Turkey's Light at The End of The Tunnel: CHP Market Set For Growth

September - October 2014
Turkeys light at the

end of the tunnel
CHP market set for growth
WHY HEAT PUMPS ARE EMERGING AS A KEY TECHNOLOGY IN EUROPE n MILAN AIRPORTS CHP PLANT SAVES THROUGH
ENERGY MODELING n FIGURING COGENERATIONS ENERGY BALANCE n DRIVERS FOR GAS ENGINE MARKET GROWTH
In Association With
WORLD ALLIANCE FOR DECENTRALIZED ENERGY
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9/8/14 2:27 PM
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Contents
Volume 15 Number 5
10
Turkeys light at the

end of the tunnel
CHP market set for growth
Features
10
16
20
WHY HEAT PUMPS ARE EMERGING AS A KEY TECHNOLOGY IN EUROPE n MILAN AIRPORTS CHP PLANT SAVES THROUGH
ENERGY MODELING n FIGURING COGENERATIONS ENERGY BALANCE n DRIVERS FOR GAS ENGINE MARKET GROWTH
In Association With
Turkey country report

Changes in Turkeys energy mix and legislative landscape mean tough times ahead for
the nations CHP sector, but it could rebound if the right energy policy is put in place
and stability in neighbouring countries can be secured.
By Paul Cochrane
Turkey project roundup

A view of projects currently underway in Turkeys dynamic cogeneration/CHP sector.
By David Appleyard
Hotting up for heat pumps

A look at the European market for heat pumps, which are emerging as one of the key lowcarbon technologies to lower the carbon content of heat, rather than power, supplies.
By Steve Hodgson
Cover photograph: Distributed

energy is spreading in Turkey, even
to rural communities such as this in
Cappadocia, central Anatolia. See
feature article starting on page 10.
PHOTO: Emma Jackson.
1409cospp_2 2
26
Milan airports tri-generation profts soar
30
Figuring cogenerations energy balance
34
Drivers for gas engine market growth
Energy modelling has allowed the Milan airports cogeneration plant to monitor plant
energy performance in real time and optimise the power generation process, resulting in
signifcant savings.
By Aleksandra Peneva
In the second of a series of articles on the energy balance of cogeneration installations, Dr

Jacob Klimstra provides the necessary background knowledge for an installation driven by
a reciprocating gas engine.
By Dr Jacob Klimstra
Favourable trends shown by two core market drivers, spark spread and policy incentives,
indicate growing optimism for sales of gas engines in the UK market to 2020, especially
sub-2 MWe engines.
By Dina Darshini
Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | September - October 2014
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:21 PM
www.cospp.com
ISSN 14690349
26
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Regulars
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Editors Letter
Insight
WADE Comment
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9/8/14 2:21 PM
Editors Letter
The law of
diminishing returns
I
1409cospp_4 4
f you want too much, your desires will

backfre because the ultimate price will be
too high. On my desk, I have a picture of a
pike that caught its fnal prey, a pikeperch.
Both species are fsh of prey, but a pike tends
to go for the larger catch. In the case of my
picture, the pikeperch is way too large for the
pike to swallow; the pike died because he
could not manage his haul.
One sometimes sees the same story with
cogeneration installations. An owner or
designer wants to capture too much of the
fuel energy, resulting in a contraption that is
impossible to run.Too many heat exchangers
and too many interfering control loops make
the system easily exceed its limits. Control
instability and frequent trips will occur, while
parts of the system can overheat, resulting
in permanent damage to the equipment.
Moreover, reaching 91% fuel effciency
instead of, say, 89% can require large
additional capital investments that will never
be economic. A simpler installation is often
preferable over a complicated one.
Decision-makers often neglect or ignore
the law of diminishing returns. An example
is the issue of natural gas security of
supply. In 2007, the European Commissions
Directorate-General for Energy and Transport
invited standards organisation CEN to draw
up standards for high-calorifc gas (H-gas).
The aim was to create the widest possible
standards, albeit within reasonable costs.
Wide standards were supposed
to allow the accommodation of
An initial study by GL Noble Denton

showed that the cost of gas adaptation
and renewal to accommodate such a
wide Wobbe Index range would exceed
178 billion. The avoided costs of treating
imported gases to ft a narrower standard
would be factors lower, and gas-fuelled
equipment would suffer from lower
performance and higher emissions. The gas
sector, however, refused to accept these
fndings.
Fortunately, the EC offered the opportunity
to comment on the draft standard, and
in July 2014 some 150 experts from gas
companies and equipment manufacturers
assembled in Brussels to discuss the draft.
Again fortunately, the prime mover
sector for cogeneration and on-site power
production had properly prepared itself. We
could show that the current Wobbe Index
range for H-gas never exceeded 4 MJ/m3
in any EU Member State. That is roughly the
same range as that applied in the US, and
is almost a factor of two lower than the
range proposed by EASEE-gas. We could
also explain that for too wide a Wobbe Index
range, the marginal negative effects for gas
users would largely exceed the marginal
benefts for gas companies.
The meetings major conclusions were
that a narrower Wobbe Index range than that
proposed by EASEE-gas/CEN is necessary
and that rapid variations in Wobbe Index
have to be avoided. Hopefully, the fnal
standard will be acceptable by our sector.
natural gas from a wide range

of sources, thus facilitating easy
imports and trans-border trade
between Member States. The new
standard would be based on the work
of trade body EASEE-gas, which represents
the whole gas chain and consists primarily
of members of the production, transport and
retail sectors. EASEE-gas proposed a very
wide gas quality range with a Wobbe Index
between 46.44 MJ/m3 and 54 MJ/m3. This
range would especially serve gas traders
and transporters since practically all H-gases
on the market would ft into the standard.
And hopefully the rest of the world will learn

from this and not accept too wide a natural
gas quality range. One must always take into
account the law of diminishing returns.
Dr Jacob Klimstra
Managing Editor
P.S. Dont forget to visit www.cospp.com to

see regular news updates, the current issue
of the magazine in full, and an archive of
articles from previous issues. Its the same
website address to sign-up for our fortnightly
e-newsletter too.
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:23 PM
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Insight
Environmental protection
begins locally
1409cospp_6 6
ill the US Environmental

Protection
Agencys
(EPA) proposed and
groundbreaking new rule
for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from
existing power stations result in the expanded
use of CHP? Possibly, and the US CHP and
district energy industries are talking up the new
measures, but theres a long way to go before
we really know the answer.
The Clean Energy Plan was made
possible by the EPA defning carbon dioxide
as a pollutant, and therefore subject to
its attentions, back in 2009. The initiative is
aimed to reduce carbon emissions in the US
power sector by 30% by 2030.
Once fnalised next summer, the new
rule will require individual states to use any
of a variety of prescribed methods to meet
exacting carbon dioxide emission targets
from their large-scale power plants by 2020.
The main method relevant to CHP is to
improve the confusingly-named heat rate of
a power plant the amount of fuel needed
to produce a unit of useful energy output
operating effciency, in other words.
The obvious way to do this is to make use
of at least some of the currently discarded
heat, by capturing it and directing the energy
to meet local heat loads. In other words, the
conversion of suitably-located power stations
to CHP/district heating plants.
With purpose and determination, this
sort of thing can be done. The president of
heat loads, whether for homes and buildings

or industrial processes is crucial.
Improving generation effciency thats
the key, particularly in a country where the
power industry boasts an average effciency
of just over 32% and discards more heat
than is used by its buildings and industries
together.
What about bottom-up alternatives
to converted large-scale power stations?
Municipal district energy schemes and those
serving large educational campuses are an
important part of the US local energy scene.
Smaller still, corporate America is starting to
turn to on-site renewable energy plants.
Apple, BMW Manufacturing, SC Johnson,
Volkswagens Chattanooga operations and
Adobe systems all use their own on-site
renewable plants to generate a signifcant
proportion of their electricity needs,
according to a list published in July by the
EPA. Biogas and solar photovoltaics (PV) are
the main technologies used.
Biogas produced at landfll and
wastewater treatment plants is available to
many local councils, solar panels can be
installed almost anywhere and wind energy
helps several large farms to generate at
least some of their own power. Yolo County
in northern California generates over
150% of its needs, mainly from groundmounted PV power installations, exporting
the excess to the grid.
New rules from the EPA may eventually start
the International District Energy Association

