + B) k = sin (A + B) k

i
j
k

(2)
OQ OP = cosB sinB 0 = k [sinA cosB + cosA sinB]

( )

cosA

sinA

82

(1) Utm (2)Ck

sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB

GjdLh 2.30 : 3 i + j 2 k Utm i 3 j + 4 k BVYt\

X hPeL[nd LiP CQLWju TWl 5 3 G]d
LhL,
o :

d 1 = 3 i + j 2 k Utm d 2 = i 3 j + 4 k

d 1 Utm d 2-I X hPeL[nd LiP CQLWju

1
TWl = 2
d 1 d 2

d1 d2 =

i
3
1

d 1 d 2 =

j
k
1
3

2 = 2 i 14 j 10 k
4

( 2)2 + ( 14)2 + ( 10)2

300 = 10 3
1 1
CQLWju TWl = 2 d 1 d 2= 2 10 3 = 5 3 N,A,

2,4,5 CVtVp YdPo TdLju TVuTLs :

HRm J sVl Tj J Nu lj\u
(Moment of a force about a point) :
J LhdLl Tu HRm

r x F
J s P-Cp
F Gu\ N
O
NjRlTYRLd LsYm, O Gu\

sVl Tj F Cu lj
r
\]] T[ O-Il Tj

lu\
CVpu
A[Ym,
P
N
CqVpT]
O-Il
Tj
CPgj Nlu lj
TPm 2.20
\]
LVLm.
AqY
CpXVu \VLm LYo,

83


F Gu\ Nu P GuT HRm J s, O-Il TjR

P-Cu XYdPo r GuL, O-Il TjR F -Cu lj \u

GiQ[Y]. F -Cu GiQ[ Utm O-Ck F NVtTm

SodLht YWVlThP Neju [m BVYtu
TdLXm,

lj\u GiQ[ = F (ON)
NeLQ dLQm ONP-Cp
ON ON
sin = OP =

| |

|r | sin = ON

lj\u GiQ[ = F (ON)

= r F sin

| |

= r F

G]Y O-Il TjR

F -Cu lj\u (ApX)

dj\u (Torque) M = r F Gu\ YdPWp YWVdLlTm,

GjdLh 2.31 : 3 i + 2 j 4 k Gu\ YdPWp RWlTm

NV] (1, 1, 2) Gu\ sp NjRlT\, (2, 1, 3)
Gu\ sVl Tj Nu lj\u LiL,
o :

A(2,-1,3)
F = 3 i +2 j 4k
r

OP = i j + 2 k
P(1,-1,2)

OA = 2 i j + 3 k
F
TPm 2.21

r = AP = OP OA

84

(i j + 2k ) (2i j + 3k )

r =i k

A Gu\ sVl Tj F Gu\ Nu lj\u M

B]

M = r F =

i
1
3

k
j
0
2

1 = 2 i 7 j 2 k
4

Tt 2.4
(1) A( 5, 2, 5), B( 3, 6, 7), C(4, 1, 5) Utm D(2, 5, 3) BVYt\
EfL[nd LiP CQLWju TWl LiL,

(2) 2 i + 3 j + 6 k Utm 3 i 6 j + 2 k BVYt\

XhPeL[nd LiP CQLWju TWl LiL,

(3) i + 2 j + 3 k Utm 3 i 2 j + k BVYt\ TdLeL[nd
LiP CQLWju TWl LiL,
(4) (3, 1, 2), (1, 1, 3) Utm (4, 3, 1) BVYt\ EfL[nd
LiP dLQju TWl LiL,
(5) JW
AlTdLm.
JW
CQ
SodLLdm
CPlThP CQLWeLs NUTWlPVY GuTR YdPo
\p L,
(6) J CQLWju XhPeL[ Ajs[ TdLeL[nd
LiP CQLWju TWlT] kRV CQLWju
TWl Tp CUPe G] L,
(7) Sin (A B) = sin A cos B cos A sin B G] YdPo \p ,

(8) 4 i 3 j 2 k Gu\ sV X YdPWnd LiP

s PCp NVpTm NLs 2 i + 7 j , 2 i 5 j + 6 k

Utm i + 2 j k Bm, CYLu [ Nu

lj \] 6 i + j 3 k -I X YdPWLd LiP
sVl Tjd LiL,

85



(9) B(5, 2, 4) Gu\ s Yf NVpTm N 4 i + 2 j + k -Cu
YdPo lj \u A(3, 1, 3) Gu\ sVl Tj

i + 2 j 8 k G]d LhL,

(10) 2 i + 3 j + 6 k Gm N BYVLf NVpT\ Gp

(1, 2, 3) Gm sVl Tj ARu lj\u
GiQ[ Utm Nd LNuLs CYt\d LiL,

2,5 u YdPoLu TdLm (Product of three vectors):

a , b , c GuTY GYVm u YdPoLs GuL,

(a . b ) . c , (a . b ) c , (a b ) . c Utm (a b ) c ,
(a . b ) . c Gjd LsL,

Ce a . b GuT J N, J YdPo Utm Nu

sl TdLm Tt YWVdLlTPpX, G]Y a . b . c

GuT T[t\Rm,

CRlTp

(a . b ) c T[t\, B]p (a b ) . c

GuT Ts EPV, LWQm a b J YdPo Utm

a b
. c GuT a b dm c dm sl TdLm
GlTRm,

CRl Tp

(a b ) c Ts EPV,

2,5,1 N lTdLm (Scalar Triple Product) :

a , b , c GuT u YdPoLs Gp
N lTdLm Bm,

(a b ) . c GuT

N lTdLju YYd LR [dLm :

a , b , c GuTY JW R[jp AUVR u YdPoLs
GuL, OA, OB, OC-I mL[Ld LiP CQLWjiUjp


OA = a , OB = b UtmOC = c Bm,

86

a b Gu\ YdPo

a x b

Gu\ YdPoLs
Cdm
R[jtf
Nej Bm,

a,

C
B

c
L

GuT c Utm
O
A
a

a b -d CPlThP
TPm 2.22
LQm GuL,
Ce CL B] OADBdf Nej Bm, Ce CLB]
CQLWjiUju EVWm Bm,

Ce CL-m a b -m AR R[jt NejR]Y,

CL-m a b -m CQV]Y,
OCL = (AjRjR LQeLs)

NeLQ dLQm OLC-Cp CL = c cos

| |

CQLWjiUju

c cos
EVWm CL =

| |

CQLWjiUju
= a , b AjRjR TdLeL[d
ATWl
LiP CQLWju TWl
CQLWjiUju

ATWl = a b

|
|
(a b ) . c = |a b | |c | cos
= [AlTWl] [EVWm]

a , b , c -I JW sp Nkdm
a b . c = mL[d Li AUm
CQLWjiUju L] A[

N lTdLm

(a b ) . c GuT JW ]p

Nkdu\ YXdL AUlT Tt\ a , b , c Gu\ u
YdPoLs AUdm CQLWjiUju L] A[ GuTRm,

87

2,5,2 N lTdLju TiLs :

Ti (1) :

(a b ) . c = (b c ) . a = (c a ) . b

[tYhP
\p]
TQm :
YXdL AUlT Tt\. JW ]p Nkdu\ u

YdPoLs a , b , c Ko CQLWjiUjR EYd\, G]Y

CRu L] A[ V = a b . c

RYL b , c , a Utm c , a , b BVYm YXdL
AUl Li UtNu] AR CQLWjiUju T
] LiP mL[L AUm,

(b c ) . a Ut\m V = (c a ) . b Bm,



V = ( a b ) . c = ( b c ) . a = ( c a ) . b

V=

(1)

sl TdLm TUtl TiT Tts[,

G]Y (1) V = c . a b = a . b c = b . c a
(1) Utm (2)-Ck

(2)

(a b ) . c = a . (b c )
Ck J N lTdLjp s Utm d
L[ TUt\m NnVXm G] A\m,
ClTiu Xm N lTdLj] uYm
hPp GRXm,

(a b ) . c = a . (b c ) = [a b c ]



[a b c] = [b c a]=[c a b]
Ti (2) :
J N lTdLjp Ym YdPoLu tYhP
YNV UtYRp N lTdLju p Ut\m
HtTU RW GiQ[p VR Ut\m CW,
(i.e.)

[a b c ] = [b a c ] = [c b a ] = [a c b ]
88

TQm :

[a b c ] = (a b ) . c

= (b a). c
[a , b , c ] = [b a c ]

a b = b a

(1)
CRlTp Sm Ut\ L[l T\Xm,
Ti (3) : N lTdLju HRm C YdPoLs
NUUp. [ fVUm,

TQm : a , b , c GuT] u YdPoLs

a = b Gp

[a b c ] = (a b ) . c

= o . c =0

[ a b = o ]

CRlTp Sm b = c Utm c = a GuT]Yttm

dLXm,
Ti (4) :

a , b , c GuTY u YdPoL[Lm J NVLm


Clu a b c = a b c

TQm :

] [

[a b c ] = (a b ) . c = (a b ) . c

= [a b c]

Ti (5) :
u YdPoLp HRm CWi CQVLY ApX
JW SodLhPUkRRLY Clu AYtu N
lTdLm fVUm,


TQm : a , b , c GuT] u YdPoLs Utm a -m b -m J

R[ YdPoLs ApX CQ YdPoLs Gp a = b , GuT

J N,

[a b c ] = [b b c ] = (0) = 0
89

Ti (6) (TQu) :

a , b , c Gu\ u fVUt\ Utm CQ ApXR
YdPoLs JW R[ YdPoL[L AUVj RYV]m Utm

TU]U] TkR] a b c = 0

i.e., a , b , c R[AU YdPoLs
l :

[a b c ] = 0

[a b c ] = 0 BLd V u XLs uYU :

(i)

a , b , c -Cp \kR HRm Ju\Y J fV
YdPo,

(ii) a , b , c -p HRm CWi CQ YdPoLs,

(iii) a , b , c GuT] JW R[ AU YdPoLs,
XLs (i) Utm (ii)-Ij Roj X (iii) YlTPVL
EiUVYRd LQXm,
:
N lTdLjR Lu YXL GRp (Scalar Triple
Product in terms of components) :

a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k , b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k , Gp

c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k ,

1 2 3

[ a b c ] = b1 b2 b3
c1 c2 c3

i j k

TQm : a b = a1 a2 a3
b b b
1 2 3
a

= (a2b3 a3b2) i (a1b3 a3b1) j + (a1b2 a2b1) k

a b c = a b . c = a b . c1 i + c2 j + c3 k

] (

90

= (a2b3 a3b2) c1 (a1b3 a3b1)c2 + (a1b2 a2b1) c3

a1 a2 a3
=

b1
c1

c3

b2 b3
c2

dl TdLm YdPo hPXl Tj Tehl TiT

Tts[ (Distributivity of Cross product over Vector addition) :
:

a , b , c Gu\ u YdPoLd

a b + c = a b + a c
Cd LsLV dl TdLjtV
AUlTd Li YXm,

) (

) (

AdLY

GjdLh 2.32 : a = 3 i + 7 j + 5 k , b = 5 i + 7 j 3 k ,

c = 7 i 5 j 3 k Gu\ YdPoLs J ]p Nkdm

mL[Ld LiP CQLWjiUju L] A[ LiL,
o :
CQLWjiUju L] A[ =

[a b c ]

3
= 5
7

7
7

5
L] A[ \ GiQL CdL V,

= 264
3
5

G]Y CQLWjiUju L] A[ = 264 L] AXLs,

l : N lTdLm \ GiQLm CdLXm,

GjdLh 2.33 : a b c Gu\ HRm u YdPoLd


a + b b + c c + a = 2 a b c G] ,

] [

[a + b b + c c + a ]



= ( a + b ) ( b + c ) . ( c + a )

o :

91



= a b + a c

(
) (
) + (b b ) + (b c ) . (c + a )




= {a b + a c + b c}.(c + a)


= ( a b ) . c + ( a c ) . c + ( b c ). c



+ ( a b ) . a + ( a c ) . a + ( b c ). a

= [a b c]+[b c a] = 2[a b c]

GjdLh 2.34 : x . a = 0, x . b = 0, x . c = 0 Um x 0

Gp a , b , c JW R[ AU YdPoLs G]d LhL,
o :



x . a = 0 Utm x . b = 0 Gp a -m b -m x -d Nej
Bm,

a b CQ x

x = a b

Ce x . c = 0 a b . c = 0

a , b , c J R[ YdPoLs,

[a b c ] = 0

2,5,3 YdPo lTdLm (Vector Triple Product ) :

YWV\ :

a , b , c GuT] HRm u YdPoLs Gp a

b c Utm a b
c GuTY a , b , c -Cu YdPo
lTdLeLs Bm,

: a , b , c GuT] HRm u\ YdPoLs Gp

(a b ) c = (a . c )b (b . c )a

CkR Rt\jR a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k ;

b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k ; c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k Gu Gj
dLXm,

92

Ti (1) : YdPo lTdLm a b c GuT APld

ds Cdm C YdPoLu JTf NodLVm,

a b
c GuT c -d
YdPo lTdLm

NejRLm Utm a , b AUkR R[jm Cdm,

Ti (2) :

Ti (3) :

(b c ) = (a . c )b (a . b )c

GjdLh 2.35 : a ( b c ) = ( a b ) c Gp
(c a ) b = o G] ,

o :
a ( b c ) = ( a b ) c LdLlThP
(a . c ) b (a . b ) c = (a . c ) b (b .c ) a


(a . b)c = (b.c) a


(c . b)a (a . b)c = 0
(c a ) b = 0

GjdLh 2.36 : a = 3 i + 2 j 4 k , b = 5 i 3 j + 6 k Gp

c = 5 i j + 2 k , (i) a b c
(ii) a b c LiL Utm
CY CWim NUUpX G]d LhL,

o :

b c =

(i)

i
5
5

a ( b c )= 3
0

j
k

6 = 20 j + 10 k
2

3
1

j
k
2
20

4 = 100 i 30 j + 60 k
10

93

(ii)

a b = 3
5

(a b ) c = 0
5

j
2
3

j
38
1

4
6

= 38 j 19 k

19 = 95 i 95 j + 190 k
2

(i) Utm(ii)Ck

) (a b ) c

a b c

2,5,4 Su YdPoLu TdLm :

a , b , c , d Gu\ Su YdPoLp.
a b
Utm


c d
Gu\ C YdPoLu YdPo TdLm
a b

c d
GuT Su YdPoLu YdPo TdLm G]lTm,

(
(

)
)

GjdLh 2.37 :
YdPoLs Gp

)
(

a , b , c , d GuTY HRm Su

(a b ) (c d ) = [a b d ] c [a b c ] d




(ii) ( a b ) ( c d ) = [ a c d ] b [ b c d ] a G] .
(i)

o :
(i)

(a b ) (c d ) = x (c d ) Ce x = a b


= (x . d) c (x . c) d


= ( a b ) . d c ( a b ) . c d


= [a b d] c [a b c] d

CRl Tp
APVXm,

x = c d Gu Gj Ut\ L[ Sm

94

l : (1)

a , b , c , d GuTY J R[ YdPoLs Gp

(a b ) (c d ) = o .

a , b GuT] J R[jm. c ,
R[jm AUYRLd LsL,


Nej Gp a b . c d
GjdLh 2.38 :
(2)

[a b

) (

d GuT] Ut\
Cq R[eLm

= o

b c c a =

] [a b c ]

G] L,

o :

[a b , b c , c a ] = (a b ) (b c ) . (c a )



= [ a b c ] b [ a b b ] c . ( c a )

= [ a b c ] b . ( c a ) [ a b b ] = 0

=[a b c] [b c a]
2

[a b c ]

2,5,5 Su YdPoLu Nl TdLm (Scalar product

of four vectors) :

a , b , c , d Gu\ Su YdPoLp a b Utm

c d Lu Nl TdLm a b . c d GuT Su
YdPoLu Nl TdLm G]lTm,

) (

(a b ) . (c d )


: ( a b ) . ( c d ) AdLYl YYm,
i.e.

i.e.

a.c
a.d

a b . c d =

b.c b.d

) (

95

TQm :




a b . c d = a b . x , Ce x = c d

= a. b x
(Ce sl TdLm dl TdLm CYt\ TUt\m
NnL)


= a .b c d


= a . b . d c b . c d




a . c b . c
a . d
= b . d

a.c
a.d

=

b.c b.d

) (

) (

)
( ) (
( )( ) (

)(

Tt 2.5

(1) a , b , c GuT] JR[ AU YdPoLs Gp

a + b , b + c , c + a GuTYm JR[ AU YdPoLs
Bm, CRu URXm EiU GuTR]d LhL,

(2) 12 i + k , 3 j k , 2 i + j 15 k Gu\ YdPoL[ ]l

sL[Ld LiP CQLWjiUju L] A[ 546
Gp -Cu Ul LiL,

(3) a , b , c GuT] JudLu Nej YdPoLs Gp

|[a b c ]|

= abc G]d Lh, CRu URXm EiU

G]m LhL,
(4) (1, 3, 1), (1, 1, 1), ( 1, 1, 1) (2, 2, 1) GuT] JW R[jp
AUm G]d LhL, (l : CkSu sL]p
EYm HRm u YdPoLs JW R[ AUY] G]d
Lh]p TU]).

(5) a = 2 i + 3 j k ,
b = 2 i + 5 k , c = j 3 k Gp



a b c = a . c b a . b c G] NTodL,

(6) a b c + b c a + c a b = o G]d LhL,

)(
(
)

)
(

96

(7) a = 2 i + 3 j 5 k , b = i + j + 2 k Utm

c = 4 i 2 j +3 k Gp a b c a b c G]d
LhL,

(8) a m c m JW LhPU YdPoLs Gp



a b c = a b c G]dLh. CRu URXm

EiU G]dLh, Ce YdPo lTdLm 0 ApX,

(9) GkR J a -dm

i a i + j a j + k a k = 2 a G] ,

(10)

(a b ) . (c d ) + (b c ) . (a d )


+ ( c a ) . ( b d ) = 0 G] ,

(11) a = i + j + k , b = 2 i + k , c = 2 i + j + k ,

d = i + j + 2 k Gp a b . c d -Id LiL,

(12) 11-Bm LQds[ a , b , c , d -d

) (

(a b ) (c d ) = [a b d ]

[a b c ]

GuTRf NTodL,

2,6 LLs (Lines) :

2,6,1 Lhu NUuT (Equation of a line) :
Q AX Utm Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuTLs
(Parametric and non parametric vector equations) :
LdLlThP Lhp AUkR P Gu\ HRm J

su X YdPo r GuL, X TkR]LdhTh

Lhu s[ GpX sLdm r Bp \ NnVdV

J RPo]d Lhu YdPo NUuT G] AZlTo,
Q AX YdPo NUuT (Parametric vector equations) :

r
B] X XjR YdPoLs Utm U\dV
NLs
(Q
AXLs)
XUL
GRlTUu
AdLYV] Q AX YdPo NUuT G]lTm,

97

Q AX ApX YdPo NUuT (Non-parametric vector equation) :

VR Q AXm EhTjRlTPR NUuTh].
Q AX ApX YdPo NUuT GuTo,
LLu YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTLs (Vector and
Cartesian Equations of Straight lines) :
\Yp J LhP uYm YLp oUdLXm,
(i) ARu J sm. ARu Nm LdLlTu
(ii) ARu C sLs LdLlTu.
l : TPjhPjuT NUuTh YW\Ls (2.6.2, 2.6.3)
RYpX, NUuThu AUl UhU RY, Clm.
Lt\p \] ALdm SdPu NUuThu YW\
LdLlThs[.

2,6,2 LdLlThP J s Yf NpYm LdLlThP

J YdPd CQV]U] SodLhu NUuT
(Equation of a straight line passing through a given point and
parallel to a given vector) :

YdPo YYm (Vector form) : O-I Tj X YdPo a G]d

LiP s A YVLm v -d CQVLm J L Es[

GuL, Lhu HRm J s P G]m O-I Tj

CRPV X YdPo r G]m LsL,

z
OA = a , OP = r
v
A

AP-m v -m CQ YdPoLs
P
a

r
, t GuT
AP = t v
y
O
HRm J N,
TPm 2.23
x

OP = OA + AP

(1)
r = a +tv
C LdLlThP Lhu YdPo NUuT Bm,

l : r = a + t v , Ce t GuT J N (i.e., J Q
AX) G]Y. CkRf NUuThP Lhu Q AX YdPo
NUuT Guu\m,
[jRt\m : CkRd L BYVLf NpU]p. CRu

YdPo NUuT r = t v

98

LoVu AUl :
Xls A-Cu BVjRXLs (x1, y1, z1) Utm CRt
CQV] YdPu Nd LNLuLs l, m, n Gp

a = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ; v = l i + m j + n k

r = x i +y j +zk

r = a +t v x i + y j + z k =x1 i + y1 j + z1 k + t l i + m j + n k

i , j , k CYtu ElL[ JlP
C Lhu

NUuTPm

x = x1 + tl
y = y1 + tm

Q AXf

z = z1 + tn

x x1
= t,
l

y y1
m = t,

tI dL. Sm TY

z z1
n = t

x x1
y y1
z z1
=
=
l
m
n

C (x1, y1, z1) Gu\ s Yf Npm l, m, n Gu\ N

ReL[ EPV Lhu LoVu NUuTPm,
Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuT (Non-parametric vector
equation) :

AP = OP OA = r a


B]p AP | | v AP v = 0

(r a ) v = 0

r v a v = 0

r v = a v

C Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuT Bm,

99

2,6,3
LdLlThP
C
sLs
Yf
Npm
SodLhu NUuT (Equation of a straight line passing
through two given points) :
YdPo AUl (Vector Form) :

O-I Tj a , b Gu\ X YdPoL[d LiP
sL[] A, B YVL J SodL Np\ GuL,
z
Lhu HRm J s P
A

B
G]m ARu X YdPo r G]m
b
P
a
LsL,
r


y
O
OA= a , OB = b Utm OP = r GuL,

x
AP-m AB-m CQV]Y,
TPm 2.24

AP = t AB, t HRm J N


= t OB OA = t b a

OP = OA + AP


(ApX)
(1)
r = a +t b a

r = (1 t) a + t b
CY LdLlThP Lhu YdPo NUuTPm,

l : r = (1 t) a + t b Ce t GuT N, (i.e., Q
AX) G]Y CkRf NUuT LdLlThP Lhu Q
AX YdPo NUuTPm,
LoVu AUl :
A, B Gu\ XjR sLu Afj WeLs \V (x1, y1, z1)
Utm (x2, y2, z2)

a = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ; b = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k ; r = x i + y j + z k
CmUlL[ (1)-Cp WP.

x i + y j + z k = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k

+ tx2 i + y2 j + z2 k x1 i + y1 j + z1 k

100


i , j , k CYtu ElL[ JlP
CY A]jm Lhu
x = x1 + t(x2 x1)

Q AXf NUuTLs Bm
y = y1 + t(y2 y1)
z = z1 + t(z2 z1)

t-I dL.

x x1
= t,
x2 x1

y y1
= t,
y2 y1

z z1
= t
z2 z 1

y y1
z z1
x x1
=
=
x2 x1
y2 y1
z2 z 1

CY LdLlThP Lhu LoVu NUuT Bm,

l : x2 x1, y2 y1, z2 z1 GuT] (x1, y1, z1) Utm (x2, y2, z2)
Gm sL[ CQdm Lhu N ReLs Bm,
Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuT (Non-parametric vector
equation) :

AB = OB OA = b a

AP = OP OA = r a

AP-m AB-m LhPU YdPoLs Gp

AP AB = 0

r a b a = 0

CY Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuT Bm,

) (

2,6,4 C LLu CPlThP LQm (Angle between two lines) :

r = a 1 + t u Utm r = a 2 + s v
GuT] J R[jp AUkR
CWi LLs,

Cq LLm u Utm v

a1 +
r =

t u
u

=a +
s v
2
Gu\
YdPoLu
Np
TPm 2.25
Cdu\,
CWi LLd CPlThP LQm GuT AYtu
NLd CPlThP LQm Bm,
GuT LLd CPlThP LQm Gp

101

u . v
= cos

u v
1

| || |

LoVu AUl: Lhu NUuTLs LoVu Yp Clu

x x1
y y1 z z1
x x1
y y1 z z1
a1 = b1 = c1 Utm a2 = b2 = c2
a1, b1, c1 Utm a2, b2, c2 GuT C LLu N
ReLs Gp. CPlThP LQm
a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2

= cos1
2
2
2
2
2
2
a2 + b2 + c2
a1 + b1 + c1
l : C LLm Nej Gp a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

GjdLh 2.39 : 3 i j + 4 k Gu\ YdPW X YdPWn

EPV s A YfNpYm 5 i + 7 j + 3 k -d
CQV]U] Lhu YdPo. LoVu NUuTL[d
LiL,

o : J s a Yf NpYm LdLlThP J YdPd

v
CQV]U]
SodLhu
YdPo
NUuT

r = a + t v , t GuT J N,

Ce a = 3 i j + 4 k

v = 5 i +7 j +3k
SodLhu YdPo NUuT

r = 3 i j +4k +t 5 i +7 j +3k
(1)
(x1, y1, z1) Gu\ s Yf NpYm l, m, n Gu\ N
ReL[ EPV SodLhu LoVu NUuT
y y1 z z1
x x1
= m = n
l
Ce
(x1, y1, z1) = (3, 1, 4)
(l, m, n) = ( 5, 7, 3)
x3 y+1 z4
= 7 = 3
Lhu RYV] NUuT
5

) (

102

GjdLh 2.40 : ( 5, 2, 3), (4, 3, 6) Gu\ sLs Yf Npm

SodLhu YdPo. LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,

o : a , b -I X YdPoL[nd LiP C sLs YVf
Npm Lhu YdPo NUuT


r = a +t b a

Ce
a = 5 i + 2 j + 3 k Utm

b = 4 i 3 j +6k

b a = 9 i 5 j +3k
Lhu YdPo NUuT

r = 5 i + 2 j + 3 k + t 9 i 5 j + 3 k ApX

r = (1 t) 5 i + 2 j + 3 k + t 4 i 3 j + 6 k
LoVu AUl : RYV] NUuT
y y1
z z1
x x1
=
=
x2 x1
y2 y1
z2 z 1

) (

Ce

) (

(x1, y1, z1) = ( 5, 2, 3) ; (x2, y2, z2) = (4, 3, 6)

x+5
9
NUuT Bm,

y2
5

z3
3 GuT Lhu LoVu

GjdLh 2.41 :

r = 3 i + 2 j k + t i + 2 j + 2 k Utm

(
)

r = 5 j + 2 k + s (3 i + 2 j + 6 k ) Gu\ CWi LLu

CPlThP LQjRd LiL,

o : LdLlThs[ LLu u Utm v YdPoLu

NLp CdLhm,

u = i + 2 j + 2k,
v = 3 i + 2 j + 6 k , GuT
LdLlThs[ LLd CPlThP LQm,

u . v
cos =

u v

| || |

103

u . v = 19 ; u = 3 ; v = 7

| |

19
cos = 21

| |

19
= cos1 21

Tt 2.6
(1) (2, 3, 6) Gu\ N ReL[PV Lhu Nd
LNLuL[d LiL,
(2) (i) 30, 45, 60 Nd LQeL[Ld LiP J YdPo
CdL CVU?
(ii) 45, 60, 120 Nd LQeL[Ld LiP J YdPo
CdL CVU?
(3) BV AfdLPu NULQeL[ HtTjm YdPu
NdLNuLs VY?

(4) J YdPo r -Cu Gi A[ 35 2 Utm N ReLs

(3, 4, 5) Gp AkR YdPu NdLNuLs Utm
L[d LiL,
(5) (2, 3, 1) Utm (3, 1, 2) Gu\ sL[ CQdm
Lhu Nd LNuL[d LiL,

(6) (3, 4, 2) Gu\ sYf NpYm 9 i + 6 j + 2 k Gu\

YdPd CQV]U] Lhu YdPo Utm
LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,
(7) (1, 2, 1) Utm (0, 2, 3) Gu\ sL[ CQdm
Lhu YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,
(8)

x1
y+1
z4
y+2
=
=
Utm x + 1 = 2
2
3
6
LLu CPlThPd LQm LiL,

z4
2 Gu\

(9) r = 5 i 7 j + i + 4 j + 2 k , r = 2 i + k +

3 i + 4 k Gu\ LLu CPlThPd LQm LiL,

2,6,5 JW R[jp AUV LLs (Skew lines):

CWi LL[ \Yp Gjd LsYm. AY
uYm u XL[ AP\,

104

(i) AY
Ju\Vu
YhPXm,
(ii) (ApX) AY CQVL
AUVXm,
(iii) (ApX) AY Ju\ Ju
YhPUm.
CQpXUm
CdLXm,
\Yp AUkR CWi
Yhm ApX CQdLL[
JW R[ AULLs Guu\m,

L1

A
d

L2
B

TPm 2.26
ARY. J R[jR Yhm LLu YVf NpXd
VRLY
ApX
CQdLLs
YVf
NpXdVRLY YWVdL m,
G]Y JW R[ju RUkR CWi LL[ JW R[
AUd LLs Gu\m,
\Yp Ju\Vu Yhd Ls[Up. CQ
ApXRRLm Cdm CWi SodLLs L1 Utm L2Y JW
R[jp AUVd LLs GuTm,
CWi LLd CPlThP f Wm
(i) Yhm LLd CPlThP f Wm fVm GuT
R,
(ii) CQLLs
Rt\m (TQm CpXUp)

r = a 1 + t u ; r = a 2 + s u Gu\ CWi CQ LLu

CPlThP Wm
d=

u a 2 a 1

|u |

(iii) JW R[jp AUVd LLs:Rt\m (TQm CpXUp)

r = a 1 + t u ; r = a 2 + s v Gu\ CWi J R[jp AUV

LLu CPlThP Wm
d=

a 2 a 1 u v

|u v |
105

C LLs Yhd Ls[ TkR]Ls :

r = a2 + sv
Gu\ LLs Yhd
r = a1 + tu ;
LsUu. AYtu CPlThP Wm 0 Bm,

YhdLs[ TkR] d = 0 a 2 a 1 u v = 0 ApX

x2 x1
l1
l2

y2 y1 z2 z1
m1

n1

m2

n2

=0

Ce

(x1, y1, z1) Utm (x2, y2, z2) Gu\ sLu X YdPoLs

a 1 Utm a 2 Bm, u Utm v -Cu N ReLs \V

l1, m1, n1 Utm l2, m2, n2 Bm, ( u Utm v CQVt\Y)

GjdLh 2.42 : r = i j + t 2 i j + k Utm

(
) (

s(2 i j + k )

+
r = 2i + j + k
CPlThP WjRd LiL,

Gu\ CQ LLu

o : r = a 1 + t u Utm r = a 2 + s u Gp

a 1 = i j ; a 2 = 2 i + j + k Utm u = 2 i j + k

a2 a1 = i +2 j + k

u a 2 a 1 =

i
2
1

j
k
1
2

1=
1

u a 2 a 1 = 9 + 1 + 25 =

|u | =

3 i j +5k

35

4+1+1 = 6

CQLhu u a 2 a 1
35
=
CPlThP Wm =
6

| |

LdLlThP

NUuTLs

106

LoVu

AUlp

CkRp Rp AR] YdPo AUlTL Ut. CPlThP

WjRd LiL,

GjdLh 2.43 : r = i j + t 2 i + k Utm

r = 2 i j +s i + j k Gu\ C LLs JW R[ AUVd
LLs G]d Lh. AYtt CPlThP WjRm LiL,

o : r = a 1 + t u Utm r = a 2 + s v Gp

a 1 = i j ; a 2 = 2 i j Utm u = 2 i + k ; v = i + j k

) (

) (

a2 a1 = i
1 0
2 0

a 2 a 1 u v =

0
1 =10

1 1 1

AY JW R[ AUVd LLs,

k
i j

u v = 2 0 1

u v =

=
1

i +3 j +2k

14

LLu CPlThP f Wm =

a 2 a 1 u v

u v

(1)-Ck AYtt CPlThP f Wm =

(1)

1
Bm,
14

GjdLh 2.44 :
x4 y z+1
x1 y1 z+1
3 = 1 = 0 Utm 2 = 0 = 3 Gu\ LLs Yhm
G]d Lh AY Yhm sVd LiL,
o : LLs YhdLsYRtL] TkR]
x2 x1 y2 y1 z2 z1

l1

m1

n1

l2

m2

n2

=0

107

y y1
z z1
x x2 y y2 z z2
x x1
=
=
Utm
l1
m1
n1
l2 = m2 = n2 EPu JlP
PlT
(x1, y1, z1) = (1, 1, 1) ; (x2, y2, z2) = (4, 0, 1)
(l1, m1, n1) = (3, 1, 0) ; (l2, m2, n2) = (2, 0, 3)
3 1 0

3
2

= 0.
3

1 0
0

(Ce u -m v -m CQVt\Y GuTRd LiL,)

UtlhP
LLs
Ju\Vu
Lsu\],
Yhm s (Point of intersection) :
y1 z+1
x1
3 = 1 = 0 = GuL,

Yhd

CkRd Lhp Es[ HRm J su AUl

(3 + 1, + 1, 1) Bm,
x4
y z+1
2 = 0 = 3 = GuL,
CkRd Lhu Es[ HRm J su AUl
(2 + 4, 0, 3 1) Bm,
CY Yhd LsYRp HRm , d
(3 + 1, + 1, 1) = (2 + 4, 0, 3 1) = 1 Utm = 0 Gu\
Yhm sVd LQdP = 1 Utm = 0 Gu\ UlLp
HRm J UlT Gjd LsL,
Yhm s (4, 0, 1).
l : CWi LLm YdPo AUlp LdLlThPp
Rp AR] LoVu AUld Ut. odL Yim,

r = i j + 2 i + j + k

(
) (
) Utm

r = ( i + j k ) + (2 i j k ) Gu\ CWi JW R[jp

GjdLh 2.45 :

AUVR LLd CPlThP f WjRd LQd,

o : T\lThPf NUuTL[ r = a 1 + t u Utm r = a 2 + s v

EPu JlP

108



a1= i j ; a2= i + j k ; u =2 i + j + k ;

v=2 i j k

a 2 a 1 = 2 j k Utm u v = 4 j 4 k


a 2 a 1 u v =

0
2
2

|u v | = 4
CPlThP f Wm =

2
1
1

= 12
1
1

a 2 a 1 u v

u v

12
3
=
4 2
2

2,6,7 u sLs JW LhPUj RuU

(Collinearity of three points) :

Rt\m (TQm CpXUp) :

a , b , c Gu\ X YdPoL[L EPV u sLs
\V A, B, C GuL, CY J LhPUl sL[L CdLj
RYV] Utm TU] LhlT. 1, 2, 3 Gu\ u

GpXU fVUt\ NL[ 1 a + 2 b + 3 c = o Utm
1 + 2 + 3 = 0 GU LQRp Yim,
JW LhPUj RuUV Ndm Y\Ls (Working rule to
find the collinearity) :
CWi sLs Yf Npm Lhu NUuThP GR
Yim. Ap u\Y sV Wh NTodL Yim,
l : u sLs J Lhp AUkRYL[L CkRp.
ARu X YdPoLm J R[ AUkRYL[L Cdm, CRu
URX EiUVpX,
GjdLh 2.46 : (3, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1) Utm (5, 2, 1) Gu\
sLs J LhPUl sLs G]dLhL,
o : (3, 1, 1) Utm (1, 0, 1) Gu\ sLs Yf Npm
x3 y+1 z+1
Lhu NUuT 2 =
= 0 = GuL
1

109

CkRd Lhp Es[ HRm J su AUl

(2 + 3, 1, 1). Cp = 1 WhPp (5, 2, 1) Gu\ s
Pdm,
G]Y u\Y s AR Lhp AUks[,
u sLm J LhPUV\,
l :
sLu X YdPoLs LdLlThPp
sL[d Li u]o odL Yim,

Rp

GjdLh 2.47 :
(3, 2, 4), (9, 8, 10) Utm (, 4, 6)
sLs Gp -Cu Ul LiL,

JW LhPUl

o :
u sLs JW LhPUkRY, G]Y. AYtu X
YdPoLs J R[jp AUm,

Let a = 3 i + 2 j 4 k ; b = 9 i + 8 j 10 k ; c = i + 4 j 6 k

3
] 9

a b c =

8 10
4

=0

12 = 60 = 5

Tt 2.7
(1) CQLLu CPlThP f WjRd LQdL,
(i)

r = 2 i j k

(ii)

y
z+3
x3
y+1
z1
x1
= 3 = 2 Utm
= 3 = 2
1
1

(
) + t(i 2j + 3k )

r = ( i 2 j + k ) + s( i 2 j + 3 k )

Utm

(2) r = 3 i + 5 j + 7 k + t i 2 j + k Utm

(
) (
)

r = ( i + j + k ) + s(7 i + 6 j + 7 k ) GuT] J R[jp

AUVR LLs G]d LhL,

110

x1
y+1
z
x2
y1
z1
Gu\ LLs
1 = 1 = 3 Utm 1 = 2 =
1
Yhd Lsm G]d LhL, Um AY Yhm
sVd LiL,

(3)

(4)

x
y+9 z2
x6 y7 z4
3 = 1 = 1 Utm 3 = 2 = 4 Gu\ J R[jp
AUVR LLu CPlThP f WjRd LiL,

(5) (2, 1, 3), (1, 1, 0) Utm (3, 1, 6) GuT] JW

LhPUkRY G]dLh,
(6) (, 0, 3), (1, 3, 1) Utm ( 5, 3, 7) JW LhPUkRY
Gp -Cu Ul LiL,

2,7 R[eLs (Planes) :

J Yt\ TWlT]. As[ HRm C sL[
CQdm SodL ARu CdU AUUu AR]
J R[m G] AZdLXm,
2,7,1, R[eLu YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTLs Q
AX Utm Q AX At\ Yp :
uYm XLp J R[jR JW J Yp oUdL
CVm,
(i) ARu J s. Utm ARtf NejR] J L
LdLlThPp
(ii) ARu J NeL Utm Bk AjR[ju Wm
LdLlThPp
(iii) ARu J s. Utm ARt CQV] CWi
YdPoLs LdLlThPp
(iv) ARu J s. Utm R[jt CQVL J L
LdLlThPp
(v) JW LhXUVR u sLs LdLlThPp
(vi) LdLlThP CWi
R[ju NUuT,

LLs

(vii) LdLlThP
CWi
YVLm. J RWlThP
R[ju NUuT,

111

YVLf

Npm

R[eLu
YhdL
s YVLm Npm

l : TPjhPjuT NUuTh YW\Ls (2.7.1 Rp

2.7.5 YW) RYpX, NUuThu AUl UhU RY,
Clm. Lt\p \] ALdm SdPu NUuThu
YW\ LdLlThs[.

2,7,1 LdLlThP J s Yf NpYm

YdPdf NejRLm Es[ R[ju NUuT :

YdPo AUl:

<

A Gm s YVLm. n -df NejRLm R[m Es[

G]d LsL, O-I Tj A-Cu X YdPo a GuL,

R[ju HRm J s
z
n

P GuL, CRu X YdPo r

A

GuL. AP-I NodL,

P
a
r

AP B] n df Nej,
O
y

x
TPm 2.27
AP. n = 0 OP OA. n = 0

r a .n = 0

r.n = a.n
CY RYV] R[ju YdPo NUuT Bm (Q
AX ApXR),
LoVu YYm : A-Cu BVjRXLs (x1, y1, z1) Utm a, b, c

GuT] n -Cu N ReLs Gp

a = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ; n = a i + b j + c k ; r = x i + y j + z k

(r a ) .n = 0

(x x1) i + (y y1) j + (z z1) k . a i + b j + c k = 0

a(x x1) + b(y y1) + c(z z1) = 0 Bm,
CY R[ju LoVu NUuT Bm (Q AX
ApXR)

[jRt\m : BYf

NpYm

R[jtf

EPVU] R[ju YdPo NUuT r . n = 0

112

Nej

2,7,2 Bk R[ju RX Utm AX NeL

YdPo LdLlThPp R[ju NUuT :
B O Ck R[jt
YWVlThP
Nejd

L ON-Cu [m p GuL, n
B] R[jt NejR]
KWX YdPo, C ON-Cu
Np Cdm Gp

N
<

pn

ON = pn.
R[ju HRm J
s P GuL.

TPm 2.28

OI Tj CRPV X YdPo r GuL, (i.e.,) OP = r . NPI

NodL NP GuT R[jm ON GuT R[jt NejRLm

Es[,


NP . ON = 0 OP ON. ON = 0

r pn . pn = 0 r . n pn . n = 0


i.e., r . n = p
n.n=1
CY R[ju YdPo NUuT Bm (Q AX ApXR)
LoVu YYm :

l, m, n GuT
n -Cu Nd LNuLs Utm

n=l i +m j +nk

r . n =p x i +y j +zk . l i +m j +nk =p

)(

lx + my + nz = p
CY R[ju LoVu NUuT (Q AX ApXR),

[j Rt\m : n KWX ApXR Nej YdPo Gp

n=

| |

113

= p r . n = p n = q (GuL)
r .

| |

|n |

r . n =q
CY R[ju NeLh YY YdPo NUuT Bm,
q
B Ok R[jt Es[ Nejj RX
Bm,

| |

2,7,3 LdLlThP J s YVLm LdLlThP C

YdPoLd CQVLm AUkR R[ju NUuT :
YdPo AUl :

z v
OI Tj a I X
u
dPWLd LiP s A
C
A
P

YVLm u , v Gu\ C
B
YdPoLd CQVLm
a
R[m AU\ G]d LsL,
r
y
O
R[ju HRm J
x
s P G]m ARPV
TPm 2.29

X YdPo
r
G]m

LsL, (i.e.,) OP = r .