(IDEA), Robert Thornton, cites the case of a
district energy system in Boston-Cambridge,
Massachusetts, where a waste-to-energy
station was recently reconfgured by operator
Veolia to direct previously discarded heat
into the district heating system. Across the
pond, the SELCHP plant in South East London,
UK, was converted recently from a waste-toelectricity plant to one that also distributes
heat, more than 20 years after it was built.
Clearly the location of such a plant close to
to improve the operating effciency of some

existing large-scale power stations in the
US, but there are many more opportunities
for high-effciency energy generation at a
smaller and more local scale.
Steve Hodgson
Contributing Editor
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9/8/14 2:23 PM
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Comment
Smart cities for India

- can government
deliver?
D
1409cospp_8 8
uring a recent trip to

India, as my hotel lights
fickered on and off
throughout the day
and night, I was struck by the
immense challenge of bringing
clean and reliable power to
a country where hundreds of
millions of people lack access to
electricity and more people have
mobile phones than a toilet inside
their home. With just under 1.3
billion people, India is predicted
to overtake China within the next
15 years as the worlds largest
population. However, in stark
contrast, almost all of Chinas
population has access to power.
Part of the purpose of the trip
was to speak at a recent meeting
on Smart Cities for India, as the
new government is making a
push to promote this concept and
build 100 smart cities, bringing
modern technology to the urban
environment in multiple sectors,
including energy.
WADE recently worked with the

International Energy Agency (IEA)
on an update to the combined
heat and power/district heating
and cooling scorecard for
India. As discussed in the report,
primary energy demand in India
has more than doubled in the
past two decades and India is
now the third largest consumer
of energy in the world. A net
importer of fossil fuels, the power
sector is very much a coal-based
industry, with coal representing
around 60% of installed capacity.
India has not met its targets for
additions to generating capacity
and now faces a defcit of
almost 10% which explains the
fickering hotel lights.
With respect to combined heat
and power, India is reported to
have 3 GW of installed capacity,
with 2.3 GW being bagassebased as India is the second
largest producer of sugar cane
in the world. District cooling is far
Decentralised energy and the

smart city concept are perfect
complements, as greater use of
decentralised energy within an
urban environment will make
the power delivery system more
robust, reliable and smarter.
With predictions of over 30 cities of
greater than 10 million residents
by 2025, the transformation to a
smarter city needs to happen
rapidly.
less prevalent, although there are

some projects underway.
The report does an excellent
job of identifying a number of
the existing barriers to greater
deployment
and
policies
that can be implemented to
encourage adoption of CHP/
DHC technologies. What might
be most useful, though, is if the
current government understands
that decentralised energy is a
smart way to go and includes it

as a central part of the push to
promote smart cities.
While
touring
some
of
Indias historical sites I saw how
buildings from hundreds of years
ago were cooled with the district
cooling technology of the day
gravity-fed water circulating
behind the room walls. I also had
a chance to visit a WADE member
company, Thermax, which has
just released a highly effcient
triple-effect absorption cooler
that is being used at its factory
in a district cooling application
fred by renewable biomass.
India was once a leader in
smart city design, but it will take
much more than talk to deliver
the promise of smart cities for
the future it will take concerted
action and investment by the
public and private sectors to
make this dream a reality.
David Sweet
Executive Director,
World Alliance for
Decentralized Energy
dsweet@localpower.org
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9/8/14 2:23 PM
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9/8/14 2:23 PM
Country focus: Turkey
A light at the end

of the tunnel
The Turkish CHP sector faces tough times, but could rebound if the right energy
policy is put in place and stability in neighbouring countries can be secured,
writes Paul Cochrane.
Despite large installations like the Atatrk Dam in southeastern Turkey, the nation still imports 72% of its power
and private electricity generation has surged to 61% as of 2013
Credit: Emma Jackson
he
cogeneration
market
in
Turkey
is in fux. Overall
combined
heat
and power (CHP) capacity
has dropped over the past
decade from 15% of total
energy capacity in 2004 to
14% in 2013, primarily due
10
1409cospp_10 10
to high oil and gas prices

in the wake of market
liberalisation
that
made
CHP less cost-effective. CHP
production has marginally
increased
recently,
with
200 MW added over the
past six months, reaching
8500 MW as of August 2014,
and a further 200250 MW

is to be added over the
next year. However, recent
legislation, in addition to
delays
in
implementing
other energy-related laws,
has made CHP less attractive
in the market. Furthermore,
regional geopolitical issues
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:23 PM
are presenting Turkey with

serious energy challenges
to meet and secure rising
demand across the board.
A hard-hit sector
Cogeneration capacity took
off in Turkey from 1992, and
trebled since the turn of the
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_11 11
century to reach 6400 MW

in 2009, bolstered by 80 cities
being supplied with gas. Yet, in
the past fve years, Turkish CHP
output has only increased by
2000 MW. The drop was due to
the spike in energy prices, to
which Turkey is heavily exposed
with an import dependency of
72%, according to the energy
ministry. Indeed, natural gas
imports account for some 43%
of total electricity production.
By 2012, the government,
due to a limited amount of
gas [earmarked] for power
generation, could not afford
to promote natural gas power
plants and imposed tax
on imported cogeneration
[feedstock], which is why the
market disappeared and there
was a greater focus on local
fuels, coal and hydro, until gas
is more readily available, says
Christer Strandvall, western
Europe
regional
director
of Finlands Wrtsil, which
operates in Turkey.
The governments decision
to lower its gas import bills,
which were causing a large
defcit in the states coffers, hit
the CHP sector particularly
hard, providing incentives for
domestic energy producers
and
reversing
former
incentives to operate gas-fring
combined cycle plants.
New
CHP
investments
are also suffering from the
cancellation of the former
incentives:
custom
duty
exemption;
income
tax
investment in CHP step by

step, says Dr Fiona Riddoch,
managing director of Belgiumbased industry association
COGEN Europe. CHP has not
made ground as expected.
It shows the complexities of
[rolling out] CHP, which doesnt
exist with pure power delivery,
as delivering heat and power
brings an extra dimension to
CHP, which requires a good
policy environment through
the ups and downs, she adds.
As a result of Ankaras
policies, certain heavy oil-fring
CHP facilities have been
dismantled, and demand has
slowed for CHP projects, which
had primarily been targeted
at industrial consumers the
biggest demand in 2013, for
instance, was in the textile
sector, at 56%, followed by
paper (14%), ceramics (13%),
food (9%) and wood (8%),
according to TURKOTED.
With industrial CHP having
reached saturation, newer
projects have focused on
hospitals, shopping
malls,
university
campuses
and
mass housing projects, said
TURKOTED. However, recent
legislation has curbed CHPs
attractiveness. This is refected
in state housing operator
TOKI, which is building 100,000
new apartments nationwide
and opting for conventional
heating systems rather than
CHP. TOKI is afraid of the time
impact of new CHP integration
as it thinks new CHP systems
gas market is not free, being

under the control of BOTAS
;
but on the other hand, the
electricity market is free, so
this unfair situation is creating
uncertainties for new CHP
investments, Agis says.
Indeed,
electricity
generation by the private
sector has surged from 38%
a decade ago to 61% as of
2013, according to the energy
ministry, while just 15% of the
gas sector is in private hands.
With BOTAS
monopolising the
market by dictating wholesale
and retail prices, the price
surged by 260% in the six
years between 2004 and 2013,
according to TURKOTED.
exemption for 10 years; and

tax reduction from the total
investments cost, says Ozkan
Agis, chairman of the Turkish
Cogen and Clean Energy
Technologies
Association
(TURKOTED). We are putting
pressure on the authorities
to reactivate the incentives
but the necessary legal
procedures are running very
slow, he adds.
Such
legislative
issues
have reduced support and
will cause delays to the overall

construction
programme
of mass housing projects,
explains Agis.
The failure to implement
the Natural Gas Market Law
(No 4646), adopted in 2001,
is also hindering market
development. It was supposed
to open up the sector and
stipulated that state-owned
gas frm BOTAS
market control
currently 85% was to be
reduced to 20% by 2009. The
Market Regulatory Authority

(EMRA) as of October 2013.
However,
cogeneration
facilities are only exempt if they
have a high-cycle effciency,
which the energy ministry has
yet to establish.
TURKOTED has proposed
a draft in line with the EUs
Energy Effciency Directive
(EED), but Turkeys existing
lowest cogeneration effciency
level is considered high at
80%. We have tried to set-up
Barriers and delays

Bureaucratic
delays
have
equally
hindered
greater
liberalisation. For instance,
Ankara
had
revised
a
2001 Electricity Market Law
(No 6446) that came into effect
in March 2013, and passed a
new Petroleum Law (No 6491)
in May 2013. In addition, a
new regulator that was also to
provide a gas reference price,
the Energy Markets Operating
Corporation
(EPIAS),
was
slated to start operating in
September 2013, but has yet to
be established as of mid-2014,
and is not expected to be
operational until 2015.
Under the electricity law,
producers were exempted
from having to get production
licences from the Energy
11
9/8/14 2:23 PM
Building the Arab Gas Pipeline linking Turkey and Syria a

key link that is now blocked because of the civil war in Syria.
Credit: Euro-Arab Mashreq Gas Co-operation Center (EAMGCC)
Distributed energy is spreading in Turkey even to rural communities such

as this in Cappadocia, central Anatolia
Credit: Emma Jackson
a new regulation clarifying the

methodology of calculation of
cycle effciency, and are happy
to say that our efforts have
(recently) born fruit and a new
regulation, which is designed
in line with the European
cogeneration directive, is to be
issued by the energy ministry,
confrms Agis.
While that barrier is on its
way to being removed, another
barrier to CHP investment
is that the Turkish Electricity
Distribution
Company
(TEDAS
) and the state-run
Turkish
Electricity
Trading
and Contracting Company
(TETAS) are not required to
buy surplus electricity from
CHP facilities. Although CHP
producers can sell to the free
electricity market, connecting
to the local grid is not always
simple. To get the CHP sector
back on track and account for
greater capacity production,
TURKOTED is putting pressure
is also suffering right now

as theres too much cheap
coal on the market, and too
much surplus capacity from
renewables, which is not
helpful unless it comes when
energy is required. Gas CHPs
economic problems today are
an issue of policymakers, warns
Paul Voss, managing director
of Brussels-based Euroheat
& Power, the international
association representing the
district heating and cooling
and CHP sector.
Turkey is considered ripe
for expanding CHP to meet
growing energy needs while
improving effciency in line with
the EED as part of the countrys
long-term aim of joining the EU.
The market fundamentals
are also there, with a large
population of 77 million, some
80 cities connected to the
gas grid, and a government
goal of becoming the worlds
tenth largest economy within
the concentration of energy

needs in cities certainly suits
the development of district
heating, explains Voss.
In the marketplace, Voss

continues, a big winner for
district heating and cogen
is
probably
geothermal
energy, as there appear to
be signifcant geothermal
resources in the country, with
some 20 geothermal networks
under review and planned.
It is early days, however, for
geothermal CHP, which has
been established in the cities
of Izmir, Afyon, and Aydn, but
its total capacity does not
exceed 50 MW, according to
TURKOTED.
While
geothermal
power could provide up to
524.95 MW in Turkey once
operational, the country is
actively diversifying its energy
mix through power generation
2030, but questions are being

raised about whether this will
be achieved. Investment so far
has focused on wind power
and
hydroelectric
power
plants (HPPs), and to a much
lesser extent solar (primarily
small-scale
installations
such as solar-powered water
boilers). As in many other
countries, there
is
local
resistance to expanding wind
turbines and HPP.Local people
are against these [HPPs],
claiming that they are killing
the environmental habitat
and their income sources.
On the other hand, wind
power investments are mostly
concentrated in western Turkey
instead of [less populated
and economically developed]
eastern Turkey, says Dr Tu
ge
Varol of Uskudar University
in Istanbul and head of the
energy security department at
the 21 Century Turkey Institute.
In addition to renewables,
on the government to pass a

new Gas Market Law, which is
expected to be enacted later
this year.
Turkey is not alone in
struggling with rising gas
prices, to
the
detriment
of investment in CHP. This
is refected in the slide in
overall CHP capacity. Such a
drop means the underlying
economic fundamentals are
not right - that it is a market
failure. In the EU, cogeneration
the next decade up from the

current number 17 by gross
domestic product (GDP).
The EU is increasingly
recognising
CHP
and
district heating as part of a
broader energy transition to
a low-carbon economy, and
that is no less true for Turkey
than elsewhere. Many of the
pre-conditions
for
district
heating are there, with a young
and urbanising population,
which is a good start, and
via
domestically
sourced
lignite,
asphalite,
biogas
and biomass. It is aiming to
increase imports of liquefed
natural gas (LNG), with current
imports coming from Nigeria
and Algeria, and it is in talks
with the worlds top supplier,
Qatar. Turkey, like other EU
countries, is looking into LNG
terminals, with four ports under
consideration, says Strandvall.
Ankara aims to have 30%
of energy from renewables by
Ankara has signed contracts

to build two nuclear power
plants, yet gas-fred electricity
generation is slated to be the
mainstay of energy production,
with BOTAS
forecasting gas
demand to almost double
from 45 billion cubic metres
(bcm) in 2012 to 81 bcm by
2030.
Sourcing
such
gas,
including for the CHP sector, will
be crucial, although analysts
are not overly optimistic given
12
1409cospp_12 12
A changing energy mix
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9/8/14 2:23 PM
Energy policy in Turkey could

change now that Recep
Tayipp Erdogan has been
elected president. Credit:
World Economic Forum
the current instability in nearly

all of Turkeys neighbours. This is
warding off development and
the rollout of gas pipelines, with
Turkey a crucial crossroads,
criss-crossed
by
pipelines
and more planned that are
essential to supply the country
and further afeld.
Turkey has not signed the
required gas contracts for
2030. There is a high-volume
contract with Turkmenistan;
however, bringing gas from
there is unrealistic at the
moment. The only realistic
additional gas contract is with
the Trans Anatolian Natural
Gas Pipeline (TANAP) project
resolved, but TANAP is at a more

advanced stage, so Nabucco
is very far away and politically
driven. It is a geopolitical issue.
Meanwhile, new geopolitical

risks that have emerged on
the nations eastern and
southern borders also pose
problems for Ankara. The Arab
Gas Pipeline, which ran from
Egypt to Syria and was in the
fnal stage to Turkey, has shut
down due to the confict in
Syria, while the rise of extremist
group the Islamic State (IS)
is jeopardising oil and gas
exports to Turkey.
new contract with Russias