A YVL u , v d CQVL AB, AC Gu\ R[jp LLs

AB = u , AC = v Gu\Y R[jp YWL,

B]p APB] AB, ACEPu JW R[ AUlPV,

AP = s AB + t AC s, t GuT NLs

= su +tv

OP = OA + AP

r = a+s u +t v
(1)
CY R[ju YdPo NUuT Bm, (Q AX Yp)

114

LoVu AUl :

a = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k

u = l1 i + m1 j + n1 k ; v = l2 i + m2 j + n2 k
(1)-Ck

r = a +su +tv

x i + y j + z k = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k + sl1 i + m1 j + n1 k

+ t l2 i + m2 j + n2 k

i , j , k BVYtu LdL[ JlP
CY LoVu Yp Q
AXf NUuT Bm,

x = x1 + sl1 + tl2
y = y1 + sm1 + tm2
z = z1 + sn1 + tn2

x x1 = sl1 + tl2
y y1 = sm1 + tm2
z z1 = sn1 + tn2
x x1 y y1 z z1
s, t, BVYt\ dL

l1

m1

n1

l2

m2

n2

=0

CY RYV] R[ju LoVu NUuT Bm, (Q

AX ApXR Yp)
Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuT :

AP, AB Utm AC Ko R[jp Es[Y i.e., r a , u , v J R[
YdPoLs,

[r a u v ] = 0

ApX

[r u v ] = [a u v ]

CY R[ju YdPo NUuT, (Q AX ApXR

Yp)

115

2,7,4 LdLlThP C sLs YVLm LdLlThP

J YdPd CQVLm AUm R[ju NUuT :
YdPo AUl :

O-I Tj a , b dL[
X YdPoL[Ld LiP
sLs \V A, B GuL,

v
C

v GuT RWlThP YdPo

A
a

GuL, RYV] R[m A, B

YV
Np\,
Um

v d

B
y

CQVLm
AU\ G]d LsL,

TPm 2.30

R[ju HRm Ko s P G]m ARu X YdPo r

G]m LsL, (i.e.,) OP = r .

A YVL AC Gu\ L AC = v Gu\Y YWL,

AP B] AB , AC BVYtPu JW R[jp Es[Rp

AP = s AB + t AC, s, t GuTY NLs,

= s OB OA + t v = s b a + t v

OP = OA + AP

r = a +s b a +t v
(1)

r = (1 s) a + s b + t v
CY R[ju YdPo (Q AX YYm) NUuT Bm,

Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuT :

AP, AB Utm AC JW R[ AUl Es[, i.e., r a , b a

Utm v JW R[ AUl EPV, r a b a v = 0
CY RYV] R[ju YdPo (Q AX ApXR)
NUuT Bm,

116

LoVu YYm :

a = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ; b = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k

v = l i +m j +nk ; r =x i +y j +zk
(1)-Ck

x i + y j + z k = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k

+ s (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k + t l i + m j + n k

i , j , k BVYtu ElL[ JlL,
CY Q AX LoVu
x = x1 + s(x2 x1) + tl
YYf NUuTPm,
y = y1 + s(y2 y1) + tm
z = z1 + s(z2 z1) + tn
(x x1) = s(x2 x1) + tl
(y y1) = s(y2 y1) + tm
(z z1) = s(z2 z1) + tn
x x1 y y1 z z1

s, tI dL

x2 x1
l

y2 y1 z2 z1

=0

m
n
CY R[ju LoVu YYf NUuT Bm, (Q
AX ApXR)

2,7,5 LdLlThP JW LhXUVR u sLs Yf

Npm R[ju YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTLs:
YdPo AUl:

O-Il Tj a , b , c I
X YdPoL[Ld LiP
sLs \V A, B, C GuL,
RYV] R[m A, B Utm C
YVf Np\,
R[ju HRm J
s P GuL. ARu X

YdPo r Bm, (i.e.,) OP = r

z
C
A
P
a

c
b

O
x

TPm 2.31

117

AB, AC, APL[f NodL, AP B] AB Utm ACPu JW R[

AUl EPV,

AP = s AB + t AC s, t GuT] NLs,

= s OB OA + tOC OA
=s

(b a ) + t (c a )

OP = OA + AP

r = a +s b a +t c a

) (

) (or)

(1)

r = (1 s t) a + s b + t c
CY R[ju YdPo NUuT(Q AX YYm).
Q AX ApXR YdPo NUuT :

AP, AB Utm AC J R[ AUlPV

AP AB AC = 0

(i.e.,)

r a b a c a =0
CY RYV] R[ju YdPo NUuT Bm, (Q
AX ApXR YYm)
LoVu AUl :

a = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ; b = x2 i + y2 j + z3 k ; c = x3 i + y3 j + z3 k

r =x i +y j +zk
(1)-Ck

x i + y j + z k = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k

+ s (x2 x1) i + (y2 y1) j + (z2 z1) k

+ t (x3 x1) i + (y3 y1) j + (z3 z1) k

i , j , k Lu ElL[ JlP.

118

x = x1 + s(x2 x1) + t(x3 x1)

y = y1 + s(y2 y1) + t(y3 y1)
z = z1 + s(z2 z1) + t(z3 z1)

CY Q AX
NUuThu
LoVu AUl

x x1

s, t BVYt\ dL. x2 x1
x x
3 1

y y1

z z1

=0

z3 z1

y2 y1 z2 z1
y3 y1

CY R[ju LoVu NUuT (Q AX ApXR

Yp),

GjdLh 2.48 : 3 i + 2 j 2 k Gm YdPdf

NejRLm Bk 8 AXLs Wjp Cdm R[ju
YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,

o : Ce p = 8 Utm n = 3 i + 2 j 2 k

n
3 i +2 j 2k 3 i +2 j 2k
n =
=
=
9+4+4
17

| |

Ce RYV] R[ju NUuT r . n = p

3 i +2 j 2k
r .
=8
17

r . 3 i +2 j 2k

)= 8

17

LoVu AUl : (x i +y j + z k ). (3 i + 2 j 2 k ) = 8 17
3x + 2y 2z = 8 17
GjdLh 2.49 : Bp Ck J R[jt YWVlThP
Neju Als (4, 2, 5) Gp AjR[ju NUuT
LiL,
o : Ce RYV] R[U] A(4, 2, 5) YV Np\,

Um OA YdPdf NejRLm AU\,

a = 4 i 2 j 5 k Utm n = OA = 4 i 2 j 5 k

R[ju RYV] NUuT r . n = a . n

119

r . 4 i 2 j 5k = 4 i 2 j 5k . 4 i 2 j 5k
= 16 + 4 + 25

) (

) (

r . 4 i 2 j 5 k = 45
LoVu AUl :

(1)

(xi + yj + zk ) . (4i 2j 5k ) = 45
4x 2y 5z = 45
GjdLh 2.50 : (2, 1, 3) YVf NpXdVm
x2
y1
z3
x1
y+1
z 2
3 = 2 = 4 Utm 2 = 3 = 2 BV LLd
CQVL Es[U] R[ju YdPo Utm LoVu
NUuTL[d LiL,
o : RYV] R[U] A(2, 1, 3) YVf Npm, Um

u = 3 i + 2 j 4 k Utm v = 2 i 3 j + 2 k -d CQVL
Cdm,

RYV] NUuT r = a + s u + t v

r = 2 i j 3k

) +s(3i + 2j 4k ) + t(2i 3j + 2k )

LoVu AUl :
(x1, y1, z1) GuT (2, 1, 3) ; (l1, m1, n1) GuT (3, 2, 4) ;
(l2, m2, n2) GuT (2, 3, 2)

R[ju NUuT

i.e.,

x 2
3
2

x x1
l1
l2

y+1 z+3
2

y y1 z z1
m1

n1

m2

n2

=0

=0

8x + 14y + 13z + 37 = 0
CY RYV] NUuThu LoVu AUl Bm,

120

GjdLh 2.51 : ( 1, 1, 1) Utm (1, 1, 1) BV sLs

YVf NpXd Vm x + 2y + 2z = 5 Gu\ R[jt NejRL
AUYU] R[ju YdPo Utm LoVu NUuThPd
LiL,
o : x + 2y + 2z = 5 Gu\ R[ju Nej YdPo B]

i + 2 j + 2 k Bm, CqYdPo RYV] R[jt CQVL

AUm, G]Y RYV] R[U] ( 1, 1, 1) Utm (1, 1, 1)

Gu\ sLs YVf NpXd Vm i + 2 j + 2 k Gu\

YdPd CQVLm AUm,
R[ju YdPo NUuT :
LdLlThP CWi sLs YVf NpXdVm J
YdPd CQVL Es[U] R[ju YdPo NUuT,

r = (1 s) a + s b + t v Ce s Utm t NLs Bm,

Ce a = i + j + k ; b = i j + k ; v = i + 2 j + 2 k

r = (1 s) i + j + k + s i j + k + t i + 2 j + 2 k
CY R[ju RYV] YdPo NUuT Bm,
LoVu AUl :
(x1, y1, z1) GuT ( 1, 1, 1) ; (x2, y2, z2) GuT (1, 1, 1) ; (l1, m1, n1)
GuT (1, 2, 2)
x x1 y y1 z z1

) (

x2 x1
l1
z1

0 =0
2

R[ju NUuT

i.e.,

x + 1
2
1

y1
2

) (

=0

y2 y1 z2 z1
m1

n1

2
2x + 2y 3z + 3 = 0
GjdLh 2.52 : (2, 2, 1), (3, 4, 2) Utm (7, 0, 6) BV sLs
YVf NpXdV R[ju YdPo Utm LoVu
NUuThPd LiL,
o : JW LhPUVR LdLlThP u sLs YVf
Npm R[ju YdPo NUuT

121



r = (1 s t) a + s b + t c

s Utm t NLs,

Ce a = 2 i + 2 j k ; b = 3 i + 4 j + 2 k ; c = 7 i + 6 k

r = (1s t) 2 i + 2 j k + s 3 i + 4 j + 2 k + t 7 i + 6 k
R[ju LoVu NUuT :
Ce (x1, y1, z1) GuT (2, 2, 1) ; (x2, y2, z2) GuT (3, 4, 2) ;
(x3, y3, z3) GuT (7, 0, 6)

) (

x x1 y y1

R[ju NUuT x2 x1 y2 y1
x x y y
3 1 3 1
x 2 y 2 z + 1
2
3 =0
i.e., 1
5 2 7

) (

z z1

=0

z3 z1
z2 z 1

5x + 2y 3z = 17 CY R[ju LoVu NUuT,

Tt 2.8

(1) 2 i + 7 j + 8 k Gm YdPdf NejRLm Bp

Ck 18 AXLs Wjp Cdm R[ju YdPo Utm
LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,
(2) 2x y + 2z = 5 Gu\ R[ju Nej AX YdPoL[d
LiL,

(3) Bk r . 3 i + 4 j + 12 k
= 26 Gu\ R[jt
YWVlThP Neju [jRd LiL,
(4) Bk
J
R[jt
YWVlThP
Neju
Als (8, 4, 3) Gp AjR[ju NUuT LiL,

(5) 2 i j + k GuTR] XYdPWLd LiP s

YVf NpXd Vm 4 i + 2 j 3 k Gu\ YdPd

NejR]U] R[ju NUuT LiL,

(6) (2, 1, 4) Gu\ s YVf NpYm r . 4 i 12 j 3 k =7
Gu\ R[jt CQV]U] R[ju YdPo Utm
LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,

122

x2
y2
z1
=
=
2
3
3 Gu\ LhP Es[PdVm
z+ 1
x+1
y1
=
=
Gu\ Lht CQV]U]
3
2
1
R[ju YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,
x+1
y+2
z+3
=
=
(8) (1, 3, 2) Gu\ s Yf NpYm
3
2
1
y+1
z+2
x2
=
=
Gu\ LLd
Utm
2
2
1
CQV]U] R[ju YdPo Utm
LoVu
NUuTL[d LiL,
(7)

(9) (1, 3, 2) Gu\ s Yf NpYm x+2y+2z = 5 Utm

3x+y+2z = 8 BV R[eLdf NejR]U] R[ju
YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,
(10) A(1, 2, 3) Utm B ( 1, 2, 1) Gu\ sLs YVf
y+1
z1
x2
=
=
Gu\ Lht
NpXdVm 2
3
4
CQV]U] R[ju YdPo Utm LoVu
NUuTL[d LiL,
(11) (1, 2, 3) Utm (2, 3, 1) Gu\ sLs YVf NpXd
Vm 3x 2y + 4z 5 = 0 Gu\ R[jtf NejRLm
AUkR R[ju YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTL[d
LiL,
x2
y2
z1
(12) 2 = 3 =
Gu\ LhP Es[PdVm ( 1, 1, 1)
2
Gu\ s YVf NpXd VU] YdPo Utm
LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,

(13) 3 i + 4 j + 2 k , 2 i 2 j k Utm 7 i + k BVYt\ X
YdPoL[Ld LiP sLs YVf Npm R[ju
YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTL[d LiL,
(14) Yhji Yp J R[ju NUuThPj RdL,
(15) uYm R[eLu LoVu AUlTj RL,
(i)

r = (s 2t) i + (3 t) j + (2s + t) k

(ii)

r = (1 + s + t) i + (2 s + t) j + (3 2s +2 t) k

123

2,7,6 LdLlThP CWi R[eLu YhdL

YVLf Npm R[ju NUuT (Equation of a plane
passing through the line of intersection of two given planes) :
YdPo AUl:


r . n 1 = q1 Utm r . n 2 = q2 BV R[eLu YhdL
YVLf Npm R[ju YdPo NUuTP]

r . n 1 q 1 + r . n 2 q2 = 0

i.e. r . n 1 + n 2 = q1 + q2
LoVu AUl :
a1x + b1y + c1z+ d1 = 0 Utm a2x + b2y + c2z+ d2 = 0 BV R[eLs
Yhm L YVf Npm R[ju LoVu NUuT
(a1x + b1y + c1z + d1) + (a2x + b2y + c2z+ d2 ) = 0
GjdLh 2.53 : 2x 3y + 4z = 1 Utm x y = 4 Gu\ R[eLu
YhdL YVf NpXd Vm (1, 1, 1) Gu\ s YVf
NpYU] R[ju NUuThPd LiL,
o :
CWi R[eLu YhdL YVf Npm HRm Ko
R[ju NUuT (2x 3y + 4z 1) + (x y + 4) = 0 Gu\ AUlp
Cdm,
1
C (1, 1, 1) YVf NpYRp = 2 Bm,
1
RYV] R[ju NUuT (2x 3y + 4z 1) 2 (x y + 4)= 0
i.e., 3x 5y + 8z 6 = 0
GjdLh 2.54 : 2x 8y + 4z = 3 Utm 3x 5y + 4z + 10 = 0 Gu\
R[eLu YhdL YVf NpXd Vm 3x y 2z 4 = 0
Gu\ R[jt NejR]U] R[ju NUuT LiL,
o :
LdLlThP CWi R[eLu YhdL YVf
Npm R[ju NUuT (2x 8y + 4z 3) + (3x 5y + 4z + 10) = 0
i.e., (2 + 3) x + ( 8 5)y + (4 + 4)z + ( 3 + 10) = 0 . B]p
RYV] R[m 3x y 2z 4 = 0 Gu\ R[jt NejRL
Cd\,
G]Y
AYtu
NeLLs
JudLu
NejR]YVL Cdm,

124

i.e., (2 + 3) 3 + ( 8 5) ( 1) + (4 + 4) ( 2) = 0
6 + 6 = 0

=1

RYV] NUuT (2x 8y + 4z 3) 1(3x 5y + 4z + 10) = 0

x 3y 13 = 0
x + 3y + 13 = 0

2,7,7 J R[jtm. J sdm CPlThP Wm :

(x1, y1, z1) GuT HRm J s GuL, ax + by + cz + d = 0
GuT HRm J R[ju NUuT. Clsdm R[jtm
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d
CPlThP Wm

a2 + b2 + c2

LsL (1) :
Bdm ax + by + cz + d = 0 Gu\ R[jtm CPlThP Wm
d

2 2 2
a +b +c

LsL (2) :
ax + by + cz + d1 = 0 Utm ax + by + cz + d2 = 0 Gu\ CQj
d1 d2
R[eLd CPlThP Wm 2

a + b2 + c2
l : RWlThP NUuT YdPo AUlp Clu AR
LoVu AUlt Ut WjRd LiL,
GjdLh 2.55 : (1, 1, 2) Gu\ sp Ck

r =
i + j + k
WjRd LiL,

+ s i j

+ t j k Gu\ R[jts[

o : RWlThP R[U] (1, 1, 1) Yf NpXdVm i j

Utm j k Gu\ YdPoLd CQVLm Es[,

ARtV LoVu NUuT

x x1
l1
l2

y y 1 z z1
m1

n1

m2

n2

(x1, y1, z1) = (1, 1, 1)

(l1, m1, n1) = (1 1, 0)
(l2, m2, n2) = (0, 1, 1)

=0

125

x 1
i.e., 1
0

y1 z1
1

=0
1
0

i.e., x + y + z 3 = 0

1
Ce (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 1, 2)

1
ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d 1 1 + 2 3
=
=

2
2
2
3
a +b +c 1+1+1

Wm =

GjdLh 2.56 : r . i j + k = 3. r . i + j k = 5
BV CQjR[eLd CPlThP WjRd LiL,
o : R[eLu LdLlThP YdPo NUuTLdV
LoVu NUuTLs
x y + z 3 = 0 Utm x + y z 5 = 0
i.e., x + y z + 3 = 0 Utm x + y z 5 = 0
d 1 d2 3 + 5 8
=
Wm = 2
=
3
a + b2 + c2 1 + 1 + 1

2,7,8 LdLlThP CWi SodLL[ Es[PdV

R[ju
NUuT
(ARY
LdLlThP
CWi
SodLLs YVf NpXdV R[m) :

r = a 1 + t u Utm r = a 2 + s v GuTY R[ju

AUkR SodLLs GuL, CqY\u


r a 1, u , v JW-R[-YdPoLs Bm Utm r a 2, u , v
JW-R[-AU YdPoLs Bm,


r a 1 u v = 0 Utm r a 2 u v = 0
UtLiP CWi NUuTLU RYV] JW R[jRd
du\], CRu LoVu AUlT]
x x1 y y1 z z1
x x2 y y2 z z2

l1

m1

n1

l2

m2

n2

= 0 ApX

l1

m1

n1

l2

m2

n2

Ce a 1 = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ; a 2 = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k

u = l1 i + m1 j + n1 k ; v = l2 i + m2 j + n2 k

126

=0

l : CWi LLs CQVu AYtk CWi

YlTPV] sL[m CQ YdPWm Gjd
LsL, C Aq sLs YVLf NpYm YdPd
CQVL ClTU] R[ju NUuThPd LiL,
x4 y1 z
x1 y2 z3
GjdLh 2.57 : 2 = 3 = 4 Utm 5 = 2 = 1 BV
SodLL[ Es[PdV R[ju NUuT LiL,
o :
Rp Lhk (x1, y1, z1) = (1, 2, 3) Gu\ YlTPV]
sV Gjd LsL,
CQ YdPoLs (l1, m1, n1) = (2, 3, 4) Utm (l2, m2, n2) = (5, 2, 1)
RYV] NUuT
x x1 y y1 z z1
x1 y2 z3

l1

m1

n1

l2

m2

n2

=0 2

3
2

4 =0

5x 18y + 11z 2 = 0
GjdLh 2.58 : (1, 1, 1) Utm ( 1, 0, 1) BV s YV
NpXdV SodL xy R[jRf Nkdm sVd LiL,
o : (1, 1, 1) Utm ( 1, 0, 1) YVf Npm Lhu
y1
z+1
x 1
NUuT 2 = 1 =
2
A xy R[jR NklTRp z = 0 Bm,
x1
y1
1
1
2 = 1 =
x = 0, y = 2
2
1
RYV]l s 0, 2, 0

GjdLh 2.59 :

(
) + t(2i 3j + 4k ) Gu\ L

.(2 i + 4 j k ) = 3 Gu\ R[jRf Nkdm

r = i +2 j 5k

r
BVjRXL[d LiL,

su

x1
y2 z+5
o : Lhu LoVu YYm 2 =
= 4 = GuL
3
CkR Lhs[ HRm su AUl
(2 + 1, 3 + 2, 4 5) Bm,

127

R[ju LoVu NUuT 2x + 4y z 3 = 0

RYV]l s R[ju AUYRp
2(2 + 1) + 4( 3 + 2) (4 5) 3 = 0 = 1
RYV]l s (3, 1, 1) Bm,

Tt 2.9
(1)

x+1 y2 z3
x4 y1
2 = 3 = 4 Utm
3 = 2 = z 8 Gu\ LL[
Es[PdV R[ju NUuT LiL,

(2) r = i + 2 j 4 k + t 2 i + 3 j + 6 k

(
) (
) Ut\m

r = (3 i + 3 j 5 k ) + s(2 i + 3 j + 8 k ) Gu\ C LLs

YV J R[m YWV CVU? E] Pdj RkR

[dLm RL,

j k
+ s 2i j + k
(3) r =
sVd LiL,

(4) r = 2 i + j 3 k

Utm xz R[m Yhm

) + t(2i j k ) Gu\ Lm

x 2y + 3z + 7 = 0 Gu\ R[m Nkdu\ sVd LiL,

(5) Bdm
r . 2 i j +5k
CPlThPj WjRd LiL,

Gu\

R[jtm

(6) x y + 3z + 5 = 0 ; 2x 2y + 6z + 7 = 0 Gu\ CQjR[eLd

CPlThP WjRd LiL,

2,7,9 RWlThP R[eLd CPlThP LQm :

CWi R[eLd CPlThP
LQU]
AYtu
NejdLd
CPlThP
LQUL YWVdLlT\,


r . n 1 = q1 Utm r . n 2 = q2
GuTY
C
R[eLu

NUuTLs (Ce n 1 Utm n 2

GuTY
R[eLdV
NejdLs)

128

n2

n1

TPm 2.32

 GuT Cq
R[eLd
CPlThP
(i.e., NejLd CPlThP LQm) Gp

LQm,

n 1 . n 2
= cos

n 1 n 2
1

l : (i) Aq R[eLm NejRu n 1 . n 2 = 0

(ii) Aq R[eLs CQVu n 1 = t n 2 Ce t GuT

N,

2,7,10 J Lhtm J R[jtm CPlThP LQm :

J
Lhtm
R[jtm
CPlThP
LQU]
AdLhtm.
R[ju
Nejdm
CPlThP
LWld LQm Bm,

90-

r = a + t b GuT Lhu

NUuT GuL, r . n = q GuT
R[ju NUuT GuL,

TPm 2.33

Lhtm R[jtm CPlThP LQm Gp.

(90 ) B] Lhtm R[ju Nejdm CPlThP
LQm Bm,

i.e., (90 ) B] b Utm n d CPlThP LQm,

cos (90 ) =
l

b . n
sin =

b n

| || |

| || |

R[jt

129

CQ

b . n

b n

| || |

i.e., R[ju

NejR] Lht NejRL AUUu b . n = 0 Bm,
GjdLh 2.60 : 2x y + z = 4 Utm x + y + 2z = 4 Gu\
R[eLd CPlThP LQm LiL,
o : LdLlThP R[eLu NejLs
:

LP]

b . n
= sin1

b n

Gp

n 1 = 2 i j + k Utm n 2 = i + j + 2 k R[eLu
CPlThP LQm GuL,

n1. n2
3
1

cos =
=
=
=3

6 6 2

n 1 n 2

Gu\
+ 2 i + j +2k
GjdLh 2.61 : r = i + 2 j k

Lhtm r . 3 i 2 j + 6 k = 0 Gu\ R[jtm CPlThP

LQm LiL,
o: GuT Lhtm R[jtm CPlThPd LQm GuL,

b . n
sin =

b n

b = 2 i + j +2k ; n =3 i 2 j +6k
16
16
= sin1 21
sin =

3 7
Tt 2.10
(1) uYm R[eLd CPlThPd LQm LiL,
(i) 2x + y z = 9 Utm x + 2y + z = 7
(ii) 2x 3y + 4z = 1 Utm x + y = 4

| || |

(iii) r . 3 i + j k = 7 Utm r . i + 4 j 2 k = 10

(2)

(
)

r . (2 i j + k ) = 15 Utm r . ( i j 3 k ) = 3 Gu\
R[eLs NejR]Y G]dLhL,

(3) r . 2 i + j 3 k = 10 Utm r . i + 3 j + k = 5 Gu\
R[eLs Nej Gp LiL,
x2 y+1 z3
(4) 3 =
=
Gu\ Lhtm 3x + 4y + z + 5 = 0 Gu\
1
2
R[jtm CPlThP LQm LiL,

Gu\ Lhtm
(5) r = i + j + 3 k + 2 i + j k

r . i + j = 1 Gu\ R[jtm CPlThP LQm LiL,

130

2,8 L[m (Sphere) :

J XV] sp Ck U\R Wjp \Yp
CVem su VUlTR J L[Um,
XV]l sV L[ju UVm G]m. U\R WjR
L[ju BWm G]m AZlTo,
l : TPjhPjuT NUuTh YW\Ls (2.8.1, 2.8.2)
RYpX, NUuThu AUl UhU RY, Clm.
Lt\p \] ALdm SdPu NUuThu YW\
LdLlThs[.

2,8,1 X YdPo c -I UVULm BWm aBLm LiP

L[ju YdPo NUuT :
O-Il Tj (BVLd
Li) UVm C-Cu X

YdPo c GuL,

(i.e.,) OC = c
L[ju HRm Ko

s P ARu X YdPo r
GuL,

(i.e.,) OP = r

a
P

TPm 2.34

L[ju BWm a G]d LdLlThs[, (i.e.,) CP = a
TPm (2.34)Ck

OP = OC + CP

r = c + a

r c = a

|r c | = |a |

(1)

CY L[ju YdPo NUuTPm,

LsL : UVm BVLm. BWm a-BLm LiP L[ju
YdPo NUuT

131


UVm C Bp AUYRp c = o G]Y. NUuT (1)-Cp

c = o G]l WP. L[ju NUuT r = a

LoVuYYm : r = x i + y j + z k Utm

c = c1 i + c2 j + c3 k GuL

| | | |

r c = (x c1) i + (y c2) j + (z c3) k
2

(1)
(2)-Ck

|r c |

= a2

(2)

(x c1)2 + (y c2)2 + (z c3)2 = a2

(3)

CY UVm (c1, c2, c3)-m BWm a-m EPV L[ju

LoVu NUuTPm,
LsL : UVm BVL CkRp NUuT (3) x2 + y2 + z2 = a2 Gu\
Yp AUm, CY L[f NUuThu hPYYm Bm,
l : L[ju T YYf NUuT (General Equation of a Sphere) :
x2 + y2 + z2 + 2ux + 2vy + 2wz + d = 0 Gu\ NUuT ( u, v, w)-I
UVULm
dm,

u2 + v2 + w2 d-I BWULm LiP L[jRd

l : (i) x2, y2, z2-Cu LdLs NUm,

(ii) NUuThp xy, yz, zx Gu\ ElLs LQlTP,

2,8,2 hPju ]lsLs LdLlThPp L[ju

YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTLs :
P

AB Gu\ sLu X
YdPoLs
BVl

Tj \V a Utm

b GuL,

(i.e.,) OA = a Utm OB = b

r
b
O

TPm 2.35

132


L[ju HRm J s P, ARu X YdPo r

GuL, (i.e.,) OP = r

AP = OP OA = r a

BP = OP OB = r b
hPm ABB] P-I NeLQjR EYdm G] SUdj
Rm,

AP BP

AP . BP = 0

(r a ) . (r b ) = 0

(1)

CY L[ju YdPo NUuT,

LoVu AUl :
A(x1, y1, z1), B(x2, y2, z2) GuT] hPm AB-Cu ]lsLs,
L[ju HRm J s P (x, y, z) GuL,
Ce

a = OA = x1 i + y1 j + z1 k ; b = OB = x2 i + y2 j + z2 k

r = OP = x i + y j + z k

(r a ) . (r b )
( ) ( )
x i +y j + z k (x1 i +y1 j +z1 k ) . x i +y j +z k (x2 i +y2 j + z2 k ) = 0
(1)Ck

= 0

(x x )

1 i + (y y1) j + (z z1) k . (x x2) i + (y y2) j + (z z2) k =0

(x x1) (x x2) + (y y1) (y y2) + (z z1) (z z2) = 0
CY hPju ]lsLs YVL
RYV] L[ju LoVu NUuT Bm,

GRlTm

GjdLh 2.62 : UVm 2 i j + 2 k Utm BWm 3 EPV

L[ju YdPo Utm LoVu NUuTLs LiL,

133

o : UVm c -m BWm r EPV L[ju YdPo NUuT

|r c | = a

c = 2 i j + 2 k Utm a = 3

Ce

RYV] YdPo NUuT r 2 i j + 2 k = 3

LoVu NUuT :

r = x i + y j + z k I WP. SUd PlT

x i +y j +zk 2 i j +2k = 3

) (

|(x 2)i + (y + 1)j + (z 2)k | = 3

2

|(x 2) i + (y + 1) j + (z 2) k | = 32

(x 2)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z 2)2 = 9

x2 + y2 + z2 4x + 2y 4z = 0
GjdLh 2.63 : (5, 5, 3) Gu\ s Yf NpYm (1, 2, 3)
UVULm AUm L[ju YdPo Utm NUuTL[d
LiL,
(5 1)2 + (5 2)2 + (3 3)2
16 + 9 = 25 = 5

Ce a = 5 Utm c = i + 2 j + 3 k
L[ju YdPo NUuT

r c =a

r i +2 j +3k = 5

LoVu NUuT : r = x i + y j + z k GuL,
(1)Ck

x i +y j +zk i +2 j +3k = 5

(x 1) i + (y 2) j + (z 3) k = 5
o :

BWm =
=

) (

(x 1) + (y 2) + (z 3) = 25
x2 + y2 + z2 2x 4y 6z 11 = 0

134

(1)

GjdLh 2.64 : 2 i + 6 j 7 k Utm 2 i 4 j + 3 k Gm

YdPoL[ X YdPoL[Ld LiP sLs \V A, B,
CR] CQdm sL[ hPULd LiP L[ju
NUuT RL,


o : L[ju NUuT r a . r b = 0

Ce
a = 2 i + 6 j 7 k Utm b = 2 i 4 j + 3 k

r = x i + y j + z k GuL,
RYV] NUuT



x i +y j + z k 2 i +6 j 7 k . x i +y j + z k 2 i 4 j +3 k = 0

(x 2) i + (y 6) j + (z+7) k . (x 2) i +(y+4) j +(z3) k = 0 (1)

LoVu NUuT :
(1)Ck
(x 2) (x 2) + (y 6) (y + 4) + (z + 7) (z 3) = 0
x2 + y2 + z2 4x 2y + 4z 41 = 0

2
GjdLh 2.65 : r r . 8 i 6 j + 10 k 50 = 0 Gu\
YdPo NUuThPPV L[ju UVjRm BWjRm
LiL,

o : r = x i + y j + z k GuL,
2

r r . 8 i 6 j + 10 k 50 = 0
2
r = x2 + y2 + z2
x2 + y2 + z2 8x + 6y 10z 50 = 0
Ce
2u = x-Cu L = 8 u = 4
2v = y-Cu L = 6 v = 3
2w = z-Cu L = 10 w = 5
UVm : ( u, v, w) = (4, 3, 5)

(
[

)(

BWm :

u2 + v2 + w2 d =

) (

) (
] [

)(

)
]

16 + 9 + 25 + 50 = 100 = 10 AXLs

GjdLh 2.66 : Su AB B] r 2 i + j 6 k = 18
Gu\ L[ju hPUu\ A-Cu BVjRXLs (3, 2, 2)
Gp B-Cu AfjWeLs LiL,

135

o : L[ju NUuT r 2 i + j 6 k = 18
L[ju UVm (2, 1, 6)

(i.e.,) UVju X YdPo 2 i + j 6 k

hPm AB-Cu UVls UVm G]j RkRR,
A-Cu BVjRXLs (3, 2, 2) Utm B-Cu BVjRXLs
(, , ) GuL,
+3 +2 2
(2, 1, 6) = 2 , 2 , 2

= 1, = 0, = 10
B-Cu BVjRXLs (1, 0, 10) Bm,
Tt 2.11

(1) 2 i j + 3 k Gm X YdPW UVULm 4 AXL[
BWULm LiP L[ju YdPo NUuTL[d
LiL. Utm CRu LoVu YYjRm LiL,

(2) 2 i + 6 j 7 k Utm 2 i + 4 j 3 k Gm X
YdPoL[PV sLs \V A, B Bm, CYt\
CQdm LhP hPULd LiP L[ju YdPo
Utm LoVu NUuTL[d LiL. Um UVm
Utm BWm LiL,

(3) (1, 1, 1)-I UVULm r i + j + 2 k = 5 Gu\

L[ju BWjt NUU] UlT BWjRd LiP
L[ju YdPo Utm NUuTL[j RL,
(4) x2 + y2 + z2 3x 2y + 2z 15 = 0 Gu\ L[ju hPm AB
Utm A-Cu BVjRXLs ( 1, 4, 3) Gp B-Cu
BVjRXL[d LiL,
(5) uYm L[eLu UVm. BWm LiL,

(i) r 2 i j + 4 k = 5



(ii) 2 r + 3 i j + 4 k = 4

(
(

)
)

(iii) x2 + y2 + z2 + 4x 8y + 2z = 5

(iv) r 2 r . 4 i + 2 j 6 k 11 = 0
(6) L[ju hPm. UtTWlp HRm
HtTjm LQm NeLQm G]d Lh,

136

sp

3, LXlTiLs
(COMPLEX NUMBERS)

3,1 ALm :
RtT Sm Lm Gi Rl CVp GiLk
GiLm. GiLk R GiLm R
GiLk
UnViLUL
TjRlTh
EYdLlThPRm,
rdLm Tplf NUuTL[d Ljp LsL,
(i) x 1 = 0, (ii) x + 1 = 0, (iii) x + 1 = 1, (iv) 2x + 1 = 0 Utm
2
(v) x 3 = 0, CY JqYutm UnVi o Ei GuTRd
Li\m,
Gm
CmUnViLu
RlT]
2
x + 9 = 0 Tu\ NUuTLu oL[d LQl TU]
ApX, CTu\ NUuTLdj oL[d LQm. SU
LRf
NVtTLu
RYLdLLm.
UnViLu
Rlk
Ut\
Gi
Rl.
ARY
\
GiLdm YodLXm LQVd V J Gi AUdL
Yis[,
x2 + 16 = 0 Gu\ GR] J CTf NUuThP Gjd
LsYm, CRu oLs x = 4 1 Bm. Ce ( 1)-Cu
YodLXjR i Gu\ hPp lTo, CY LtT] AX
Bm, a Utm b Gu\ HRm C UnViL[d Li a + ib
Gu\ J V GiQ EYdLXm, CkR GiQ LXl Gi
Guu\m, CqY\Ls[ GpX LXlTiLu LQm Gu
lYm, LXlTiu AUlT ALlTjVYo C.F.
Lv
(C.F.Gauss)
Gu\
J
_oUu
LRURVYo,
UnViLu
YdLU]
GkR
J
Tplf
NUuThdm oLQ TVuT\, iGu\ P]
RX\kR
v
LRUR
X]oh
Xo
(Leonhard Euler) (1707 1783) GuTYWp LRjp 1748-Cp
ALlTjRlThP, i B] imaginarius Gu\ Xju
YojRu Rp GjRm, iota Gu\ WdL GjRd
lTRLm Ls[Xm, u]o L (A.L. Cauchy), Ui
(B.Riemann),
YVovhWv
(K.
Weierstrass) Tu\YoLu
TPl]p ClTPlT Um \lTPks[,

137

3,2 LXlTi Rl (The complex number system) :

GkRY LXl Gim a + ib Gu\ Yp dLlTu\,
Cp a Utm b UnViLs Bm, i GuT LtT] AX
G] AZdLlTm, Um i2 = 1. z = a + ib Gp a GuT z-Cu
Un
T,
CR]
Re(z)
G]m
b
GuT
z-Cu LtT]l T, CR] Im(z) G]m du\m,
2
LXlTiLu X GjdLhLs 3 i2, 2 + i3, 5 + i.
Ce 3 i2u UnlT 3 Utm LtT]l T 2, CR
Tp Ut\Ydm LQXm,
a + ib, c + id Gu\ C LXlTiLs NUm Gp a = c Utm b = d.
CRu URXm EiU, UnVi LQjR LXl Gi LQju
EhLQULd Ls[Xm, Ce b = 0. G]Y 0 + i0 Utm 2 + i0
Gu\ LXlTiL[]Y \V 0 Ut\m 2 Gu\
UnViL[d du\], Um 0 + ib ApX ib Gu\ LXl
Gi B] J UV] LtT] GiQm,
LXl GidV \ Gi (Negative of a complex number) :
z = a + ib GuT J LXl Gi Gp ARu \ z G]d
dLlTm, Um z = a + i( b) Gu YWVdLlTu\,

AlTPd LRf NVpTLs (Basic Algebraic operations) :

hPp
LjRp

:
:

(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i (b + d)
(a + ib) (c + id) = (a c)+ i(b d)

(a + ib) (c + id) = ac + iad + ibc + i2bd

= (ac bd) + i (ad + bc)
LXlTiLu
NVpTL[
UnViLu

TdLp :

NVpTL[l TXY NVpTjL, Ap i2 Ym CPeLp

i2 dl TXL ( 1) WL,

3,3 CQd LXlTi (Conjugate of a complex number) :

z = a + ib Gp z-Cu CQd LXlTi z = a ib G]

YWVdLlTu\,
c id
a + ib a + ib
YjRp :
c + id = c + id c id
Tu CQ GiQp TVm RVm TdL.
a + ib ac + bd
bc ad
c + id = c2 + d2 + i c2 + d2

138

3,3,1 TiLs (Properties) :

(i) zz = (a + ib) (a ib) = a2 + b2 GuT \Vt\ L

UnVi,

=
(ii) z -Cu CQVi z ARY z = z

(iii) z GuT Un Gi i.e., b = 0 Gp z = z Bm, CRu

URXm EiU, (A,,). z = z Gp. a + ib = a ib

b = b 2b = 0 b = 0
( 2 0) b = 0 z J UnVi,

(iv) z = a + ib Gp z = a ib

z + z = (a + ib) + (a ib) = 2a

z+ z
a = Re(z) = 2

z z
CRTp b = Im(z) = 2i
(v) C LXlTiLu Ru CQ Gi B] Aq

GiLu CQ GiLu RXm, z1 + z2 = z1 + z2

z1 = a + ib Utm z2 = c + id Gp

TQm :

z1 + z2 = (a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i (b + d)

z1 + z2 = (a + c) i (b + d)

z1

= a ib, z2 = c id

BLY z1 + z2 = (a ib) + (c id) = (a + c) i(b + d)

= z1 + z2
CRl TXY. C LXlTiLu jVNeLu CQ
Gi B] Aq GiLu CQ GiLu jVNm G]d
LhPXm,

i.e., z1 z2 = z1 z2
(vi) C LXlTiLu TdLu CQVi GuT
Cq GiLu CQViLu TdLXm,
i.e.,

z1z2

= z 1 z2

139

TQm : z1 = a + ib Utm z2 = c + id. Gp

z1 z2 = (a + ib) (c + id) = (ac bd) + i(ad + bc)

z1z2

z1

z1 z 2

= (ac bd) i(ad + bc)

= a ib, z2 = c id
= (a ib) (c id) = (ac bd) i(ad + bc)

= z1z2
(vii) C LXlTiLs z1, z2, (z2 0)-u YjRu CQ Gi
GuT
Aq
LXlTiLu
CQ
GiLu
YjRXm, (TQu)

z1 z 1
i.e., z =
2 z 2
n

n
(viii) z = ( z )
GjdLh 3.1 : rdLiP GiL[ LXlTiLs Yp
GL,

(i)
o :
(i)

35
35 =

(ii) 3
( 1) (35) =

7
1 .