Gazprom for an additional
3 bcm of gas from the
sub-Black Sea Blue Stream
pipeline, starting from this
year. Turkey currently imports
14 bcm per year of Russian
gas via Ukraine (out of Turkeys
total 52 bcm per year of gas
imports), according to energy
information provider Platts.
The
ongoing
and
unresolved crisis between
Azerbaijan
and
Armenia
is a further issue. It is the
worst scenario for the TANAP
project, as any further military
confict between Armenia and
Azerbaijan may postpone
construction
and
directly
affect the energy security of
Turkey. On the other hand,
such a crisis in the Southern
Caucasus would trigger the
implementation of the South
Stream project linking Russia
with eastern Europe under the
Black Sea, predicts Varol.
Nuclear power plant (NPP)
projects also face geopolitical
what-ifs, which may push
Ankara to diversify energy in
other ways, especially as the
plants will not be operational
for another decade. One of
the planned plants, in Akkuyu,
is to be constructed by Russias
Rosatom. If the tensions grow
further between Russia and
the west, the west may knock
on Turkeys door and remind
them that Ankara is a NATO
member and should suspend
its NPP with Russia, says Varol
for 6 bcm but, compared

to Turkeys economic growth,
that amount is not suffcient
for the near future, warns Varol.
Meanwhile, the
Nabucco
pipeline, which had been
slated to provide 10 bcm and
run from central Asia to Austria,
has essentially been shelved
due to its high projected costs.
It is a race, of course,
Strandvall explains. Nabucco
is too massive and has too
many questions still to be
It is not only Iraq and Syria,

but also the Ukraine-Russia and
Azerbaijan-Armenia crises that
might affect Turkeys current
and future natural gas security
supply projects. As a result of
the Ukraine crisis, the pipeline
that carries Russian gas to
Europe and Turkey through
Ukrainian territory might be cut
by both sides of the confict at
any time, warns Varol.
To anticipate such an
eventuality, Turkey signed a
which, as Russias direct

military involvement in Ukraine
has become clearer, looks
increasingly likely.
The plant is also near
the Syrian border. Syria is
extremely unstable and there
are a lot of al-Qaeda type
terrorist organisations actively
operating in the region, so
there is the possibility that any
terror attack (in the area) may
suspend the NPP project, she
adds.
Taner Yoldiz, Turkeys minister of

energy and natural resources.
Credit: World Economic Forum
14
1409cospp_14 14
Geopolitical risk
Light at the end of the

tunnel
renewable energy systems

like wind and solar to be
integrated in the power system.
On the other hand, theres
still a lot of industrialisation
with their own cogeneration
needs,
he
concludes.
Yet, while geopolitical issues

may throw a spanner in the
works for sourcing gas, a
new energy policy is possible
following elections. A general
election is due in June 2015,
following this years presidential
election, which has seen
former prime minister Recep
Tayyip
Erdogan
become
head of state. Indeed, the
recent uptick in CHP capacity
and TURKOTED pushing the
government on CHP effciency
levels signal that while Turkey is
struggling to get its policy right,
CHP will remain a part of the
countrys energy mix.
There is light at the end of
the tunnel...Turkey is following
what is happening in Europe,
and I do see a continuation
on CHP in the future, says
Strandvall. They will follow
the implementation of the
EED within the EU and most
probably follow or implement
part of the directives in the
Turkish market in due course.
He adds that, in my
opinion, CHP is part of the
whole package, but plants
producing electricity are also
needed because there are
still areas that lack power,
and areas where the grid is
weak and daily frequency/
voltage fuctuation is causing
problems.Also, there is demand
for fexible power plants which
can operate in a peaking or
balancing mode, enabling
Paul Cochrane is a journalist

focusing on energy matters.
This article is available
on-line.
Please visit www.cospp.com
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:23 PM
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1409cospp_15 15
9/8/14 2:23 PM
Hospitals offer
signifcant potential
for CHP systems
Credit: Arke Energy
Systems
Turkeys
opportunity market
Dominated by international OEMs,Turkeys cogeneration and trigeneration sector

still offers a wealth of opportunities for developers. Indeed, the market is perceived
so positively that new market entrants are emerging, David Appleyard reports.
urkeys cogeneration
and
trigeneration
sector
is
characterised
by
relatively
small
projects.
The sector is dominated by
reciprocating engines which
generally display a higher
effciency at lower power
ratings than the alternative
gas turbine setup.
As Abdulhalik Emre Teksan,
Energy Systems Engineer at
Teksan Jenerator, explains:
Most of the projects are with
gas engines in Turkey because
typically the needed output is
below 10 MW and the desired
effciency is over 40%, so this
means mostly gas engines
areselected.
16
1409cospp_16 16
He points out that most CHP

applications in the country
have requirements of between
1 MW and 3 MW, adding: In
Turkey, due to the prices of
natural gas and electricity,
a certain rate of effciency is
needed to be able to generate
electricity a little bit cheaper
[than grid prices]. Because of
that, an effciency of at least
40% is desired and in most of
the small-scale gas turbines
the effciency is a little lower so
this is why in the Turkish market
gas engines are dominant.
That is not to say that there
are no gas turbine-based
projects operating in the
country for larger and more
suitable projects. For example,
in January 2012, Bis Enerji

selected GEs aeroderivative
LM6000-PC Sprint technology
for a 48 MW cogeneration
project for Bis Enerji Elektrik
Uretim
AS.
The
project
expanded the capacity of a
merchant power plant located
in
Bursa, increasing
the
cogeneration plants installed
capacity from 410 MW to
495
MW.
Commercial
operations began in August
2012.
Nonetheless, for the majority
of projects, gas engines
from major OEMs such as
GE Jenbacher, MWM and
Wrtsil dominate the market,
typically through a Turkish
partnerorganisation.
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:23 PM
Among the applications

using cogeneration systems,
landfll gas has proven to be
very popular. For example,
from 20062010 GE Jenbacher
received orders for more than
50 units with a total capacity of
over 70 MW for landfll gas-fred
units supplied through Topkap
Endstri Mallar, founded in
1985. By way of illustration, in
April 2009 a landfll gas-toenergy project, owned by
Ortadogu Enerji, was formally
unveiled in Istanbul. Located at
two landfll sites in Istanbul and
powered by a total of 23 of
GEs Jenbacher gas engines,
the fnal units were delivered
in2010.
With a total waste disposal
volume of 47 million tonnes
and a daily disposal rate of
about 14,000 tonnes, the two
landflls are among the largest
in the world. This 35 MW landfll
gas project was developed
as part of a national initiative
to reduce the environmental
However, he notes that most