35 = i 35

(ii) 3 7 = 3 ( 1) 7 = 3 1 7 = 3 i 7
GjdLh 3.2 : uYm LXlTiLu Un. LtT]l
TL[d LiL,
3
(ii) 2 i
(i) 4 i 3
o :
(i) z = 4 i 3 GuL ; Re(z) = 4, Im(z) = 3
3
3
(ii) z = 2 i GuL ; Re(z) = 0, Im(z) = 2
GjdLh 3.3 : uYm LXlTiLu CQ GiL[d
LiL :
(i) 2 + i 7, (ii) 4 i9 (iii) 5

140

o :
YWV\uT J LXlTiu CQV] LtT]l
Tu V UtYRu Xm PlTRm, G]Y RYV]
CQ GiLs (i) 2 i 7,
(ii) 4 + i9 Utm
(iii)
5
(J UnViu CQ AY Bm,).
GjdLh 3.4 : uYY]Yt\ a + ib Gu\ hPYp
GL,
(i) (3 + 2i) + ( 7 i)
(ii) (8 6i) (2i 7)
5 + 5i
(iii) (2 3i) (4 + 2i)
(iv)
3 4i
o :
(i) (3 + 2i) + ( 7 i) = 3 + 2i 7 i = 4 + i
(ii) (8 6i) (2i 7) = 8 6i 2i + 7 = 15 8i
(iii) (2 3i) (4 + 2i)=8 + 4i 12i 6i2 = 14 8i
(iv)

15 + 20i + 15i + 20i2

5 + 5i 5 + 5i 3 + 4i
=
3 + 4i =
3 4i 3 4i
32 + 42
=

1 7
5 + 35i
= 5 +5i
25

l : i4 = 1
i3 = i
i2 = 1
(i)4n = 1
(i)4n 1 = i
(i)4n 2 = 1 ; n z
GjdLh 3.5 : uYm LXlTiu Un Utm LtT]l
TL[d LiL : z =

3i20 i19
2i 1

o :
3i20 i19
z=
=
2i 1
=

10

3(i2) (i2) i
2i 1
3( 1)10 ( 1)9i
1 + 2i

141

3+i
1 + 2i

3+i
1 2i

1 + 2i 1 2i

Re(z) =

3 6i i 2i2
( 1)2 + 22

1 7i
1
7
= 5 5 i
5

7
1
5 Utm Im(z) = 5

1
3
GjdLh 3.6 : z1 = 2 + i, z2 = 3 2i Utm z3 = 2 + 2 i Gp
(ii) (z3)4
uYY]Ytu CQ GiL[d LiL, (i) z1z2
o :

(i) z1z2 u CQ Gi z1 z2

i.e. (2 + i) (3 2i) = (2 + i) (3 2i)
= (2 i) (3 + 2i)
= (2 i) (3 + 2i)
= 6 + 4i 3i 2i2 = 6 + 4i 3i + 2
= 8+i

(ii)

4
4
1
3
z34 = z3 = 2 + 2 i

2
1
3
3 3
1

= 2 2 i = 4 + 2 i + 4 i2

1 + 3i = 1 3 i + 3 i2
4
4
2
2
2

1
3
= 2 2 i

142

Tt 3.1
(1) uYY]Yt\ a + ib Gu\ hP Yp GL,
2(i 3)
(1 + i) (1 2i)
(i)
(ii)
1 + 3i
(1 + i)2
i4 + i9 + i16
3 2i8 i10 i15
(2) uYm LXlTiLu Un Utm LtT]l TL[d
LiL :
2 + 5i
1
(ii)
(iii) (2 + i) (3 2i)
(i) 1 + i
4 3i
(iii) ( 3 + i) (4 2i) (iv)

1 + i
(3)
= 1 Gp n-Cu f L Gi UlTd
1 i
LiL,
(4) uYm NUuTL[ \ Nnm x Utm y-u Un
UlL[d LiL,
(i) (1 i)x + (1 + i)y = 1 3i
(1 + i)x 2i (2 3i)y + i
+
=i
(ii)
3+i
3i
(iii)

x2 + 3x + 8 + (x + 4)i = y(2 + i)

(5) 3 + ix2y Ut\m x2 + y + 4i BV C LXlTiLm

JudLu CQVp x Utm yCu UlL[d
LiL,

3,4 LXlTiL[ YNhPf NL[L GRp

(Ordered pair Representation) :
LXlTiL[ Ut Yp GmT YNhP
NVL Gm \ NXf \kRRm, a + ib Gu\ LXl
Giu YNhP N (a, b)-p a Utm b UnViLs,
CY X NVtTLu YWV\Ld EhTh AUu\],
AqYWV\Ls uYU:
(i) NUjRuU : (a, b) = (c, d) Gp a = c, b = d
(ii) hPp
: (a, b) + (c, d) = (a + c, b + d)
(iii) TdLp : (a, b) . (c, d) = (ac bd, ad + bc)
m(a, b) = (ma, mb)

143

 :
LtT] AX i-I i = (0, 1) G] YWVdLXm,
G]Y (a, b) = (a, 0) + (0, b) = a(1, 0) + b(0, 1)
Um (0, 1) (0, 1) = (0 1, 0 + 0) = ( 1, 0).
(1, 0)I 1 G]m (0, 1)I i G]m LiLs[. (a, b) = a + ib G]
Pdu\,
G]Y a + ib Gu\ LXlTiQ YNhP N (a, b)-Pu
JlPXm, YNhP N (0, 0)B] 0 Gu\ UnVid
EVRm,
Utl :
UnViLu
LQm
YNlTjRlThlm
LXlTiLu LQm YNlTjRlTPpX, ARY p
YNj RPo PV, z1 Utm z2 Gu\ C LXlTiL[
z1 < z2 ApX z1 > z2 Gu \ CVX, Ce z1 = z2 ApX z1 z2
Gu\ \ CVm, H]p CdLXlTiLs R[js[
sL[d du\], BLY TV Utm V Guu\
YNj
RPoLs
LXlTiLp
YWVdLlTPpX,
ARY 1 + i > 3 2i, i > 0, (3 + i) < 2 Tu\ NUuULs
AojRUt\Y,

3,5 LXlTiu Uh (Modulus of a complex number) :

z = a + ib J LXlTi GuL, ARu Uh ApX GiQ[
GuT | z | =

a2 + b2 G] YWVdLlT\, YWV\k

| z | = | z |. Um a2 + b2 = zz

G]d Pd\, BLY | z | =

(L YodLXm LQ)
l : z = x + iy GuL,
x2 + y2, Re(z) < | z |
y = 0 Gp x = | z | , Re(z) = | z |

ClT , x <

(1), (2) CYtk

y0

(1)
(2)

Re(z) | z |

AR Tp Im(z) | z |
GjdLh 3.7 : uYm LXlTiLd Uh LiL :
(i) 2 + 4i
(ii) 2 3i
(iii) 3 2i
(iv) 4 + 3i

144

zz

o :
(i)
(ii)

( 2)2 + 42 =

| 2 + 4i | =

|23i| =

(iii)

| 3 2i | =

(iv)

| 4 + 3i | =

2 + ( 3) =
2

20 = 2 5
13

( 3) + ( 2) =
42 + 32 =

13

25 = 5

3,5,1, TiLs (Properties) :

z1 , z 2 , z m
Tkm,

GuT] LXlTiLs Gp rdLiP TiLs

(i) C LXlTiLu TdLt TXu

UhLu TdLt TXdf NUm,

Uh

AYtu

i.e. |z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
TQm :

|z1 z2 |2 = (z1z2) z1 z2

[ zz = | z |2]

= (z1 z2) z1 z2
=

(z1 z1 )( z2 z2 )

= | z1 |2 | z2 |2
C\m L YodLXm GdL
|z1 z2 | = | z1 | | z2 |
l :
(i)

CkR
LsLV
J
Y]
LXlTiLd NnVXm,

GidL

Es[

i.e., | z1 z2 zn | = | z1 | | z2 | | zn |
(ii) C LXlTiLu YjRu Uh. AYtu UhLu
YjRdf NUm,
z1 | z1 |
i.e.,
z = | z | Ce z2 0.
2
2
TQm : z2 0 GuTRp

z1
z1
z1 = z . z2 G]Y | z1 | = z | z2 |
2
2

(kRV LsLuT)

145

| z1 |
z1
=
z
| z2 |
2
G]Y

z1 | z1 |
z = | z |
2
2

(iii) dLQf NU :
C LXlTiLu Ru Uh Aq GiLu
UhLu Rdd \YLY ApX NUULU Cdm,
i.e., | z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 |
TQm : z1 Utm z2 C LXlTiLs GuL,

| z1 + z2 |2 = (z1 + z2) (z1 + z2)

[ | z |2 = zz ]

( )

= (z1 + z2) z1 + z2

= z 1 z 1 + z 1 z 2 + z 2 z 1 + z2 z 2

= z1 z1 + z2 z2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2

( )

= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 Re z1 z2

| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 | z1 z 2 |
= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 + 2 | z1| | z2|

[ Re (z) | z |]

| z | = |z|

= [ | z11 + | z2 |]2
| z1 + z2 |2 [| z1 | + | z2 |]2
C\m L YodLXm GdL | z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 |
l : 1 z2dl TXL z2 WP
| z 1 z 2 | | z 1 | + | z 2 | | z 1 z 2 | | z 1 | + | z2 |
l : 2
UtLiP NUuU n LXlTiLd LRj RjRRp
Xm YdLXm, (A,,) z1, z2, z3, , zn Gm n LXlTiLd
|z1 + z2 + z3 + + zn | | z1 | + | z2 | + + | zn |

146

(iv) C LXlTiLu jVNeLu Uh GuT Aq

GiLu
UhLu
jVNeL[d
Lhm
TVRLY ApX NUULU Cdm,
TQm : z1 Utm z2 C LXlTiLs GuL,

| z1 z2 |2 = (z1 z2) (z1 z2)

[ | z |2 = z z ]

( )

= (z1 z2) z1 z2

= z1 z1 z1 z2 z2 z1 + z2 z2

= z1 z1 + z2 z2 2 Re z1 z2

| z1 |2 + | z2 |2 2 | z1 z 2 |

[ Re (z) | z |
Re (z) | z |]

= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 2 | z1 | |

z2

= | z1 |2 + | z2 |2 2 | z1 | | z2 |
= [ | z1| | z2 |]2
| z1 z2 |2 [| z1 | | z2 |]2
C\m L YodLXjRd LQ.
| z1 z 2 | | z 1 | | z 2 |
GjdLh 3.8 :

(1 + 3i) (1 2i)
-Cu Uh ApX GiQ[
(3 + 4i)

LiL,
o :

(1 + 3i) (1 2i) = | 1 + 3i | | 1 2i |
| 3 + 4i |
(3 + 4i)
=

12 + 32
2

12 + (2)2

3 +4
=

10 5
=
5

147

10 5
25

3,6 YYd LR EYUl (Geometrical

Representation):
3,6,1 LXlTiLu YYd LR [dLm
(Geometrical meaning of a Complex Number) :
XOX Utm YOY (\V x Af y Af G]lTm),
JudLu NejR] AfdLp UnVi A[LX
GjdLsYm, CkR AfdLs oQdm R[jp Es[ GkR
J sm Un GiLu YNhP NV] (a, b)Vp
AVlTPXm, CR Alsu NqYL BVj RXLs
G]lTm,
JqY LXlTi a + ibm
y
UnViL[d LiP (a, b)
P(z)
Gu\
YNhP
NVp
|
dLlTYRp CdLXlTiQ
|z
xy R[js[ J s P-Bp
x
dLXm, CjR[jR LXlTi
R[m
Gu\m,
CqY\]
AUlT
BoLuh
YWTPm
TPm 3.1
G]m \Xm, G]Y. P Gu\
LXl GiQ (a, b) ApX a + ib.
G] TdLXm,
CqY\] AUlp z = a + ibu Uh GuT zdm Bdm
Es[ RXYd du\, (A,.) | z | = a2 + b2. LXlTi

z = a + ibI YdPo OP (TPm. 3.1) G]m dLXm, Ce P = (a, b)

Um
|z|-I TPjp Bk s (a, b)YW Amd
hd LhPlThs[, JqY LXl GiPm
R[js[ JW J sVj RPo TjRXm, CRu
URXVL. R[js[ JqY sPm JW J LXl
GiQ UhU RPo TjRXm, CR]p LXlTi zI
dmT s z GU TmTm d\m,
RYL. UnViLu LQU] {(x, 0)} GuT Un
AfN] x-AfN du\, LtT] GiLu LQU] {(0, y)}
GuT LtT] AfN] y-AfNd du\, LXlTi 0 = 0 + i0
BVd du\,

148

3,6,2 LXlTiu Y YYm

(Polar form of a Complex Number) :
LXlTi R[jp LXlTiQ] z = x + iy-I dm s
P = P(x, y)-Cu Y BVjRXLs (r, ) GuL,
BLY (TPm 3.2)-k
y
PM y
OM x
cos = OP = r Um sin = OP = r
P(x,y)
x = r cos ; y = r sin
y

Ce r = x2 + y2 = | x + iy | GuT
z = x + iy-Cu Uh ApX GiQ[
Bm, (A,, Bdm s zdm Es[
RX Bm,)

)
O

x M

TPm 3.2
y
y
tan = x , = tan1 x GuT z = x + iy-Cu f Bm, CR]
amp z ApX arg z G]d dLXm, Um GuT x-Afu Lj
NPu OP Gm L HtTjm LQm Bm,
BLY z = x + iy = r(cos + i sin ) GuT LXlTiu Y
YYm ApX Uh f YYm Bm, X SWeLp cos + i sin
GuTR cis G]f dLUL GY YNVm,
y
= tan1 x GuTR] Rp Lp Ts[ x, y UlLd
UhU TVuTjR m, (A,,) xm ym L GiLs,

3,6,3 RuU Ul (Principal Value) :

z-Cu f RjRuUPVRpX, u GkR C UlLu
YTm 2-Cu UPeLL Cdm arg zd RjRuUPV
JW J UlT TYRtLL Sm ARu UlT J V
CPYV] 2 [jt LhlTjd Ls[Xm, CRu
[YL HtThPR fu RuU Ul,
HRm J z 0t arg z-Cu RuU Ul GuT.
< arg z I \ NnVdV JUj RuUPV z-Cu
UlTm,
l : z = 0u f oQdLlTPpX,

Ls :
(1) z1 Utm z2 Gu\ C LXlTiLd
(ii) arg (z1 . z2) = arg z1 + arg z2
(i) | z1 z2 | = | z1 | . | z2 |

149

TQm : z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) Utm z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2) GuL

G]Y | z1 | = r1, arg z1 = 1 ; | z2 | = r2, arg z2 = 2
z1.z2 = r1r2 (cos 1 + i sin 1) . (cos 2 + i sin 2)
= r1r2 [(cos1 . cos 2 sin1 . sin 2) +
i (sin 1 . cos 2 + cos 1 . sin 2)]
= r1r2 [cos (1 + 2) + i sin (1 + 2)]
| z1 z2 | = r1r2 = | z1 | . | z2 | Utm
arg (z1 z2) = 1 + 2 = arg z1 + arg z2
l :
(1) CkRd LsLV GkR J Y]
LXlTiLdm NnVXm, (A,,)

GidLs[

(i) | z1 . z2 zn | = | z1 | . | z2 | | zn |
(ii) arg (z1 z2 zn) = arg z1 + arg z2 + + arg zn
(2) z1, z2 Gu\ HRm C LXlTiLd

z1 | z1 |
(i) z = | z | , (z2 0)
2
2

z1
(ii) arg z = arg z1 arg z2
2

TQm : z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) Utm z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2) GuL

G]Y | z1 | = r1, arg z1 = 1 Utm | z2 | = r2, arg z2 = 2
Ce

z1 r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1)
z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2)
r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) (cos 2 i sin 2)
=r
2 (cos2 + i sin 2) (cos 2 i sin 2)
r1 (cos1 cos2 + sin1 sin2) + i (sin1 cos2cos1 sin 2)
=r
2
cos22 + sin22
r1
= r [cos (1 2) + i sin (1 2)]
2

150

z1 r1 | z1 |
z = r = | z | Utm
2
2
2
z1
arg z = 1 2 = arg z1 arg z2
2
LXlTiu Ad YYm
(Exponential form of a Complex Number) :
ei ApX exp (i) G]d dLlTm iu Ad YYU]
ei = cos + i sin G] YWVdLlT\, CjRPo Xu
jWm G] AVlTu\,
z 0 Gpz = r (cos + i sin ) = rei. C LXlTi z-Cu
i
Ad YYm G]lTm, e 1 = (cos 1 + i sin 1) Utm
i

i( + 2)

e 2 = cos 2 + i sin 2Cu SWl TdLp Xm e 1.e 2 = e 1

AP\m,
UtlLs :
(1) 1 = Utm 2 = Gp UtV YWV\uT

ei . ei( ) = ei( ) = ei0 = 1

1
1
ei( ) = i . G]Y ei( )Y e i G] GR. ei = i G]d
e
e
Li\m,
2
(2) 1 = 2 = Gp (ei) = e2i . G]Y LRj RjRRu
n

Xm (ei) = ein , n = 0, 1, 2 G]d LhPXm,

(3) ei = e i GuTRp z = rei Gp z = re i

(4) C LXlTiLs z1 = r1ei1 Utm z2 = r2ei2 NUm Gp
r1 = r2 Utm 1 = 2 + 2n, n Z (dLu LQm) CRu
URXm EiU,
f Y LiTRtL] T :
z = x + iy GuL
=
=
Ce x, y R
|y|
= tan1 | x |

=+

151

(i)

cos , sin , + e Gp
z Rp Lp Tp AU\.

(ii)

Sin + e, cos e Gp
z CWiPm Lp Tp AU\.

(iii)

sin ve, cos ve Gp

z u\m Lp Tp AU\.

=+

Sin e , cos + e Gp
=
z SuLm Lp Tp AU\.
GjdLh 3.9 : uYm LXlTiLu Uh f LiL,
(iv)

(i) 2 + i 2
(ii) 1 + i 3 (iii) 1 i 3
o :
(i) 2 + i 2 = r(cos + i sin ) Gp Un LtT]l TL[
JlP
r sin = 2
r cos = 2
r2 sin2 = 2
r2 cos2 = 2
r2 (cos2 + sin2) = 4
r = 4=2
2 1
cos = 2 =
2
B] 2Bm LpTs[,
1
2
sin = 2 =
2
3
= 4= 4
3
Uh r = 2, f = 4
3
3
G]Y 2 + i 2 = 2 cos 4 + i sin 4

(ii)
1 + i 3 = r(cos + i sin ) GuL,
Un. LtT]l TL[ JlP

r cos = 1
2

r cos = 1

r sin = 3
r2 sin2 = 3

r2 (cos2 + sin2) = 4 r = 2

152

1
cos = 2
B] 1BmLpTs[
3
sin = 2

=3
Uh r = 2,

= tan1 y
x

f = 3

G]Y 1 + i 3 = 2 cos 3 + i sin 3

(iii)

1 i 3 = r(cos + i sin ) GuL

Un. LtT]l TL[ JlP.
r cos = 1 r sin = 3
2
r cos2 = 1 r2 sin2 = 3
r2 (cos2 + sin2) = 4
r=2
1
cos = 2
B] 3Bm Lp Tp Es[
3
sin = 2
2
= +3= 3
2
Uh r = 2, f = 3
2
2
2
2
G]Y 1 i 3 = 2 cos 3 + i sin 3 = 2 cos 3 i sin 3

GjdLh 3.10 : (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) (an + ibn) = A + iB Gp

: (i) (a12 + b12) (a22 + b22) (an2 + bn2) = A2 + B2
B
b1
b2
bn
(ii) tan1 a + tan1 a + + tan1 a = k + tan1 A, k Z

1
2
n
o :
LsL : (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) (an + ibn) = A + iB
| (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) (an + ibn) | = | A + iB |
| (a1 + ib1) | | (a2 + ib2) | | (an + ibn) | = | A + iB |

153

a12 + b12

an2 + bn2 =

a22 + b22

A2 + B2

YodLlTjR
(a12 + b12) (a22 + b22) (an2 + bn2) = A2 + B2
Um
arg [(a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) (an + ibn)] = arg (A + iB)
arg (a1 + ib1) + arg (a2 + ib2) + arg (an + ibn) = arg (A + iB)

(1)

bi
Ce arg (ai + ibi) = tan1 a
i
(1)-Ck
B
b1
b2
bn
tan1 a + tan1 a + + tan1 a = tan1 A

TYL.
B
b1
b2
bn
tan1 a + tan1 a + + tan1 a = k + tan1 A, k Z

GjdLh 3.11 :
P Gum s LXl Gi U zId jRp PCu VUl
TRV uYm LhTLd EhTh LiL,
z+1
(i) Re z + i = 1

z1
(ii) arg z + 1 = 3

o :
z = x + iy GuL
(i)

(x + 1) + iy
z + 1 x + iy + 1
z + i = x + iy + i = x + i(y + 1)
[(x + 1) + iy]
[x i(y + 1)]
= x + i(y + 1)
[x i(y + 1)]
x(x + 1) + y(y + 1) + i(yx xy x y 1)
x2 + (y + 1)2
x(x + 1) + y(y + 1) + i( x y 1)
=
x2 + (y + 1)2
=

154

z+1
Re z + i = 1 G]d LdLlThs[,

x(x + 1) + y(y + 1)
=1
x2 + (y + 1)2
x2 + y2 + x + y = x2 + y2 + 2y + 1
x y = 1 C J SodLPm,

Pu VUlTR J SodLPm,

z1
(ii) arg z + 1 = 3

arg (z 1) arg (z + 1) = 3

arg(x + iy 1) arg (x + iy + 1) = 3

arg [(x 1) + iy] arg [(x + 1) + iy] = 3

tan1

y
y

tan1 x + 1 = 3
x1

x1x+1
1
tan
y y = 3
1+
x 1 x + 1
y

2y
2 = tan 3
x 1+y
2

2y
=
x2 + y2 1
2y =

3
3x2 + 3y2 3

3x2 + 3y2 2y 3 = 0 GuT RYV]

VUlTRVm,

155

 : (TQu) :
| z z1 | = | z z2 | Gp z-Cu VUlTR GuT z1 Utm z2 Gu\
sL[ CQdm Lhu Nej C NUYhVm,

3,6,4 CQd LXlTiu YY LR [dLm

(Geometrical meaning of conjugate of a complex number) :
z = x + iy Gu\ J LXl GiQ
BoLu R[jp PG]d jd

LsL, ARu CQ Gi z I

z = x iy G]d Ls[Xm,

(A,,). z = (x, y) z = (x, y)

P( z )

r
O

zI
Q

CQ
G]d
lTUu. z-Cu CQ Gi
GuT
Un
Afp
z-Cu
WTl Bm, (TPm 3.3).

)
)-

r
Q( z )

TPm 3.3

Ck z = z z GuT tm J Un GiQm GuT

=
RY\, Um z = z.
Y YYjp

z = r(cos + i sin ) Gp

z = r(cos ( ) + i sin ( ))

G]Y. z = (r, ) Gp z = (r, )

ALY z Utm z -Cu UhdLs NUUm, (A,,). r =

x2 + y2,

B]p z-Cu f , z -Cu f . G]Y | z | = | z | Utm

amp z = amp z.
y

TPm 3.4 B] LXlTi z Utm

ARu \ Gi z BVYtt
CPVV]
YYd
LRj
RPoL[j
R\,
z = ( x, y). C BVl
Tj zd NUfWL AUkR
s,

-z

TPm 3.4

156

3,6,5 C LXlTiLu hPu YYd LR EYUl

(Geometrical representation of sum of two complex numbers) :
BoLu R[jp z1 = x1 + iy1 Utm z2 = x2 + iy2 Gu\ C
LXlTiL[ A Utm B sL[p dL, OACB Gu\
CQLWjR \ NnL, Ce C GuT z1 + z2 Gu\
LXlTiQd du\,
TQm :
y
OACB J CQLWm GuTRp
C (z1+z2)
XhPeLs OC Utm AB
MCp CNUdm, TPm 3.5Cp
B( z2 )
A(x1, y1) Utm B(x2, y2)Y
CQdm Lhu UVls
M
A ( z1 )
x1 + x2 y1 + y2

M GuT
2 , 2 (1)
x
C (h, k) Gp OC-Cu UVls
O
0+h 0+k
M 2 , 2
TPm 3.5

h k
(A,,). M GuT 2 , 2 (2)

(1) Utm (2)Ck

y1 + y2
k
h x1 + x2
=
;
=
2
2
2
2
h = x1 + x2 ; k = y1 + y2
C GuT (x1 + x2, y1 + y2)
G]Y C B] LXlTi (x1 + x2) + i (y1 + y2) = (x1 + iy1) +
(x2 + iy2) = z1 + z2I du\,
l :
OA = | z1 |, OB = | z2 | Utm OC = | z1 + z2 |
J dLQjp HRm C
u\Y TdL [jR P T,

TdL

[eLu

OAC-k OA + AC > OC ApX OC < OA + AC

| z 1 + z 2 | < | z1 | + | z 2 |
Um sLs J LhPUY] Gp
| z 1 + z 2 | = | z1 | + | z 2 |

157

(1)
(2)

Rp

(1) Utm (2)-Ck

| z 1 + z 2 | | z1 | + | z 2 |
CdLWQj]XV
CfNUV
Guu\m,

dLQf

NU

3,6,6 LXlTiLu YdPo [dLm

(Vector interpretation of complex numbers) :
BoLu R[jp z1 = x1 + iy1 Utm z2 = x2 + iy2 Gu\ C
LXlTiL[ A Utm B G]d dL, CQLWm OACBI \
NnL, C B] z1 + z2 Gu\ LXlTiQ lTRm,
J LXlTi z = x + iyI. OY
RPdLl sVLm P=P(x, y)Y
l sVLm Lis[
YdPo OP G]d Ls[Xm, G]Y
OP = x + iyI P-Cu X YdPo G]
AZdLXm, NU [m ApX NU
Uh
A[Yd
Li.
JW
NV
Sdf Npm B]p
YqY RPdLl sL[d

B
A
P (x,y)
x

TPm 3.6

LiP OP Utm AB Gum C YdPoL[ NUm G]d

Ls[Xm, (TPm 3.6) OP=AB = x + iy
UtV
LXlTiu
YdPo
[dLjuT
LXlTiLu
Rp.
YdPoLu
RdL]
CQLW
V
Jj
YYRd Li\m, G]Y
z1 Utm z2 Gu\ C
LXlTiL[d
hP
Aq
LXlTiL[

B
z2
A

z1

+
z1
z2

z1

z2
C

TPm 3.7
\V OA, OC G]d Li \ NnVlTm CQLWm
OABCCp ARu X hPm OB GuT z1 + z2Yd lTRm,
(TPm 3.7)

158

3,6,7 C LXlTiLu jVNeLu YYd LR

EYUl (Geometrical representation of difference of two
complex numbers) :
BoLu R[jp A, B B]
y
C(z1+z2)
z1 = x1 + iy1 Utm z2 = x2 + iy2 Gu\
LXlTiL[d dLhm, BOI
B(z2)
OB = OB G] CdU B YW
hPm Ce B B] LXlTi
A(z1)
du\,
CQLWm
z2Y
O
x
OADBV
\
NnL,
Cp
DB]
z1 Utm
z2 LXl
D(z1 - z2)
GiLu RX ApX z1 z2Y
B(-z2)
d\, i.e., D B] z1 Utm
z2u jVNjRd du\,
TPm 3.8
(TPm 3.8)
: TPjp OD = AB. B]p OD = | z1 z2 |. AB GuT z1 Utm
z2t CPVs[ RX| z1 z2 | Bm,
l : CQLWm OACBI \ NnL, Ce C GuT z1 + z2
Gu\ LXlTiQd du\,

3,6,8 C LXlTiLu TdLtTXu YYd LR EYUl

(Geometrical representation of product of two complex numbers) :
BoLu R[jp A Utm
B Gu\ sLs \V
Utm
z2
Gu\
z1
LXlTiL[d
dLhm,
z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) Utm
z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2)

y
C (z1, z2)

r2
)

OA = r1, XOA = 1

) 1

A (z1)

r1

OB = r2, XOB = 2 .

B (z2)

OX-Cp L Gm sV
L (1,0)
OL = 1 AX G] CdU
TPm 3.9
Gjd LsL,
OBCI OLAd YYjR AUlp YWL, (TPm 3.9)

159

OB OC
OL = OA

r2
OC
i.e., 1 = r
1

OC = r1r2
Um

XOC = XOB + BOC

= XOB + XOA
= 2 + 1 (A) 1 + 2

XOA = BOC

Ce C Gm s LXlTi z1z2Y du\, ARu

Y BVjRXLs (r1 r2, 1 + 2)
l : P Gu\ s

z= r (cos +i sin )=re Gu\ LXl

GiQ
dLhm,
CR]

Q (-y, x)
iz
x

(cos + i sin ) = ei Bp
OY
TdYu
[
UVULd
Li
LLW
GojNp LQ A[d
P(z)If ZtYRm, (TPm 3.10)

-y

P (x,y)
y

TPm 3.10

lTL i = cos 2 + i sin 2= e 2 GuTRp LXlTi P(z)I iBp

TdYu [ BV UVULd Li NeLQ
A[d LLW GoNp PIf ZtYRm,

3,6,9 C LXlTiLu YjRu YYd LR EYUl

(Geometrical representation of the quotient of two complex numbers) :
BoLu R[jp A. BGuT]
C LXlTiLs z1 Utm
z2 Yd lTRLd LsL,

A (z1)

C (z1/z2)

r1

z1 = r1(cos 1 + i sin 1) Utm

z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2) ; (z2 0)

OA = r1, XOA = 1
OB = r2, XOB = 2 .

) 2
1

r 2 ( B (z2)

L (1,0)

TPm 3.11

160

OX-Cp L Gm sV OL = 1 AX G] CdU Gjd

LsL, OACI OBLd YYjR AUlp YWL, (TPm 3.11)
r1
OC
OA OC
(A,,) r = 1
OB = OL
2
r1
OC = r
2
XOC = XOA COA = 1 2

r1

C Gm su Y BVjRXLs r , 1 2 Bm,
2

z1
G]Y C B] LXlTi z Yd du\,
2

|z |
1

GjdLh 3.12 : | z1 + z2 + z3 | | z1 | + | z2 | + | z3 | GuTR]

YWTPm Xm L,
o :
y
OAB-Cp dLQf
B
NUuUuT
|z 2|
A
|z3|
| z 1 + z 2 | | z 1 | + | z2 |
OBP-Cp dLQf
NUuUuT
| z1 + z2 + z3 | | z1+ z2 | + | z3|

|
+z 2
|z 1
+z |
|z 1+z 2 3

| z1 | + | z 2 | + | z 3 |

P
x

TPm 3.12

| z1 + z2 + z3 | | z1 | + | z2 | + | z3 |

GjdLh 3.13: 3+3i, 3 3i, 3 3 + 3 3 i Gm LXlTiLs J

NUTdL dLQjR BoLu R[jp EYdm Gu LhL,
o :
y
A, B, C Gu\ sLs \V
C(-3 3, 3 3 )
(3+3i), (3 3i) Utm (3 3 + i3 3)
A (3,3)
Gm LXlTiL[ BoLu R[jp
dLhm,
x
AB = | (3 + 3i) ( 3 3i) |

= | 6 + 6i | = 72
B (-3,-3 )

TPm 3.13

161

BC = |( 3 3i) ( 3 3 + 3 3i)|

|( 3 + 3 3) + i ( 3 3 3)| = 72
CA = |( 3 3 + 3 3i) (3 + 3i)|
= |( 3 3 3) + i (3 3 3)| = 72
=

A (0, 2)

AB = BC = CA
ABC J NUTdL dLQUm,
GjdLh 3.14 : 2i, 1 + i, 4 + 4i Utm 3 + 5i Gm LXlTiLs
BoLu R[jp J NqYLjR EYdm G]dLhL,
o :
y
A, B, C, D Gu\ sLs \V
D (3,5)
2i, (1 + i), (4 + 4i) Utm (3 + 5i) Gm
LXlTiL[
BoLu
R[jp
C (4,4)
dLhm,
AB = | 2i (1 + i) |
= | 1 + i | = ( 1)2 + (1)2 = 2
BC = | (1 + i) (4 + 4i) |

B (1,1 )

= | 3 3i |
TPm 3.14
= ( 3)2 + ( 3)2 = 9 + 9 = 18
CD = | (4 + 4i) (3 + 5i) |
= |1i| =

12 + ( 1)2 = 2

DA = | (3 + 5i) 2i | = | 3 + 3i | =
AB = CD Utm BC = DA
AC = | (0 + 2i) (4 4i) |
= | 4 2i |
= ( 4)2 + ( 2)2 =
AB2 + BC2 = 2 + 18 = 20

32 + 32 = 18

16 + 4 = 20

AC2 = 20
G]Y

AB2 + BC2 = AC2

GolTdL _Ls NUm Utm B = 90 G]Y ABCD J

NqYLUm,

162

GjdLh 3.15 : LXlTiLs 7 + 9i, 3 + 7i, 3 + 3i Gm

LXlTiLs BoLu R[jp J NeLQ dLQjR
AUdm G] L,
o :
A(7,9)
)
7
,
A, B, C Gm sLs \V
B (-3
7 + 9i, 3 + 7i, 3 + 3i Gm
LXlTiL[
BoLu
R[jp
dLhm,
C(3,3)
AB = | (7 + 9i) ( 3 + 7i) |
= | 10 + 2i | =

102 + 22 = 104

BC = | ( 3 + 7i) (3 + 3i) |

TPm 3.15

= | 6 + 4i |
= ( 6)2 + 42 = 36 + 16 = 52
CA = | (3 + 3i) (7 + 9i) |
= | 4 6i |
=

( 4)2 + ( 6)2 = 16 + 36 = 52

AB2 = BC2 + CA2

BCA = 90 Um BC = CA
G]Y ABC J C NUTdL NeLQ dLQUm,
GjdLh 3.16 : ( 7 + 24i)-Cu YodLXm LiL,
o :
7 + 24i = x + iy GuL,
C\m YodLlTjR.
7 + 24i = (x2 y2) + 2ixy
Un. LtT]l TL[ JlP.
x2 y2 = 7 Utm 2xy = 24
x2 + y2 =
=

(x2 y2) + 4x2y2

( 7)2 + (24)2 = 25

x2 y2 = 7 Utm x2 + y2 = 25-I o LiTRu Xm

x2 = 9 Utm y2 = 16 G]d Pdm,
x = 3 Utm y = 4

163

xy J L Gi GuTRp x-m y-m JW VL Ls[ Yim

(x = 3, y = 4) ApX (x = 3, y = 4)

7 + 24i = (3 + 4i) ApX ( 3 4i)

Tt 3.2
(1) (1 + i) (1 + 2i) (1 + 3i) (1 + ni) = x + iy Gp
2.5.10 (1 + n2) = x2 + y2 G] L,
(2) ( 8 6i)-Cu YodLXm LiL,
(3) z2 = (0, 1) Gp zI LiL,
(4) BoLu R[jp LXlTiLs (10 + 8i), ( 2 + 4i) Utm
( 11 + 31i) AUdm dLQm J NeLQ dLQm
G] L,
(5) (7 + 5i), (5 + 2i), (4 + 7i) Utm (2 + 4i) Gm LXlTiLs J
CQLWjR AUdm G] L, (sL[ j
UVl sdL] YnThPl TVuTjL),
(6) rdLm LXlTiL[ Y YYjp GL,
(i) 2 + 2 3 i
(ii) 1 + i 3
(iii) 1 i
(iv) 1 i

2
(7) (z 1)Cu f = 6 Utm (z + 1)Cu f = 3 Gp | z | = 1
G] L,
(8) P Gm s LXlTi U zId jRp P-Cu
VUlTRV uYY]Ytt LiL,
2z + 1
(i) Im iz + 1 = 2
(ii) | z 5i | = | z + 5i |

z1
z1
(iv) | 2z 3 | = 2
(v) arg z + 3 = 2
(iii) Re z + i = 1

3,7 Tpld LYf NUuTLu oLs

(Solutions of polynomial equations) :
x2 4x + 7 = 0 Gu\ CTf NUuThp
b2 4ac = ( 4)2 (4) (7) (1)
= 16 28 = 12 GuT J \ Gi,
CkR CTf NUuThu XeLs UnViLs ApX,
CRu XeLs

164

 ( 4)
2

12

12
2

=2i 3

Ce XeLs 2 + i 3 Utm 2 i
CQVLs[ GuTRd Li\m,
1-u lT XeL[ Gjd LsL,

3 JudLu

x = (1)3
x3 = 1
(x 1) (x2 + x + 1) = 0
x 1 = 0 (ApX) x2 + x + 1 = 0
G]Y x = 1 (ApX) x =

1-Cu lT XeLs, 1,

1 (4) (1) (11)

2

1 + 3 i 1 3i
,
Bm,
2
2

1+ 3i
1 3i
,
2
2
JudLu CQ GiQL Es[Rd Li\m,
UtLm C GjdLhu Xm. UnViL[
LdL[Ld LiP J NUuThu LtT] XeLs
CWhPVL LQlTm GuTR AVXm, ((A,,) J Xm Ut\
Xju CQViQm,), ClT ARtV Rt\jRd
dLXm,
Rt\m :
UnVi QLeL[d LiP P(x) = 0 Gu\ Tpld
LYf
NUuThu
LXlTi
XeLs
CQVi
CWhPVLjRu CPmTm,
TQm :
Cem

LXlTi

XeLs

P(x) = anxn + an1xn 1 + + a1x + a0 = 0 GuT Un

QLeLPV J Tpld LY GuL,

P(x) = 0d z J Xm GuL, P(x) = 0d z m J Xm Gu

LhP Yim,
P(x) = 0d z J Xm BRXp
P(z) = anzn + an 1zn 1 + + a1z + a0 = 0
C\m LXlTi CQVi LQ.

165

(1)

P(z) = anzn + an 1zn 1 + + a1z + a0 = 0

C LXlTiLu Ru CQVi. AYtu RjR
CQLu Rdf NUUYRp

anzn

+ an 1zn 1 + + a1z + a0 = 0

(A,,) an zn + an1 zn1 + + a1 z + a0 = 0

Ce zn = ( z ) Utm
a0, a1, a2 an UnViLs BRXp AY JqYum
R]djR] LXlTi CQVu\], G]Y.

an zn + an 1zn1 + + a1 z + a0 = 0

n1

+ ... a1 z + a0 = 0 P( z ) = 0

P(x) = 0d z -m J Xm GuTR CRu T[m,

GjdLh 3.17 : 2 + 3 iI J oYLd LiP
an z

+ an 1 z

x4 4x2 + 8x + 35 = 0 Gm NUuThPj o,
o : 2 + i 3 J Xm. G]Y 2 i 3 Ut\ Xm. (LXlTi
XeLs CWhPVLY AUm),
XeLu Rp = 4
XeLu TdLm = (2 + i 3) (2 i 3) = 4 + 3 = 7
x2 4x + 7GuT Ko LWV\,
x4 4x2 + 8x + 35 = (x2 4x + 7) (x2 + px + 5)
xCu LY JlP. 8 = 7p 20 p = 4
x2 + 4x + 5 GuT Ut\ LWVm,
x2 + 4x + 5 = 0 x = 2 i
G]Y XeLs 2 i 3 Utm 2 i Bm,
Tt 3.3
(1) 3 + i I J oYLd LiP x4 8x3 + 24x2 32x + 20 = 0 Gm
NUuThu oL[d LiL,
(2) 1 + 2iI J oYLd LiP x4 4x3 + 11x2 14x + 10 = 0 Gm
NUuThu oL[d LiL,
(3) 2 i I J oYLd LiP 6x4 25x3 + 32x2 + 3x 10 = 0 Gm
NUuThu oL[d LiL,

166

3,8 -UnYu Rt\m ARu TVuTLm

(De Moivres Theorem and its applications) :
Rt\m :
JqY R Gi ndm cos n + i sin n GuT
(cos + i sin )n-Cu UlTLY ApX UlLp Ju\LY
Cdm,
TQm :
X I : n J L Gi GuL,
NRWQ TdLuT
(cos1 + isin1) (cos2 + isin2) = cos(1 + 2) + isin(1 + 2)
CR Tp (cos1 + isin1) (cos2 + isin2) (cos3 + i sin 3)
= cos(1 + 2 + 3) + i sin(1 + 2 + 3)
CR] n LXlTiLu TdLd TjR.
(cos1 + i sin1) (cos2 + i sin2) (cosn + i sinn)
= cos(1 + 2 + + n) + i sin(1 + 2 + + n)
Cp 1 = 2 = n = , G]l WP.
(cos + isin )n = cosn + isin n G]l T\lT\,
X II : n J \ Gi. Utm n = m GuL, (m L
Gi)
(cos + isin)n = (cos + isin) m
1
=
(cos + i sin)m
=

1
cosm + i sin m

cos m i sin m
(cos m + i sinm) (cosm i sin m)

(X ICk)

cosm i sinm
cos2m + sin2m
= cosm i sinm
= cos( m) + i sin( m)
= cosn + i sinn
=

167

p
X III : n J u]m (A,,), n = q , q GuT L Gi.
p J Gi,

q
X ICu T cos q + i sin q = cos + i sin

cos q + i sin q -Cu q-BY Ad cos + i sin Bm,

1

cos q + i sin q GuT (cos + i sin )q-Cu UlLs HRm

Ju\m, CY JqYu\m p-BY Add EVojR.

cos q + i sin q

GuT (cos + i sin)q -Cu UlLs

HRm Ju,
p

p
p
(A,,). cos q + i sin q GuT (cos + i sin)q-Cu UlLs
HRm Ju\m,
(A,,). cos n + i sin n GuT (cos + i sin)n-Cu UlLs
HRm Ju\m,
l : -UnYu Rt\m R\ GiLdm Tkm,
ARu TQm CljRLju TPjhPjt AlTtThP,
TiLs :
(i)

(cos + i sin) n = cos( n) + i sin ( n)

= cos n i sin n

(ii)

(cos i sin) = {cos() + i sin( )}n

= cos ( n) + i sin( n)
= cosn i sin n
n

(iii)

(sin + i cos) = cos 2 + i sin 2

= cos n 2 + i sin n2

GjdLh 3.18 : dL :

(cos 2 + i sin 2)3 (cos 3 i sin 3) 3

(cos 4 + i sin 4 ) 6 (cos + i sin )8

168

o :
(cos 2 + i sin 2)3 (cos 3 i sin 3) 3

=
(cos 4 + i sin 4 ) 6 (cos + i sin )8

(ei2) . (ei3)
(ei4)

(ei)

ei6 ei9
= i24 i8
.e
e

= ei15 . ei16
= ei31 = cos31 + i sin 31
Ut \ :
(cos + i sin )6 (cos + i sin )9
(cos + i sin ) 24 (cos + i sin )8

= (cos + i sin )6 + 9 + 24 8
= (cos + i sin )31
= cos 31 + i sin 31

GjdLh 3.19 : dL :

(cos + i sin)4
(sin + i cos)5

o :
(cos + i sin)4
(cos + i sin)4
5 =
5
(sin + i cos)
cos + i sin
2
2

= cos 4 5 2 + i sin 4 5 2

5
5

= cos 9 2 + i sin 9 2

5
5
= cos 2 9 i sin 2 9

= cos 2 9 i sin 2 9

= sin 9 i cos 9
Ut \ :
(cos + i sin)4 1 (cos + i sin)4
=

(sin + i cos)5 i5 (cos i sin)5

= i (cos 4 + i sin 4 ) (cos 5 + i sin 5)
= i [cos 9 + i sin 9]
= sin 9 i cos 9
1

: | z | = 1 z = z

169

GjdLh 3.20 : n GuT L Gi Gp

n

1 + sin + i cos = cos n + i sin n G] dL,

1 + sin i cos
2
2

o :
z = sin + i cos Gp
1
z = sin i cos
n

1 + sin + i cos
1+z

= 1 = zn = (sin + i cos )n
1 + sin i cos
1 + z

= cos2 + i sin 2

= cos n 2 + i sin n 2

GjdLh 3.21 : n GuT L Gi Gp

n
( 3 + i)n + ( 3 i)n = 2n + 1 cos 6 G] dL,
o :

( 3 + i)= r(cos + i sin ) GuL, Un Utm LtT] TL[

NUlTjR. Sm TY.
r cos = 3 Utm r sin = 1
r=

G]Y

( 3 )2 + 1 2

4=2
1
3

cos = 2 , sin = 2 = 6

3 + i) = 2 cos 6 + i sin 6

3 + i)

= 2 cos 6 + i sin 6 = 2ncos 6 + i sin 6

n
n
= 2ncos 6 + i sin 6
(1)

3 iI LQdP id Tp iI WP. Sm TY.