landfll sites in the country
already feature these types
of installations. Three or four
years before, it was a little
bit more attractive for the
landfll biogas application,
but most of these applications
aredone, he says.
Nonetheless,
other
cogeneration
applications
using GE Jenbacher engines
include a 13.4 MW installation
at the Koruma Klor factory
in Derince which produces
chlorine-based
products.
Other examples include a
project for Usak Seramik, the
frst gas engine application in
the ceramics sector in Turkey.
Czech engine manufacturer
Tedom develops CHP projects
in Turkey in partnership with
Arke Enerji. Tedoms 2013
annual report reveals growth
in CHP systems of more than
30% compared with 2012
fgures. According to the
company, this growth resulted
Its cogeneration units are

supplied in an output range of
5-2000 kWe.
Ozay Kas, a mechanical
engineer
with
Arke
Energy
Systems,
explains:
Cogeneration
and
trigeneration projects have
been developed, based on
the regulations by Energy
Ministry and Energy Market
Regulatory Authority (EMRA),
for 20 years. But until 2010,
all CHP facilities had to get
a licence from EMRA, a rule
which proved to be a major
obstacle to establishing CHP
systems.
However, according to a
2010 EMRA regulation, some
organisations had the right
to construct cogeneration
systems without a licence if a
project is required to meet selfconsumption demand.
By 2010, industrial facilities
that had pioneered CHP
systems in Turkey had reached
a certain maturity, having
installed some 7000 MWe, says
Kas. However, service facilities
such as hospitals, hotels,
shopping malls, universities
and public buildings have
been shining for fve years,
he notes, adding, When we
consider that there are 1500
hospitals, thousands of hotels
and hundreds of shopping
malls and universities in Turkey,
it is clear that there is huge
potential for CHP systems.
Indeed, Teksan cites a new
law under which every hospital
impacts of solid waste facilities.

As Teksan observes:Actually,
biogas is getting more and
more popular. Before 2000 it
was a little slower, but after that
the government started to give
some bonuses for this kind of
application and these types of
gas engines fuelled by biogas
are becoming more and
more popular, as are certain
types of projects such landfll,
sewage treatment and animal
wastes.
from the completion of biogas

plant projects, mostly as a
consequence of legislative
amendments.
Arke
Energy
Systems
delivers cogeneration and
trigeneration
systems
to
industrial
facilities,
hotels,
hospitals, education facilities,
business centres, shopping
malls, sport centres, apartment
buildings,
wastewater
treatment plants, agricultural
farms and landfll projects.
with more than 200 beds

is now required to install a
cogeneration or trigeneration
system. Teksan recently sold
such a cogeneration system,
consisting of fve 1100 KVA
diesel generators and a steam
output of 400 kWth. He says:
We think that with projects like
this there will be a very good
opportunity for cogeneration
manufacturing in Turkey.
According to Kas, average
electricity consumption at
Most Turkish CHP systems are between 1 MW and 3 MW

Credit: Arke Energy Systems
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_17 17
state hospitals is 120 kWh/m2

a year, at university hospitals it
is 160 kWh/m2 a year, while at
private hospitals consumption
is some 310 kWh/m2 a year.
Given these fgures, total
annual
electrical
energy
consumption
is
around
1850 GWh in state hospitals,
710 GWh in university hospitals,
and 1250 GWh in private
hospitals. In total, hospitals
account
for
3810
GWh
annually, or 1.52% of Turkeys
total electricity consumption.
Similarly,
hospital
heat
energy consumption averages
200350 kWh/m2 a year,
depending on the climatic
conditions of the region.
The total annual heating
energy needs of hospitals
is approximately 6600 GWh,
giving a total gas consumption
of 765 million m3 per year. Thus,
hospital-based cogeneration
systems can make a signifcant
contribution to Turkish energy
security.
Industrial District (MOSB) which

houses some 115 companies
from a range of industries.
Under
the
additional
contract, the existing diesel
generating sets were replaced
by three Wrtsil sets, each
wtih an electrical output of
16,638 kWe. The total steam
production capacity is around
40 tonnes/hour at a pressure
of 14 bar. Hot water is fed into
the district heating system of
the industrial park.
Other applications
Major OEMs operating in Turkey
include Wrtsil, which in 2004
was awarded a contract for
an 84.8 MWe replacement
and extension of an existing
diesel power plant at Manisa
in western Turkey.
In 1999, Wrtsil supplied
a 54.3 MW baseload plant
to Manisa with three of its
18V46 diesel generating sets.
It met the heat and electricity
demand of Manisa Organised
17
9/8/14 2:23 PM
More recently, in December

2009
Wrtsil
supplied
equipment for the Naksan
power
plant
project
in
Gaziantep, located close to
the Syrian border.
Developed
by
Naksan
Plastik, which uses the plants
electricity and heat for its own
manufacturing
processes,
any surplus electricity is sold
to the national grid. Wrtsil
supplied two gas engines
with a combined output of
approximately 18 MW.
In 2011, Wrtsil supplied
equipment
for
another
textile company, H G Enerji
Elektrik retimi, for a power
plant project in Gediz, in the
province of Ktahya in the
Aegean region of thecountry.
Meanwhile, Turkish
frm
Iltekno partners with MWM
(now operating as Caterpillar
Energy Solutions GmbH) and
MAN Diesel, and in June 2014
implemented the installation of
a 1.6 MW cogeneration plant
for Frat University, Ilteknos third
such university CHP installation.
In
October
last
year,
operations
began
at
a
1.2 MW installation at a landfll
gas project in Malatya in the
East Anatolian region using a
MWM engine.
Osman
Nuri
Vard,
CEO
of
operator
Dogu
Star,
commented
at
the
time: Although
this
investment project, involving
installed power output of
1.2 MWe, is rather small, it is in
Thanks to Turkeys current

investment programme for
expanding power generation
from domestic and renewable
resources,
construction
is
underway on CHP plants with
a total capacity of 100 MWe,
he added. Projects like the
one in Malatya are being
planned in all Turkish cities
and are to be completed
as soon as possible. Today,
the percentage of electricity
produced with landfll gas
is 1.3% of overall power
generation in Turkey.
As noted, until recently the

Turkish cogeneration market
has been dominated by
international
OEMs,
as
Teksan notes:
Most of
the projects were actually
done by companies like GE
Jenbacher or Caterpillar, who
entered the Turkish market.
All of the packages were
completely imported from,
lets say, Germany or the USA,
and because of that the
installations investment prices
were quite high. This was
affecting the market a little bit,
scaring people off.
However, we are trying to
decrease that [cost] with local
manufacturing and we are
trying to make cogeneration a
little bit more attractive.
Thus, building on its history as
a diesel engine manufacturer
and diesel genset packager,
two years ago the company
the return on investment time is

quite good in Turkey, between
two and three and half years.
I believe that in the
coming years it will be very,
very important, he continues.
The government is aware
so it is making new laws to
increase the effciency of new
buildings, and is giving some
subsidies because of local
manufacturing for biogas
cogeneration applications. We
think that local manufacturing
animal waste [slurry] we think

will be quite attractive for the
coming years. He anticipates
these projects to have a
typical capacity below 500 kW.
Concluding,
Teksan
observes: We believe the
cogeneration market in Turkey
is just in the beginning process.
Even though there are projects
which are, say, 15 years old, I
dont believe the cogeneration
market is saturated.
Small-scale
biogas
fact of great signifcance to

our country, our region and
Malatya.
He added: Each year,
Turkeys energy imports reach
just under US$60 billion. There
are plans of further reduction
of this fnancial burden in the
future. In fact, whereas the level
of natural gas imports was
approximately 55% of all power
generation fve to ten years
ago, that fgure has already
dropped to some 44%.
launched a proprietary gas

engine
product.
Indeed,
Teksan fnalised two projects
in Turkey last year, one a
trigeneration
development
and the other a biogas-fred
cogeneration installation.
Teksan
explains:
Right
now we are focused on
cogeneration because we
think that in the upcoming
years it will be quite a rising star
in the Turkish market because
with the high-effciency engines
will be quite important.

He adds that while with such
positive market fundamentals
new entrants to the market are
to be expected, he considers
this will be a slow process.
We expect incomers to the
market but right now were the
only local manufacturer for
cogeneration systems, he says.
And Teksan points out that
there are still considerable
opportunities: Smaller-scale
biogas
applications
from
trigeneration
and
cogeneration systems will be
a very, very important issue in
Turkey in the coming years.
There will be, I believe, lots of
new installations.
18
1409cospp_18 18
A typical hospitals daily electricy consumption and production
A new market entrant
A typical hospitals seasonal heat demand and production
David Appleyard is a
journalist focusing on energy
matters.
on-line.
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:23 PM
1409cospp_19 19
9/8/14 2:23 PM
Heat pumps
Heat pumps appear to be set for a period of considerable growth
Credit: Mitsubishi
Hotting up for
heat pumps
Energy policy in Europe has been dominated by matters electric for a very long
time; even cogeneration tends to be measured by its electrical output. But heat
pumps are emerging as one of the key low-carbon technologies to lower the
carbon content of heat rather than power supplies, writes Steve Hodgson
20
1409cospp_20 20
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:23 PM
Heat pumps
eat
pumps
represent one of
the most important
technologies
targeted to achieve Europes
transition from a heating
market based on fossil fuels
(mainly natural gas-fred
boilers) to one based on
lower-carbon
alternatives.
Other technologies and fuels
likely to contribute are solar
thermal, CHP/cogeneration,
biomass/biogases, district
heating (at least partly
fuelled by municipal waste,
biomass and/or biogases)
and,
counter-intuitively,
direct electric heating. The
last option is included as
policy moves to decarbonise
electricity generation will
eventually yield low-carbon
electricity.
Heat pumps come in
several
different
types,
according to the heat source
used and how it is distributed
within the home or building.
Air-to-water heat pumps, i.e.,
those that source heat from
outside air and use it to heat
water inside the building, are
the most numerous in new
installations in most of Europe,
with air-to-air systems second.
As well as for heating, air-to-air
systems are commonly used in
Italy, Spain and other parts of
southern Europe to provide air
conditioning.
Sweden is unusual in having
a mature market dominated
by ground source heat pumps.
Sweden started to expand its
use of the technology in the
1970s, when the oil price shock
and a lack of access to natural
gas caused the government
to promote heat pumps.
Sales of heat pumps of all
types are dominated by the
domestic sector, although
sales for commercial buildings
are increasing.
Heat has emerged onto
energy policy agendas in the
last few years as politicians
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_21 21
have realised not only the

huge
contribution
that
energy used for heat makes
to CO2 emissions, but also
the inevitable connections
between electricity and heat
use. Regular readers of COSPP
have no problem seeing the
connection between heat
and power, particularly when
both are supplied locally by
CHP systems, but legal and
regulatory
frameworks
for
the two energy forms have
previously been very separate.
Buildings,
where
heat
pumps are usually employed,
are responsible for more than
40% of energy use and a third
of greenhouse gas emissions
worldwide,
according
to
the European Heat Pump
Association (EHPA). So the
scope for carbon savings is
enormous. In the UK, almost half
of the total energy consumed
is for heating, rising to over
three-quarters of non-transport
energy use. Although that
includes heat used for cooking
and manufacturing goods,
the majority is used to heat
buildings and hot water, and
to keep homes and offces
cool in hot weather all areas
where heat pumps could play
a part.
In Europe, led by the UK
with the worlds frst long-term
fnancial support programme
for renewable heat the

Renewable Heat Incentive
(RHI) several countries and
the EU itself are encouraging
the growth of renewable
and low-carbon alternatives
to fossil fuel-based heating
systems. The increased use
of heat pumps is also being
encouraged by programmes
to make buildings more energy
effcient from basic building
regulations to ambitious plans
to require low or zero-carbon
buildings in the future. As
governments across Europe
progressively
reduce
the
allowable heating energy use
per unit of foor area in homes
and buildings, heat pumps
become more attractive.
The European market

So what is the state of Europes
heat pump market? Its health is
connected, to an extent, to that
of housing and commercial
building construction, which
has still to emerge from
recession. But heat pumps
have begun to recover anyway
2013 saw the frst return to
modest growth since 2008,
and the EHPA expects higher
growth this year. Some 770,000
heat pumps were sold in EU
countries during 2013, a rise of
3% on 2012 fgures, according
to data released by the EHPA
in July. This translates to a heat
generating capacity of 24 GW
added during theyear.
The
size
of
national
heat pump markets varies
considerably, and the overall
picture depends largely on
movement in the biggest
markets, particularly Sweden
and France, says the EHPA.
Sales were up in 15 of the
21 countries surveyed, and
negative trends in 2012 for
four countries (Portugal, Spain,
Sweden and Finland) were
reversed into growth last year.
After France and Sweden, the
largest markets are Germany,
Italy, Norway andFinland.
The 2013 sales fgure is
approaching double that of
a decade ago, according
to EHPA data. Sales peaked
in 2008 at slightly more than
800,000 units, and have been
fairly steady since. More
than six million heat pumps
of various types have been
installed across the continent,
with a combined generating
capacity of over 200 GW.
Air-to-water and air-to-air
heat
pumps
dominate
the picture, with ground
source models holding a
distant third place, mainly
due to their popularity in
Scandinaviancountries.
Intervention by national
governments, rather than a
return to construction growth,
A 5 kW air-source heat pump home demonstration project in Gloucestershire, UK
Credit: MItsubishi
21
9/8/14 2:23 PM
Heat pumps
Types of heat pump
has been instrumental in

restoring health to the heat
pump market over the last year,
says Thomas Nowak, Secretary
General of the Association,
particularly
where
policy
measures affect the energy
effciency of buildings. For
example, it makes little shortterm economic sense to invest
in a heat pump in Germany
today, says Nowak, yet people
reach a presence in 100%