( 3 i) = 2cos 6 i sin 6

170

n
n
n
( 3 i) = 2n cos 6 i sin 6

(1) Utm (2)I hP Sm TY

n
n
( 3 + i)n + ( 3 i) = 2n 2 cos 6
n
= 2n + 1 . cos 6

(2)

GjdLh 3.22 : , GuTY x2 2x + 2 = 0-Cu XeLs Utm

cot = y + 1 Gp
sin n
(y + )n (y + )n
=
G]d LhL,

sinn
o :
x2 2x + 2 = 0-Cu XeLs 1 i.
= 1 + i , = 1 i GuL,
(y + )n = [(cot 1) + (1 + i)]n
= (cot + i)n
1
=
[cos + i sin]n
sinn
1
[cosn + i sin n]
=
sinn
1
[cosn i sin n]
CRTX
(y + )n =
sinn
2i sin n
(y + )n (y + )n=
sinn
Um
= (1 + i) (1 i) = 2i
(y + )n (y + )n 2i sin n
sin n
=
=
n

2i sin
sinn

Tt 3.4
(1) dL :
(2) dL:

(cos 2 i sin 2)7 (cos 3 + i sin 3) 5

(cos 4 + i sin 4)12 (cos 5 i sin 5) 6
(cos + i sin )3
(sin + i cos )4

171

(3) cos + cos + cos = 0 = sin + sin + sin Gp

uYT]Yt\ L:
(i) cos 3 + cos 3 + cos 3 = 3 cos ( + + )
(ii) sin 3 + sin 3 + sin 3 = 3 sin ( + + )
(iii) cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2 = 0
(iv) sin 2 + sin 2 + sin 2 = 0
(l : a = cis , b = cis , c = cis G] Gjd LiPp
a + b + c = 0 a3+ b3 + b3 = 3abc
1/a + 1/b + 1/c = 0 a2 + b2 + c2 = 0)
3
(v) cos2 +cos 2 + cos2 = sin2 + sin2 + sin2 = 2
LQdLs 4 Rp 9YW m, n N G]d LsL,
(4) L:
n+2

(i) (1 + i)n + (1 i)n = 2 2

n
cos 4

n
n
n
(ii) (1 + i 3) + (1 i 3) = 2n + 1 cos 3
n
n
(iii) (1 + cos + i sin )n + (1+cos i sin )n = 2n + 1 cos ( / 2) cos 2
(iv) (1 + i)4n Utm (1 + i)4n + 2 \V Un Utm Ym
LtT]Vm,

(5) x2 2px + (p2 + q2) = 0 Gu\ NUuThu XeLs . Utm

(y + )n (y +)n
sin n
q
= qn 1
G] L,
tan = y + p Gp

sinn
(6) x2 2x + 4 = 0-Cu XeLs Utm Gp
n
n n = i2n + 1 sin 3 Ak 9 9-u UlT TL,
1
(7) x + x = 2 cos Gp
1
1
(ii) xn n = 2 i sin n
G] ,
(i) xn + n = 2 cos n
x
x
1
1
(8) x + x = 2 cos , y + y = 2 cos Gp
xm
yn
xm
yn
(i) n + m = 2 cos (m n) (ii) n m = 2 i sin (m n) G]d
y
x
y
x
LhL,

172

(9) x = cos + i sin ; y = cos + i sin

1
Gp xmyn + m n = 2 cos (m + n) G] ,
x y
(10) a = cos2 + i sin 2, b = cos2 + i sin 2 and c = cos 2 + i sin 2 Gp
1
= 2 cos ( + + )
(i) abc +
abc
a2 b2 + c2
= 2 cos 2( + ) G] ,
(ii)
abc

3,9 LXlTiu XeLs (Roots of a complex number) :

YWV\ :
n = z G]d Li [em Gu\ GiQ z Gu\ LXl
1

Giu n Bm T Xm Gu\m Utm Sm CR = zn G]

GRXm,

J LXlTiu nBm TXeL[d Lm NVp

(Working rule to find the nth roots of a complex number) :
T 1
T 2
T 3

:
:
:

T 4
[dLm :

LdLlThP GiQ Y Yp GL,

fPu 2kV hL,
-UnYu Rt\jRl TVuTjL, (AdL
Es[ Li NpL)
k = 0, 1 n 1 YW WL

z = r(cos + i sin) GuL,

= r{cos (2k + ) + i sin (2k + )}, k Z
1

zn = [r{cos (2k + ) + i sin (2k + )]n

1
2k +
2k +
= rn cos n + i sin n

Ce k = 0, 1, 2 (n 1) Bm,
1

k u CkR UlL[.zn -Cu n YqY UlL[d

Ldm, (A,,) z 0 BL CdmT CY z-Cu n
YqY XeLs Bm,
l :
(1) fVUt\ LXlTiu nBm T XeLu GidL
n Bm,

173

(2) CkR XeLu UhdLs Vm \Vt\ JW

UnViQm,
(3) n XeLu fdLs NU CPYp AUu\],
arg zCu RuU Ul (A,,). Gp Ut\
2 4

XeLu fL[ APV n EPu \V n , n , ...

BVYt\ hP Yim,
(4) kd Gi UlLs n ApX ARt RXLY
W NnRp CkR (n1) UlL[ mTj mTd
PdUVu V Xm Gm PdL,

3,9,1 Juu n-Bm T XeLs (The nth roots of unity) :

1= (cos 0 + i sin 0) = cos 2k + i sin 2k
1

nT XeLs = 1n = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)n

2k
2k
= cos n + i sin n Ce k = 0, 1, 2, n 1

2
2
4
4
cos0 + i sin 0 , cos n + i sin n , cos n + i sin n ,
6
2
2
6
cos n + i sin n , , cos (n 1) n + i sin (n 1) n RX]Y Juu
nBm T XeL[m,
2

2
2
i
= cos n + i sin n = e n GuL,
2

Juu nBm T XeLs.

2(n 1)

i
i
i
i n
ApX 1, , 2 n 1 Bm,
e0, e n , e n , e n , e
CkR XeLs Tdj RPo \p Es[], CkR
XeLu Rp fVUm,
Ls :
(1) n = 1
n

2
2
n = cos n + i sin n = cos 2 + i sin 2 = 1

(2) XeLu Rp 0
i.e., 1 + + 2 + + n 1 = 0
LHS = 1 + + 2 + + n 1
=

1.(1 n)
1

1 + r + r2 + + rn 1 =

= 0 = R.H.S.

174

1 rn

1r

(3) XeLs Tdj RPo\ (G.P)Cp Es[], CRu

T Rm Bm,
(4) fLs hj RPo\ (A.P)p Es[], CRu T
2
jVNm n Bm,
(5) XeLu TdLm = ( 1)n + 1

3,9,2 Juu lT XeLs (Cube roots of unity : (1)1/3 ) :

1

x = (1)3 GuL,
1

x = (cos 0 + i sin 0)3

1

12
0

120

= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)3 , k J Gi

2k
2k
x = cos 3 + i sin 3 , Ce k = 0, 1, 2

u XeL[]Y.
2
4
4
2
cos 0 + i sin0, cos 3 + i sin 3 , cos 3 + i sin 3
1
1
3
3
i.e., 1, 2 + i 2 , 2 i 2
1
3
1, 2 i 2 GuT] u XeL[m,
Utl :
CkR u XeLm KWX
y
YhPju Up AUu\], Rp
B
BW YdPdm CWiPY BW
YdPdm CPlThP LQm
CWiPY
BW
YdPdm
u\Y
BW
YdPdm
x
CPlThP LQm. 3Y BW
A
YdPdm Rp BW YdPdm
CPlThP LQm JqYum
2
C
3 WVu ApX 120 Bm,
ClsL[
SodLhPp
TPm 3.16
CQdmT. AY J NUTdL dLQju EfL[L
AUu\],
0
12

175

CWiPY Xm cos

2
2
3 + i sin 3 I G]d jRp
2

4
4
2
2
cos 3 + i sin 3 = cos 3 + i sin 3 = 2 Bm,

G]Y Juu lT XeLs 1, , 2 Bm, CY Tdj

RPp Es[],
l :
(i)

1i 3
1+i 3
= Gp
= 2
2
2

(ii) 1 + + 2 = 0 (A,,). Juu lT XeLu Rp

fVUm,
(iii) x3 = 1 Gu\ NUuTht J XULlTRp CkRf
NUuThp V W NnV 3 = 1 G]d Li\m,

3,6,5 Juu SuLm T XeLs (Fourth roots of unity) :

1

x GuTR Juu SuLmT Xm GuL, x = (1)4

(A,,) x4 = 1 = (cos 2k + i sin 2k) ; k J Gi
1

x = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)4

2k
2k
= cos 4 + i sin 4

k
k
= cos 2 + i sin 2 Ce k = 0, 1, 2, 3

Uh = 1
Su XeL[Y] :

3
3

cos 0 + i sin 0, cos 2 + i sin 2, cos + i sin , cos 2 + i sin 2

AY i, 1(= i2), i (= i3) . cos 2 + i sin 2 I G]d LiPp

1-Cu SuLm T XeL[Y]1, , 2, 3 Bm,

176

Juu Su XeLm
KWX
YhPjs[
NWju
]l
sL[L
AUu\],
Juu
SuLm
T
XeLu Rp 0 Bm,

/2

2
O

(A,,). 1 + + 2 + 3 = 0
Utm 4 = 1

TPm 3.17
l : lT XeLp LQlThP -Cu UlLm 4Bm T
XeLp LQlThP -Cu UlLm YqY\]Y,

3,6,6 Juu B\m T XeLs (Sixth roots of unity) :

x GuT Juu J B\m T Xm GuL, x = (1)1/6
1 = cos 0 + i sin 0
(1)1/6 = (cos 2k + i sin 2k)1/6
k Gi

(1)

-UnYu Rt\lT (De Moivres theorem)

1
(1)6

2k
2k
= cos 6 + i sin 6 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

B XeL[]Y
y
cos 0 + i sin 0 = 1

cos 3 + i sin 3
2
2
cos 3 + i sin 3
3
3
3
cos 3 + i sin 3
4
4
cos 3 + i sin 3
5
5
5
4
cos 3 + i sin 3
TPm 3.18
x=

Juu B B\m T XeLs 1, , 2, 3, 4, 5 Bm,

177

TPjk. Juu B
XeLm
KWX
YhPjp
AUm
AeLQju
]lsL[L AUu\]
(TPm 3.18). BLY 1-Cu nY
TXju, n XeLm. KWX
YhPjp AUm n TdLeLs
Es[ Je TX LQju
]l sL[L AUm,
(TPm 3.19).

3
2

1
n-1
n-2
n-3

TPm 3.19
GjdLh 3.23 : x9 + x5 x4 1 = 0 Gu\ NUuThPj odL:
o :
x9 + x5 x4 1 = 0 x5 (x4 + 1) 1 (x4 + 1) = 0
(x5 1) (x4 + 1) = 0
x5 1 = 0 ; x4 + 1 = 0
1

x = (1)5 ; ( 1)4
1

(i)

x = (1)5 = (cos 0 + i sin 0)5

1

= (cos 2k + i sin 2k)5

2k
2k
= cos 5 + i sin 5 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
1

(ii)

x = ( 1)4 = (cos + i sin )4

1

= {cos (2k + 1) + i sin (2k + 1)}4

(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
4
CqY 9 XeLs T\lTu\],
GjdLh 3.24 : x7 + x4 + x3 + 1 = 0 Gu\ NUuThPj odL,
o :
x7 + x4 + x3 + 1 = 0 x4 (x3 + 1) + 1 (x3 + 1) = 0
(x4 + 1) (x3 + 1) = 0
4
3
x = 1 ;x =1
= cos

178

x = ( 1)4

(i)

= (cos + i sin )4
1

= [cos (2k + ) + i sin (2k + )]4

(A,,).

(2k + 1)
(2k + 1)
= cos
+ i sin
; k = 0, 1, 2, 3
4
4

1
x3 = 1 x = ( 1)3
1
= (cos + i sin )3

(ii)

= [cos (2k + ) + i sin (2k + )] 3

= cos (2k + 1) 3 + i sin (2k + 1) 3 , k = 0, 1, 2

CqY\L 7 XeLs T\lTu\],
l :

3
3
5
5
XeLs cos 4 + i sin 4 ; cos 4 + i sin 4 ; cos 4 + i sin 4

7
7

5
5
cos + i sin cos + i sin , (cos + i sin ), cos + i sin
4
4
3
3
3
3

Bm,
GjdLh 3.25 :
2

3 + i)3-Cu GpX UlL[m LiL,

o :
3 + i = r (cos + i sin ) GuL,
r cos = 3 , r sin = 1
r =

( 3)

+1=2

3
Cos = 2 , sin = 2 = 6
2

( 3 + i)3 = 23 cos 6 + i sin 6 3

179

2
23
2

= 23

2 3

cos + i sin
6
6
1

cos + i sin 3
3
3

= 23 cos 2k + 3 + i sin 2k + 3 3

2
23

cos (6k + 1) + i sin (6k + 1) Ce n = 0, 1, 2

9
9

l : UlLs
2

7
7
13
13

23 cos 9 + i sin 9 , 23 cos 9 + i sin 9 , 23 cos 9 + i sin 9 Bm,

Ut \ :
2

3 + i)3 = 23 cos 6 + i sin 63

= 23 cos 2k + 6 + i sin 2k + 6 3

2
23

cos (12k + 1) + i sin (12k + 1) 3

6
6

= 23 cos (12k + 1) 9 + i sin (12k + 1) 9 Ce k = 0, 1, 2

UlLs

2
23

cos + i sin ,
9
9

2
23

cos 13 + i sin 13,

9
9

25
25
23 cos 9 + i sin 9

7
7
i.e., 23 cos 9 + i sin 9, 23 cos 9 + i sin 9 , Utm

13
13
25
25
7
7
23 cos 9 + i sin 9 Ce cos 9 + i sin 9 = cos 9 + i sin 9

BLY Cm\m AR UlLs T\lTu\],

l : Ce Ad 2I Es[ Li YYRt u 2kI
h]m
AR
PVjRu
T\m
GuT
RY\,

180

Tt 3.5
(1) GpX UlL[m LiL,
1

(i) (i)3
(ii) (8i))3
(iii) ( 3 i)3
(2) GuT Juu lT Xm Utm
x = a + b, y = a + b2, z = aw2 + b Gp
(i) xyz = a3 + b3
(ii) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 (a3 + b3) G] dL,
(3) 3 = 1 Gp
(i) (a + b + c) (a + b + c2) (a + b2 + c) = a3 + b3 + c3 3abc
5

(ii)

1 + i 3 + 1 i 3 = 1

2
2

1
1
1

+
= 0 G] L,
1 + 2
1+
2+
(4) odL :
(iii)

(i) x4 + 4 = 0

(ii) x4 x3 + x2 x + 1 = 0

34
1
(5) 2 i 2 -u

GpX

UlL[m

LiL

UlLu TdLtTXu 1 G]m LhL,

181

Utm

ARu

4, T\ YYdLRm
(ANALYTICAL GEOMETRY)

4,1 ALm :

H\jRZ ,, 430m LXjRV LR YWXtf YL[j

ll TodLp J EsPt\ SoYhPd mu TpY
Yh LeLs ApX m Y[ TtV BnLs RPeV
SUdj RV Y\, CjRLV BnLs s. UThP
Lhf
NLs.
CNUdLLs
(r
YlLp
[dLlThPY) Tu\Yt\m YhPeLs. TWY[VeLs. s
YhPeLs. ATWY[VeLs GuTYL[m Es[PdVRm,
Cu\V BVj RXjR[jp YdLlTm CTf
NUuTLu YWTPU]. WdL YYd LR \lT
AlTXVv (Apollonius) GuTYWp EYdLlThP m
YhLs TtV BnYm, [hP (Plato)u (429 ,, 347)
LXjRV WdLd LR URLs, CWhPd mT J R[m
NYL
YhmT
PdLlTm
YhLm
J
sVLY. CWhP SodLL[LY. YhPeL[LY.
TWY[VeL[LY. s YhPeL[LY. ATWY[VeLs
BLY PdLXm G] YjR]o, G]YRu CqYL
Y[YWL[ m Y[Ls G] AZjR]o,
YYdLR Wf]L[j olTRtV W] Y\L[
YRtL] RYu AlTPp T\ YYdLRm
Y[okR, Um. SP\l Wf]Lp \l dVjYm
YnkR X Y[YWL[ Bn NnVl TVuTjm SdL
YYdLRl Wf]Ld o LQlThP,
CqY\L. Wf]Ldj o LiTp T\ YYd
LRm \kR Bn dLeL[Vd Lis[. TiPV
WdL ( 1 ,, 2) TWmTV \V] T\ YYd LRm
ToUh(Fermat). -LoP (Descartes). Ll[o (Kepler). hPu
(Newton). Xo (Euler). lhv (Leibnitz). XRs (LHpital).
[Wh(Clairaut). WUo (Cramer) Utm _Lv (Jacobis) Tu\
UTm LRURL[p 17Bm t\iu Rp Tp
\lTVL UmTjRlThP,
_oUu LRURm CVtVp AOU] _Lu]v
Ll[o(Johannes Kepler)Cu LsLs CVdLm TtV GLsLu
Rt\ju FPL T\ YYd LRm TtV Bn
LlTm YtVd LiP, RXr YodL dd LhlTh
EshP A]j LsLm V]d VUL Yj

182

sYhPl TRp tYu\] G]d Ll[o lhPo,

CY hPu old LsLdm YYj u\,
Xo Y Y[YWLs Utm Y[ R[lTWlLs TtV
R] Bnp T\ YYd LR hTeL[l TU[p
TVuTj]o, BpToh _uvu (Albert Einstein) R] Nod
LsLp Um CR] UmTj]o,
T\ YYd LRju Y[of Cu\V Rp.
UjYm
Utm
AVp
Bn
BVYt\
Tm
YuhP Gu Nu]p A LVL, m YhLs
TtV Y]l TlTj RPeYRt u AYtu X
TVuTL[d LiTm,

4,1,1
TWY[Vju
YYdLR
Utm
SP\l
TVuTLs (Geometry and Practical applications of a parabola) :
J
SoYhPd
mu
]ls
Utm
Y\
s
CYt\
CQdm
SodLht CQVL Es[
R[jRp
m
YhPlTP
EYm
m
Y[
J
TWY[VUm (TPm 4.1),
Vm F, ]ls V LiP
TWY[Vju R] HRU s
P Gp. P R] R LhPu FP,
PX BV] HtTjm LQm NUm
Bm, Ce PX TWY[V Af VFAd
CQV] (TPm 4.2),

TPm 4.1
P

X
V F

TPm 4.2

ClTiT]
TPm
4.3Cp
Es[Tp
J.
J
Utm
Y] AXLu RtYn
Vm SCp CdmT CYtu
x
S
TWY[V
GWlTuLp V
TVuTjRlT\,
(TWY[V
GWlTu
GuT
Ys
Xm NlThP TWY[Vm Ru
AfNl Tt tYRp EYm
TPm 4.3
Y[R[l TWlTm,
Vm SCk GWdm TWlp m J (ApX J
ApX Y] AXLs) TWY[Vju Aft CQVL
WTdLlTu\], GjdLhPL Pof [d. UhPo

183

YL]eLu Ll [d. TWY[Vd LiQLs (parabolic

mirrors) BV],
CkRl
TWY[V
GWlTu
NdLL[j
WlTjm
RULm TVuTm (TPm 4.4)Cp
Lhs[
Tp
TWY[V
x
R
V
GWlTu Afd CQVL
YkNm uLkR AXLs Vm
TPm 4.4
SCp YdLlThdm, Ht Rp
dLlTm,
GjdLhPL WV RXSd. RXdLh
QdLs iQ Ht. V AlLs. WPo HVpLs
Tu\Y,
TWY[V Yp Es[ GUV] Y[ Ll TXm
YnkRRL Cdm,
W] GPLiP TXjRj Rem Lm YPju
(TXju GPV JlLp Lm YPju GP PlTP
YiV) YYm TWY[VUm,
GVlThP
Ts
ApX
UpSd
NlThP
GTu TR J TWY[VUm, T\k Lidm
To U]jk NlTm iLs ApX Vp UZd
LXeLp aLlPoLk Z PlTm EQl
ThPXeLs P TWY[Vl TRVl uTtm,
X Yp iuLs V] VULd LiP TWY[Vl
TRVl Ttdu\],

4,1,2
sYhPju
YYdLRm
Utm
SP\l
TVuTLs (Geometry and Practical Applications of an ellipse) :
mu J TV Uhm
NYL J R[m YhmT
EYm mYh Y[YW
sYhPm G]lTm, (TPm 4.5)
sYhPju
HRU
s P Utm F1, F2 GuT] ARu
CWi V UVeLs Gp.
F2Pm
PPjj
F1Pm
RLhPu
HtTjm
LQeLs
NUm
Utm
J
ApX Ju J RtYV
J sYhP GWlTu J

184

TPm 4 5
P
F2

F1

TPm 4.6

V UVjp YjRp GpX AXLm Ut\ V UVju

YVLd LPkf NpU WTdLlTm (TPm 4.6) [YhP
GWlTu GuT J sYhPm R] TWfNl Ttf
tYRp EYm Y[R[l TWlTm, ClTiT] sYhP
GWlTu Tu YYUdLlThdm
Wispering
Gallery W ApX YoLp TVuTjRlT\,
UjYm. Rp Utm AVp BnLp Ll TWYXLl
TVuTjRlTm Nd : YAG (ND3+ VVm AVuLs
(Neodymium ions) ; YAG Yttrium Aluminium Garnetz XNdLL
sYhP GWlTuLs YYUdLlTu\],
dYhj
Rt\m.
Laser rod
M
sYhPm Tt\ Zn [d M
Output
YYjp
Es[
GWlTuLp
YAG
Ellipsoidal
reflector
Ri Es[ Utm s
Trigger
Flashtube
YhPju VUVjp J
pulse
Capacitor bank
SodLh u]p [d
YdLlThdm (TPm 4.7).
Power Supply Ballast resistor
[dk
YlTm
TPm 4.7
JV] Nd : YAG RiP
QdLlTh XNo Lo Lt\Ls EtTj NnVlTu\],
To-NUop
(Bohr-Sommerfeld)
AdLhThp
GXdhWu tYhPlTR YhPm ApX sYhPUm,
Vd mTjp Es[ SU L[V Utm CRW
LsLs. LsLs GpXYtu tlTRm V] V
UVULd LiP sYhPULm, Vd mTjp Es[
A]jd LsLu NVtL ApX CVtLj Qd
LsLm (RXr YodL dhThP NPu) sYhPf
tlTRV Tts[] (TPm4.8(a))
1

Uranus Mercury

Jupiter Venus

Saturn

Pluto

Sun
Neptune

Mars

Earth

Pluto

Asteroids

TPm 4.8(a)

Halleys Comet

Saturn
JupiterSun
Earth

TPm 4.8(b)

GTjRk
BiLdL\
aXu
Yp
ShNjWju
(Path

185

mTj
Rum
of
Halleys
Comet)

tlTRm UVd LhPm e 0.97 LiP sYhPUm,

[TPm 4.8 (b)].
sYhP
Y[Ls
TVuTjRlTu\],

AYtu

Wd
LLXuLu
RXlTLm
ShPf
Utm
t\fLu [m 2 : 1 Gu\
Rm LiP s YhPUL
YYUdLlThPp AL TXm
YnkRRL
Cdm
G]
SmTlT\,

AZdLLm

TPm 4.9

X SWeLp (\lj RYdLL) Ql TLs (gears)

sYhP Yp EiTiQlTu\], (TPm 4.9)
TPm 4.10
LPd(Comet Kohoutek)u Yp iu ShNjWju
tlTR UVdLhPm e 0.9999 LiP sYhPUm,
(TPm 4.10).
Sm Ym L[V NnkR L[Um, ARY
sYhPm R] t\fNl Ttf tYRp EYm iUm,
CkRf Nnd L[U] XSdLhl Tp Pjm.
Yl Tp RhPVLm Cdm,
SLok Lidm U]jReV hl T\kf
Npm U]m J lhP SWjp im RW\em
U]ju NVtThl TV]. T\dL BWmdm X
Utm RW\em s BVYt\ VeL[nd LiP
sYhPUm,
U\j NYLm Tt\ m
Ltp
T\k
Bu-TXu
(On-pylon) lTjR HtTjm
U]ju TR TXd So
UX
Vm
LiP
sYhPUm, (TPm 4.11).
TPm 4.11

186

4,1,2 J ATWY[Vju YYd LRm Utm SP\l

TVuTLs (Geometry and Practical Applications of a Hyperbola):
J CWhPd m Ru Aft
CQVL
J
R[jRp
YhPlTmT
EYm
m
Y[
J
ATWY[VUm,
(TPm 4.12)
TPm 4 12
VeLk ATWY[Vju
R] HRm J sd YWVlTm
SodLLs
AlsPj
RLhPu HtTjm LQeLs
NUm,
G]Y
ATWY[Vm
Ru
dLfNf
tYRp
EYm
ATWY[V
GWlTu
J
Vjp m GpX JdLt\Lm
GWdLlTu\] (TPm 4.13),

P
F2

F1

TPm 4. 13
AjR

Vjt

GWdm ClTiT] TWY[V

GWlTPu
V
RXSdLp
TVuTjRlT\,
AUdL iY BWnf Y]U]
NASA als (Hubble) RXSdp
TWY[V GWlTuLPu V
ATWY[V
GWlTuLp
GWdm TiTm TVuTj\,
(TPm 4.14).
ATWY[VeLs f LidLl
TVuT\,
(YqY\]
CWi
CPeLp Ck LhLlTm Ju
SWeLu
jVNm
J
Gmm
CPjk J Lhm CPeLu
WeLu jVNjt So Rjp
Cdm,

187

TPm 4.14

u\Y J LhPm Ut\ ATWY[VjRj R\

Utm J Gmm CPU] CWi ATWY[VeLm
Yhd Lsm sVm),
pv = U Gm Tu ATWY[VjRd lTRm,
JudLu GoRjp Cdm CWi ULu RPo
J ATWY[VUm,
_uvu Nod LsLp Gm ATWY[Vl TRLs
RX f Y] AoYi R\V] LORAN (Long
Range Navigation)d AlTPVL AU\,

4,2 m Y[Ls : YWV\ (Definition of a Conic) :

YhPmC-I Gjd LsYm,
YhPju UVm YVLm ARu
R[jtf NejRLm Npm
SodLhP A GuTm, V B] CCu R[jp ApXR A-Cu R]
s, YhPju R] HRU
sV P GuL, sLs P Utm V
YVLf
Npm
SodLhP
YWL,

C
P

Fixed Line (directrix)

TPm 4.15
ClT PB] C-If tYW EYm Y[R[lTWlT J
EsPt\ SoYhP CWhPd m Bm, JqY SodL
PV-m ARu Bd G]lTm mu Aftm Bd PV-dm
CPlThP LQm Efd LQm (AW Efd LQm)
G]lTm, Efp Nkdm mu Up Utm r TLs ARu
]lLs (nappes) G]lTm (TPm 4.15).
Ef YVLf NpXR J R[jRp CWhPd m
YhPlTPd Pdm Y[YWLs V m Y[Ls
ApX m YhLs G]lTm,
YWlTP
YY\d
l
LRjp
m
Y[Ls
P (Moving point)
M
CqY\L
YWVdLlTm
T\ YYd LR VL
uYU YWVdLlT\,
. )
F( Fixed point
F, PGuT] J R[ju X
Utm SLm sLs, PCk
TPm 4.16
Xls F-Cu
Wjtm

188

AjR[js[ XdL l-Ck PCu Wjtm Es[

Rm
UVL
CdU
SLm
PCu
VUlTR
TdV m Y[Ls G]lTm, (TPm 4.16)
Xls F Vm G]m XdL l CVdYW G]m
U Rm e UVj RXjRL G]m AZdLlTm,
FP
TPjk PM = U = e

4,2,1, m Y[u Tf NUuT

(General equation of a Conic) :
m Y[u Vm F(x1, y1), CVdYW lCu NUuT
lx + my + n = 0 Um UVj RXj RL e GuL,
m Y[u Up Es[ GRm J sV P(x, y) GuL,
Pk ld J NejdL YWL,
PM = Pk lx + my + n = 0 Gu\
l
Lhts[ Nej Wm
P(x,y)
M

FP =
(x x1)2 + (y y1)2
PM = Pk lx + my + n = 0 Gu\
Lhts[ Nej Wm P(x, y)
lx + my + n
=
l2 + m 2
FP
m Y[u YWV\uT PM = e
2

(x x1) + (y y1) = e

lx + my + n

l2 + m2

F(x1,y1)

TPm 4.17
FP2 = e2 PM2
2

CRf dYRu Xm Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Gu\

Yp Es[ x Utm yBp B] CTf NUuTh]l
T\Xm,

4,2,2, m Y[u
YLlTjRp :

NUuTh]l

Tj

Ax2 + Bxy + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 Gu\ NUuT J RkR

ApX RVR m Y[Y dLhm, C J m
Y[YL CdmT
(i) B2 4AC = 0 Gp C J TWY[Vm
(ii) B2 4AC < 0 Gp C J sYhPm
(iii) B2 4AC > 0 Gp C J ATWY[Vm Bm,

189

4,2,3, UVj RXj RLYl Tj m Y[]

YLlTjRp :
(i) e < 1 Gp m Y[ J
sYhPm
Bm,
TPm
4.18Ck F2Pi B] PiMiI
P
GlTm
VRLY
Cdm GuTR]d LiL,
F2Pi
(A,,). P M = e < 1, (i = 1, 2, 3)
i i

y
M3
M2
M1

P3
P1

P2

F2

F1

TPm 4.18

(ii) e = 1 Gp. m Y[ J
TWY[Vm
Bm,
TPm
4.19Ck
FPi Utm PiMi
GlTm NUULY Cdm,
FPi
(A,,). P M = e = 1, (i = 1, 2, 3)
i i

M3

P2

M2
M1

P3

P1

TPm 4.19
y

(iii) e > 1 Gp m Y[
J ATWY[Vm Bm,
TPm
4.20Ck
F1 P i
B] PiMiI P GlTm
TRLY
Cdm
GuTR]d LiL,
F1Pi
(A,,). P M = e > 1,
i i
(i = 1, 2, 3)

M3
M2
M1
F2

P3
P2
P1

F1

TPm 4.20

4,3 TWY[Vm (Parabola) :

J sV] Xlsk ARt Es[ RXm.
Xd Lhk ARt Es[ RXm NUUL CdU
SLUu Alsu VUlTR J TWY[Vm, ARY
UVjRXj RLu Ul 1 G] Cdm m Y[
TWY[VUm,

190

l : TPjhPjuT NUuThu YW\ (4.3.1, 4.3.2)

Utm TWY[Vj] YWm \ RYpX, NUuThu
AUl Utm ARu Y[YWu AUl UhU RY,
Clm. Lt\p \] ALdm SdPu NUuThu
YW\m Y[YWu Tdm LdLlThs[.

4,3,1 TWY[Vf NUuThu hPYYm

(Standard equation of a parabola) :

LdLlTY] :
l
Xls (F)
P (x,y)
M
(-a, y)
XdL (l)
UVj RXjRL (e = 1)
SLm s P(x, y)
x
O
YW\ :
F (a,0)
Z
(-a,0) TPm 4.21
Xls FI dL Utm
XdL lI YWL,
FCk ld J jdL (FZ) YWL,
FZ = 2a G] Gjd Li AR] x-AfNLj R NnL,,
FZd UVd jdLhP YWk AR] y-AfNLj R
NnL,
V(0, 0) Bls G]d LsL,
P-Ck ld J Nejd L (PM) YWL,
SUkRY F(a, 0), Z( a, 0), G]Y M GuT ( a, y) Bm,
FP
2
2
YWV\uT
PM = e = 1 FP = PM
(x a)2 + (y 0)2 = (x + a)2 + (y y)2
x2 2ax + a2 + y2 = x2 + 2ax + a2
y2 = 4ax.
CY TWY[Vf NUuThu hPYYUm, Y[YW YWYRt
AjVVm 6-Cp LdLlThs[ EjL[l TVuTjYm,

4,3,2 y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[VjR YWRp :

x-AfNl Tj
(i) NUfo RuU (Symmetry property) :
NUfW], ARY. x-AfN] Y[YWV C NU
TLeL[Ll du\,
(ii) \ll sLs (Special points) : (0, 0)-B] y2 = 4ax-I \
NnYRp. TWY[VU] B YV Npu\,
A x-AfN Yhm sVd LiTRt y = 0 G]l
WP x = 0 UhU Pd\,

191

 TWY[Vm x-AfN Yhm s B (0, 0) Bm,

y-AfN Yhm s LiTRt x = 0 G]l WP. y = 0
UhU Pdu\,
TWY[Vm y-AfN B (0, 0)p Yhu\,
(iii) Y[YWu Td (Existence of the curve) :
x < 0 Gp y2-Cu Ul J \ Gi, ARY,
y LtT]V], G]Y Y[YW x-Cu \ UlLd
AUV, ARY. Y[YW \Vt\ L UlLd
UhU AUm,
y
(iv) LkRp Y[YW (The curve at
P (x, y)
infinity) :
M
(-a, y)
x ALdL. y2-m ALdm,
2
x
ARY. x Gp y
Z V F(a, o)
(-a,
o)
ARY. x Gp. y
Y[YW YXTdLm \k
Cdm, [TPm 4.22]
TPm 4.22

4,3,1 TWY[VjRl Tj dVU] YWV\Ls :

Vm : TWY[Vm YWVl TVuTm XV] s Vm
(F) Gu\m, Ce Vm F(a, 0) Bm,
CVdYWd L : TWY[Vm YWVl TVuTm XV]
L WY[Vju CVdYW Gu\m, Ce CVdYWu
Lhu NUuT x = a.
Af : TWY[Vm GkR AfdL NUfWL Es[R AqYf
TWY[Vju AfNm, Y[YW y2 = 4ax GuT x-AfN
Tj NUfW], Um x-Af (ApX y = 0) B]
TWY[Vm y2 = 4ax-Cu AfNm, TWY[Vju AfN] Vm
YVf
Npu\,
Um
CVdYWd
Lhtf
NejRLm Es[,
] (Ef): TWY[Vm Utm ARu Af Yhd Lsm
s ]l sVm, CeL ]ls V(0, 0) Bm,
Wm : Vjdm TWY[Vju s[ J sdm
CPVs[ RX Wm G]lTm,
Si : TWY[Vju Vm YVf Npm Si
AlTWY[Vju Si G]lTm,
NqYLXm : C TWY[Vju Afd NejRL Es[ J
Si Bm, Ce NqYLXju NUuT x = a Bm,

192

NqYLXju ]l sLm ARu [m :

NqYLXju
]lsLs

y
L

LiTRt x = a Utm y = 4axL[

o LiL,

x = a Y y2 = 4axCp WP

F
L

y2 = (4a)a = 4a2
TPm 4.23
y = 2a
L Utm L NqYLXju ]lsLs Gp L GuT
(a, 2a) Utm L GuT (a, 2a) Bm, NqYLXju [ = LL = 4a.
AWf NqYLXju [m= FL = FL = 2a. CYW Sm YXTdLm
\k Cdm TWY[Vju hPYYjRd LiPm,
CRlTp SUd CPTdLm \k. UpTdLm \k. rlTdLm
\k CdLdV TWY[VeLm Es[],

4,3,4 TWY[Vju \ hP YYeLs :

y2 = -4ax

x =a

F(-a,0)

TPm 4.24
4a y

x 2=

1. CPTdLm \lPV :
y2 = 4ax [a > 0]
x > 0 Gp y LtT]V],
ARY. Y[YW x > 0t
AUV, ARY. x 0t
Y[YW AUm,
2. UtTdLm \lPV :
x2 = 4ay [a > 0]
y < 0 Gp. x LtT]V],
ARY. Y[YW y < 0t
AUV, ARY. Y[YW
y 0t AUm,

F(0, a)
V

x
y =- a

TPm 4.25

193

y
y =a

- 4a

x 2=

3. rlTdLm \lPV :
x2 = 4ay [a > 0]
y > 0 Gp x LtT]V],
ARY. Y[YW y > 0t
AUV, ARY. y 0t
Y[YW AUm,

F(0,- a)

TPm 4.26

194

Utl : CYW Sm Su YLV] TWY[Vju

hP YYeL[l Ttl TojRm, Um CkR hP
YYeLp AUVR TXYLV] TWY[VeLm Es[],
GjdLhPL. X TWY[VeLs Z LdLlThs[],
y

y
x

TPm 4.27
UX lhP TWY[VeLd AfLs x-AfdL
ApX y-AfdL CQVL LQlTPpX. CqYLV]
TWY[VeLu NUuTLp xy El LQlTm, CqYLV]
TWY[Vju NUuTLs Sm TPjhPjt AlTtThP,
Clm
Sm
Ce
CqYLV]
TWY[VeLu
NUuTL[d LiTm, hP YYjp Es[ TWY[VeLu
AfLs x-AfdL ApX y-AfdL CQVL Cdm
GuTRd LQXm, CqYLV] Su YL TWY[VeL[l
Tt UhU Sm TlTm,
CYW Sm TojR TWY[VeLp GpXm ] Bp
LQlT\, TYL J TWY[Vju ] Bp CdL
Yim GuT RYpX, G]Y CqYLL[ BWV BV
CPUt\m NnRp ApX AfdL[ CPlTVof NnRp Gu\
LsLLs RYlTu\],

4,3,5 BV CPUt\m
CPlTVof NnRp \

NnRp

ApX

AfdL[

(The process of shifting the origin or translation of axes) :

xoy AUlp x-Afd CQV] J L YWL, (X-Af
GuL) Utm y-Afd CQV] J L YWL (Y-Af GuL).
P(x, y) Gu\ sV xoy AUlp Gjd LsL, AR s
XOY AUlp P(X, Y) GuL,
xoy-Cu AUlp O-Cu AfjWeLs (h, k) GuL,

195

xoy AUlp P-Cu

V Afj WeLs
OL = OM + ML = h + X
x=X+h
CR Tp y = Y + k

O
h
O (0,0)

XOY AUlp PCu

V BV Afj WeLs,
X=xh
Y=yk

k X

(X, Y)
P(x, y)
Y
X

M L

TPm 4.28

4,3,6 TWY[Vju hPf NUuThu T YYm

YX\m \lPV (ARY. ] Bp AUVR)
XOY AUlp ] V (0, 0) CdU J TWY[VjR
Gjd LsYm. CRu Afj Wm xoy AUlp (h, k) GuL,
CkR TWY[Vm XOY AUlp YX\m \lPV, G]Y
CRu NUuT Y2 = 4aX Bm,
BV CPUt\m NnYRp
X = x h Utm Y = y k B\, xoy AUlp TWY[Vju
NUuT (y k)2 = 4a(x h).
CY
YX\m
\lPV
TWY[Vju
hP
NUuThu TYYm Bm, CRTp Ut\ T YYeLs
(y k)2 = 4a (x h) (CPTdLm \lPV)
(x h)2 = 4a (y k) (UpTdLm \lPV)
(x h)2 = 4a (y k) (rlTdLm \lPV)
l : ] (h, k) Gp. T YYm T\ xI x h BLm
Utm yI y kBLm Ut\m NnL,
Utl : UtlhP AUlp Es[ NUuTLp xy
El LQlTPRR AL,
GjdLh 4.1: LdLlThP Vm Utm CVdYWLd
TWY[VeLu NUuTL[d LiL,
(i) (a, 0)

x=a

(ii) ( 1, 2)
(iii) (2, 3)

;
;

x 2y + 3 = 0
y2=0

a>0

196

o: (i) TWY[Vju Up Es[ s P(x, y) GuL, CVdYWd

PM B] Nej Gp.
FP
x =- a
PM = e = 1
P(x,y)

FP2 = PM2

x + a
(x a)2 + (y 0)2 =

12

F(a,0)

(x a)2 + y2 = (x + a)2

y2 = 4ax
CY RYV] NUuTPm,

TPm 4.29

Ut \ :
y
LdLlThP
YWeLp
x
=
a
Ck CkR TWY[Vm YXTdLm
\lPVRL AUu\,
F(a,0)
TWY[Vju NUuThu
V (0,0)
Z
AUl (y k)2 = 4a (x h)
(-a,0)
Z( a, 0) Utm Vm F(a, 0)
GuTRu
UVm
TWY[Vju
] GuT SUdj RkRR,
Ce Z GuT x-Af Utm
TPm 4.30
CVdYWm Nkdm sVm
a + a 0 + 0
] 2 ,
2 = (0, 0) = (h, k)