of new buildings and half of
refurbishment projects, says
Nowak. In a fully decarbonised
heat market, biomass could
contribute up to 30% of the total
before a large-scale biomass
import programme became
necessary, he says, leaving
70% of the market to be met
by heat pumps, solar thermal
and other technologies. This
implementation of existing
legislation throughout Europe,
and continued consistent
support
for
low-carbon
heating andcooling.
Building
refurbishment
projects are more of a
challenge for heat pumps
than new build, as building
fabric and existing heat
distribution
systems
often
need to be upgraded. Indeed,
attention to minimising heat
losses due to building fabric
details needs to be rigorous,
and the refurbishment of
existing buildings is one area
where hybrid heat pumps
can be useful. With hybrids,
around three quarters of the
total heat supplied comes
from the heat pump, with the
remaining quarter from a small
gas-fuelled boiler installed as
part of the system. Heat pumps
can work effectively even when
external
air
temperatures
are very low, says Nowak, but
building fabric detailing needs
to be very, very good better,
perhaps to burn a little gas.
Analysis carried out by
Ecofys for the EHPA suggests
that
an
ambitious
heat
pump development scenario
could cut emissions from the
building sector in Europe by
nearly half by 2030. However,
this would require signifcant
intervention into heat markets
by all Member States.
Looking more widely, the
International Energy Agency
(IEA) has calculated that China
do because of government
encouragement programmes
and a longer-term awareness
of rising fossil energy prices.
High
initial
investment
costs and short-term decision
horizons both work against
heat pumps, as do high
electricity costs.
At growth rates of 3% per year,
it would take quite some time
to see heat pumps approach
their overall potential in
Europe, which might eventually
will
include
contributions
from individual heat pumps
and those used within district
heating systems, plus hybrid
heat pumps in which little gas
is burned during particularly
low exterior temperatures.
This is a very long-term aim,
of course, several decades
ahead, although the mature
heat pump markets of Sweden
and Switzerland already show
the way forward. Progress
will depend on the swift
could reduce the expected

growth in consumption of
natural gas by half through
the high penetration of heat
pumps for space and water
heating there. The analysis was
presented as part of the IEAs
Energy Technology Perspective
2014, in a scenario in which
energy system reform gave
the world a 50/50 chance of
limiting the average global
temperature increase to 2C.
The same scenario, involving
Air source heat pumps

Air source heat pumps use the ambient energy in
outside or exhaust air for heating, cooling and
preparation of hot water. They can be installed as
compact units entirely inside or outside the house.
Heat is commonly distributed inside the house by a
hydronic distribution system or by air using fan coils
or a ducted ventilation system. Recent technical
developments allow for effcient use in almost all
climatic regions.
Water source heat pumps
Water source heat pumps use energy stored in
ground, surface or sea water. Where ground water
is easily available it is accessed by two boreholes.
One is used as the water source, the second is
used to reinject the water into the ground. The heat
pump extracts heat from the water and makes it
available for heating, cooling and preparation
of hot water, as before. Water source heat pumps
proft from particularly high effciency due to the
excellent temperature characteristics of water as
an energycarrier.
Ground source heat pumps
Ground source heat pumps use energy stored in the
ground for heating, cooling and preparation of hot
water. They extract heat from the ground by either
a vertical or horizontal collector. Heat is commonly
distributed by a hydronic distribution system or by
air. Ground source heat pumps can be operated
effciently by employing the consistent temperature
level of the ground.
Source: EHPA
22
1409cospp_22 22
high penetration of heat

pumps, would cut total EU gas
consumption by 30%.
But, to achieve these fgures,
much more effort is needed
from policymakers, researchers
and industry, said the IEA.
storage and heat pumps are

a better solution than others
being mentioned, such as
batteries. Excess electricity
generation can be converted
to heat in a heat pump and
stored, either in an insulated
thermal storage vessel or
within the building fabric itself.
The technology
Although
reaching
the
potential for heat pumps
in Europe will take time, the
process will be accelerated
as capital costs for units fall,
and this will happen as the
industry responds to gradually
increasing sales. Heat pumps
have been around for a long
time and the basic technology
is relatively mature but thats
not to say that they cannot
be improved. Nowak doesnt
see any fundamental new
ideas on the horizon, but
improvements currently being
made by manufacturers of
heat pump units are:
Capacity modulating units;
The ability to provide cooling
and heating at the same
time; and
Smarter controls.
Control is a particularly
important area, both within
units and as part of the
integration of heat pumps
within wider energy systems.
Theres a good deal of
debate in Europe about
energy technologies required
to balance the intermittent
output of renewable electricity
generation, and the EHPAs
Nowak suggests that thermal
Smarter heat pumps

Smarter controls within and
around heat pumps can only
accelerate their adoption,
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9/8/14 2:23 PM
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Heat pumps
Scotlands Inverness Marina uses an 8 kW heat pump to harness seawater

heat for space heating
Credit: NIBE Energy Systems
agrees Lindsay Sugden, who

runs the heat pumps advisory
service at Edinburgh-based
consultancy Delta Energy &
Environment. The intention
with hybrid heat pumps is
to maximise the use of the
heat pump and minimise the
use of the associated small
gas-fuelled boiler. But the
system can be controlled to
optimise costs or emissions,
and hybrid heat pumps
can also be used alongside
thermal
storage
facilities.
The term smart heat pumps
really refers to the use of
electrically-powered
heat
pumps, alongside thermal
storage again, as a demandside response to variations
in electricity fows and prices
due to intermittent generation
from
renewables.
Heat
pump electricity use can be
modulated down, or shut
down, during periods of grid
stress, with operating times
shifted to off-peak periods,

when generated heat is stored.
Stored heat is then called for
use when needed.
Sugden also talks of another
smart use of heat pumps
heat contracting by which
manufacturers supply the heat
pump to a customer at no
capital cost, instead charging
per kWh for its heat output.
Sugden concludes that
utilities have plenty of reasons
to become engaged with
the technology as an add-on
service to gas and electricity
supply, partly because of
the demand management
possibilities. Utilities in the
UK, the Netherlands, France
and Germany are said to
be studying the situation.
UK utilities are increasingly
engaged with heat pumps.
E.ON UK works with social
housing providers on heat
pump installations, while British
Gas is involved in trialling and
development new solutions,

including smart and gas heat
pumps.
Heat into the future

Policymakers and regulators
across Europe have turned their
attention to the contribution
that
decarbonising
heat
supplies can make to meeting
carbon
emission
targets,
alongside measures to lower
the carbon-based part of
electricity generation and
supply. Its early days so far, but
it is expected that heat pumps
alongside other low-carbon
heating technologies are set
for a period of considerable
growth.
Steve Hodgson is
Contributing Editor
on COSPP.
on-line.
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Case study: plant optimisation
The main airport in Milan, Italy, increased revenue from power generation
by 1.5 million (US$1.97 million) in less than a year
Milan airports
tri-generation profts soar
One of the problems with managing a power generation plant, in particular
cogeneration, is in identifying wastes and choosing the optimum production
scenario. One solution to this problem is a system in which, through energy
modeling, it is possible to monitor plant energy performance in real time and
optimise the process of power generation, writes Aleksandra Peneva
68
MW
trig e n e r a t i o n
power
plant
p r o d u c e s
electricity, heat and chilled
water for the main airport
in Milan, Italy. Part of the
electricity is sold to third
parties through the national
grid, while heat and chilled
26
1409cospp_26 26
water are only used inside

the airport. Most of the
electricity produced is, of
course, used to feed the
energy needs of the airport
and its facilities.
A large airport is an
excellent recipient for the
combined
generation
of
electricity and heat, as it
guarantees that the supply

will be absorbed with a high
level of continuity, day and
night, all year round. For the
Milan airport in particular,
co-generation is even an
important source of revenue,
as unused electricity is sold to
the market.
The simple cogeneration
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
system serving Terminal 1