Um ] Utm Vjdm CPlThP Wm VF = a

FP2 = PM2
(x + 1)2 + (y + 2)2 =

x 2y + 3

12+22

4x2 + 4xy + y2 + 4x + 32y + 16 = 0

197

x - 2y + 3 = 0

RYV] NUuT (y 0)2 = 4a (x 0) ARY. y2 = 4ax

(ii) TWY[Vju Up Es[ s P(x, y) GuL, PM B]
CVdYWdf Nej Gp.
FP
P(x, y)
M
PM = e = 1

F( -1, -2 )

TPm 4.31

l : Ce CVdYW x-AfdL ApX y-AfdL

CQVL CpX, Um CkR YL hPYp CpX, G]Y
CqYL LQdL[ UtlhP Ut \p NnV
CVX,
(iii) TWY[Vju Up Es[ s P(x, y) GuL, PM B]
CVdYWdf Nej Gp.,
FP
PM = e = 1

P(x,y)

y - 2 =0

FP2 = PM2

y 2
i.e., (x 2)2 + (y + 3)2 =

(x 2) + (y + 3) = (y 2)

F(2,-3)

TPm 4.32

x2 4x + 10y + 9 = 0

l : Ce CVdYW y = 2, x-Afd CQ, G]Y C

hP AUlT EPV, G]Y. CkR LQdL Ut\ 4.1(i)
Xm odLXm,
GjdLh 4.2 :
TWY[Vju NUuTL[d LiL,
(i) ] (0, 0) Utm Vm ( a, 0), a > 0
(ii) ] (4, 1) Utm Vm (4, 3)
o :
(i) LdLlThP
\lPV,

YWeLuT

G]Y TWY[Vju NUuT

(y k)2 = 4a(x h) Gu\
AUlPV, Ce ]
(h, k) GuT (0, 0) Utm VF = a
RYV] NUuT
(y 0)2 = 4a (x 0)
y2 = 4ax

TWY[Vm
y

V (o,o)
F
(-a,o)

TPm 4.33

198

CPTdLm

(ii) LdLlThP YWeLuT TWY[VU] rSdj

\lPVRL Es[,
y
NUuT
x =4

(x h)2 = 4a (y k) Gu\
AUlPV,
Ce
]
(h, k) GuT (4, 1) Utm
]dm
Vjdm
CPlThP Wm
VF = a

V(4,1)

F(4,-3)

(4 4)2 + (1 + 3)2 = 4 = a
RYV] NUuT
TPm 4.34
(x 4)2 = 4(4) (y 1)
2
(x 4) = 16(y 1)
GjdLh 4.3: ] (1, 2) Utm NqYLXju NUuT x = 3
Gp. TWY[Vju NUuThPd LiL,
o : LdLlThP YWeLuT CkR TWY[Vm YXlTdLm
\lPVRL Es[,
NUuT (y k)2 = 4a(x h) Gu\
Yp
Es[,
Ce
]
(h, k) GuT (1, 2)Ck NqYLXjd J Nej YWL, C
Vm YVLf Np\,
F GuT (3, 2)
Um VF = a = 2

y
x =3
V

F(3,2)

(1,2)

y =2
x

TPm 4.35
RYV] NUuT
(y 2)2 = 4(2) (x 1)
(y 2)2 = 8(x 1)
GjdLh 4.4: ] (2, 1) EPVm. (6, 5) Gu\ s YV
NpYm. YXTdLm \lPVU] TWY[Vju NUuT
LiL,
o : Y[YW YX\m \lPVRL ClTRp ARu YYm
(y k)2 = 4a(x h) Bm,

199

] V(h, k) GuT (2, 1)

(y 1)2 = 4a (x 2)
C (6, 5) Gu\ s Yf Np\,
42 = 4a (6 2)

a=1

RYV] NUuT (y 1) = 4(x 2)

GjdLh 4.5 : ] ( 1, 2) . NqYLXju [m 4 Utm
Ut\m \lPV TWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
o : Y[YW Ut\m \lPVRL ClTRp ARu YYm
(x h)2 = 4a(y k) Bm,
NqYXLju [m = 4a = 4 G]Y a = 1
Ef V (h, k) GuT ( 1, 2)
RYV] NUuT (x + 1)2 = 4 (y + 2)
GjdLh 4.6 : Ef (2, 0) Utm CVdYWdm
NqLXjdm
CPlThP
Wm
2
Utm
CP\m
\lPVU] TWY[Vju NUuThPd LiL,
o: Y[YWV] CP\m \lPVRL ClTRp ARu
YYm (y k)2 = 4a(x h) Bm,
Ce ] V(h, k) GuT (2, 0)
CVdYWdm NqYLXjdm CPlThP Wm 2a = 2
G]Y a = 1 RYV] TWY[Vju NUuT
(y 0)2 = 4(1) (x 2)
ApX y2 = 4(x 2)
GjdLh 4.7 : uYm TWY[VeLd Af. ]. Vm.
CVdYW. NqYLXju NUuT Utm NqYLXju [m
LiL, Um AqY[YWL[ YWL,
(i) y2 = 4x

(ii) x2 = 4y

(iv) y2 8x + 6y + 9 = 0
o :
(i)

(iii) (y + 2)2 = 8(x + 1)

(v) x2 2x + 8y + 17 = 0

y2 = 4x
(y 0)2 = 4(1) (x 0)

200

Ce (h, k) GuT (0, 0) Utm a = 1

Af : x-AfPu NUfo LiP,
] : ] V (h, k) GuT (0, 0)
Vm : Vm F (a, 0) GuT (1, 0)
CVdYW : CVdYWu NUuT
x = a ARY. x = 1
NqYLXm : NqYLXju NUuT x
= a (A,,). x = 1
Um CRu [m 4a = 4(1) = 4
YWVlThP Tp AUm,

y
x = -1
x =1
F(1,0)
V (0,0)

TPm 4.36
TWY[Vm TPm 4.36Cp

x2 = 4y
(x 0)2 = 4(1) (y 0)
Ce (h, k) GuT (0, 0) Utm a = 1
Af
: y-Af ApX x = 0
]
: V (0, 0)
Vm
: F (0, a) ARY. F (0, 1)
CVdYW : y = a ARY y = 1
NqYLXm : y = a ARY y = 1
(ii)

y
y =1
V (0,0)
y = -1

F
(0,-1)

TPm 4.37
TWY[Vm TPm 4.37-Cp YWVlThP Tp AUm,
(iii)

(y + 2)2 = 8 (x + 1)
Y2 = 8X Ce X = x + 1, Y = y + 2

a=2
Y2 = 4(2) X
CP\m \lPV Yp AU\,
X, YIl Tj x, yIl Tj
X = x + 1, Y = y + 2
Af
Y=0
Y=0 y+2=0
]
(0, 0)
X=0 ; Y=0
x+1=0 ; y+2=0
x = 1, y = 2
V ( 1, 2)
Vm
( a, 0) i.e. ( 2, 0) X = 2 ; Y = 0
x + 1 = 2, y + 2 = 0
x = 3, y = 2
F ( 3, 2)

201

CVdYW

X=a

NqYLXm

X=a

NqYLXju [m

4a = 8

X=2 x+1=2
x=1
i.e. X = 2 X = 2 x + 1 = 2
x=3
8

i.e. X = 2

y
x =1

(0,0)
F
(-3,-2 )

x
X

V (-1,-2)

TPm 4. 38
(iv)

y 8x + 6y + 9 = 0
y2 + 6y = + 8x 9
(y + 3)2 9 = + 8x 9
(y + 3)2 = 8x
Y2 = 8X

Ce

X = x, Y = y + 3

Y = 4(2)X
a=2
YX\m \lPV Yp AU\,
X, YI Tj
Af
]

Y=0
(0, 0)

Vm

(a, 0) i.e. (2, 0)

CVdYW
NqYLXm
NqYLju [m

X = a ARY. X = 2
X = a ARY. X = 2
4a = 8
202

x, yI Tj
X=x,Y=y+3
Y=0 y+3=0
X=0 ; Y=0
x=0 ; y+3=0
V (0, 3)
X=+2 ; Y=0
x = 2, y + 3 = 0
F (2, 3)
X=2 x=2
X=2 x=2
8

x = -2

y
x
x =2

V
( 0,-3)

F(2,-3)

y = -3
X

TPm 4.39
(v)

x 2x + 8y + 17
x2 2x
(x 1)2 1
(x 1)2
(x 1)2
X2

=
=
=
=
=
=

0
8y 17
8y 17
8y 16
8(y + 2)
8Y
Ce

X = x 1, Y = y + 2

X2 = 4(2)Y
a=2
TWY[Vm rSd \lPV Yp AU\,
Y

y
x
V (1,-2)
y = -2
y = -4

F (1,-4)

TPm 4.40
X, YI Tj
Af

X=0

(0, 0)

203

x, yI Tj
X=x1,Y=y+2
X=0 x1=0
x=1
X=0 ; Y=0
x 1 = 0, y + 2 = 0
V (1, 2)

Vm

(0, a) i.e. (0, 2)

CVdYW

Y=a

NqYLXm

Y=a

NqYLXju
[m

4a = 8

X=0 ; Y=2
x 1 = 0, y + 2 = 2
F (1, 4)
Y=2 y+2=2
y=0

ARY. Y = 2
ARY. Y = 2

Y=2 y+2= 2
y=4
8

4,3,7 X SP\d LQdLs (Some practical problems) :

GjdLh 4.8 :
J WpY TXju Up Y[ TWY[Vju AUlTd
Lis[, AkR Y[u ALXm 100 AVLm AqY[u
Eflsu EVWm TXjk 10 AVLm Es[ Gp.
TXju Ujk CPl\m ApX YXl\m 10 A
Wjp TXju Up Y[ GqY[ EVWjp Cdm G]d
LiL,
o :

y
Girder

C
10
(-50,-10)

B
10
A

(50,-10)

TPm 4.41
Ce
TWY[Vm
LsYm,
ARY.

rSdj
x2 = 4ay

C (50, 10) YVLf Np\,

50 50 = 4a ( 10)
250
a= 4

204

\lPVRL

Gjd

250
x2 = 4 4 y

x2 = 250y
TWY[Vju Up Es[ s B(10, y1) GuL,
100 = 250y1
100
2
y1 = 250 = 5
AB GuT TXju UVjk YXl\jp 10 A
RXp. TXju EVWUm,
2
AC = 10 Utm BC = 5
2
3
AB = 10 5 = 9 5 ft
3
ARY. RYlThP CPjk TXju L EVWm 9 5
A Bm,
GjdLh 4.9 :
J CfNdLW YL]ju Ll [dp Es[ WTlTu
J TWY[V AUlp Es[, ARu hPm 12 N,. BZm 4
N, Gp ARu Afp GqPjp Tp] (bulb) Tj]p
Ll [d Lf \kR \p JVj RWm G]d
LQdL,
o :
TWY[V
WTlTu
TiuT r [d Vjp
AUkdL Yim, ]V
BVL Gjd LiPp ARu
NUuT y2 = 4ax
PQ GuT WTlTu hPm
GuL, P GuT (4, 6) Bm,
Um P (4, 6) TWY[Vju
AUYRp. 36 = 4a 4 a = 2.25

12 cm

-- - 4 - -V

TPm 4.42

205

G]Y Vm ]k x-Afp 2.25 N, RXp

AUm,
r [dL UVjk 2.25 N. RXp TjR
Yim,
GjdLh 4.10 :
J WdLh YV] LjmT A J TWY[Vl
TRp Np\, ARu EfN EVWm 4 -I GhmT A
LjRlThP
CPjk
PUhP
Wm
6

RXs[, CVL PUhPUL 12 RXp

RWV YkRP\ Gp \lThP CPjp RWPu
HtTjRlTm GLQm LiL,
o :

V (0,0)
4

6 mts

12

(- 6, - 4)

TPm 4.43

6 mts
(6, - 4)

TPm 4.44

TWY[Vju NUuT x2 = 4ay Gu\ AUlT EPV

(]V BVLd LsL), C (6, 4) Yf Np\,
9
36 = 16a a = 4
NUuT x2 = 9y

(1)

ClT ( 6, 4) Gu\ sp NnYd LQdP Yim,

(1)-I x-I Tj YLdL LiTm,
dy
dy
2
2x = 9 dx dx = 9 x
2
4
4
dy
dx ( 6, 4)Cp = 9 6 = 3 ARY. tan = 3
4
= tan1 3

4
RYV] GLQm tan1 3

206

GjdLh 4.11 :
J GWlTu RXSdp TWY[V B Es[,
ARu ]k Vjt CPlThP Wm 9 , AkR
Bu Ut\ hPm 160 N, Gp UVjp AkR Bu
LiL,
o :
y
] Bp AUm GuL,
(x1, 80)
VF = a = 900
TWYVju NUuT
y2 = 4 900 x
Bu UVjs[ Y x1 GuL,
(x1, 80) TWY[Vju ClTRp
16
802 = 4 900 x1 x1 = 9
16
G]Y Bu = 9 N,

x1

V(0,0)

----------900------

(x1, - 80)

TPm 4.45

GjdLh 4.12 :
RWUhPjk
7.5
EVWjp
RWd
CQVL
TjRlThP J Zk YVm o RWVj Rm
TR J TWY[VjR HtTj\, Um CkR TWY[Vl
TRu ] Zu Yp AU\, Zn UhPjt
2.5 Z u TnY] Zu ] YVLf Npm X
jdLht 3 hPo Wjp Es[ Gp jd
Lhk GqY[ Wjt AlTp W] RWp m
GuTRd LiL,
o :
y

Pipe line
2.5 mts
7.5 mts

V (0,0)

3 mts

2.5

x
P(3, -2.5)

7.5

Ground

TPm 4.46

x1

TPm 4.47

207

Q (x1, -7.5)

LdLlThP

YWeLuT

TWY[Vm

rSd

\lPVRL AU\, ARY x = 4ay.

P Gu\ s TWY[Vl TRp Zn UhPjt 2.5
Zm. Zu ] YV Npm X jdLht 3
AlTm Es[,
P GuT (3, 2.5)
G]Y

9 = 4a ( 2.5)

9
a = 10
9
TWY[Vju NUuT x2 = 4 10 y
jdLhu Alsk x1 Wjd AlTp
W] RWp YRLd LsL, B]p ZV]
RWUhPjk 7.5 EVWjp AUks[,
(x1, 7.5) Gu\ s TWY[Vjs[,
9
x12 = 4 10 ( 7.5) = 27
x1 = 3 3
G]Y Rio RWVj Rm CPjdm Zu
]k YWVlTm jdLhtm CPlThP Wm
3 3 Bm,
GjdLh 4.13 :
J Yp iu (comet) B] V]f (sun) t
TWY[Vl TRp Np\, Utm Vu TWY[Vju
Vjp AU\, Yp iu Vk 80 pVu ,,
RXp AUk Cdm T Yp i]m

V]m CQdm L TRu AfPu 3 LQj]

HtTjU]p (i) Yp iu TRu NUuThPd
LiL (ii) Yp iu Vd GqY[ Ap YWm
GuTRm LiL, (TR YX\m \lPVRL LsL),

208

o :
TWY[Vju TR YXTdLm
\lPV, Um ]ls
Bs[,
Ypiu X P G]d
FP = 80 pVu ,, Bm,
P-k TWY[Vju Afd
PQ Gu\ Nej YWL,
FQ = x1 GuL
dLQm FQP k

PQ = FP . sin 3
3
= 80 2 = 40 3

y
Comet
P
80
/3
F )
Sun x1 Q

TPm 4.48

1
FQ = x1 = FP . cos 3 = 80 2 = 40
VQ = a + 40 (VF = a GuTRp)
P GuT(VQ, PQ) = (a + 40, 40 3)
P GuT TWY[Vm y2 = 4ax Up ClTRp

(40 3)

= 4a(a + 40)
a = 60 or 20
a = 60 HtPVRpX,

TRu NUuT

y2 = 4 20 x

y2 = 80x
Vdm Yp idm CPVs[ Ld \kR
Wm VF ARY. a
Ld \kR Wm 20 pVu ,, Bm,
GjdLh 4.14 :
J Re TXju Lm YPm TWY[V Ys[, ARu
TWm PUhPUL WL TWs[, ARj Rem C
iLd CPVs[ Wm 1500 A, Lm YPjRj Rem
sLs p RWk 200 A EVWjp AUks[],
Um RWk Lm YPju RrY] su EVWm 70
A. LmYPm 122 A EVWjp Rem LmTjt CPV Es[
Nej [m (RWd CQVL) LiL,

209

o :
D

B
Q

P
C
C

750

70

130

52

70

70

A
A

TPm 4.49
Lm YPju Lj RrY] s ]Vm, CR]
BVLd LsL, AB Utm CD Rem iLs Bm, C
iLd CPVs[ RX 1500 A GuTRp
VA = 750 A ; AB = 200 A
AB = 200 70 = 130 A
G]Y B GuT (750, 130)
TWY[Vju NUuT x2 = 4ay
B Gu\ s x2 = 4ay-Cp Es[Rp
(750)2 = 4a(130)
4a =
x2 =

75 750
13

75 750
y GuT NUuTPm,
13

LmTm RQ -k Lm YPjtf NejR] [m PQ GuL,

RQ = 122, RR = 70

RQ = 52

VR = x1GuL, Q GuT (x1, 52)

Q TWY[Vju s[ J s
x12 =

75 750
52
13

x1 = 150 10
PQ = 2x1 = 300 10 A

210

Tt 4.1
(1) TWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

Vm : (2, 3) ;
Vm : ( 1, 3) ;
] : (0, 0) ;
] : (1, 4) ;
] : (1, 2) ;
] : (1, 4) ;

CVdYW : 2y 3 = 0
CVdYW : 2x + 3y = 3
Vm : (0, 4)
Vm : ( 2, 4)
NqYLXm : y = 5
CP\m
\lPV
Utm
( 2, 10) Gu\ s YVf NpYm

(vii) ] : (3, 2) ;

rSd
\lPV
Utm
NqYLXju [m 8.
(viii) ] : (3, 1) ; YX\m
\lPV.
NqYLXjtm
CVdYWdm
CPlThP Wm 4.
(ix) ] : (2, 3) ; UpSd \lPV Utm (6, 4)
YVf NpXdV,
(2) uYm
TWY[VeLd
Af.
].
Vm.
CVdYWu
NUuT.
NqYLXju
NUuT.
NqYLXju [m BVYt\d LiL, Um AYtu
YWTPeL[ YWL,
(i) y2 = 8x

(ii) x2 = 20y
(iv) y2 + 8x 6y + 1 = 0

(iii) (x 4)2 = 4(y + 2)

(v) x2 6x 12y 3 = 0
(3) J TWY[V WTlTu hPm 20N, ARu
5 N, Gp AlWTlTu UVjk Vjt
CPlThP Wm LiL,
(4) TWY[V Bu Vm ARu UVjk (]) 8
N, RXp Es[, Bu 25 N, Gp
AqYu hPm LiL,
(5) J Re TXju Lm YPm TWY[V Ys[,
ARu [m 40 hPo Bm, YlTRV], Lm YPju
rUhPl sk 5 hPo Z Es[, Lm
YPjRj Rem iLu EVWeLs 55 hPo Gp. 30
hPo EVWjp Lm YPjt J Q Re RXLd
LdLlThPp AjQjReu [jRd LiL,

211

4,4 sYhPm (Ellipse)

YWV\ : R[jp. J Xlsk Es[ Wm
AjR[jp Es[ XdLhk Es[ WjPu U
RjR HtTj AqR Ul Jud \YL CdU
CVem su VUlTR sYhPUm,
l : TPjhPjuT NUuThu YW\ (4.4.1, 4.4.2)
Utm sYhPj] YWm \ RYpX, NUuThu
AUl Utm ARu Y[YWu AUl UhU RY,
Clm. Lt\p \] ALdm SdPu NUuThu
YW\m Y[YWu Tdm LdLlThs[.

4,4,1 sYhPf NUuThu hP YYm

(Standard equation of the ellipse) :
LdLlThPY
y
x =a / e
Xls F
XdL l
P(x,y)
M
UVj
RXj
RL e (e < 1)
(a,0)
C
SLm s P (x, y)
x
Z
YWV\ :
F(ae,0) A
A (-a,0)
(a/e, 0)
Xls FId
dLm, Um
TPm 4.50
lI
XdL
YWVm,
FCk ld FZGu\ jdLhP YWL,
PCk ld PM Gu\ jdLhP YWL,
FZI Eh\ULm. Yl\ULm e : 1 Gu\ Rjp
dm sLs \V A, A GuL,
AA = 2a GuL, CR x-Af G]d LsL,
AACu UVdjdLhP YWL, AR y-Af G]d
LsL,
AACu UVlsV CGuL, CV BVLd LsYm,
C, A Utm ACu sLs \V (0, 0), (a, 0), ( a, 0)
F Utm M-Cu Afj RXL[d LQp :
FZI Eh\ULm. Yl\ULm e : 1 Gu\ Rjp
dm sLs A, A BRXp

212

FA
e
AZ = 1
FA = e AZ
i.e., CA CF = e (CZ CA)
a CF = e (CZ a) (1)
(2) + (1)

FA
e
=1
AZ
FA = e AZ
i.e. AC + CF = e (AC + CZ)

a + CF = e(a + CZ)
a
2a = e [2CZ] CZ = e

(2) (1) 2CF = e(2a)

a
M GuT e , y, F GuT (ae, 0)

(2)

CF = ae

sYhPju NUuT LRp :

P Gu\ s sYhPju Up AUYRp
FP
2
2
2
PM = e FP = e PM

a
i.e. (x ae)2 + (y 0)2 = e2 x e + (y y)2
2

x2 e2x2 + y2 = a2 a2e2
(1 e2) x2 + y2 = a2 (1 e2)
a2 (1 e2) p YdL
y2
x2
+
=1
a2
a2(1 e2)
x2 y2
+
= 1, b2 = a2 (1 e2)
a2 b2
CY sYhPju hPf NUuT Bm,
ARY.

4,4,2 sYhPjR YWRp

x2 y 2
+
= 1, a > b
a2 b2

(i) NUfo Ti :
Y[YW x, y AfdL[l Tj NUfo BL Es[Rp
BVl Tjm NUfWL Cdm,
(ii) \ll sLs :
sYhPm B YVf NpX,

213

y = 0 Gp x-Afu Us[ sLs x = a. Y[YW

x-AfN A(a, 0), A( a, 0) Gu\ sLp Nkd\,
x = 0 Gp y = b Y[YW y-AfN B(0, b), B(0, b) Gu\
sLp Nkdu\],
(iii) Y[YWu Cl :
b
a2 x2 G] GRXm,
sYhPju NUuThP y = a
a2 x2 0 Gp. y J UnVi Bm, ARY a2 x2 < 0 ApX
x2 a2 > 0 Gp. AlTp Y[YW AUV, CqY\L
a x a Gu\ Tp UhU Y[YW AUm,
a
sYhPju NUuThP x = b
b2 y2 G] GYm,
b2 y2 0 Gu\p UhU x J UnVi Bm, Y[YW
b2 y2 < 0 Gu\ Tp AUV, ARY y > b Utm y < b Gu\
Tp Y[YW AUV, Y[YWV] b y b Gu\
Tp UhU AUm,
x = a, y = b Gu\ LLd CPV V
Y[YWVL sYhPm AU\, CqY\L sYhPju
YWTPm TPjp Lhs[Tp Pd\,
y
x = - a/e
M

Z
(- a/e, 0)

A
(- a,0)

x = a/e

C
(0,0)

P(x,y)

F1
(ae,0)

A
Z
(a,0) (a/e, 0)

TPm 4.51

4,4,3 sYhPju dV YWV\Ls :

Vm : XlsV] sYhPju Vm Bm,
AlsV F1 (ae, 0) G]d d\m,
CVdYW : XdL. ATWY[Vju CVdYWVm,
a
CRu NUuT x = e Bm,

214

ShPf : Lhji AA GuT ShPf, ARu [m 2a

Bm, ShPfu NUuT y = 0.
t\f : Lhji BB GuT t\f, ARu [m 2b,
t\fu NUuT x = 0.
UVm : ShPfm. t\fm Yhm s sYhPju
UVm Bm, Ce C(0, 0) B] sYhPju UVm Bm,
NqYLXju ClsLm ARu [m LRp:
x2 y2
+
= 1 (2) I
a2 b2
odL Yim, NUuT (1)I (2)-Cp WPd PlT
ClsL[d LQ x = ae (1) Utm
a2 e2
y2
+ 2 =1
2
a
b

y2
2
2 = 1e
b

y2 = b2 (1 e2)

b2 = a2 (1 e2)
2
b

b2
= b 2 2
2
a ApX 2 = 1 e
a

b2
y= a
L1 Utm L1 NqYLXju ClsLs Gp L1 GuT

b2
b2
ae, a , L1 GuT ae, a Bm,

CR

Tp

Ut\

NqYLXju

ClsLs

b
ae, a Bm,

2b2
NqYLXju [m a .
UtV sYhPjt ShPf x-Afu Yp Es[,
hP sYhPjR CRTu Ut\ hPs YhPj]
ARu ShPf y-Afu Yp AUU LQXm,

215

]lsLs : sYhPm. ShPfN Yhm sLs

sYhPju
]lsL[m,
Ce
sYhPju
]lsLs A(a, 0) Utm A( a, 0) Bm,
Wm : GRm J Vjp Ck sYhPju
Us[ s Pd Es[ Wm Wm Bm,
Si : sYhPju HRm JSi ARu HRm J
Vm Yf Nu\p AkSi Si G]lTm,
J \l Ti : sYhPm BVl Tj NUfWL
ClTRp sYhPjp
(i) CWiPY Vm F2 ( ae, 0)
a
(ii) CWiPY CVdYW x = e
NqYLXm : J Si ShPfdf Nej Gp AkSi
NqYLXm Bm, NqYLXju NUuTLs x = ae Utm x = ae ,
UVjRXjRL : e =

b2
1 2
a

Utl :
b
sYhPjp 0 < e < 1, e 0 Gp a 1 ARY. b a
ApX t\fm ShPfm hPjRhP NU [eL[ APm,
ARY sYhPm hPjRhP YhPm Tu\ AUlT
b
APm, e B] 1-I Sem T a fVjR Sem,
G]Y sYhPU] J Lhj i AUlT APm,
ARY sYhPU] Lm RhPV] YYjR APm,

4,4,4 sYhPju Ut\ YYm :

ShPfN] y-Af YV] Gp sYhPju NUuT
y2
x
+
= 1, a > b. Bm,
b2 a2
kRV sYhPjt YjR TXY CksYhPjtm
uYY]Yt\ AP\m,
UVm
: C (0, 0)
]Ls
: A (0, a), A (0, a)
2

VeLs
: F1 (0, ae), F2 (0, ae)
ShPfu NUuT : x = 0
t\fu NUuT
: y=0

216

t\fu ]Ls
: B (b, 0), B( b, 0)
CVdYWLu NUuTLs : y = a/e

b2
b2

: a , ae , a , ae

NqYLXju ]Ls
y
y =a/e

A(0,a)

(-b2/a ,ae) L11

L1 (-b2/a,ae)

B1

(-b2/a -,ae)L21

L2 (b2/a,-ae)

A(0,-a)

y =- a/e

TPm 4.52

4,4,5 sYhPju T YYeLs

(General forms of standard ellipses) :
UVm C(h, k) Gp sYhPf NUuThu T YYm
LQ xdl Tp x h, y dl Tp (y k) G] hPf NUuThp
(x h)2 (y k)2
(x h)2 (y k)2
+
=
1,
+
= 1, a > b
WPd PlT
a2
b2
b2
a2
sYhPju l Ti (Focal property of an ellipse) :
sYhPju
s[
HRm
J
su
jRXLu Rp ARu ShPfu [jtf NUm,
y
x = - a/e

x = a/e
P

M
Z

F2 C

F1

TPm 4.53

217

M
Z

TQm :
Y YiV F1P + F2P = 2a
a
P GuT sYhPju Up Es[ s GuL, x = e Utm
a
x = e Gu\ CVdYWLd PM, PM Gu\ NejdLLs
YWL,
F1P
F2P
PM = e, PM = e G] AYm,
F1P = ePM, F2P = e PM
F1P + F2P = e(PM + PM)
= e(MM)
2a
= e. e
= 2a
= ShPfu [m
GjdLh 4.15 : J sYhPju VeLs (1, 0), ( 1, 0)
1
Utm UVj RXj RL 2 Gp ARu NUuThPd LiL,
o : VeLs F1 (1, 0), F2 ( 1, 0) Gp F1F2Cu Sls
sYhPju UVm Bm,
y
11 0+0
UVm C GuT 2 , 2 = (0, 0)

B]p F1F2 = 2ae = 2

C
x
1
F1 (1,0)
(-1,0) F2
Utm e = 2
1
2a 2 = 2
TPm 4.54
a=2
1
b2 = a2 (1 e2) = 4 1 4 = 3

LdLlThP YWeLk sYhPju ShPf

x-AfYf Npu\ GuT RY\,
sYhPju NUuT uYm YYjp Cdm,
(y k)2
x2
y2
(x h)2
+
=
1

+
4
3 =1
a2
b2

218

GjdLh 4.16 : J sYhPju J Vm (2, 0) ARu JjR

CVdYW x = 8 Utm UVj RXj RL 1/2 Gp
sYhPju NUuThPd LiL,
o : P(x, y) J SLm s GuL, YWV\lT
FP
PM = e

x =8

y
P(x,y)

FP2 = e2 PM2

M (8,y)

1
x 8
(x 2) + (y 0) = 4

F(2,0)

1
(x 2)2 + y2 = 4 (x 8)2

TPm 4.55

4 [(x 2)2 + y2] = (x 8)2

3x2 + 4y2 = 48
x2 y2
16 + 12 = 1
Ut \lT :
y

LdLlThP
YWeLuT
sYhPju ShPf
x-AfYf Np\,
s YhPju NUuT

x =8

F(2,0)

x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2
a
FZ = e ae = 6
1
1
B]p e = 2 2a 2 a = 6
3
2a = 6 a=4

Z(8,0)

TPm 4.56

1
3
b2 = a2 (1 e2) = 16 1 4 = 16 4 = 12

y
x
RYV] NUuT 16 + 12 = 1

219

 FP2 = e2 PM2
x 2y
16
(x + 1)2 + (y + 3)2 = 25

1 + 4

x - 2y =0

GjdLh 4.17 : sYhPju J Vm ( 1, 3) CVdYW

4
x 2y = 0 Utm UVjRXj RL 5 Gp ARu NUuThPd
LiL,
o : P(x, y) GuT SLm s GuL, YWV\lT
FP
PM = e
P(x,y)

F(-1,-3)

125 [(x + 1)2 + (y + 3)2 ] = 16 (x 2y)2

TPm 4.57
2

109x + 64xy + 61y + 250x + 750y + 1250 = 0

GjdLh 4.18: sYhPju VeLs (4, 0) Utm ]Ls
( 5, 0) Gp ARu NUuThPd LiL,
o :
y
VeL[F1(4, 0),
F2(4,0) Utm ]L[
A(5, 0), A( 5, 0) GuL,
AACu SlsV]
sYhPju
UVm
Bm, i.e., CB]

A F2
(-5,0) (-4,0)

5 + 5 , 0 + 0
2
2
= (0, 0)

C (0,0)

F1

A
(4,0) (5,0)

TPm 4.58

LdLlThP
YWeLuT
sYhPju
ShPf
x-Af Yf Np\,
x2 y2
sYhPju NUuT 2 + 2 =1 Gu\ Yp Es[,
a
b
4
Ce CA = a = 5
CF = ae = 4 e = 5
b2 = a2 (1 e2) = 25 16 = 9
x2 y2
RYV] sYhPju NUuT 25 + 9 = 1
220

GjdLh 4.19 : sYhPju UVm (2, 3). J Vm (3, 3)

Gp ARu Ut\ VjRd LiL,
o :
LdLlThP YWeLuT
ShPf x Afd CQVL
F2
C
F1
y =3
Es[, F1 (3, 3) GuL,
F2 (x, y) GuL,
ShPf y = 3Cp F1 F2Cu
Sls C (2, 3) GuTRp.
y+3
x+3
2 = 2 Utm 2 = 3

TPm 4.59

x = 1, y = 3. Ut\ Vm (1, 3).

GjdLh 4.20 : J sYhPju UVm (1, 2), J Vm (1, 3)
1
Utm UVj RXj RL 2 Gp ARu NUuThPd LiL,
o :
ShPf y-Afd CQVL
ClTRp sYhPju NUuT.
(x h)2 (y k)2
+
=1
b2
a2
CF1 = ae = 1

y
x =1
F1(1,3)
C(1,2)
x

1
B]p e = 2 a = 2, a2 = 4

TPm 4.60

1
b2 = a2(1 e2) = 41 4 = 3 ; C(h, k) = (1, 2)

(x 1)2 (y 2)2
+
=1
3
4
GjdLh 4.21 : UVm B. x-Af. ShPf. UVj
RXjRL 1/2 EPVm (2, 1) Gu\ sYf Npm
sYhPju NUuThPd LiL,
o : UVm. B. x-Af ShPf EPV sYhPju NUuT
RYV] NUuT

x2 y2
+ =1
a2 b2

221

C (2, 1)Yf NpYRp

4 1
+
= 1
a2 b2

(1)

1
e=2
1
b2 = a2 (1 e2) b2 = a2 1 4

4b = 3a

(2)
16
2
NUuT (1)-m (2)-m odLd PlT a = 3 , b = 4
x2
y2
RYV] NUuT 16/3 + 4 = 1
GjdLh 4.22 : ShPf y Afd CQVLm
AW-ShPfu [m 12. NqYLXju [m 6. UVm (1, 12)
EPVU] sYhPju NUuThPd LiL,
o : ShPf y-Afd CQVL ClTRp sYhPju
2

NUuT

(x h)2 (y k)2
+
= 1 Gu\ Yp Cdm,
b2
a2

UVm (h, k) = (1, 12)

AW ShPf

a = 12 a2 = 144
2b2
2b2
NqYLXju [m
=
6

a
12 = 6
(x 1)2 (y 12)2
b2 = 36 RYV] NUuT
+ 144
=1
36
GjdLh 4.23 : UVm (4, 1) Utm J Vm (1, 1)
EPVm. (8, 0) Gu\ sYf NpYU] sYhPju
NUuThPd LiL,
o :
y
ShPf
x
Afd
CQVL
ClTRp
x
sYhPju NUuT
C(4,-1)
(x h)2 (y k)2
+
=1
a2
b2
UVm (h, k) GuT (4, 1)

F2(1,-1)

TPm 4.61

(x 4)2 (y + 1)2
+
=1
a2
b2

222

y =-1

16 1
C (8, 0) Gu\ sYf NpYRp 2 + 2 = 1
b
a
B]p CF1 = ae = 3

b2 = a2 (1 e2) = a2 a2 e2 = a2 9
1
16
=1
2+ 2
a 9
a

(1)

(1)

16a2 144 + a2 = a4 9a2

a4 26a2 + 144 = 0
a2 = 18 ApX 8

a2 = 18

X (i) :

b2 = a2 9 = 18 9 = 9
a2 = 8

X (ii) :

b2 = 8 9 = 1 GuT TkR,
a2 = 18,

RYV] NUuT

b2 = 9

(x 4)2 (y + 1)2
+
=1
18
9

GjdLh 4.24 : J sYhPju VeLs (2, 1), (2, 1)

Utm NqYLXWju Xm 6 Gp ARu NUuThPd LiL,
o :
Ljs[
YWeLuT
sYhPju ShPf x Afd
CQVL
ClTRp
ARu
NUuT
2

F2(-2,1)

F1(2,1)

(y k)
(x h)
+
= 1 Gu\ Yp
2
a
b2
TPm 4.62
AUm,
sYhPju UVm F1F2Cu SlsVm,
2 + 2 1 + 1
, 2
UVm 2

= (0, 1)
G]Y sYhPju NUuT

x2 (y 1)2
+
=1
a2
b2

223

y =1
x

F1 F2 = 2ae = 4 a2 e2 = 4
a2 e2 = a2 b2
a2 b2 = 4
NqYLju [m
(1)

2b
a

a2 3a 4
a
a
a
b2

=6
=
=
=
=
=

(1)
b2 = 3a

(2)

0 (NUuT (2))CuT
4 ApX 1
1 GuT TjRUt\
4
3a = 12

x2 (y 1)2
G]Y RYV] NUuT 16 + 12
=1
GjdLh 4.25 : J sYhPju ]Ls (1, 4). (7, 4) Utm
1
UVjRXj RL 3 Gp ARu NUuThPd LiL,
y
o :
y
Ljs[
YWeLuT
sYhPju ShPf x Afd
A
A
y =4
CQVL
Es[,
G]Y
(-7,4)
(-1,4)
sYhPju NUuT
(x h)2 (y k)2
+
= 1 Gu\ Yp
a2
b2
AUm,

TPm 4.63

sYhPju UVm B] AACu SlsVm,

1 7 4 + 4
ARY. 2
, 2

= ( 4, 4)
G]Y.

(y 4)2
(x + 4)2
+
=1
a2
b2
Um AA = 2a = 6

a=3
1
b2 = a2 (1 e2) = 9 1 9 = 8

sYhPju NUuT

(x + 4)2
(y 4)2
+
=1
9
8

224

GjdLh 4.26 : sYhPju VeLs (1, 3), (1, 9) Utm

1
UVj RXjRL 2 Gp ARu NUuThPd LiL,
y
o :
x =1
Ljs[
YWeLuT
sYhPju ShPf y Afd
F2(1,9)
CQVL Es[, G]Y ARu
NUuT
F1(1,3)

(x h)2 (y k)2
+
=1
b2
a2
F1 F2Cu SlsV]
sYhPju UVUm,
1+1 3+9
UVm = 2 , 2 = (1, 6)

F1 F2 = 2ae = 6
ae = 3
1
B]p e = 2

TPm 4.64

a=6

1
b2 = a2 (1 e2) = 36 1 4 = 27

RYV] NUuT

(y 6)
(x 1)
+
27
36 = 1

Ti (TQu) :
J sV]. Alsdm C XV] sLdm
CPVV] WeLu Rp J UVL CdU
SLU]p. Alsu VUlTR sYhPUm,
GjdLh 4.27 : J sV] Alsdm (4, 0) Utm
( 4, 0) Gu\ sLdm CPVV] WeLu Rp 10BL
CdU SLU]p Alsu
VUlTRVd LiL,
y
P(x,y)

F1(4,0)

F2(-4,0)

TPm 4.65

225

o :
XlsLs (4, 0), ( 4, 0) Gu\ sL[F1 Utm F2 GuL,
SLm sV P(x1, y1) GuL,
LdLlThPY F1P + F2P = 10
ARY.

(x1 4)2 + (y1 0)2 +

(x1 + 4)2 + (y1 0)2 = 10

dV u.
9x12 + 25y12 = 225.
x2
y2
(x1, y1)-Cu VUlTR 25 + 9 = 1
GjdLh 4.28 : uYY]Ytu ShPf. t\fdLu
NUuTL[m [eL[m LiL,
x2 y2
(x 1)2 (y + 1)2
(i) 9 + 4 = 1 (ii) 4x2 + 3y2 = 12
(iii)
+ 16
=1
9
oLs :
(i) ShPf xAf YVLm. t\f y Af YVLm
Np\, ShPfu NUuT y = 0. t\fu NUuT
x = 0.
a2 = 9 ; b2 = 4 a = 3, b = 2
ShPfu [m 2a = 6, Utm t\fu [m 2b = 4
x2 y2
3 + 4 =1
ShPf y Af YVLm t\f x Af YVLm
Np\,
(ii)

ShPfu NUuT x = 0 Utm t\fu NUuT y = 0

Ce a2 = 4 ; b2 = 3 a = 2, b = 3
ShPfu [m (2a) = 4
t\fu [m

(2b) = 2 3

(iii) x 1 = X Utm y + 1 = Y GuL,

X2 Y2
G]Y LdLlThP NUuT 9 + 16 = 1
Ce ShPf Y Af YVLm t\f X Af YVLm
Np\,

226

 ShPfu NUuT X = 0 t\fu NUuT Y = 0

(A,,). ShPfu NUuT x 1 = 0 Utm t\fu NUuT
y+1=0
Um a2 = 16, b2 = 9
a = 4, b = 3
ShPfu [m (2a) = 8
t\fu [m (2b) = 6
GjdLh 4.29 : 6x2 + 9y2 + 12x 36y 12 = 0 Gu\ sYhPju
AfdLu NUuThPm [jRm LiL,
o :
6x2 + 9y2 + 12x 36y 12 = 0
(6x2 + 12x) + (9y2 36y) = 12
6(x2 + 2x) + 9(y2 4y) = 12
6{(x + 1)2 1} + 9 {(y 2)2 4} = 12
6(x + 1)2 + 9 (y 2)2 = 12 + 6 + 36
6(x + 1)2 + 9(y 2)2 = 54

X = x+1;

(x + 1)2
(y 2)2
+
=1
9
6
Y = y 2 GuL,

X2 Y2
9 + 6 =1
ShPf X Af YVLm Utm t\f Y Af YVLm
Np\ GuT RYu\,
ShPfu NUuT Y = 0 Utm t\fu NUuT X = 0.
ARY ShPfu NUuT y 2 = 0 Utm t\fu NUuT
x+1=0
ARY. ShPfu NUuT y 2 = 0
G]Y NUuT

Ce a2 = 9, b2 = 6 a = 3, b = 6
ShPfu [m (2a) = 6
t\fu [m (2b) = 2 6
GjdLh 4.30 : uYm sYhPeLu CVdYWLu
NUuTLs. NqYLXju NUuTLs Utm NqYLXju
[eLs BVYt\d LiL :
227

x2 y2
(i) 16 + 9 = 1 (ii) 25x2 + 9y2 = 225 (iii) 4x2 + 3y2 + 8x + 12y + 4 = 0
o :
(i) ShPf x Af Yf Np\,
Ce a2 = 16, b2 = 9
b2
1 2 =
a

e=

a
x = e
16
x=
7
x = ae
x= 7
29
9
2b2
a = 4 = 2

CVdYWLu NUuTLs

NqYLXeLu NUuTLs
NqYLXju [m

x2 y2
9 + 25 = 1

(ii) 25x2 + 9y2 = 225

Ce a2 = 25,

9
7
1 16 = 4

b2 = 9
b2
1 2 =
a

e=

9
4
1 25 = 5

a
y = e
25
y= 4
NqYLXeLu NUuTLs
y = ae
y = 4
2b2 2 9
18
NqYXLju [m = a = 5 = 5
(iii)
4x2 + 3y2 + 8x + 12y + 4 = 0
(4x2 + 8x) + (3y2 + 12y) + 4 = 0
4(x2 + 2x) + 3(y2 + 4y) = 4
4{(x + 1)2 1} + 3 {(y + 2)2 4} = 4
4(x + 1)2 + 3(y + 2)2 = 12
(y + 2)2
(x + 1)2
+
=1
3
4
CVdYWLu NUuTLs

228

X 2 Y2
3 + 4 = 1 Ce X = x + 1 , Y = y + 2
1
ShPf Y AfYf Np\. Ce a2 = 4, b2 = 3 Utm e = 2
CVdYWLu NUuTLs

a
Y =e
Y = 4

2
ARY Y = (1/2)

Y = ae

1
(A,,). Y = 2 2

(i) Y = 4
y+2=4
y=2
(ii) Y = 4 y + 2 = 4 y = 6
G]Y CVdYW NUuTLs y = 2 Utm y = 6
NqYLXeLu NUuTLs

Y = 1
y+2=1
y=1
(ii) Y = 1 y + 2 = 1
y=3
NqYLXeLu NUuTLs y = 1 Utm y = 3

(i) Y = 1

23
2b2
a = 2 =3
GjdLh 4.31 : uYm sYhPeLu UVj RXjRL.
UVm. VeLs. ]Ls BVYt\d LiL :
NqYLXju [m =

x2 y2
(i) 25 + 9 = 1
(x + 3)2 (y 5)2
(iii)
+
=1
6
4

x2 y2
(ii) 4 + 9 = 1
(iv) 36x2 + 4y2 72x + 32y 44 = 0

x2 y2
o : (i)25 + 9 = 1
ShPf x-Yf Np\, a2 = 25, b2 = 9
4
e = 5 Utm ae = 4
UVm C (0, 0),
A F2
VeLs ( ae, 0) = ( 4, 0)
(-5,0) (-4,0)
]Ls ( a, 0) = ( 5, 0)

C (0,0)

(4,0) (5,0)

TPm 4.66

229

F1

(ii) ShPf y Yf Np\ a2 = 9, b2 = 4

y

5
e = 3 Utm ae = 5
UVm C (0, 0)
VeLs (0, ae) = (0, 5 )
]Ls (0, a) = (0, 3)

A(0,3)
F1 (0,5)

C (0,0)

F2 (0,-5)

A(0,-3)

TPm 4.67
(iii) x + 3 = X, y 5 = Y GuL,
X2
Y2
G]Y NUuT 6 + 4 = 1
ShPf X-AfNYf Np\,
a2 = 6, b2 = 4
1
e=
Utm ae = 2
3
X, YIl Tj
UVm

(0, 0)

( a, 0) i.e. ( 6, 0)

x, yIl Tj
X=x+3; Y=y5
X = 0 ; Y=0
x + 3 = 0, y 5 = 0

x = 3, y = 5
UVm C( 3, 5)
(i)

X=
x+3 =
x=

(ii)

X = 6,Y=0
x+3 = 6,y5=0
x = 3 6 ,y=5
A ( 3 6, 5)

(i) ( 6, 0)
]Ls

(ii) ( 6, 0)

230

6, Y=0
6 , y5=0
6 3, y = 5
A ( 3 + 6, 5)

( ae, 0)
i.e. ( 2 , 0)

(i)

X = 2, Y=0
x+3 = 2, y5=0
x = 3+ 2,y=5
F1 ( 3 + 2 , 5)

(ii)

X = 2 , Y=0
x+3 = 2,y5=0
x = 3 2,y=5
F2 ( 3 2 , 5)

(i) ( 2 , 0)
VeLs

(ii) ( 2, 0)

A1
(-3 - 6, 5)

F2

C (-3,5) F1

AA
(-3 +6, 5)
(-3+2,5)

(-3- 2, 5)

TPm 4.68

y =5
X

(iv) 36x2 + 4y2 72x + 32y 44 = 0

36 (x2 2x) + 4 (y2 + 8y) = 44
36 {(x 1)2 1} + 4 {(y + 4)2 16} = 44
36(x 1)2 + 4 (y + 4)2 = 144
(y + 4)2
(x 1)2
+
=1
4
36
Y2
X2
+
4
36 = 1 Ce X = x 1 , Y = y + 4
ShPf Y-AfYf Np\.
i.e.,

a2 = 36, b2= 4
2 2
e = 3 Um ae = 4 2

231

x, yI Tj
X=x1; Y=y+4
X = 0 ; Y=0

x 1 = 0, y + 4 = 0
x = 1, y = 4
UVm C(1, 4)
(i)
X = 0, Y = 6
x1 = 0, y+4=6
x = 1, y = 2
A (1, 2)
X = 0, Y = 6
(ii)
x 1 = 0, y + 4 = 6
x1=0,y+4=6
x = 1, y = 10
A (1, 10)
(i)
X = 0; Y=4 2
x 1 = 0, y + 4 = 4 2
x = 1, y = 4 2 4
F1 (1, 4 2 4)

X, YI Tj
UVm

(0, 0)

(0, a) i.e. (0, 6)

(i) (0, 6)
]Ls
(ii) (0, 6)

(0, ae)
i.e. (0, 4 2)
(i) (0, 4 2)
VeLs
(ii) (0, 4 2)

(ii)

X = 0, Y=4 2
x 1= 0 ; y + 4 = 4 2
x = 1, y = 4 4 2
F2 (1, 4 4 2)

y
Y

x =1
A(1,2)
F1

C (1,-4)
F2

A (1,-10)

TPm 4.69

232

x
X
Where
F1(1, 4 2 4)
F2(1, - 4 4 2)

4,4,6 XSP\ LQdLs (Some practical problems) :

GjdLh 4.32 : J Y[ AW-sYhP YYjp Es[,
ARu ALXm 48 A. EVWm 20 A, RWk 10 A EVWjp
Y[u ALXm Gu]?
o :
RWu
SlsV
UVm C (0, 0)BLd LsL,
(x1,10)
RWu ALXm 48 A
20
10
x1
Q
P
GuTRp ]Ls A, A
A

A
(24,0)

C (0,0)

B]Y A(24, 0) A( 24, 0)

(-24,0)
TPm 4.70
Bm,
2a = 48 Utm b = 20 GuT RY\,

y2
x2
=1
(1)
2 +
24
202
10 EVWs[ tm UVjtm CPV Es[ Wm x1
GuL,
G]Y (x1, 10) Gu\ s NUuT (1) I \ Nnm,
ARtV sYhPju NUuT

x12

102
= 1 x1 = 12 3
24
202
RWk 10 A EVWjp Y[u ALXm GuT
2x1 = 24 3

RYV] Y[u ALXm 24 3 A,

GjdLh 4.33 : J Z Yu UtWV] AWsYhP YYjp Es[, CRu ALXm 20A, UVjk
ARu EVWm 18 A Utm TdLf YoLu EVWm 12 A Gp
HRm J TdLf YWk 4 A Wjp UtWu EVWm
Gu]YL Cdm?
o : TdLf Yk 4 A
R (6, y1)
Wjp
Es[
U\Wu
6
EVWm PQR GuL, TPju Xm
10
6
4
A
A
PQ = 12 A
C (0,0)
Q
(10,0)
(-10,0)
QR-Cu [jRd LiTm,
12
ALXm 20 AVL ClTRp
]Ls A, ACu BVjRXLs
( 10, 0), (10, 0) G]d LsL,

TPm 4.71

233

AA = 2a = 20 a = 10
b = 18 12 = 6
y2
x2
100 + 36 = 1
QR GuT y1 Gp R-Cu BVjRXLs (6, y1)
sYhPju R AUYRp.
y12
36
+
100
36 = 1 y1 = 4.8
PQ + QR = 12 + 4.8
RYV] UtWu EVWm 16.8 AVm,
GjdLh 4.34 : Vu VjdU V] V]
J sYhPl TRp t Y\, ARu AW-ShPfu [m
92.9 pVu UpLs BLLm. UVj RXj RL
0.017BLLm
Es[
Gp
V]
Vd
L
ALUp YmT Es[ Wm Lj RXp
CdmT Es[ Wm LiL,
o :
y
AW ShPfu [m
H
CA = a = 92.9 pVu UpLs
RT
EA
e = 0.017G]lThs[,
SUN A
A
x
Vd L ALUp
C (0,0)
F
YmT Es[ Wm = FA
Utm Lj RXp Cdm
T Es[ Wm = FA
TPm 4.72
CF = ae = 92.9 0.017
FA = CA CF = 92.9 92.9 0.017
= 92.9 [1 0.017]
= 92.9 0.983 = 91.3207 pVu UpLs
FA = CA + CF = 92.9 + 92.9 0.017
= 92.9 (1 + 0.017)
= 92.9 1.017 = 94.4793 pVu UpLs
GjdLh 4.35 : J NUR[ju Up NejRL AUks[
Yu 15 [s[ J HV] R[j]m
Yt]m RU SLok Li Cd\ Gp. Hu
rUhP ]k 6 Wjp Hp AUks[ P Gu\
su VUlTRVd LiL,
TPju Xm
Utm

234

o :
AB GuT H GuL, Hu
P(x1, y1) Gu\ s AP = 6
CdU Gjd LsL,
x-Afd
NejRL
PDm
y-Afd NejRL PCm YWL,
ADP Utm PCB YYjRY
PC
PB
BC
DA = AP = PD
i.e.,

B
9
x1

C
y1

P(x1y1)
6

y1

x1
9
BC
DA = 6 = y1

x1

TPm 4.73

2x1
6x1
DA = 9 = 3

9y1
3
; BC = 6 = 2 y1

2x1
3y1
5
5
OA = OD + DA = x1 + 3 = 3 x1 ; OB = OC + BC = y1 + 2 = 2 y1
OA2 + OB2 = AB2

25 2 25 2
9 x1 + 4 y1 = 225

x12 y12
9 + 4 =9
x2 y2
(x1, y1)Cu VUlTR 81 + 36 = 1, C Ko s YhPUm,

Tt 4.2
(1) uYm YWeLdV s YhPju NUuThPd
LiL,
(i)
J Vm (0, 1), JjR CVdYW
3
3x + 16 = 0 Utm e = 5
1
(ii) VeLs (2, 1), (0, 1) Utm e = 2
(iii) VeLs ( 3, 0) Utm ]Ls ( 5, 0)
(iv)

3
UVm (3, 4), J Vm (3 + 3, 4) Utm e = 2

235

5
2
UVm B. ShPf x YV]. e = 3 Utm 2, 3

Gu\ sYf NpYm

(vi) AW ShPfu [m. NqYLXju [m \V
80
7, 7 UVm (2, 5) Utm ShPf y-Afd
CQV].
(vii) UVm (3, 1) J Vm (6, 1) Ut\m (8, 1) Gu\
sYf NpY,
32
(viii) VeLs ( 3, 0) Utm NqYLXju [m 5 .
(v)

3
]Ls ( 4, 0) Utm e = 2
(2) J sYhPju UVm (4, 2) Utm J Vm (4, 2) Gp
ARu Ut\ Vm LiL,
(3) J sV]. Alsdm (3, 0) Utm (3, 0) Gu\
sLdm
CPVV]
WeLu
Rp
9BL
CdU SLU]p Alsu CVeYWVd LiL,
(4) ShPf Utm t\fLu NUuThPd LiL,
(ix)

(i) 9x2 + 25y2 = 225

(iii) 9x2 + 4y2 = 20

(ii) 5x2 + 9y2 + 10x 36y 4 = 0 (iv) 16x2 + 9y2 + 32x 36y 92 = 0
(5) uYm sYhPeLu CVdYWLu NUuThPm
NqYLXju [eL[m LiL,
(i) 25x2 + 169y2 = 4225

(ii) 9x2 + 16y2 = 144

(iii) x2 + 4y2 8x 16y 68 = 0

(iv) 3x2 + 2y2 30x 4y + 23 = 0
(6) uYm sYhPeLu UVj RXj RL. UVm.
VeLs. ]Ls BVYt\d LiL Utm YWTPm
YWL,
(i) 16x2 + 25y2 = 400
(ii) x2 + 4y2 8x 16y 68 = 0
2
2
(iv) 16x2 + 9y2 + 32x 36y = 92
(iii) 9x + 4y = 36
(7) J L-L [Vh Wo [Vhl TtuT
AYdm L-L fLdm CPVs[ Wm
GlTm 8 BL CdU EQo\o, Aq
fLd CPlThP Wm 6 Gp AYo Km TRu
NUuThPd LiL.

236

(8) J sYhPl TRu Vjp CdU J

QdLs t Y\, CRu UVj RXj RL
BLm dm Qd Ldm CPlThP f Wm
400 X hPoLs BLm CdU]p dm
QdLdm CPlThP ALThN Wm Gu]?
(9) Vu VjdU Uod WLU] V] J
sYhPl TRp t Y\, ARu AW ShPfu
[m 36 pVu UpLs BLm UVj RXj RL 0.206
BLm CdUu (i) Uod WLU] Vd L
ALUp YmT Es[ Wm (ii) Uod WLU]
Vd Lj RXp CdmT Es[ Wm
BVYt\d LiL,
(10) J TXju Y[Y] AW sYhPju Yp
Es[, PUhPjp ARu ALXm 40 AVLm
UVjk ARu EVWm 16 AVLm Es[ Gp
UVjk YX ApX CPl\jp 9 A Wjp
Es[ RWlsk TXju EVWm Gu]?

4,5 ATWY[Vm (Hyperbola) :

YWV\ : R[jp. J Xlsks[ Wm AjR[jp
Es[ J Xd Lhk Es[ WjPu U RjR
HtTj AqR Ul Ju\P ALUL CdU CVem
su VUl TRV] J ATWY[VUm,
l : TPjhPjuT NUuThu YW\ (4.5.1, 4.5.2) Utm
ATWY[Vj] YWm \ RYpX, NUuThu AUl
Utm ARu Y[YWu AUl UhU RY, Clm. Lt\p
\]
ALdm
SdPu
NUuThu
YW\m
Y[YWu Tdm LdLlThs[,

4,5,1 ATWY[Vju hPf NUuT

(Standard equation of the hyperbola) :
LdLlThPY:
Xls (F)
XdL (l)
UVj RX Rm e, (e > 1)
SLm s P(x, y)
YW\ :
Xls FI dLm Um
XdL lI YWVm,
FCk
ld
(FZ)
Gu\
jdLhP YWL,

237

y
l
M

P(x,y)

Z A F(ae,0)

TPm 4.74

PCk ld (PM) Gu\ jdLhP YWL,

FZI Eh\ULm. Yl\ULm e : 1 Gu\ Rjp
dm sLs \V A, A GuL,
AA = 2a GuL, CR x-Af GuL,
AA-Cu UVd jd LhP YWk AR y-Af GuL,
CV BlsVLd LsYm,
C(0, 0), A(a, 0), A( a, 0) Bm,
F Utm MCu Afj RXL[d LQp :
FZI Eh\ULm. Yl\ULm e : 1 Gu\ Rjp
dm sLs A, A G]Y.
FA
e
AZ = 1
FA = e AZ
i.e. CF CA = e (CA CZ)
CF a = e (a CZ) (1)
(2) (1)

FA
e
=1
AZ
FA = e AZ
i.e. AC + CF = e (AC + CZ)

a + CF = e(a + CZ)
a
2a = e [2CZ] CZ = e

(2) + (1) 2CF = e(2a) CF = ae

a
M GuT e , y Um F (ae, 0) Bm,

ATWY[Vju NUuT LQp :

P Gu\ s ATWY[Vju Up AUYRp.
FP
2
2
2
PM = e FP = e PM
a 2

(x ae)2 + (y 0)2 = e2 x e + (y y)2

2 2

[e x 2aex + a ]
x2 2aex + a2e2 + y2 = e2
e2
x2 e2x2 + y2 = a2 a2e2
(e2 1)x2 y2 = a2(e2 1)
y2
x2
=1
2 2 2
a
a (e 1)

238

(2)

x2
y2
2
2 2
2 2 = 1 Ce b = a (e 1) L GiQm,
a
b
CY ATWY[Vju hPf NUuTPm,

4,5,2 ATWY[VjR YWRp

x2 y2

=1
a2 b2

(i) NUfo (Symmetry) :

Y[YW x, y AfdL[l Tj NUfo EPV, AR]p
BlsVl Tjm NUfPV
(ii) dVl sLs (Special points) :
ATWY[Vm. Bls YV NpX,
y = 0 Gp. x-Afu Us[ sLs x = a Bm,
Y[YW x-AfN A(a, 0) Um A( a, 0) Gu\ sLp
Nkdu\, x = 0 Gp y2 = b2. ARY. y LtT] UlTm.
G]Y Y[YW y-AfN YhP,
(iii) Y[YWu Cl (Existence of the curve) :
b
ATWY[Vju NUuThP y = a
x2 a2 G] GRXm,
x2 a2 < 0 Gp a < x < a, y LtT] UlT T\,
Y[YWV] a < x < a Gu\ CPYp AUV, x a
ApX x a TLXRu Y[YW AUm, yCu GpX
UlLdm Y[YW AUm GuT lPjRdL,
y
(iv) LkRp Y[YW
x = a/e
x
=
-a/e
(The curve at infinity) :
B
x Cu Ul m
F2 A
A F1
C
x
T. y2Cu Ulm
Z
Z
(-ae,0)
(ae,0)
\, ARY. x
B
Gp. y2 . ARY.
TPm 4.75
x Gp y .
Y[YWu [Ls C\m LkR YW Npu\],

4,5,3 ATWY[Vju dV YWV\Ls :

Vm : XlsV ATWY[Vju Vm F1(ae, 0)
Bm,
CVdYW : XdL. ATWY[Vju CVd YWVm,
a
CRu NUuT x = e .

239

dLf : ]l sL[ CQdm AA Gu\

Lhji dLf G]lTm, Um dLfu [m 2a
Bm, dLfu NUuT y = 0. dLf ATW Y[Vju C
[L[m Yh\,
QVf : sLs B(0, b)Vm B(0, b)Vm CQdm
Lhji QVfNm, QVfu [m 2b. Um CRu
NUuT x = 0 Bm,
UVm : dLf. QVf CYtu Yhm sV ATW
Y[Vju UVl sVm, Ce C(0,0) ATWY[Vju
UVUm,
]l sLs : ATWY[Vm. dLfN Yhm sLs
ATWY[Vju ]l sL[m, A(a, 0) Utm A( a, 0)
]l sL[m,
s YhPjRl TXY. ATWY[Vjts CWiPm
a
Vm F2( ae, 0) Utm CWiPm CVdYW x = e Ei,
UVj RXj RL : e =

b2
1+ 2
a

Utl :
b
ATWY[Vjt e > 1. e 1 Gp. a 0 ARY. e 1
Gp bCu Ul a EPu JlLp Ld \YL Es[,
ATWY[Vm V d YYjRl T\, e Gp.
bCu Ul a-I P L ALU\, ATWY[Vm
RhPV\,
NqYLXm : C ATWY[Vju Aftf NejR]
Si Bm, CRu NUuTLs x = ae.
NqYLXju Cl sLm ARu [m :
NqYLXju Cl sL[d LQ.
x2 y2

= 1 (2)-I odL,
a2 b2
NUuT (1)-I (2)-Cp WP.

x = ae (1)

Utm

y2
a2 e2
2 =1
2
a
b

240

y2
2
2 = e 1
b

y2 = b2 (e2 1)

b
= b 2 . 2
a
2

( b2 = a2 (e2 1))

b2
y= a

b2
L1 Utm L1 NqYLXju ClsLs Gp L1 ae, a ,

b2
L1 ae, a Bm,

CTX
CWiPY

NqYLXju

ClsLs

2b
b
ae, a Bm, NqYLXju [m a .

UtV ATWY[Vjp. dLf x-Afu Yp Es[,

dLf y-Afu Yp AUU Um J hP
ATWY[Vm Es[,

4,5,4 ATWY[Vju Ut\ YYm

(The other form of the hyperbola) :
y-Afu YV dLfm. x-Afu YV QVfm
x2
y2
AUkRp ATWY[Vju NUuT 2 2 = 1 Bm, CkR
a
b
ATWY[Vjt
rdLm
TiL[
kRV
ATWY[Vjtd LiPTp LiTm,
UVm
: C (0, 0)
]Ls

A (0, a), A (0, a)

VeLs

F1 (0, ae), F2 (0, ae)

dLfu NUuT

: x=0

QVfu NUuT

: y=0

QVfu ]lsLs

: (b, 0), ( b, 0)

NqYLXju NUuTLs

: y = ae

241

a
: y=e

CVdYWu NUuTLs

b2
b2

NqYLXju Cl sLs : a , ae , a , ae

y
F1 (0, ae)
A(0,a)
y = a/e

Z
C

B
Z

y = -a/e

A(0, -a)
F2 (0, - ae)

TPm 4.76
GjdLh 4.36 : CVdYW 2x + y = 1, Vm (1, 2) Um UVj
RXjRL 3 Gp ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
o :
ATWY[Vju Us[ HRm J sV P(x, y) GuL,
FP
YWV\uT PM = e FP2 = e2 . PM2
2

3
(x 1)2 + (y 2)2 = 5 (2x + y 1)2
i.e., 7x2 + 12xy 2y2 2x + 14y 22 = 0
CY RYV]
ATWY[Vju NUuTPm,

P(x,y)

M
2x +y - 1=0

2x + y 1

4+1

i.e., (x 1)2 + (y 2)2= 3

F(1,2)

TPm 4.77

242

GjdLh 4.37 : UVm (0, 0) AWd dLfu [m 6, UVj

RXj RL 3 Utm x AfN dLfNL EPV TWY[Vju
NUuT LiL,
o :
dLf x Yf NpYRm. UVm (0, 0)BL Es[Rp
x2 y2
ATWY[Vju NUuT 2 2 = 1 Gu\ AUlp Es[,
a b
y
LdLlThPY :
AWddLf a = 6, e = 3
b2 = a2 (e2 1) G]j Rm,

A C

b2 = 36(8)
= 288
ATWY[Vju NUuT

F2

A
6

F1

TPm 4.78

y2
x2

36
288 = 1

GjdLh 4.38 : dLf. x-Afd CQVLm. UVm (1, 2)

QVfu [m 4 Um UVj RXj RL e = 2 G] EPV
ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
o : dLf x-Afd CQVL ClTRp ATWY[Vju
(y k)2
(x h)2
=1
NUuT

a2
b2
Ce UVm C(h, k) GuT (1, 2) Bm,
dLfu [m 2b = 4 Um e = 2
b2 = a2 (e2 1)
4 = a2 (4 1)
4
a2 = 3
(x 1)2
(y 2)2

=1
4/3
4
GjdLh 4.39 : UVm (1, 2) . CVdYWLu CPlThP
20
Wm 3 , VeLd CPlThP Wm 30. dLf y-Afd
CQVLm AUm ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
RYV] NUuT

243

o :
dLf y-Afd CQVL Es[Rp ATWY[Vju
NUuT
(x h)2
(y k)2

=1
a2
b2
Ce UVm C(h, k) GuT (1, 2) Bm,
2a 20
a
10
CVdYWLu CPV Es[ Wm = e = 3 e = 3
VeLd CPVs[ Wm = 2ae = 30 ae = 15
a
10
2
e (ae) = 3 15 a = 50
9
ae
Um a/e e2 = 2
9
b2 = a2 (e2 1) b2 = 50 2 1 = 175

(y 2)2
(x 1)2

50
175 = 1 GuT RYV] NUuTPm,
GjdLh 4.40 : dLf y-Aft CQVLm. UVm (0, 0),
AW QVfu [m 4. Um UVj RXj RL 2 G]m
AUm ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
o :
LdLlThP YWeLk ATWY[Vju NUuT
y2 x2

= 1 Bm,
a2 b2
AW QVf b = 4 Um e = 2,
b2 = a2 (e2 1)
42 = a2 (22 1)
16
a2 = 3
x2
y2
RYV] ATWY[Vju NUuT 16/3 16 = 1
ApX
3y2 x2 = 16
GjdLh 4.41 : VeLs ( 6, 0) Um dLfu [m 8
BLm Es[ ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,

244

o :
LdLlThP
YWeLp
Ck dLf x-AfNYf
NpYRp ATWY[Vju
NUuT

C (0,0)

(x h)2
(y k)2

= 1 Bm,
a2
b2
F1 F2u SlsV
ATWY[Vju UVUm,

F2(-6,0)

F1(6,0)

TPm 4.79

6 + 6 0 + 0
, 2
C GuT 2

= (0, 0)
dLfu [m = 2a = 8, a = 4
F1F2 = 2ae = 12 ae = 6
4e = 6
6
3
e=4 = 2
16 5
9
b2 = a2 (e2 1) = 16 4 1 = 4 = 20

x
y
16 20 = 1 GuT RYV] NUuTPm,

3
GjdLh 4.42 : VeLs (5, 4) Um UVj RXjRL 2
G]m EPV ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
o :
LdLlThP
YWeLp
Ck
dLf
y-Afd
CQVL
Es[Rp.
ATWY[Vju NUuT

y
F1(5,4)
x

C (0,0)

(x h)2
(y k)2

=1
2
a
b2
ATWY[Vju UVm
C (h, k) B] F1 F2u
Sls Bm,

F2(5,-4)

TPm 4.80

245

5+5 44
ARY. C GuT 2 , 2 = (5, 0)

F1F2 = 2ae = (5 5)2 + (4 + 4)2 = 8

ae = 4
3
8
e = 2 G]Y a = 3
64 9
b2 = a2 (e2 1) = 9 4 1

80
= 9
(y 0)2 (x 5)2
9y2
9(x 5)2

=
1
ARY

=1
64/9
80/9
64
80
GuT RYV] NUuTPm,
GjdLh 4.43 : UVm (2, 1) Um J Vm (8, 1) G]m
CRtLjR CVdYW x = 4 G]m EPV ATWY[Vju
NUuT LiL,
o :
y
LdLlThP YWeLp
x =4
Ck
ATWY[Vju
C(2,1)
F1(8,1)
NUuT
(x h)2 (y k)2

= 1 Bm,
a2
b2
UVm C (h, k) GuT C (2, 1)
Bm,
TPm 4.81
CF1 = ae = 6
(CZI x = 4d jdLPL YWVm,)
UVjtm. CVdYW CZdm CPlThP Wm
a
CZ = e = 2
a
ae . e = 6 2 a2 = 12
6
ae
2
a/e = 2 e = 3

y =1
x

b2 = a2 (e2 1) b2 = 12(3 1) = 24
(x 2)2
(y 1)2

12
24 = 1 GuT RYV] NUuTPm,

246

GjdLh 4.44 : VeLs (0, 5) Um dLfu [m 6

G]d LiP ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
o :
y
LdLlThP
YWeLk
dLf. y-Afu Y Np\,
F1(0,5)
G]Y ATWY[Vju NUuT
(0,0)

(y k)2
(x h)2

=1
a2
b2
UVm C(h, k) GuT F1F2u
SlsVm,

C
F2(0,-5)

TPm 4.82
0+0 55
ARY C GuT 2 , 2 = (0, 0)

F1F2 = 2ae = 10
dLfu [m = 2a = 6
5
a = 3 Utm e = 3
b2 = a2 (e2 1)
25
= 9 9 1

= 16
x2
y2
9 16 = 1 RYV] NUuTPm,
GjdLh 4.45 : VeLs (0, 10) BLm (2, 3) Gu\ s
Yf NpYU] ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
o :
LdLlThP
YWeLk
y
dLf y-Af Yf Np\,
ATWY[Vju NUuT
F1(0, 10)
y2 x2
=1
a 2 b2
VeLs (0, ae) = (0, 10)
ae = 10
Um b2 = a2 (e2 1) = a2e2 a2

(0,0)
C
F2(0, -10)

TPm 4.83

b2 = 10 a2

247

y2
x2
= 1 Bm,
2
10 a2
a
C (2, 3) Gu\ sYf NpYRp.
4
9
=1

10 a2
a2

ATWY[Vju NUuT

9(10 a2) 4a2

=1
a2 (10 a2)
90 9a2 4a2 = 10a2 a4
ApX a4 23a2 + 90 = 0
(a2 18) (a2 5) = 0
a2 = 18 ApX a2 = 5 Bm,
a2 = 18 Gp. b2 = 10 18 = 8 GuT TkR,
a2 = 5, b2 = 10 5 = 5 Gp
x2
y2
RYV] ATWY[Vju NUuT 5 5 = 1 ApX
y2 x2 = 5
y2
x2
GjdLh 4.46 : 9 4 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vju dLf.
QVf CYtu NUuTL[m. [eL[m LiL,
o :
UVm BlsVm, dLf. x-Afu Ym.
QVf y-Af Ym Es[], i.e., x-Af dLfNm,
dLfu [m y = 0 Um QVf y- AfNm, QVfu
NUuT x = 0 Bm,
a2 = 9, b2 = 4 a = 3, b = 2
dLfu [m = 2a = 6
QVfu [m = 2b = 4
GjdLh 4.47 : 16y2 9x2 = 144 Gu\ ATWY[Vju
dLf. QVf CYtu NUuTL[m. [eL[m
LiL,
y2 x2
o : 9 16 = 1

248

UVm BlsVm, dLf y-Afu Ym.

QVf x-Afu Ym Es[],
y-Af dLfNm ARY dLfu NUuT x = 0
Bm,
x-Af QVfNm ARY QVfu NUuT y = 0
Bm,
Ce a2 = 9, b2 = 16 a = 3, b = 4
dLfu [m = 2a = 6
QVfu [m = 2b = 8
GjdLh 4.48 :
9x2 36x 4y2 16y + 56 = 0 Gu\ ATWY[Vju dLf.
QVf CYtu NUuTL[m. [eL[m LiL,
9(x2 4x) 4(y2 + 4y) = 56

o :

9{(x 2)2 4} 4 {(y + 2)2 4} = 56

9(x 2)2 4(y + 2)2 = 36 16 56
9(x 2)2 4(y + 2)2 = 36
4(y + 2)2 9(x 2)2 = 36
(y + 2)2
(x 2)2

=1
9
4
X = x 2
Y2
X2

9
4 = 1 Ce Y = y + 2
dLf y-Ym. QVf x-Af Ym Es[],
y-Af dLfNm ApX X = 0
dLfu NUuT x 2 = 0
X-Af QVfNm ApX Y = 0
QVfu NUuT y + 2 = 0

Ce a2 = 9,

b2 = 4 a = 3, b = 2
dLfu [m = 2a = 6
QVfu [m = 2b = 4
GjdLh 4.49 :
y2
x2

9
4 = 1Gu\ ATWY[Vju CVdYWLs. NqYLXm
CYtu NUuTL[m. [eL[m LiL,

249

o : UVm Blsp Es[, dLf x-Yp Es[,

a
CVdYWu NUuTLs x = e
NqYLXju NUuTLs x = ae
2b2
NqYLXju [m = a
Ce a2 = 9, b2 = 4
b2
1+ 2 =
a

e=

4
1+9 =

13
3

CVdYWu NUuTLs
3
9
ARY x =
13/3
13
NqYLXju NUuTLs x = 13
2b2 8
NqYLXju [m
a =3
GjdLh 4.50 : 16y2 9x2 = 144 Gu\ ATWY[VYju
CVdYWLs. NqYLXm CYtu NUuTL[m. [eL[m
LiL,
x=

x2
y2
o : 9 16 = 1
5
e = 3
dLf y-Afu Yp Es[,

Ce a2 = 9,

b2 = 16

a
CVdYWu NUuTLs y = e

9
ARY. y = 5

NqYLXju NUuTLs y = ae ARY. y = 5

2b2
32
NqYLXju [m = a = 3
GjdLh 4.51 : 9x2 36x 4y2 16y + 56 = 0 Gu\
ATWY[Vju
CVdYW.
NqYLXm
CYtu
NUuTL[m. [eL[m LiL,
o : LdLlThPf NUuThP
Y = y + 2
X2
Y2

9
4 = 1 X = x 2 G] GRXm,

Ce a2 = 9,

b2 = 4

250

b2
13
1+ 2 = 3
a
a
9
ae = 13 , e =
13
dLf Y-Afu Yp Es[,
a
9
CVdYWu NUuTLs Y = e i.e. Y =
13
9
9
9
(i) Y =
y+2 =
y=
2
13
13
13
9
9
9
y+2 =
y=
2
(ii) Y =
13
13
13
NqYLXju NUuTLs Y = ae i.e. Y = 13
y+2 =
13 y = 13 2
(i) Y = 13
(ii) Y = 13 y + 2 = 13 y = 13 2
8
2b2
NqYLXju [m = a = 3
e=

y2
x2
GjdLh 4.52 : sYhPm 25 + 9 = 1-Cu VeLm. J
ATWY[Vju
VeLm
JuVRL
Es[],
ATWY[Vju UVj RXjRL 2 Gp ATWY[Vju
NUuT LiL,
x2 y2
o : sYhPju NUuT 25 + 9 = 1
a2 = 25, b2 = 9,

e =

b2
1 2 =
a

9
4
1 25 = 5

ae = 4
sYhPju VeLs ( ae, 0) = ( 4, 0)
ATWY[Vju VeLm. sYhPju VeLm
JulTRp. ATWY[Vju VeLs ( ae, 0) = ( 4, 0)
Bm,
ae = 4
ATWY[Vju e = 2
a(2) = 4 a = 2
ATWY[Vjt

b2 = a2 (e2 1)

251

= a2 e2 a2
= 16 4 = 12
x2 y2
RYV] ATWY[Vju NUuT 4 12 = 1
Ti (TQu) :
J sV] Alsdm. C XV] sLdm
CPVV] WeLu jVNm J UVL CdU
SLU]p. Alsu VUlTR
J ATWY[VUL
Cdm, Um CkR jVNm dLfu [jtf NUm Bm,
GjdLh 4.53 : J sV] Alsdm (4, 0) Utm
(4,0) Gu\ sLdm CPVV] WeLu jVNm 2BL
CdU SLU]p Alsu VUlTRVd LiL,
o:
UtLiP
Ti]p
su
VUlTR
J
ATWY[VUm, Xl sL[ VeL[Ld LsYm,
F1 (4, 0) Um F2 ( 4, 0)
P(x, y)I ATWY[Vju Us[ s GuL,
F1P

F2P = dLfu [m = 2a = 2

a=1
F1F2u
Sls
UVm.
= (0, 0)
LdLlThP
YWeLp
Ck
ATWY[Vju
x2 y2
NUuT 2 2 = 1 Gu\ Yp
a
b
Cdm,
F1F2 = 2ae = 8
ae = 4 e = 4

y
P(x,y)

F2

C (0,0)

F1

TPm 4.84

b2 = a2 (e2 1)
= 1(16 1) = 15
y2
x2
1 15 = 1 GuT RYV] NUuTPm,
Ut \ : ATWY[Vju HRm J sV P(x, y) GuL,
(4, 0) Utm ( 4, 0) Gu\ sL[ F1, F2 Gu\ Xl sL[Ld
LsL,

252

F1P

F2P = 2

(x 4)2 + (y 0)2

(x + 4)2 + (y 0)2 = 2

y2
x2
dVu 1 15 = 1
y2
x2
GjdLh 4.54 : 4 5 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt UVj
RXj RL. UVm. VeLs Utm EfL[d LiL. Um
ARu, Y[YWV YWL,
y
o :
a2 = 4, b2 = 5
b2
3
1+ 2 = 2
a
3
ae = 2 2 = 3.
dLf
x-Af
Yf
Np\,
UVm
: (0, 0)

F2 A

e=

C (0,0) A
(2,0)
(-3,0) (-2,0)

F1

(3,0)

TPm 4.85

VeLs : ( ae, 0) = ( 3, 0)
EfLs

: ( a, 0) = ( 2, 0)

y2
x2
GjdLh 4.55 : 6 18 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vju UVj
RXjRL. UVm. VeLs. EfLs BVYt\d LiL,
Um ARu Y[YWV YWL,
y

o :

F1 (0,26)

a2 = 6 b2 = 18

e=

b2
1+ 2=
a

24
6 =2

ae = 2 6
dLf. y-AfYf Np\,

A(0, 6)
C (0,0)
A(0, -6)
F2 (0,-26)

TPm 4.86

253

UVm
: (0, 0)
VeLs : (0, ae) = (0, 2 6)
EfLs
: (0, a) = (0, 6)
GjdLh 4.56 :
9x2 16y2 18x 64y 199 = 0 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt UVj
RXj RL. UVm. VeLs. EfLs BVYt\d LiL,
9(x2 2x) 16 (y2 + 4y) = 199

o :

9{(x 1)2 1} 16 {(y + 2)2 4} = 199

9(x 1)2 16(y + 2)2 = 199 + 9 64
9(x 1)2 16(y + 2)2 = 144
(y + 2)2
(x 1)2

=1
16
9
i.e.,
a2 = 16,

b2 = 9

X = x 1
X2
Y2

16
9 = 1 Ce Y = y + 2

b2 5
1+ 2= 4
a

e=

5
ae = 4 4 = 5
dLf X-Aft CQVL Es[.
X, YI Tj
UVm

(0, 0)

( ae, 0) is ( 5, 0)
(i) (5, 0)
VeLs

x, yI Tj
X = x 1, Y = y + 2
X=0
; Y=0
x1=0 ; y+2=0
x=1
; y=2
C (1, 2)
(i) X = 5
; Y=0
x1=5 ; y+2=0
x=6
; y=2
F1 (6, 2)
(ii) X = 5
; Y=0
x 1 = 5; y + 2 = 0
F2 ( 4, 2)

(ii) ( 5, 0)

254

EfLs

( a, 0) i.e. ( 4, 0)
(i) (4, 0)

(i) X = 4
x1=4
A (5, 2)

(ii) ( 4, 0)

(ii) X = 4
;Y=0
x1=4
; y+2=0
A ( 3, 2)

;Y=0
; y+2=0

x
F2
(-4, -2)

A
(-3,-2)

C (1,-2) A
(5,-2)

F1
(6,-2)

TPm 4.87
GjdLh 4.57 : 9x2 16y2 + 36x + 32y + 164 = 0 Gu\
ATWY[Vju UVj RXj RL. UVm. VeLs. EfLs
BVYt\d LiL, Um ARu Y[YWV YWL,
o :
9(x2 + 4x) 16(y2 2y) = 164
9{(x + 2)2 4} 16 {(y 1)2 1} = 164
9(x + 2)2 16(y 1)2 = 164 + 36 16
16(y 1)2 9(x + 2)2 = 144
(x + 2)2
(y 1)2

=1
9
16
X = x + 2
Y2
X2

9
16 = 1 Ce Y = y 1

a2 = 9,

b2 = 16

e=

b2 5
1+ 2= 3
a
ae = 5

255

dLf. Y-Afd CQVL Es[,

x, yI Tj
X = x + 2, Y = y 1
X=0
; Y=0
x+2=0 ; y1=0
x=2
; y=1
C ( 2, 1)
(i) X = 0
; Y=5
x+2=0 ; y1=5
x=2
; y=6
F1 ( 2, 6)

X, YI Tj
UVm

(0, 0)

(0, ae) i.e., (0, 5)

(i) (0, 5)
VeLs

(ii) (0, 5)

(ii) X = 0
; Y= 5
x+2=0 ; y1=5
x=2
; y=4
F2 ( 2, 4)
(i) X = 0
; Y=3
x+2=0 ; y1=3
A ( 2, 4)
(ii) X = 0
; Y=3
x+2=0 ; y1=3
x=2
; y=2

(0, a)
(i) (0, 3)
EfLs

(ii) (0, 3)

A ( 2, 2)
Y

x =-2
y

F1 (-2,6)
A (-2,4)
y =1
C (-2,1)
A (-2,-2)
F2 (-2,-4)

TPm 4.88

256

X
x

GjdLh 4.58 :
A, B Gu\ C sLs 10 . CPYp Es[], CkRl
sLp YqY SWeLp LhLlThP YfNjRjk.
YfNjRm EiP] CPm A Gu\ s B Gu\ sV P
6 . ALUp Es[ G] oQdLlThP, YfNjRm
EiP] CPm J lhP Y[YWd EhThP G]
dL, ARu NUuThPm LiL,
y
P(x,y)

A(-5, 0)

B(5, 0)

TPm 4.89
LdLlThPY :
PB PA = 6
i.e.,

(x 5) + y
dV u

(x + 5)2 + y2 = 6
9y2 + 16x2 = 144

y2 x2
x2
y2
+
=
1
i.e.,

16
9
9
16 = 1
C J ATWY[VUm,

Tt 4.3
(1) uYm YWeLdV ATWY[VeL[d LiL,
(i)
Vm : (2, 3) ; ARtV CVdYW: x + 2y = 5, e = 2
7
(ii) UVm : (0, 0) ; AWddLfu [m 5 ; e = 5 Um
QVf x-Af Yf Np\,
(iii) UVm : (0, 0) ; AWd dLfu [m 6 ; e = 3, Um
dLf. y-Afd CQVL Es[.
5
(iv) UVm : (1, 2) ; dLfu [m 8 ; e = 4 Um
dLf x-Afd CQVL Es[.
(v) UVm : (2, 5) ; CVdYWLd CPlThP Wm 15,
VeLd CPlThP Wm 20 Um dLf.
y-Afd CQVL Es[,

257

(vi)

VeLs : (0, 8) ; dLfu [m 12

(vii) VeLs : ( 3, 5) ; e = 3
(viii) UVm : (1, 4) ; J Vm (6, 4) ARtV CVdYW
9
x=4.
(ix) VeLs : (6, 1), ( 4, 1) Um (4, 1) Gu\
sYf Np\,
(2) rdLiP
ATWY[VeLd
dLf.
QVfN
CYtu NUuTL[m. [jRm LiL:
(i) 144x2 25y2 = 3600
(ii) 8y2 2x2 = 16
2
2
(iii) 16x 9y +96x + 36y 36 = 0
(3) rdLiP
ATWY[VeLd
CVdYWLs.
NqYLXeLs BVYtu NUuTLs. [eLs CYt\d
LiL,
(i) 4x2 9y2 = 576
(ii) 9x2 4y2 36x + 32y + 8 = 0
(4) J sV] Alsdm (5, 0) Utm ( 5, 0) Gu\
sLdm CPVV] WeLu jVNm 8BL
CdU
SLU]p
Alsu
VUlTR
2
2
9x 16y = 144 G] ,
(5) rdLiP ATWY[VeLu UVj RXjRL. UVm.
VeLs Um EfL[d LiL, Um Y[YWV
YWL,
(i) 25x2 16y2 = 400
(iii) x2 4y2 + 6x + 16y 11 = 0

y2 x2
(ii) 9 25 = 1
(iv) x2 3y2 + 6x + 6y + 18 = 0

4,6 m Y[Lu QVXf NUuTLs

(Parametric form of Conics) :
Y[YW

TWY[Vm
sYhPm
A
TWY[Vm

QVXf
NUuT

x = at2
y = 2at
x = a cos
y = b sin
x = a sec
y = b tan

QVX

QVXu
f

<t<

0 2

0 2

258

Y[YWu
HRm J s
t ApX

(at2, 2at)
ApX
(a cos, b sin)
ApX
(a sec , b tan )

l : sYhPjt QVXf NUuT

x =

b.2t
a(1 t2)
, < t < Bm,
2 ,y=
1 + t2
1+t

CkR AUl x = a cos Utm y = b sin p tan 2 = t G]

TkYRp Pd\,
G]Y. mu Yh LeLd C AUlLs LoVu
AUl. QVX AUl BVY Es[], C m
Y[Ld
Si.
RL.
NeL
CYLu
NUuTL[d LiTm,

4,7 SiLs. RLLs Utm NeLLs

(Chords, tangents and normals) :
UtlhPYtu NUuTL[. m Y[Ld C
YYeLm RdLXm,

4.7,1, LoVu AUl

(i) TWY[Vm (Parabola) :
y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vju Us[A(x1, y1) Utm B(x2, y2) Gu\
C sL[ CQdm Su NUuT,
y
(x1, y1) Um (x2, y2) Gu\

A(x1,y1)

sLs
TWY[Vju
Up AUks[] GuL,

y12 = 4ax1, y22 = 4ax2

y12 y22 = 4a (x1 x2)

B(x2,y2)
y2 =4ax

y1 y2
4a
=
x1 x2 y1 + y2

TPm 4.90

4a
Si ABCu Nn = y + y
1
2
Nn (m), s (x1, y1) Gp. Su NUuT
4a
(y y1) = y + y (x x1)
1
2

259

Ta

ng
en
t

Si. (x1, y1) Gu\ sp RLPL U\ (x2, y2) Gu\

s (x1, y1) EPu CQV Yim, (x1, y1)Cp RLhu
NUuThPl T\. Su NUuThp x2 = x1 G]m y2 = y1
G]m WL, RLhu NUuT.
4a
y
(y y1) = y + y (x x1)
1
1
yy1 = 2a(x + x1)

(x1,y1)

(y12 = 4ax1)
G]Y TWY[Vjp (x1, y1)
Gu\ sp YWVlTm
RLhu NUuT
yy1 = 2a(x + x1)

x
y2 =4ax

Ta

ng
en
t

TPm 4.91
NeLhu NUuThP Nejj RuUVl TVuTjd
LRp:
y
RLhu NUuT
No
rm
2ax y1y + 2ax1 = 0
al
NeLhu YYm
(x1,y1)
y1x + 2ay = k Bm
x
C (x1, y1) Gu\ sYf
NpYRp
y2 =4ax
k = x1y1 + 2ay1
TPm 4.92
TWY[Vju (x1, y1) Gu\ sp YWVlTm NeLhu
NUuT y1x + 2ay = x1y1 + 2ay1
x2 y2
+
= 1 UXUkR C sLs A(x1, y1) Utm
a2 b 2
B(x2, y2)I CQdm Su NUuT
y
A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) Gu\ sLs
A(x1,y1)
sYhPju AUks[],
2
2
2
2
x2
y2
x1 y1
x
G]Y. 2 + 2 = 1, 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
a
b
dV u Nn
B(x2,y2)
y1 y2 b2 (x1 + x2)
= 2
m=
TPm 4.93
x1 x2
a (y1 + y2)
(ii) sYhPm

260

 Su NUuT (y y1) =

b2 (x1 + x2)
a2(y1 + y2)

(x x1)

RLhu NUuThPl T\ x2 = x1 Utm y2 = y1 G]

Su NUuThp W NnVm
(x1, y1) Gu\ sPj
RLhu NUuT
(y y1) =

b2 (x1 + x1)
2

a (y1 + y1)

y
(x1,y1)

Tan
g

(x x1)

en t

yy1
+ 2 =1
a
b

xx1
2

TPm 4.94
T\

NejjRuUV
y

RLhu NUuT
x1b2x + y1a2y a2b2 = 0

NUuThPl

No
rm
a

NeLhu
TVuTjRm

(x1,y1)
x

NUuT
NeLhu
y1a2x x1b2y = k Gu\ AUlp
Cdm, B]p C (x1, y1)
Gu\ sYf Np\,
k = (a2 b2) x1 y1

TPm 4.95

a2x b2y
y1a2x x1b2y = (a2 b2) x1y1 ApX x y = a2 b2
1
1
GuT RYV] NUuTPm,

(iii) ATWY[Vm (Hyperbola) :

sYhPjt YjR TX. ATWY[Vju Su
NUuT y y1 =

b2(x1 + x2)
a2(y1 + y2)

(x x1) Bm,

261

(x1, y1) Gu\ sPj RLhu NUuT

xx1
yy1
2 2 = 1 Um (x1, y1)Cp NeLhu NUuT
a
b
2
2
a x b y
2
2
x1 + y1 = a + b Bm,
l : s YhPjtd T\lThP Lp b2dl TXL
b2I WP ATWY[VjtV L[l T\Xm,

4,7,2, QVX AUl (Parametric form) :

Si. RL Um NeLLu QVXf
NUuTL[d LQ. (x1, y1)d JjR QVXL[l TjR
Yim,
(i) TWY[Vm:
TWY[Vju s[ (x1, y1) Utm (x2, y2) sL[
4a
CQdm Su NUuT y y1 = y + y (x x1)
1
2
(at12, 2at1) Utm (at22, 2at2) ApX t1 Utm t2 Gu\
TWY[Vju Us[ sL[ CQdm Su NUuT
4a
y 2at1 = 2at + 2at (x at12)
1
2
i.e. y(t1 + t2) = 2x + 2a t1t2
t Gu\ sp RLhu NUuThPl T\ t1 = t2 = t
Gu Su NUuThp W NnVm,
y(2t) = 2x + 2at2
i.e. yt = x + at2
Ut \ : y2 = 4axCp (x1, y1) Gu\ sPj RLhp
NUuT yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
(at2, 2at)Cp RLhu NUuT
y(2at) = 2a (x + at2)
i.e., yt = x + at2
Nejj RuUVl TVuTjR. tCp
3

NeLhu

NUuT y + tx = 2at + at Bm,

CTXY. sYhPm Utm ATWY[Vm BVYtt
Si. RL. NeLLu NUuTL[d LQXm,

262

263

1
l : x2I xx1Gum, y2I yy1Gum. xyI 2 (xy1 + x1y) Gum,
1
1
xI 2 (x + x1) Gum yI 2 (y + y1) Gum Y[YWu NUuThp
GR RLhu NUuT Pdm,
mu YhL Y[YWLd y = mx + c RLPL
AUV TkR] :
(1) TWY[VmParabola :
y2 = 4ax dj RL y = mx + c GuL, (x1, y1) Gu\
sPj RLhu NUuT yy1 = 2a(x + x1) GuT
RkRR,
UX LdLlThs[ C NUuTLm JW
RdLhPd du\], G]Y JjR LdLs NURjp
Cdm,
2ax y1y + 2ax1 = 0
mx y + c = 0
2ax1
2a y1
=
=

m
c
1
c
2a

x1 = m , y1 = m
s (x1, y1) TWY[Vjp Up AUklTRp
y12 = 4ax1

c
4a2
= 4a . m
m2
a
i.e. , c = m

G]Y y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjtl uYm u Ls

Pdu\],
a
(1) RLPL CdL TkR] c = m
c 2a
a 2a
(2) R s m , m (i.e.). 2 , m .

a
(3) GkR J RLhu NUuTm y = mx + m Gu\
AUlp Cdm,

264

l : RLhu NUuThP LohVu AUldl

Tp QVX AUlp Gjd LiPm CR
L[l T\m, CTXY Ut\ m Y[Ldm
CTu\ L[l T\ m,
sYhPjRl TjR Ls :
x2
y2
2 + 2 = 1d RLPL
a
b
AUV TkR] c2 = a2m2 + b2 Bm,

(i) y = mx + c B] sYhPm

a2m b2
(ii) Rs c , c , Ce c2 = a2m2 + b2

(iii) GkR J RLm y = mx

Cdm,
l : y = mx
2 2

a2m2 + b2 Gu\ AUlp

a2m2 + b2 Cp y = mx +

a2m2 + b2

ApX

y = mx a m + b CYtp HRm JuRu NV]R RW.

CWiPU Gjd Ls[ V,
ATWY[VjRl TjR Ls :
y2
x2
(i) y = mx + c Gu\ SodL ATWY[Vm 2 2 = 1d
a
b
2
2 2
2
RLPL AUV TkR] c = a m b Bm,

a2m b2
(ii) R s c , c . Ce c2 = a2m2 b2

(iii) GkR J RLm y = mx

Cdm,
l : y = mx

a2m2 b2Cp y = mx +

a2m2 b2 Gu\ AUlp

a2m2 b2 ApX

y = mx a2m2 b2 CYtp HRm JuRu NV]R

RW. CWiPU Gjd Ls[ V,
4,7,3
(x1, y1) Gu\ sk YWVlTm RSp
NUuT
x2 y2
(i) TWY[Vm y2 = 4ax (ii) sYhPm 2 + 2 = 1 (iii) ATWY[Vm
a
b
x2 y2

= 1 BVYtt YWVlTm SLLu R Su

a2 b2
NUuTLs

265

(x

,y

2)

(x1,y1)
P V

x
)
,y 3
x3
R(

o :
Q(x2, y2)p RLhu
NUuT yy2 = 2a(x + x2)
C P(x1, y1) Yf NpYRp
y1y2 = 2a (x1 + x2)
(1)
R(x3, y3)Cp RLhu
NUuT yy3 = 2a(x + x3)
C P(x1, y1) Yf NpYRp
y1y3 = 2a(x1 + x3)
(2)
Ls (1) Utm (2)Ck
Q(x2, y2) UtmR(x3, y3) sLs
yy1 = 2a(x + x1) Gu\ SodLhp
AUu\],

TPm 4.96
RLLu RSi QRCu NUuT yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
Bm,
CTXY sYhPju RSu NUuT
yy1
xx1
= 1 G]m ATWY[Vju RSu NUuT
2 +
a
b2
xx1 yy1

= 1 G]m APVXm,
a 2 b2
GjdLh 4.59 : y2 = 5x Gu\ TWY[Vjt (5, 13) sp
Ck YWVlTm RLLu NUuTL[d LiL,
Um RsL[m LiL,
o :
TWY[u NUuT y2 = 5x

Ce 4a = 5

5
a=4

5
a
RLhu NUuT y = mx + m i.e., y = mx + 4m
C (5, 13) Gu\ sYf NpYRp
5
13 = 5m + 4m
20m2 52m + 5 = 0
(10m 1) (2m 5) = 0

266

(1)

5
1
m = 10 ApX m = 2
CkR mCu UlLd RLLu NUuTLs
2y = 5x + 1, 10y = x + 125 Bm,
5
5
1
a 2a
R sLs 2 , m , a = 4 m = 2 , 10 GuTRp R
m

1
sLs 5 , 1 , (125, 25) Bm,

GjdLh 4.60 : t = 1Cp y2 = 12x Gu\ TWY[Vjt R

Lhu NUuT LiL,
o : TWY[u NUuT y2 = 12x.
Ce 4a = 12, a = 3
t GuT (at2, 2at) Gu\ sVd d\,
t = 1 Gp s (3, 6) Bm,
(x1, y1) Gu\ sPj TWY[Vm y2 = 12xCu
(x + x1)
RLhu NUuT, yy1 = 12
2
12 (x + 3)
Cp (3, 6)Cp RLhu NUuT y(6) =
2
(A,,). x y + 3 = 0
Ut \ :
tCp RLhu NUuT yt = x + at2
Ce
Um

4a = 12
t=1

a = 3

RLhu NUuT y = x + 3
xy+3 = 0
GjdLh 4.61 :
x2 + x 2y + 2 = 0 Gu\ TWY[Vjt (1, 2) Gu\ sp
RL Utm NeLLu NUuTL[d LiL,
o :
TWY[u NUuT x2 + x 2y + 2 = 0
(x1, y1)Cp RLhu NUuT

267

x + x1
(y + y1)
x+1
(y + 2)
2
+ 2 = 0 x(1) + 2 2 2 + 2 = 0

2
2
dV u 3x 2y + 1 = 0 Bm,
NeLhu NUuT 2x + 3y + k = 0
C (1, 2) Yf NpYRp

xx1 +

2+6+k = 0 k=8
NeLhu NUuT 2x + 3y 8 = 0
GjdLh 4.62 : 2x2 + 7y2 = 14 Gu\ sYhPjt (5, 2) Gu\
sk YWVlTm C RLLu NUuTL[d
LiL,
o :
sYhPju NUuT 2x2 + 7y2 = 14
x2 y2
7 + 2 =1
RLhu NUuThP
ARY

y = mx +

a2m2 + b2 GuL.

Ce a2 = 7, b2 = 2 Gp.
y = mx + 7m2 + 2
C (5, 2) Gu\ s Yf NpYRp
2 = 5m +
ARY

2 5m =

7m2 + 2

7m2 + 2

(2 5m)2 = 7m2 + 2
4 + 25m2 20m = 7m2 + 2
18m2 20m + 2 = 0
9m2 10m + 1 = 0
(9m 1) (m 1)= 0
m=1

1
ApX m = 9

Nn - s YYjp. RLLu NUuT LQp

(i) m = 1 Gp. y 2 = 1(x 5) i.e., x y 3 = 0
(ii) m = 1/9 Gp

268

1
y 2 = 9 (x 5), ARY. x 9y + 13 = 0
RLLu NUuTLs.
x y 3 = 0 . x 9y + 13 = 0 Bm,
GjdLh 4.63 : 2x2 + 5y2 = 20 Gu\ sYhPjt (2, 4) Gu\
sk
YWVlTm
RLLu
RSu
NUuThPd LiL,
o :
s (x1, y1)Ck 2x2 + 5y2 20 = 0d RLLu
RSu NUuT. 2xx1 + 5yy1 20 = 0
(2, 4)Ck RYV] NUuT 2x(2) + 5y(4) 20 = 0
ARY x + 5y 5 = 0

Tt 4.4
(1) RL. NeL CYtu NUuTLs LiL,
(i) TWY[Vm y2 = 12x d (3, 6) sp
(ii) TWY[Vm x2 = 9yd ( 3, 1) sp
(iii) TWY[Vm x2 + 2x 4y + 4 = 0d (0, 1) sp
(iv) s YhPm 2x2 + 3y2 = 6d
2

3 , 0)Gu\ sp

(v) ATWY[Vm 9x 5y = 31d (2, 1) Gu\ sp

(2) RL. NeL CYtu NUuTLs LiL,
1
(i) TWY[Vm y2 = 8xd t = 2 Gu\ sp

(ii) s YhPm x2 + 4y2 = 32d = 4 Gu\ sp

1
(iii) s YhPm 16x2 + 25y2 = 400d t =
Gu\ sp
3
x2 y2

(iv) ATWY[Vm 9 12 = 1d = 6 Gu\ sp

(3) RLLu NUuTL[d LiL,
(i) 3x 2y + 5 = 0 Gu\ SodLhd CQVL y2 = 6x
Gu\ TWY[Vju RL,
(ii) 3x y + 8 = 0 Gu\ SoLhdf NejRL y2 = 16x
Gu\ TWY[Vju RL,

269

x2 y2
(iii) x + y + 2 = 0 Gu\ SodLhtf NejRL 20 + 5 = 1
Gu\ sYhPju RL
(iv) 10x 3y + 9 = 0 Gu\ SodLht CQVL
4x2 y2 = 64 Gu\ ATWY[Vju RL
(4) YWVjRdL C RLLu NUuTL[d LiL,
(i) (2, 3)k y2 = 4x Gu\ TWY[Vjt
(ii) (1, 3)k 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 Gu\ sYhPjt
(iii) (1, 2)k 2x2 3y2 = 6 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt
(5) 5x + 12y = 9 Gu\ SodL ATWY[Vm x2 9y2 = 9-Ij
R\ G] dL, Um Rm sVm LiL,
(6) x y + 4 = 0 Gu\ SodL sYhPm x2 + 3y2 = 12d
RLPL Es[ G] dL, Um Rm
sVm LiL,
(7) RLLu RSu NUuThPd LiL,
(i) (3, 1)k y2 = 8x Gu\ TWY[Vjt
(ii) (2, 4)k 2x2 + 5y2 = 20 Gu\ sYhPjt
(iii) (5, 3)k 4x2 6y2 = 24 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt
X Ls (TQu)
(1) R[ju J sk C RLLs \V
(i) TWY[Vm (ii) s YhPm
(iii) ATWY[Vm
BVYtt YWV m,
(2) R[ju J sk
(a) TWY[Vjt 3 NeLLm
(b) sYhPm Utm ATWY[Vjt 4 NeLLm
YWVm,
(3) (x1, y1) Gu\ sk
(i) y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjt YWVlTm RSu
NUuT yy1 = 2a(x + x1)
(ii)

x2
y2
+
= 1 Gu\ sYhPjt YWVlTm
a2
b2
xx1 yy1
RSu NUuT 2 + 2 = 1
a
b

270

x2
y2
(iii) 2 2 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt YWVlTm
a
b
xx1 yy1
RSu NUuT 2 2 = 1
a
b
(4) CVdYWu GkR J skm YWVlTm
RLLu RSi (i) TWY[Vjt Vm
YVLm (ii) sYhPjtm, ATWY[Vjtm ARu
JjR Vm YVLm Npm
(5) lx + my + n = 0 Gu\ SodL
(i) y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjt RLPL AUV
TkR] am2 =ln
(ii)

x2 y2
22
2 2
2
2 + 2 = 1 Gu\ sYhPjt a l + b m = n
a b

x2 y2
(iii) 2 2 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt a2l2 b2m2 = n2Bm,
a b
(6) lx + my + n = 0 Gu\ SodL
(i) y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjt NeLPL AUV
TkR] al3 + 2alm2 + m2n = 0
a2 b2 (a2 b2)
x2 y2
(ii) 2 + 2 = 1 Gu\ sYhPjt 2 + 2 =
a b
l
m
n2

x2 y2
a2 b2 (a2 + b2)
(iii) 2 2 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt 2 2 =
a b
l
m
n2
(7) J Vjk J RLht
Nejd Lhu Au VUlTR

YWVlTm

(i) y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjt x = 0

(ii)

x2 y2
+
= 1 Gu\ sYhPjt x2 + y2 = a2 (Q YhPm)
a2 b2

y2
x2
(iii) 2 2 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt x2 + y2 = a2 (Q
b
a
YhPm) Bm,

271

(8) Nejj RLLs

VUlTR

Yhd

Lsm

su

(i) y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjt x = a (CVdYW)

x2 y2
+
= 1 Gu\ sYhPjt x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 (CVd
a2 b2
YhPm)
x2 y2
(iii) 2 2 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt x2 + y2 = a2 b2 (CVd
a
b
YhPm) Bm,
(ii)

(9) y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjt t1, t2 BV sLp

AUm RLLu Yhm s [at1t2, a(t1 + t2)]

(10) y2 = 4ax Gu\ TWY[Vjt t1 Gu\ sp YWVlTm

NeL. TWY[VjR im t2 Gu\ sp
2

NkdUp t2 = t1 + t
1

2
(11) TWY[Vm y = 4ax-u Su Cl sLs t1 Utm
t2 Gp t1t2 = 1

l : Utlhs[ Ld TQm
YiUu ol jRLjRl TodLm,

4,8 RXj RLLs (Asymptotes) :

y = f(x) Gu\ Nou Y[YWV Gjd LsL,
Y[YWu Us[P Gu\ s Bk Um Um
Xf NpmT XdLhk s Pds[ Wm
fVjR Sdf NpX Ynl Ei, CjRLV XdL
RXj R LPm, \kR Y[YWpRu C
NjVUm, ATWY[ J \kR Y[YWVRXp. x +
Utm x Bm T y Bm,
ATWY[Vjt RXj RLLs Ei,
YWV\ :
J Y[YWd YWVlTm RLhu Rs
LkRp CdU]p AkR RL Y[YWu RXj
RLPm, lTL. RXj RL + Utm Cp
Y[YWVj R\,

272

A
F2
P

xe
Fi
C

e
in
L
d
A

(as

pto
ym

te)

F1

TPm 4.97
2

x y
ATWY[Vm 2 2 = 1-Cu RXj RLLu NUuTLs
a b
SodL y = mx + cI RXj RL GuL, RXj
RL. ATWY[VjR Yhm sL[d LiPV.
x2
y2
x2
(mx + c)2
=
1m
y
=
mx
+
cm
odL
Yim,
=1

a2
b2
a2
b2
1 m2 2 2mc
c2
2 2 x 2 x 2 + 1 = 0
b
a b
b

C Rm sLm LkRp Es[], ARY XeLs

LkRVL CdL Yim,
x2Cu L. xCu L fVm BL Yim,
m2
2mc
b
1
i.e., m = a Utm c = 0
2 2 = 0 Utm
2 =0
b
b
a
b
y =ax
C RXj RLLs Es[], AYtu NUuTLs
b
b
y = a x Utm y = a x Bm,
x
y
x y
i.e. a b = 0 Utm a + b = 0
RXj RLLu Nolf NUuT.

273

x y x + y = 0 i.e.
a b a b
x/a

x2
y2
2 2=0
a
b
y

y/b

=0

F2
(-ae,0)

l1

x/a

A'
Z'

/b
-y

A
Z

=0

F1
(ae,0)

TPm 4.98
RXj RLLs RPoT] X Ls :
(1) RXj RLLs ATWY[Vju UVm C(0, 0)
Yf Npu\],
b
b
(2) RXj RLLu NnLs a Um a Bm,
ARY. dLf Utm QVf RXjRLd
CPlThP LQjR CNUdm,
(3) RXj RLu CPlThP
y
b
x
a b = 0-u Nn tan = a Bm,

RXj
b
2 = 2 tan1 a

RLLd

LQm

CPlThP

Gp.

LQm

(4) sec2 = 1 + tan2 G] RkRR

a2 + b2
b2
sec2 = 1 + 2 =
= e2
a
a2
sec = e = sec1e
RXj RLd CPlThP LQm = 2 = 2 sec1e

274

dVd l :
RXj
RLLs
SodLL[L
Clm.
CYtt CPlThP LQm LQUL Cl] ARV
RXj RLd CPlThP LQUL Gjd Ls[
Yim, JjR eLQjR GdLd P,
(5) ATWY[Vju
hPf
NUuTm.
RXj
RLLu Nolf NUuTm U ElTp
UhU YTu\],
(6) l1 = 0 Um l2 = 0 RXj RLLu RjRf
NUuTLs Gp. RXj RLLu Nolf
NUuT l1 l2 = 0 Bm,
JjR ATWY[Vju NUuT l1l2 = k (k J U) kCu
UlT AV ATWY[Vju J s RYlTm,
GjdLh 4.64 : 3x2 5xy 2y2 + 17x + y + 14 = 0 Gu\
ATWY[Vju
RXj
RLLu
RjRf
NUuTL[d LiL,
o:
RXj
RLLu
Nolf
NUuT
ATWY[Vju NUuThk J UVp YTm,
3x2 5xy 2y2 + 17x + y + k = 0 RXj RLLu
Nolf NUuTPm,
3x2 5xy 2y2 =
=
=
RfNUuTLs 3x + y + l = 0,

3x2 6xy + xy 2y2

3x (x 2y) + y(x 2y)
(3x + y) (x 2y)
x 2y + m = 0 Bm,

(3x + y + l) (x 2y + m) = 3x2 5xy 2y2 + 17x + y + k

x, y Utm U ElL[ JlP.
l + 3m = 17
(1)
2l + m = 1
(2)
lm = k
(1) Utm (2)I odL. l = 2, m = 5 Um k = 10 Bm,
RXj RLLu RfNUuTLs 3x + y + 2 = 0
Um x 2y + 5 = 0 Bm,
RXj RLLu Nolf NUuT
3x2 5xy 2y2 + 17x + y + 10 = 0

275

l : UX \lThP ATWY[Vm J hP ATWY[Vm

ApX,
GjdLh 4.65 :
4x + 3y 7 = 0 Utm x 2y = 1 GuTYt\j RXj
RLL[Lm. (2, 3)
Gu\ sYVLf Npm
ATWY[Vju NUuThPd LiL,
o :
RXj RLLu RfNUuTLs
4x + 3y 7 = 0 Utm x 2y 1 = 0 Bm,
(4x + 3y 7) (x 2y 1) = 0 GuT RXjRLLu
Nolf NUuTPm,
RXj
RLLu
Nolf
NUuTm.
ATWY[Vju NUuTm J UVp YTm,
(4x + 3y 7) (x 2y 1) + k = 0 ATWY[Vju NUuTPm,
C (2, 3) Gu\ sYf NpYRp
(8 + 9 7) (2 6 1) + k = 0 k = 50
(4x + 3y 7) (x 2y 1) + 50 = 0,
CY ATY[Vju NUuTPm, CfNUuThP
4x2 5xy 6y2 11x + 11y + 57 = 0 G]m GRXm,
GjdLh 4.66: 3x2 y2 12x 6y 9 = 0 Gu\ ATWY[Vju
RXj RLLd CPlThP LQjRd LiL,
o :
3x2 y2 12x 6y 9 = 0
3(x2 4x) (y2 + 6y) = 9
3 {(x 2)2 4} {(y + 3)2 9} = 9
3(x 2)2 (y + 3)2 = 12
(x 2)2
(y + 3)2

4
12 = 1
Ce a = 2, b = 12 = 2 3
RXj RLLd CPlThP LQm
b
2 3
2
2 = 2 tan1 a = 2tan1 2 = 2 tan1 3 = 2 3 = 3

276

Ut \ :
a2 = 4, b2 = 12
b2
12
1+ 2 =
1+ 4 = 2
a
RXj RLLd CPlThP LQm
e=

2 = 2 sec12 = 2 3 = 3
GjdLh 4.67: 3x2 5xy 2y2 + 17x + y + 14 = 0 Gu\
ATWY[Vju
RXj
RLu
CPlThP
LQjRd LiL,
o:
RXj
RLLu
Nolf
NUuT
ATWY[Vju NUuThk J UVp YTm,
RXj RLLu Nolf NUuT
3x2 5xy 2y2 + 17x + y + k = 0
3x2 5xy 2y2 = 3x2 6xy + xy 2y2
= 3x(x 2y) + y(x 2y)
= (x 2y) (3x + y)
RjRf NUuTLs x 2y + l = 0 Utm 3x + y + m = 0
Bm,
1
CkR SodLLu NnLs m1, m2 Gp m1 = 2 , m2 = 3
SodLLd CPlThP LQm

m1 m2
1/2 ( 3)
tan = 1 + m m =
1 + 1/2 ( 3) = 7

1 2

= tan1 (7)
Ut \ : RXj RLLu Nolf NUuTm.
CWhPd LLu NUuTm Ju\Vm,

2 h2 ab

a+b

tan =

ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 EPu JlLp

a = 3, b = 2, 2h = 5

277

25

2 4 + 6

tan =
32
27
= 2 =7

= tan1 (7)
l :
UX
LdLlThP
ATWY[Vm
hPYp
CpXRRp. RXj RLLdPV Es[ LQm
LQU ApX eLQU GuTRd Y GRpX,
G]Y UtV Yp RXj RLLdPVs[
LQm eLQULY AUm,

ATWY[Vm

hP

Yp

Clu. RXj
b
RLLdPVs[ LQm 2 tan a ApX 2 sec1e
G] Gjd Ls[ Yim,
1

GjdLh 4.68 : ATWY[Vju HRm J sk

ARu RXj RLLu Nejj WeLu Tdj
a2b2
RL J U Gum ARu Ul 2
G]m LhL,
a + b2
o :
x2 y2
ATWY[Vm 2 2 = 1Cu Up HRm J sV
a
b
P (x1, y1) GuL,

x12 y12
2 2 =1
a
b

(1)

x
y
(x1, y1)Ck. a b = 0 Gu\ RXj R Lht
YWVlTm Nejd Lhu [m
x1 y1
a b
x y
Bm, Um a + b = 0d
1 1
+
a2 b 2

278

x1 y1
a + b
Bm,
1 1
+
a2 b 2

y
x/a

y/b

-y
x/a

=0

0
/b=

P(x1,y1)
F2

F1

TPm 4.99
Nejj WeLu TdLt TXu
x1 y1
x1 y1
a + b
a b
=
.
1 1
1 1
+
2+ 2
a b
a2 b 2
x12

y12

a2 b2
1
= 1 1 = 2
b + a2
2+ 2
a b
a2 b2

((1)Ck)

a2 b2
(J UVm)
= 2
a + b2
Tt 4.5
(1) uYm ATWY[VeLdj RXj RLLu
NUuTL[d LiL,
(i) 36x2 25y2 = 900
(ii) 8x2 + 10xy 3y2 2x + 4y 2 = 0
(2) uYm ATWY[VeLu NUuTLs LiL,
(i) RXj RLLs 2x + 3y 8 = 0 Utm
3x 2y + 1 = 0 Um (5, 3) Gu\ s YVL
ATWY[Vm Np\,
(ii) ATWY[Vju UVm (2, 4). Um (2, 0) YV
Np\,
CRu
RXj
RLLs
x + 2y 12 = 0 Utm x 2y + 8 = 0 BVYtt CQVL
Cdu\],

279

(3) uYm ATWY[VeLu RXj RLLd

CPV AUm LQjRd LiL,
(i) 24x2 8y2 = 27

(ii) 9(x 2)2 4(y + 3)2 = 36

(iii) 4x2 5y2 16x + 10y + 31 = 0

4,9 NqYL ATWY[Vm (Rectangular hyperbola) :

YWV\ :
J ATWY[Vju RXj RLLs Ju\Vu
NejRL Yhd LsUp A NqYL ATWY[Vm
G]lTm,
b
RXj RLLd CPlThP LQm 2 tan1 a
Bm,
B]p
NqYL
ATWY[Vju
RXj
RLLd CPV Es[ LQm 90Bm,
b
b
2 tan1 a = 90 a = tan45 a = b.

y2
x2
ATWY[Vm 2 2 = 1Cp a = b G]l WP. NqYL
a
b
ATWY[Vju NUuT x2 y2 = a2 G] AP\m, G]Y
RXj RLLu Nolf NUuT x2 y2 = 0 Bm, Rf
NUuTLs x y = 0 Utm x + y = 0. ARY. x = y Utm x = y.
dLf y = 0, QVf x = 0 Bm,
NqYL ATWY[Vm x2 y2 = a2Cu GpX Lm.
x2 y2

= 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vju Lp a = b G]l WPd

a2 b2
Pdm
CqYL NqYL ATWY[Vm hP AUlp CpX
GuTR]j Rk LsL, hP AUlp CdL YiUu
AfLs RXj RLL[L AUV Yim,
NqYL ATWY[Vm x2 y2 = a2I BVl Tj 45
LLWju
GojNp
ZtmT
NqYL
ATWY[Vju hPf NUuT xy = c2 Pd\,

280

y
x y = c2
x2 - y 2 = a 2
A

90

45

TPm 4.100
4,9,1 NqYL ATWY[Vju hPf NUuT
(Standard equation of a rectangular hyperbola) :
hP Ys[ NqYL ATWY[Vjt AfdL[
RXj
RLL[L
AUm,
AfdL[
RXj
RLL[L
AUYRp
RXj
RLLu
NUuTLs x = 0 Utm y = 0 Bm. RXj RLLu
Nolf NUuT xy = 0. NqYL ATWY[Vju hPf
NUuT xy = k Gu\ Yp Cdm, kI LidL. NqYL
ATWY[Vju J s RY,
y
D1
D2

F1(a,a)
A (a/2, a/2)
C

45

M
A
D1

F2(-a,-a)
D2

TPm 4.101

281

RXj

LLs

Gu\

sp

Yhd

Ls[hm, dLf [m AA = 2a GuL, AMI x-Afdf

NejRL YWVm,
a
a
ACM = 45. CM = a cos 45 =
, AM = a sin 45 =
2
2
a a

ACu BVj RXLs

,
Bm, CkRl s NqYL
2 2
a
a
a2
.
ApX k = 2
2
2
a2
G]Y. NqYL ATWY[Vju hP NUuT xy = 2 ApX
a2
xy = c2
Ce c2 = 2 .
b2= a2(e2 1) Gu\ RPok. ATWY[Vju UVj

ATWY[Vm xy = kp AU\ k =

RXj RLY AV m, NqYL ATWY[Vjt a = b a2 =

a2 (e2 1)
NqYL ATWY[Vju UVj RXj RL e = 2 .
a
a
a a
NqYL ATW Y[Vju ]Ls , , ,
2
2 2
2
Utm VeLs (a, a), ( a, a).
dLfu NUuT y = x Um QVfu NUuT
y = x Bm,
NqYL ATWY[Vju UVm (h, k) BLm. RXj
RLLs. x Afdm. y-Afdm CQVL CkRp.
NqYL ATWY[Vju Tf NUuT (x h) (y k) = c2 Bm,
NqYL ATWY[Vm xy = c2-Cu QVXf NUuTLs
c
x = ct, y = t , Ce t GuT QVXLm, t J fVUt\
Un GiQm, NqYL ATWY[Vju HRm J s
ct , c Bm, CkRl sV t G]d lTm,
t

Ls :
NqYL ATWY[Vm xy = c2d (x1, y1)Cp YWVlTm
RLhu NUuT xy1 + yx1 = 2c2

282

tCp RLhu NUuT x + yt2 = 2ct.

(x1, y1)Cp NeLhu NUuT xx1 yy1 = x12 y12 .
c
tCp NeLhu NUuT y xt2 = t ct3
J R[ju GkR J skm J NqYL
ATWY[Vjt
C
RLLm.
Su
NeLLm YWV m,
2
3
GjdLh 4.69 : UVm 2 , 2 Utm 1, 3 Gu\ sYf

Npm hPf NqYL ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,

o : (h, k)V UVULd LiP NqYL ATWY[Vju
TY] NUuT (x h) (y k) = c2
3
UVm 2 , 2 .

3
hPf NqYL ATWY[Vju NUuT (x+2) y + 2 = c2

2
3
5

2
C 1 , 3 Yf NpYRp (1 + 2) 3 + 2 = c2 c2 = 2

3 5

RYV] NUuT (x + 2) y + 2 = 2 ApX

2xy + 3x + 4y + 1 = 0 Bm,
GjdLh 4.70 : xy = c2 Gu\ NqYL ATWY[Vju HRm
J sp YWVlTm RL x, y AfdLp Yhm
iLs a, b G]m Clsp NeLhu Yhm
iLs p, q G]m Clu ap + bq = 0 G]d LhL,
y

N
or
m
al

t
en
ng
Ta
b

}q
}
p

TPm 4.102

283

o :
xy = c2d tp RLhu NUuT x + yt2 = 2ct Bm
x
y
ApX 2ct + 2c/t = 1
2c
AfdLu Yhj iLs a = 2ct, b = t .
c
xy = c2d tp NeLhu NUuT y xt2 = t ct3
x

c ct3 c ct3
t
t

2
t

=1

AfdLu Yhj iLs

c
1 c
p = 2 t ct3 , q = t ct3

t
2c c
1 c
ap + bq = 2ct 2 t ct3 + t t ct3

t
2c c
2c c
= t t ct3 + t t ct3

=0
GjdLh 4. 71 :
J NqYL ATWY[Vjt YWVlThP RLhu
Rs RXjR LLd CPlThP TLj]
C NUULl dm G]d LhL,
o :
y
c
P ct, t p RLhu

NUuT x + yt2 = 2ct

Cp y = 0 G]l WP.
s ACu BVj RXLs
(2ct, 0) Bm. x = 0 G]l
WP. s BCu BVj
2c
RXLs 0, t Bm,

B
P(ct, c/t)
O
A

TPm 4.103

284

2c

2ct + 0 0 + t
c
ABCu UVls P 2 , 2 = ct , t

G]Y RL. R sVp C NUULl d\,

Tt 4.6
1
1
1
(1) 2 , 2 I UVULd Li 1 , 4 Gu\ s Yf

Npm hP NqYL ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,

(2) uYm NqYL ATWY[VeLd RL Utm
NeLhu NUuTL[d LiL,
(i) xy = 12 ds (3, 4)Cp
1
(ii) 2xy 2x 8y 1 = 0d s 2 , 4 Cp

(3) x + 2y 5 = 0-I J RXj RLPLm. (6, 0) Utm

( 3, 0) Gu\ sLs YV NpXdVU] NqYL
ATWY[Vju NUuT LiL,
(4) J hP NqYL ATWY[Vju ]Ls (5, 7) Utm
( 3, 1) BLm Clu. ARu NUuThPm. RXj
RLLu NUuTL[m LiL,
(5) (2, 1)I UVULd LiP J NqYL ATWY[VU]
(1, 1) YV Np\, CRu J RXj RL
3x y 5 = 0 Gp ARu NUuThPd LiL,
(6) rdLm
NqYL
ATWY[VeLu
RLLu NUuTL[d LiL,
(i) xy kx hy = 0

RXj

(ii) 2xy + 3x + 4y +1 = 0

(iii) 6x2 + 5xy 6y2 + 12x + 5y + 3 = 0

(7) NqYL ATWY[Vju HRm J sPj
YWVlTm
RL.
RXj
RLLPu
AUdm dLQju TWl J U G] L,

285

X Ls (TQu)
(1) ATWY[Vju
J
Vjk
J
RLht
YWVlTm
Nejd
AV] JjR CVdYWu Up AUm,

RXj
Lhu

(2) R[ju s[ J sk xy = c2 Gu\ NqYL

ATWY[Vjt
C
RLLm.
Su
NeLLm YWVXm,
(3) lx + my + n = 0 Gu\ SodL xy = c2 Gu\ NqYL
ATWY[Vjt
RLPL
AUV
TkR]

4c2lm = n2
(4) xy = c2 Gu\ NqYL ATWY[Vjt t1 Gu\ sp
YWVlTm NeL im NqYL ATWY[Vjp t2
Gu\ sp NkdU]p t13 t2 = 1

l : Utlhs[ Ld TQm
YiUu ol jRLjRl TodLm,

286

Su YLV] TWY[VeLu Lu Rl
YL

YXl\m
\lPV

CPl\m
\lPV
UpSdj
\lPV

NUuT

y2 = 4ax

YWlTPm

Vm

CVd
YWu NUuT

Af

x =a

y=0

(0, 0)

x=a

4a

x=a

y=0

(0, 0)

x=a

4a

y =a

x=0

(0, 0)

y=a

4a

y=a

x=0

(0, 0)

y=a

4a

NqYLXju
NUuT

NqYLXju [m

(a, 0)

y2 = 4ax

( a, 0)

y
2

(0, a)

x = 4ay
x
y

rl\m
\lPV

x2 = 4ay

(0, a)
177

CqY\L uYY]Yt\ APu\m,

LoVu YYm

(x1, y1) Utm (x2, y2)I CQdm

TWY[Vm

sYhPm

ATWY[Vm

b2(x1+x2)
(x x1)
y y1 = 2
a (y1+y2)

Su NUuT

4a
y y1 = y + y (x x1)
1
2

y y1 =

(x1, y1)Cp RLhu NUuT

yy1 = 2a(x + x1)

xx1 / a2 + yy1/b2 = 1

xx1 / a2 yy1/b2 = 1

(x1, y1)Cp NeLhu NUuT

xy1 + 2ay = x1y1 + 2ay1

a2x b2y
2
2
x1 y1 = a b

a2x b2y
2
2
x1 + y1 = a + b

QVX YYm
Su NUuT

TWY[Vm

t1 Utm t2I
CQdm Su
NUuT

y(t1 + t2) = 2x + 2at1t2

RLhu
NUuT
NeLhu
NUuT

tp yt = x + at2
tp
tx + y = 2at + at3

b (x1+x2)
a2(y1+y2)

(x x1)

sYhPm

ATWY[Vm

1 Utm 2 I CQdm Su

1 Utm 2 I CQdm Su

NUuT

NUuT

(1 2)
x (1 + 2) y (1 + 2)
cos
+
sin
=
cos
a
b
2
2
2
x
y
p a cos + b sin = 1
by
ax

= a2 b2
cos sin

(1 + 2)
x (1 2) y (1 + 2)

cos
sin
=
cos
a
b
2
2
2
x
y
p a sec b tan = 1
by
ax
+
= a2 + b2
sec tan

243

TpYnl PV ]dLs
(dLs ]dLs)
(OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS)
NV] ApX HtPV P] GjRL:
1 1 2
(1)

2
4

Gu\ Au RWm LiL,

8

2 4

4
(1) 1(2) 2

(3) 3

(4) 4

(2)
Gu\ X hP Au RWm LiL,

(1) 0(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 5
(3) A = [2 0 1] Gp. AAT Cu RWm LiL,
(1) 1(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 0
1

(4) A = 2 Gp AATCu RWm LiL,

3
(1) 3(2) 0
(3) 1
(4) 2
1 0
(5)

0
1

(1) 1

1 Gu\ Au RWm 2 Gp. u Ul

(2) 2

(3) 3

(4) GRm J UnVi

(6) J N Au YN 3. N k 0 Gp. A1
GuT
1
1
1
(1) 2 I
(2) 3 I
(3) k I
(4) kI
k
k
1 3 2
(7)

1
1

k 3

Gu\ Ad SoU Ei Gp kCu

4 5
UlLs
(1) k HRm J UnVi

287

(2) k = 4

(3) k 4

(4) k 4

2
3

(8) A =

Gu\ Ad (adj A) A =

5 0
(1) 1
0 5
1

5 0

0 5

1 0
(2)

0 1

5 0

0 5

(3)

(4)

(9) J NW A ACu YN n Gp | adj A | GuT

(1) | A |2
0 0 1

(3) | A |n 1

(2) | A |n

(10) 0 1 0 Gu\ Au SoU

1 0 0
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 0 1

(4) | A |

(1) 0 1 0 (2) 0 1 0 (3) 0 1 0 (4) 0

0
0 0 1
1 0 0
1 0 0

1
0

1 0
0

(11) A Gu\ Au YN 3 Gp det (kA) GuT

(1) k3det (A)

(2) k2 det(A)
(3) k det (A)
(4) det (A)
(12) AX A ICu YN n, k 0 J U Gp. adj(kI) =
(1) kn (adj I)
(2) k (adj I)
(3) k2 (adj (I)) (4) kn 1 (adj I)
(13) A. B Gu\ HRm C ALd AB = O Gu Ck
Um A J fVUt\ LY A Gp.
(1) B = O
(2) B J fVd LY A
(3) B J fVUt\ Ut\ LY A (4) B = A
0 0
(14) A =
Gp. A12 GuT
0 5
0 0
0 0
0 0
1 0
(3)
(1)
(2)
(4)

0 60
0 0
0 1
0 512
3 1
(15)
GuTRu SoU
5 2
2 1
2 5
3 1
3 5
(2)
(4)
(1)

(3)

5 3
1 3
5 3
1 2

288

(16) UlP YiV u ULp AUkR u SV

ANUTjR] NUuThj Rlp = 0 Utm
x = 0, y 0 z = 0 Gp. RldL]j o
(1) JW J o
(2) CWi oLs
(3) GidLVt\ oLs
(4) o CpXU
(17) ax + y + z = 0 ; x + by + z = 0 ; x + y + cz = 0 BV NUuTLu
RlT] J YlTPVt\ oY Ttlu
1
1
1
+
+
=
1a 1b 1c
(1) 1(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) 0
a b
c b
(18) aex + bey = c ; pex + qey = d Utm 1 =
; 2 =
,
p q
d q
a c
3 =
Gp. (x, y)Cu Ul
p d
3
2 3
2
(1) ,
(2) log
, log

1
1 1
1

(3) log

1
1
, log
3
2

(4) log

1
1
, log
2
3

(19) 2x + y + z = l ; x 2y + z = m ; x + y 2z = n Gu\ NUuTLs

l + m + n = 0 GU AUUu AjRlu o
(1) JW J fVUt\ o
(2) YlTPj o
(3) GidLVt\ o (4) o CpXU Tt Cdm

J fVUt\ YdPWLm. m J fVUt\

(20) a

NVLm Clu m a B] KWX YdPo Gp.

1
(1) m = 1
(2) a = | m |
(3) a = | m |
(4) a = 1

(21) a Utm b CWi KWX YdPo Utm GuT

AYtt CPlThP LQm,
a + b
B] KWX
YdPWu.

2
(1) = 3
(2) = 4
(3) = 2
(4) = 3

289

(22) a -dm b dm CPlThP LQm 120 Um AYtu

GiQ[Ls \V 2, 3 Gp a . b B]
(2) 3

(1) 3

3
(4) 2

(3) 2

(23) u = a b c + b c a + c a b Gp.

(1) u J KWX YdPo

(2) u = a + b + c

(3) u = 0

(4) u 0

b = 4, c = 5 Gp. a dm
(24) a + b + c = 0, a = 3,

b dm CPlThP LQm

| |

(1) 6

| |

2
(2) 3

5
(3) 3

| |

(4) 2

(25) 2 i + 3 j + 4 k . a i + b j + c k BV YdPoLs Nej

YdPoL[u.
(1) a = 2, b = 3, c = 4
(3) a = 4, b = 4, c = 5

(2) a = 4, b = 4, c = 5
(4) a = 2, b = 3, c = 4

(26) 3 i + j k Gu\ YdPW J X hPULm

i 3 j + 4 k -I J TdLULm LiP CQLWju

TWl
3
(1) 10 3
(2) 6 30
(3) 2 30
(4) 3 30
(27)

|a + b | = |a b | Gp

(1) a -m b -m CQVm

(2) a -m b -m NejRm

(3) a = b

| | | |

(4) a Utm b KWX YdPo

290

(28) p , q Utm p + q BVY GiQ[ LiP

YdPoL[u p q B]
(1) 2
(2) 3
(3) 2
(4) 1

(29) a b c + b c a + c a b = x y Gp.

(1) x = 0

(2) y = 0

(3) x -m y -m CQVm



(4) x = 0 ApX y = 0 ApX x -m y -m CQVm

(30) PR = 2 i + j + k , QS = i + 3 j + 2 k Gp. StLWm

PQRSCu TWl
5 3
3
(1) 5 3
(2) 10 3
(3) 2
(4) 2

(31) OQ Gu\ AX YdPo R] OPCu ZX] OPRQ Gu\

CQLWju TWlT Tu mUPeLu POQ B]
1
(1) tan1 3

3
(2) cos1 10

(3) sin1

3
10

1
(4) sin1 3

(32) b Cu a Cu Zp Utm a Cu b Cu Zm


NUUu a + b Utm a b d CPlThP LQm

(2) 3

(1) 2

(3) 4

2
(4) 3

(33) a , b , c Gu\ J R[Ut\ YdPoLd

a b c = a b c Gp.

) (

(1) a B] b d CQ

(2) b B] c d CQ

(3) c B] a d CQ

(4) a + b + c = 0

291

(34) J L x Utm y AfdLPu L Np 45, 60

LQeL[ HtTj\ Gp z AfPu A
EiPdm LQm
(1) 30
(35)

(2) 90

[a b , b c ,
(1) 32

(36)

[a + b , b + c ,

c + a

(1) 0(2) 1

(3) 128

(4) 4

k + i Cu Ul

(3) 2

(4) 4

(38) (2, 10, 1) Gu\ sdm r . 3 i j + 4 k

R[jtm CPlThP Ld \kR Wm

(1) 2 26
(39)

(4) 0

] = 8 Gp [a , b , c ]Cu Ul

(3) 32

[i + j , j + k ,

(4) 60

] = 64 Gp [a , b , c ]Cu Ul

(2) 8

(1) 4(2) 16
(37)

c a

(3) 45

(2) 26

(3) 2

)=2
(4)

26 Gu\
1
26

(a b ) (c d ) GuT
(1)

a , b , c Utm d d Nej

(2)

(a b ) Utm (c d ) Gu\ YdPoLd CQ

(3)

a , b I LiP R[m c , d I LiP R[m
Yhd Lsm Lht CQ

(4)

a , b I LiP R[m c , d I LiP R[m
Yhd Lsm Lhtf Nej,

(40) a , b , c GuT] a, b, c BVYt\ UhdL[Ld Li
YXdL AUlp JudLu NejR] YdPoLs

Gp a b c Cu Ul

(1) a2 b2 c2

1
(3) 2 abc

(2) 0

292

(4) abc


(41) a , b , c GuT] J R[m AUV YdPoLs Um

[a b b c c a ]
[a b c ]Cu Ul

[a + b b + c

c + a

Gp

(1) 2(2) 3
(3) 1
(4) 0

(42) r = s i + t j Gu\ NUuT lT

(1) i Utm j sL[ CQdm SodL

(2) xoy R[m
(3) yoz R[m
(4) zox R[m

(43) i + a j k Gm N i + j Gm sYVf

NVpT\, j + k Gm sVl Tj ARu

lj \u A[ 8 Gp aCu Ul
(1) 1(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
x 3 y + 3 2z 5
(44) 1 = 5 = 3 d CQVLm (1, 3, 5) s YVLm
NpXdV Lhu YdPo NUuT

(1) r = i + 5 j + 3 k + t i + 3 j + 5 k

(2) r = i + 3 j + 5 k + t i + 5 j + 3 k

3

(3) r = i + 5 j + 2 k + t i + 3 j + 5 k

(4) r = i + 3 j + 5 k + t i + 5 j + 2 k

) (
(
(

(45) r = i k + t 3 i + 2 j + 7 k Gu\ Lm

(
) (
)

r . ( i + j k ) = 8 Gu\ R[m YhdLsm s

(1) (8, 6, 22) (2) ( 8, 6, 22) (3) (4, 3, 11)

(46) (2, 1, 1) Gu\ s YVLm. R[eLs

(4) ( 4, 3, 11)

r . i + 3 j k = 0 ; r . j + 2 k = 0 Yhd Lsm
LhP Es[PdVU] R[ju NUuT
(1) x + 4y z = 0
(2) x + 9y + 11z = 0
(3) 2x + y z + 5 = 0
(4) 2x y + z = 0

293

(47) F = i + j + k Gu\ N J L[ A(3, 3, 3) Gm

Xk B(4, 4, 4) Gm Xd SLoj]p AqN
Nnm YXV[,
(1) 2 AXLs (2) 3 AXLs (3) 4 AXLs (4) 7 AXLs

(48) a = i 2 j + 3 k Utm b = 3 i + j + 2 k Gp a dm

b dm NejRL Es[ J KWX YdPo

i + j + k
i j + k
(1)
(2)
3
3

i j k
i + j +2 k
(3)
(4)
3
3
x+1 y+2 z+3
x6 y+4 z4
= 4 =
Utm 2 = 4 =
Gu\ LLs
(49)
8
2
6
Yhd Lsm s
(1) (0, 0, 4)
(2) (1, 0, 0)
(3) (0, 2, 0)
(4) (1, 2, 0)

(50) r = i + 2 j + 3 k + t 2 i + j + k Utm

) (
)
(2i + 3j + 5k ) + s(i + 2j + 3k )

r =
Gu\ LLs
Yhd Lsm s
(1) (2, 1, 1)
(2) (1, 2, 1)
(3) (1, 1, 2)
(4) (1, 1, 1)
x1
y2
z3
x2
y4
z5
(51) 2 = 3 = 4
Utm
Gu\
3 = 4 = 5
LLdPVs[ Ld \kR RX
1
2
1
2
(2)
(3) 3
(4)
(1)
2 6
3
6
y1
z5
x1
y2
z3
x3
Utm 4 = 2 =
Gu\ CQ
(52) 4 = 2 =
3
3
LLdPVs[ Ld \kR RX
(1) 3(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) 0
x2 y1 z1
x1 y1 z
= Ut\m 3 =
= 2 BV C LLm
(53) 2 =
1 1
5
(1) CQ
(3) J R[m AUVRY

294

(2) Yhd LsTY

(4) Nej

(54) x2 + y2 + z2 6x + 8y 10z + 1 = 0 Gu\ L[ju UVm

Utm BWm
(1) ( 3, 4, 5), 49 (2) ( 6, 8, 10), 1
(3) (3, 4, 5), 7
(4) (6, 8, 10), 7

1 + i 3
(55)
2

(1) 2(2) 0
(56)

3 i /4 3

[e

(1) e9, 2

100

1 i 3
+
2

100

Cu Ul

(3) 1

(4) 1

Gu\ LXlTiu Uh f \V

(2) e9, 2

(3) e6,

3
4

3
(4) e9, 4

(57) (2m + 3) + i(3n 2) Gu\ LXlTiu CQVu

(m 5) + i(n + 4) Gp (n, m) GuT
1
1
1
1
(2) 2 , 8
(3) 2 , 8
(4) 2 , 8
(1) 2 8

1
+
x
+
iy
(58) x2 + y2 = 1 Gp
Cu Ul
1 + x iy
(1) x iy

(3) 2iy

(2) 2x

(4) x + iy

(59) 2 + i 3 Gu\ LXlTiu Uh

(1) 3

(2) 13

(3) 7
2

(4) 7
2

(60) A + iB = (a1 + ib1) (a2 + ib2) (a3 + ib3) Gp A + B Cu Ul

(1) a12 + b12 + a22 + b22 + a32 + b32
(2) (a1 + a2 + a3)2 + (b1 + b2 + b3)2
(3) (a12 + b12) (a22 + b22) (a32 + b32)
(4) (a12 + a22 + a32) (b12 + b22 + b32)
(61) a = 3 + i Utm z = 2 3i Gp Es[az, 3az Utm az GuT]
J BoLu R[jp
(1) NeLQ dLQju ]lsLs
(2) NUTdL dLQju ]lsLs
(3) C NUTdL dLQju ]lsLs
(4) JW LPUY]

295

(62) LXlTi R[jp z1, z2, z3, z4 Gu\ sLs \V J

CQLWju ]l sL[L ClTRtm ARu
URXm EiUVL ClTRtm Es[ TkR]
(1) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3
(2) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(3) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4
(iv) z1 z2 = z3 z4

()

(63) z J LXlTiQd lTRp arg (z) + arg z GuT

(1) /4
(2) /2
(3) 0
(4) /4
(64) J LXlTiu f /2 Gp AkR Gi
(1) tm LtT] Gi
(2) tm Un Gi
(3) 0
(4) UnUpX LtT]UpX

(65) iz Gu\ LXlTiQ BVl Tj 2 LQjp

LLW GoNp ZtmT AkR Giu V X
(1) iz
(2) iz
(3) z
(4) z
3

(66) LXlTi (i25) Cu TXo YYm

(2) cos + i sin

(1) cos 2 + i sin 2

(3) cos i sin

(4) cos 2 i sin 2
(67) P B] LXl Gi U zI du\ | 2z 1 | = 2 | z | Gp
PCu VUlTR
1
1
(1) x = 4 Gu\ SodL
(2) y = 4 Gu\ SodL
1
(4) x2 + y2 4x 1 = 0 Gu\ YhPm
(3) z = 2 Gu\ SodL
1 + ei
=
1 + ei
(1) cos + i sin
(2) cos i sin
(3) sin i cos
(4) sin + i cos
n
n
(69) zn = cos 3 + i sin 3 Gp z1 z2 z6 GuT
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) i
(4) i

(70) z u\m LpTp AUkRp z AUm Lp T

(1) Rp Lp T
(2) CWiPm Lp T
(3) u\m Lp T
(4) SuLm Lp T
(68)

296

1
(71) x = cos + i sin Gp xn + nCu Ul
x
(1) 2 cosn
(2) 2 i sin n
(3) 2 sin n
(4) 2 i cos n
(72) a = cos i sin , b = cos i sin
c = cos i sin Gp (a2 c2 b2) / abc GuT
(1) cos2( + ) + i sin 2( + )
(2) 2 cos ( + )
(3) 2 i sin ( + )
(4) 2 cos ( + )
z1
(73) z1 = 4 + 5i, z2 = 3 + 2i Gp. z GuT
2
2 22
2 22
(2) 13 + 13 i
(1) 13 13 i
2 23
2 22
(3) 13 13 i
(4) 13 + 13 i
(74) i + i22 + i23 + i24 + i25Cu Ul GuT
(1) i
(2) i
(3) 1
(4) 1
13
14
15
16
(75) i + i + i + i Cu CQ LXlTi
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) 0
(4) i
(76) i + 2 GuT ax2 bx + c = 0 Gu\ NUuThu J
XUp Ut\ o
(1) i 2
(2) i 2
(3) 2 + i
(4) 2i + i
(77) i 7 Gu\ oL[d LiP CTf NUuT
(1) x2 + 7 = 0
(2) x2 7 = 0
2
(4) x2 x 7 = 0
(3) x + x + 7 = 0
(78) 4 3i Utm 4 + 3i Gu\ XeL[d LiP NUuT
(2) x2 + 8x 25 = 0
(1) x2 + 8x + 25 = 0
(4) x2 8x 25 = 0
(3) x2 8x + 25 = 0
1i
(79) ax2 + bx + 1 = 0 Gu\ NUuThu J o 1 + i , am bm
Un Gp (a, b) GuT
(1) (1, 1)
(2) (1, 1)
(3) (0, 1)
(4) (1, 0)
(80) x2 6x + k = 0 Gu\ NUuThu J Xm i + 3Gp kCu
Ul
(3) 10
(4) 10
(1) 5
(2) 5

297

(81) GuT 1Cu lT Xm Gp

4

(1 + 2) + (1 + 2) Cu Ul
(1) 0
(2) 32
(3) 16
(82) GuT 1Cu nBm T Xm Gp.

(4) 32

(1) 1 + 2 + 4 + = + 3 + 5 +
(2) n = 0
(3) n = 1
(4) = n 1
(83) GuT 1Cu lT Xm Gp.
(1 ) (1 2) (1 4) (1 8)Cu Ul
(1) 9
(2) 9
(3) 16
(4) 32
2
(84) y 2y + 8x 23 = 0 Gu\ TWY[Vju Af
(1) y = 1
(2) x = 3
(3) x = 3
(4) y = 1
2
2
(85) 16x 3y 32x 12y 44 = 0 GuT
(1) J sYhPm
(2) J YhPm
(3) J TWY[Vm
(4) J ATWY[Vm
(86) 4x + 2y = c Gu\ L y2 = 16x Gu\ TWY[Vju
RL Gp c Cu Ul
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 4
(4) 4
(87) y2= 8x Gu\ TWY[Vjp t1 = t Utm t2 = 3t Gu\ sLp
YWVlThP RLLs YhdLsm s
(1) (6t2, 8t)

(2) (8t, 6t2)

(3) (t2, 4t)

(4) (4t, t2)

(88) y2 4x + 4y + 8 = 0 Gu\ TWY[Vju NqYLXju [m

(1) 8(2) 6
(3) 4
(4) 2
(89) y2 = x + 4 Gu\ TWY[Vju CVdYWu NUuT
15
17
17
15
(2) x = 4
(3) x = 4
(4) x = 4
(1) x = 4
(90) (2, 3) Gu\ ]. x = 4 Gu\ CVdYWVd LiP
TWY[Vju NqYLX [m
(1) 2(2) 4
(3) 6
(4) 8
(91) x2 = 16y Gu\ TWY[Vju Vm
(1) (4, 0)

(2) (0, 4)

(3) ( 4, 0)

(4) (0, 4)

(92) x = 8y 1 Gu\ TWY[Vju ]

1
1
1
(1) 8, 0
(2) 8, 0
(3) 0, 8

298

1
(4) 0, 8

(93) 2x + 3y + 9 = 0 Gu\ L y2 = 8x Gu\ TWY[VjRj Rm s

9
9
(4) 2 , 6
(1) (0, 3)
(2) (2, 4)
(3) 6, 2

2
(94) y = 12x Gu\ TWY[Vju Su ClsLp
YWVlTm RLLs Nkdm s AUm L
(1) x 3 = 0
(2) x + 3 = 0
(3) y + 3 = 0
(4) y 3 = 0
2
(95) ( 4, 4) Gu\ sk y = 16xd YWVlTm C
RLd CPVs[ LQm
(1) 45
(2) 30
(3) 60
(4) 90
2
2
(96) 9x + 5y 54x 40y + 116 = 0 Gu\ m Y[u UVj
RXjRL (e)Cu Ul
1 2
4
2
(1) 3(2) 3
(3) 9
(4)
5
y2
x2
(97) 144 + 169 = 1 Gu\ sYhPju AW-ShPf Utm
AW-t\f [eLs
(1) 26, 12
(2) 13, 24
(3) 12, 26
(4) 13, 12
(98) 9x2 + 5y2 = 180 Gu\ sYhPju VeLdPV Es[ RX
(1) 4(2) 6
(3) 8
(4) 2
(99) J s YhPju ShPf Utm ARu AW t\fLu
[eLs 8, 2 \V ARu NUuTLs y 6 = 0 Utm
x + 4 = 0 Gp. sYhPju NUuT
(x + 4)2 (y 6)2
(x + 4)2 (y 6)2
+
=
1
(2)
=1
4
16
16 +
4
2
2
2
2
(x + 4) (y 6)
(x + 4) (y 6)
(3) 16
=1
(4)
16 = 1
4
4
(100) 2x y + c = 0 Gu\ SodL 4x2 + 8y2 = 32 Gu\ sYhPju
RL Gp cCu Ul
(2) 6
(3) 36
(4) 4
(1) 2 3
2
2
(101) 4x + 9y = 36 Gu\ sYhPju s[ HRm J
Gu\
sk
( 5, 0)Utm
( 5, 0)
sLdPV Es[ RXLu Rp
(1) 4(2) 8
(3) 6
(4) 18
2
2
(102) 9x + 16y = 144 Gu\ m Y[u CVd YhPju BWm
(2) 4
(3) 3
(4) 5
(1) 7
(1)

299

(103) 16x2 + 25y2 = 400 Gu\ Y[YWu Vjk J

RLhd YWVlTm Nejd LLu Au
VUlTR
(1) x2 + y2 = 4

(2) x2 + y2 = 25 (3) x2 + y2 = 16

(4) x2 + y2 = 9

(104) 12y2 4x2 24x + 48y 127 = 0 Gu\ ATWY[Vju UVj

RXj RL
(1) 4(2) 3
(3) 2
(4) 6
(105) NqYLXju [m. QVfu [jp T G]d
Lis[ ATWY[Vju UVj RXj RL
5
(2) 3

3
(1) 2
(106)

3
(3) 2

5
(4) 2

x2
y2
2 2 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vju s[ GRm J
a
b
sk Vjt CPVs[ RXLu
jVNm 24 Utm UVj RXjRL 2 Gp
ATWY[Vju NUuT
x2
y2
(1) 144 432 = 1

x2
y2
x2
y2
(2) 432 144 = 1 (3) 12
=1
12 3

(4)

x2
y2
12 = 1
12 3

(107) x2 4(y 3)2 = 16 Gu\ ATWY[Vju CVdYW

(1) y =

8
5

(2) x =

8
5

5
(3) y = 8

5
(4) x = 8

(108) 4x2 y2 = 36d 5x 2y + 4k = 0 Gu\ L J RL

Gp. k Cu Ul
(1) 4/9
(2) 2/3
(3) 9/4
(4) 81/16
x2 y2
(109) 16 9 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vjt (2, 1) Gu\ sk
YWVlTm RLLu RSi
(1) 9x 8y 72 = 0
(2) 9x + 8y + 72 = 0
(3) 8x 9y 72 = 0
(4) 8x + 9y + 72 = 0
y2
x2
= 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vju RXj
(110) 16
9
RLLdPVs[ LQm
3
3
4
4
(1) 2 tan1 4 (2) 2 tan1 3 (3) 2 tan1 4 (4) 2 tan1 3

300

(111) 36y2 25x2 + 900 = 0 Gu\ ATWY[Vju RXj

RLLs
6
5
36
25
(1) y = 5 x
(2) y = 6 x
(3) y = 25 x
(4) y = 36 x
x2 y2
(112) (8, 0) Gu\ sk 64 36 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vju
RXj
RLLd
YWVlTm
Nej
WeLu TdLp TXu
(1) 25/576
(2) 576/25
(3) 6/25
(4) 25/6
x2
y2
(113) 16 9 = 1 Gu\ ATWY[Vju Nejj
RLLu Yhm su VUlTR
(1) x2 + y2 = 25 (2) x2 + y2 = 4 (3) x2 + y2 = 3
(4) x2 + y2 = 7
(114) x + 2y 5 = 0, 2x y + 5 = 0 Gu\ RXj RLL[d
LiP ATWY[Vju UVj RXj RL
(3) 3
(4) 2
(1) 3(2) 2
(115) xy = 8 Gu\ NqYL TWY[Vju AW dLfu [m
(1) 2(2) 4
(3) 16
(4) 8
2
(116) xy = c Gu\ NqYL ATWY[Vju RXjRLLs
(1) x = c, y = c
(2) x = 0, y = c (3) x = c, y = 0
(4) x = 0, y = 0
(117) xy = 16 Gu\ NqYL ATWY[Vju ]u BVj RXLs
(1) (4, 4), ( 4, 4)
(2) (2, 8), ( 2, 8)
(3) (4, 0), ( 4, 0)
(4) (8, 0), ( 8, 0)
(118) xy = 18 Gu\ NqYL ATWY[Vju J Vm
(1) (6, 6)
(2) (3, 3)
(3) (4, 4)
(4) (5, 5)
(119) xy = 32 Gu\ NqYL ATWY[Vju NqYLXju [m
(1) 8 2
(2) 32
(3) 8
(4) 16
(120) xy = 72 Gu\ hP NqYL ATWY[Vju s[ HRm
J sk YWVlTm RL ARu RXj
RLLPu EiPdm dLQju TWl
(1) 36
(2) 18
(3) 72
(4) 144
3
(121) xy = 9 Gu\ NqYL ATWY[Vju s[6, 2 Gu\

sk YWVlTm Nej. Y[YWV im

Nkdm s
3
3
3
3
(2) 24, 8 (3) 8 , 24
(4) 24, 8
(1) 8, 24

301

PLs
Tt 1.1
4 1
(1) (i)

2 3

15
(ii) 0
10

5 2
(2)

3 1

1
(3) 2
2

3
3
0

1
(4) (i) 9

2
(iv) 0
5

3
2
1

7
1
3

1
(ii) 35

1 1
2
2

1
3

1
(v) 5

4
1
1

15

3
(iii) 1
5

1
1
1

13
7
5

3
3

4
1
6

11
6
1

25
10

3 2 6
(iii)1 1 2

2 2 5

2 1
3
2

1
4

(6)

1
2
2

3
0

3
3

Tt 1.2
(1) x = 3, y = 1

(2) x = 1, y = 2

(4) x = 4, y = 1, z = 0

(5) x = 1, y = 1, z = 1

(3) x = 1, y = 3, z = 5

Tt 1.3
(1) 2

(2) 1

(3) 2

(4) 3

(5) 2

(6) 2

Tt 1.4
1
(3) 4 (9 5k), k ; k R

(1) (1, 1)

(2) o CpX

(4) (1, 1, 2)

(5) (4 k, 3k 4, k) ; k R

1
1
(7) 3 (5k 12), 3 (15 4k), k ; k R

(9) (1, 2, 1)

(6) (1, 2, 3)

1
(8) 2 (2 + s t) , s, t ; s, t R

(10) (50 + 2k, 50 3k, k) ; k = 0, 1, 2, 16

302

Tt 1.5
(1) (i)

JeLU EPV : x = 4, y = 1, z = 2

(ii)

JeLU EPV : x = 2k 1,
GidLVt\ oLs

y = 3 2 k, z = k

(iii)

JeLU At\

(iv)

JeLU At\

(v)

JeLU EPV : x = 1 k1 + k2,

GidLVt\ oLs

y = k1, z = k2,

(2) 0 Gp. Rl JW J oYl Tts[

= 0 Gp. Rl GidLVt\ oL[l Tts[
(3) k 1, k 2 Gp CjRlt JW J o Ei,
k = 1 Gp CjRl GidLVt\ oL[l Tm,
k = 2 Gp CjRl JeLU At\ Um o At\,

Tt 2.1
(2) 15

(1) 4

2
(5) 3 , 3 , 4

(14) (i) 0 (ii)

10
30

3
(3) 2

(4) (i) m = 15
(11) 25

(10) 22
(iii)

2
(ii) m = 3

9
21

Tt 2.2
50
(6) 3

(5) 7

(7) 17

(8)

124
7

Tt 2.3
(1)

10 i 10 j + 5 k
( i j + 3k)
6 (2) 3 7 (3)
(4)
3
11

) (5) (6)

Tt 2.4
(1) 6 59

49
(2) 2

(8) 24 i + 13 j + 4 k

(3) 6 5

1
(4) 2 165

1
3
, 0
(10) 7 10 ,

10
10

303

Tt 2.5
(2) 3

(11) 4

Tt 2.6
2 3 6
(1) 7, 7, 7

(2) (i) CVX

(ii) CVm

4
5
1 1 1
3

(4) ,L,
, r =7 3 i + 4 j + 5 k
,
,
,
(3) ,
5
5
3
3
3
2
2
2
5

1
4
,
,
26
26

(5)

26

(6) r = 3 i 4 j 2 k + t 9 i + 6 j + 2 k

) (

(7) r = i 2 j + k + t i + 2 k

) (

) ; x 9 3 = y +6 4 = z +2 2

) ; x11 = y +0 2 = z 2 1

(9) cos1

1
21

20
(8) cos1 21

Tt 2.7
5
2

(1) (i)

(ii)

285
14

(3) (1, 1, 0)

(4) 3 30

(6) 2

Tt 2.8
(1)

r . 2 i +7 j +8k
= 18 ; 2x + 7y + 8z = 54 13
117

(2 i j + 2 k )
(2)
3

(3) 2 AXLs

(4) 8x 4y + 3z = 89

(5) 4x + 2y 3z = 3

(6)

[(x 2) i + (y + 1) j + (z 4) k ] . (4i 12j 3k ) = 0

4x 12y 3z 8 = 0

(7)

r = 2 i +2 j + k +s 2 i +3 j +3k +t 3 i +2 j + k

) (

) (

3x 7y + 5z + 3 = 0

304

(8)

r = i +3 j +2k +s 2 i j +3k +t i +2 j +2k

) (

) (

8x + y 5z 1 = 0

(9) r = i + 3 j + 2 k
Utm 2x + 4y 5z = 0

) + s (i + 2j + 2k ) + t (3i + j + 2k )

(10) r = i 2 j + 3 k + s 2 i + 4 j 4 k + t 2 i + 3 j + 4 k
Utm 2x z + 1 = 0

) (

(11) r = i + 2 j + 3 k + s i + j 2 k + t 3 i 2 j + 4 k

) (

) (

2y + z 7 = 0

(12) r = i + j k + s 3 i + j + 2 k + t 2 i + 3 j 2 k

) (

) (

Utm 8x 10y 7z + 11 = 0

(13) r = 3 i + 4 j + 2 k + s i + 6 j 3 k + t 4 i 4 j k

) (

) (

Utm 6x + 13y 28z 14 = 0

(15) (i) 2x 5y z + 15 = 0

(ii) 2y z 1 = 0

Tt 2.9
(1) 11x 10y 13z + 70 = 0
(2) CpX, J R[m AUVd LL[L ClTRp
(3) (2, 0, 0)

(4) (6, 1, 5)

(5)

7
30

(6)

3
2 11

Tt 2.10

(1) (i) 3

(ii) cos1

(iii) cos1

3
(3) 5

(4) sin1

(5) 3

58

9
231

3
2
91

Tt 2.11

(1) r 2 i j + 3 k = 4 Utm x2 + y2 + z2 4x + 2y 6z 2 = 0

305

(2) r 2 i + 6 j 7 k . r 2 i + 4 j 3 k = 0 Utm
x2 + y2 + z2 10y + 10z + 41 = 0

UVm (0, 5, 5) Utm BWm 3 AXLs.

(3) r i j + k = 5 ; x2 + y2 + z2 2x + 2y 2z 22 = 0

(4) B (4, 2, 1)
(5) (i) UVm (2, 1, 4) ; r = 5 AXLs
3 1
(ii) UVm 2, 2, 2, r = 2 AXLs

(iii) UVm ( 2, 4, 1), r = 26 AXLs

(iv) UVm (2, 1, 3), r = 5 AXLs

Tt 3.1
(ii) i
U,T,

(iii) 10 + 10i
L,T,

(i)

1
2

1
2

(ii)

7
25

26
25

(1) (i) 1 + 3i
(2)

(iii)
8
(3) n = 4
(4) (i) x = 2, y = 1

(iv) 1

(ii) x = 3, y = 1
8
4
(iii) x = 7, y = 3 Utm x = 3 , y = 3

(5) x = 1, y = 4 Utm x = 2i, y = 1

Tt 3.2
(2) 1 3i Utm 1 +3 i
1 1
1
(3) + i
;
i
2 2
2

(6) (i) 4 cis 3

2
(ii) 2 cis 3

(8) (i) x + 2y = 2
2

1
2
3
(iii) 2 cis 4

(ii) y = 0

(iv) 2 cis 4

(iii) x + y + 1 = 0
(v) x2 + y2 + 2x 3 = 0

(iv) 4x + 4y 12x + 5 = 0

306

Tt 3.3
(1) 3 i , 1 i

2 1
(3) 2 i, 3 , 2

(2) 1 2i, 1 i

Tt 3.4
(1) cis ( 107)

(2) cis (3 + 4)
Tt 3.5

5
(1) (i) cis 6, cis 6 ,

5
(ii) 2 cis 6, 2cis 6 ,

9
cis 6

5
(iii) 22/3 cis 9 , 22/3 cis 9,

9
2cis 6

7
22/3 cis 9

(4) (i) 2 cis 4,

3
5
2 cis 4 , 2 cis 4 Utm

3
7
9
(ii) cis 5 , cis 5 , cis 5 , cis 5

(5) cis (2k 1) 4 , k = 0, 1, 2, 3

Tt 4.1

7
2 cis 4

(1) (i) 4x2 16x + 36y + 43 = 0 (ii) 9x2 12xy + 4y2 + 38x 60y + 121 = 0
(iii) x2 = 16y

(iv) (y 4)2 = 12(x 1)

(v) (x1)2 = 12(y 2)

(vi) (y 4)2 = 12(x 1)

(vii) (x 3)2 = 8(y + 2)

(viii) (y + 1)2 = 8(x 3)

(ix) (x 2)2 = 16(y 3)

2)

Gi

Af

Vm

CVd
YWu
NUuT

NqYLXju
NUuT

NqYLXju
[m

(i)

y=0

(0, 0)

( 2, 0)

x2=0

x+2=0

(ii)

x=0

(0, 0)

(0, 5)

y +5=0

y5=0

20

(iii)

x4=0

(4, 2)

(4, 1)

y+3=0

y+1=0

(iv)

y3=0

(1, 3)

( 1, 3)

x3=0

x+1=0

(v)

x3=0

(3, 1)

(3, 2)

y+4=0

(3) WTlTu
Vm (5, 0)

UVjk

307

y2=0

Vjds[

12

Wm 5.

(4) hPm = 40 2 N,,

(5) 20 2 ,

Tt 4.2
(1) (i) 16x2 + 25y2 96x + 50y 231 = 0
x2 y2
(x 1)2 (y + 1)2
+
=
1
(iii)
(ii)
4
3
25 + 16 = 1
(x 3)2 (y + 4)2
x2 y2
(iv)
+
=
1
(v)
4
1
9 + 5 =1
(x 2)2 (y 5)2
40 + 49 = 1

(vi)

x2 y2
(viii) 25 + 16 = 1

(vii)

x2 y2
(ix) 16 + 4 = 1
x2
y2
(3) 81/4 + 45/4 = 1

(2) (4, 6)
(4)

(5)

Gi

(x 3)2 (y + 1)2
25 + 16 = 1

ShPfu
NUuT

t\fu
NUuT

ShPfu
[m

t\fu
[m

(i)

y=0

x=0

10

(ii)

y2=0

x+1=0

2 5

(iii)

x=0

y=0

2 5

4 5
3

(iv)

x+1=0

y2=0

G
i

CVdYWu
NUuTLs

(i)

169
x = 12

(ii)

x=

(iii)

x=4

(iv)

y = 10; y = 8

16
7
20
3

NqYLXju
NUuTLs

NqYLXju [m

x = 12

50
13

x= 7

9
2

x=45 3

y=4;y=2

4 3

308

Gi

(6)

(i)

UVm

e
3
5

(0, 0)

VeLs

]Ls

( 3, 0)

( 5, 0)

(ii)

3
2

(4, 2)

(4 5

(iii)

5
3

(0, 0)

(0,

(iv)

7
4

( 1, 2)

x2 y2
(7) 16 + 7 = 1

3, 2)

(14, 2) ; ( 6, 2)

5)

(0, 3)

( 1, 2

( 1, 6), ( 1, 2)

7)

(8) 1200 ,

(9) (i) 28.584 pVu Up (ii) 43.416 pVu Up

4
(10) 5

319 A

Tt 4.3
y2 x2
x2 16xy 11y2 + 20x + 50y 35 = 0 (ii) 25 24 = 1

(1) (i)

y2 x2
(iii) 36 288 = 1

(iv)

(y 5)2 (x 2)2
75 25 = 1

(v)

y2 x2
(vi) 36 28 = 1

x2 (y 5)2
=1
(vii) 1
8
(ix)
(2)

(x 1)2 (y + 2)2
=1
16
9

(x 1)2 (y 4)2
(viii) 25/4 75/4 = 1

(x 1)2 (y + 1)2
16 = 1
9

Gi

dLfu
NUuT

QVf
u NUuT

dLfu
[m

QVf
u [m

(i)

y=0

x=0

10

24

(ii)

x=0

y=0

2 2

4 2

(iii)

y2=0

x+3=0

309

(3)

(5)

Gi

CVdYWu
NUuT
36
13

(i)

x=

(ii)

y=4

Gi

9
13

UVj
RXj
RL

NqYLXju
NUuT

NqYLXju
[m

x = 4 13

32
3

y = 4 13

8
3

UVm

Vm

(i)

41
e= 4

(0, 0)

(ii)

34
e= 3

(0, 0)

(0,

(iii)

5
e= 2

( 3, 2)

(iv)

e=2

( 3, 1)

( 3

]Ls

41, 0)

( 4, 0)

34)

(0, 3)

5, 2)

( 1, 2), ( 5, 2)

( 3, 5) ( 3, 3)

( 3, 3) ( 3, 1)

Tt 4.4
(1) (i) x + y + 3 = 0 ; x y 9 = 0 (ii) 2x + 3y + 3 = 0 ; 3x 2y + 11 = 0
(iii) x 2y + 2 = 0 ; 2x + y 1 = 0

(iv) x = 3 ; y = 0

(v) 18x + 5y = 31 ; 5x 18y 28 = 0

(2) (i)2x y + 1 = 0 ; 2x + 4y 9 = 0

(ii) x + 2y 8 = 0 ; 2x y 6 = 0

(iii) 4x + 5 3 y = 40 ; 10 3 x 8y 9 3 = 0
(iv) 4 3 x 3y = 18 ; 3x + 4 3 y 14 3 = 0
(3) (i) 3x 2y + 2 = 0
(iii) y = x 5

(ii) x + 3y + 36 = 0
(iv) 10x 3y 32 = 0

310

(4) (i) x + 2y + 4 = 0 ; x + y + 1 = 0
(ii) x 2y + 5 = 0 ; 5x + 4y 17 = 0
4
(5) 5, 3

(iii) 3x + y 5 = 0 ; x y + 1 = 0
(7) (i) 4x y 12 = 0

(ii) x + 5y 5 = 0

(6) ( 3, 1)

(iii) 10x 9y 12 = 0

Tt 4.5
y
x
x y
(1) (i) 5 6 = 0 Utm 5 + 6 = 0

(ii) 4x y + 1 = 0 Utm 2x + 3y 1 = 0
(2) (i) (2x + 3y 8) (3x 2y + 1) = 110
(ii) (x + 2y 10) (x 2y + 6) + 64 = 0
2
(3) (i) 3

3
(ii) 2 tan1 2

5
(iii) 2tan1 2

Tt 4.6
1
1 9
(1) x + 2 y + 2 = 8

(2) (i) 4x + 3y 24 = 0 ; 3x 4y + 7 = 0

(ii) x + 8y = 0 ; 32x 4y + 65 = 0

(3) (x + 2y 5) (2x y + 4) = 16
(4) (x 1) (y 3) = 16 ; x 1 = 0, y 3 = 0
(5) (3x y 5) (x + 3y 5) 7 = 0
(6) (i) x h = 0 Utm y k = 0
3
(ii) x + 2 = 0 ; y + 2 = 0

(iii) 3x 2y + 3 = 0
2x + 3y + 2 = 0

311

dLs ]dLdL] PLs

,G,

,G,

,G,

,G,

,G,

26

51

76

101

27

52

77

102

28

53

78

103

29

54

79

104

30

55

80

105

31

56

81

106

32

57

82

107

33

58

83

108

34

59

84

109

10

35

60

85

110

11

36

61

86

111

12

37

62

87

112

13

38

63

88

113

14

39

64

89

114

15

40

65

90

115

16

41

66

91

116

17

42

67

92

117

18

43

68

93

118

19

44

69

94

119

20

45

70

95

120

21

46

71

96

121

22

47

72

97

23

48

73

98

24

49

74

99

25

50

75

100

312