began operating in October
1998. It had installed power
of 32 MW of thermal capacity
and 20 MW of electrical
capacity. In 2000 followed
an expansion of the thermal
cooling plant in view of an
expected increase in the
airports
thermal
cooling
load. The project provided
for a 25% capacity increase
in the production of chilled
water, doubling of the heated
water storage capacity, and
expansion of the heated
and chilled water distribution
network. In view of the
expected growth of the airport,
from 20012003, construction
of a new cogeneration plant
(combined-cycle with heat
recovery) began, with an
installed capacity of 30 MWth
and 30 MWe.
At present the plant has a
next-generation transformer
room, the most powerful
absorption
refrigeration
system for the production of
chilled water in Europe, and
a roadmap of investments
lined up to increase its
effciency and sustainability.
For example, two gas turbines
were recently replaced with
more effcient ones.
This
determination
to
reduce waste and increase
the ability to manage all of
the plants systems on an
automated basis led the
company to seek new smart
and sophisticated control
one 5 MWe condensation

steam turbine (TV5);
One 10 MWe gas turbine
(TGA).
Depending
on
energy
requirements, TGD exhaust
gases can be conveyed
either to two simple recovery
boilers of 16 MWth each (if
heat demand is higher), or to
a steam generator (GVR2) for
the generation of additional
electricity through the TV5
10 MW condensation steam
turbine (if electricity demand
is higher).
A
superheated
water
production unit inside the
GVR2 provides an additional
3 MW of thermal energy.
Another steam generator
is coupled to the TGC, for
thermal power of 30 MWth and
combined-cycle production
of 30 MW. Exhaust gases
from the TGA are conveyed
to the recovery boiler (REC
A) for thermal production of
16 MWth.
The thermal section is
completed by a 22 MWth
natural gas-fred ancillary
conventional boiler (CB50).
The plants total thermal
power is therefore 87 MW, and
its electrical power is 80 MW.
The plants automation
and supervision system is an
essential factor in achieving

the
operational
fexibility
required. It has adopted a
system with a distributed
control
system
(DCS)
architecture. The advanced
technology of the supervision
and control system allows a
high level of plant automation
which eliminates the need for
manual interventions during
ordinary
operation
and
enables plant operation with
a very small internal workforce.
Furthermore, the plant is
equipped with specialised
energy
management
software (EMS) designed to
increase system effciency.
Energy management
As in every power plant,
the number of sensors and
data required in the control
room is incredibly high,
reaching approximately 2000
signals which are constantly
monitored by the DCS system.
The control room technicians
constantly control alarms and
defne setup parameters for
all the equipment.
Based on the next-day
trading energy prices, they
decide
which
combined
cycle is better to use each
day. The turbines are always
set to the nominal load, as
this usually means the highest

performance. During the day
the technicians follow the
scheduled plan and manage
the electrical and thermal
request, selling the planned
capacity to the grid.
Even if the DCS was already
acquiring a wide range of
measurements, the operators
wanted a detailed monitoring
of the plants effciency, and
of the effciency of each
component. With a normal
DCS system, it is possible to
check whether the system
parameters are in a common
working range, but it is almost
impossible to understand
whether the plant is producing
energy with the correct
effciency. This becomes a
problem if revenues from the
energy sold to the grid are
decreasing. To increase those
revenues it was important to
identify system ineffciency as
soon as it happened.
Before
implementing
an
energy
management
software system the operation
manager was deciding plant
plan based on experience,
and trying to fnd the best
plant asset based on the
electricity price to the grid.
During system design, it
was proposed to use software
room technologies. Energy

management software was
one of them.
The cogeneration plant

The
plants
current
confguration includes:
Combined-cycle 1: one
25 MWe gas turbine (TGC)
and one 5 MWe counter
pressure
steam
turbine
(TV4);
Combined-cycle 2: one 30
MWe gas turbine (TGD) and
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_27 27
Figure 1. Energy production control dashboard based on an energy model
Source: Inspiring Software International
27
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Figure 2. Live diagnostic measurement working mechanism

to simulate plant behaviour

when operational conditions
vary, in a way that allows
identifcation of the production
plan that makes the highest
profts possible with defned
operation conditions and
resource costs. The projects
target was to enable the
plant operators to control its
effciency in a real-time way.
There were no proftability
targets at this stage.
The software is focused on
two typical problems for this
type of plant:
1. Diagnosis
of
system
malfunction
and
waste
detection,
i.e.,
identifying
anomalies in system behaviour
and fnding the root cause.
This problem was solved
with
a
Live
Diagnostic
software application based
on statistical deviation control
of the energy models of
the plants components. An
energy model is a transfer
function that allows prediction
of each system components
expected
output
values
based on working conditions
and operational input. Due
to the complexity of the
system, both physical laws
and
statistical
regression
models are analyzed. Process
control techniques are used
to compare the actual system
status with the theoretical
reference status obtained
28
1409cospp_28 28
by the modelling process.

Any deviation from these two
patterns identifes an out of
control status. Additionally, a
system of diagnostic reports
has been structured to allow
identifcation of the exact
cause of the deviations. This
resulted in a 3% reduction in
annual overall equipment
maintenance costs.
The
Live
Diagnostic
Measurement
uses
asset
parameters
monitored
by
the DCS system to calculate
effciency and performance
value for the system. This allows
the user to instantly check

working parameters such as
electrical and thermal power
produced, consumed by the
airport and sold to the grid,
but also to constantly check
system and component yields.
This creates an effciency
monitoring system, but the
analysis has been made easier
by creating an energy model
for the main components. In
this way it is not only possible
to check plant performance,
but there is a theoretical
value that defnes how much
the system should produce
at each moment based on
operating conditions and
system set-points.
2. Daily
production
plan
design,
i.e.,
fnding
the
production
plan
that
guarantees
the
highest
possible proft, considering the
thermal and electrical needs
of the airport and offering the
possibility of selling the extra
electrical capacity to the grid.
For this problem energy
models are used to predict
plant production and system
revenues at the projected
operational
requests
and
Figure 3. Energy production optimisation working mechanism
economic
conditions.
The
Energy
Management
Software optimises the hourly
system
setup
parameters
that maximise profts (the
difference between revenue
from energy trading and
fuel costs), respecting all
operational
constraints.
Next-Day hourly electricity
trading prices are decided by
GME (the Italian Energy Trading
Institution). Prices are input
into the software in the same
way as any other operating
condition. This provides a
daily plant optimiser, rather
than a parameter optimiser.
An essential part of this
plant optimiser is the hybrid
optimisation algorithm, which
decides the hourly setup of
the plants seven pieces of
equipment (two gas turbines,
one
steam
turbine, two
recovery boilers, one auxiliary
boiler, and one four-tank
heat accumulator system) by
considering 16,384 possible
operation scenarios per hour.
Finally, thanks to research and
methodologies for reducing
situational complexity, the
software achieved the target
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
of ten minutes for calculation

time with a standard PC.
Therefore, the
application
effectively allows the plant
operator to select and verify
the most convenient and
proftable daily production
plan in a signifcantly reduced
amount of time. As a result,
the Milan airport achieved
1.5 million in additional proft,
or an improvement of 10%.
To build this solution, the
software house used the
existing DCS to acquire the
main operating values of
the plant. The remaining
parameters related to the
gas turbine were acquired
by directly connecting to the
equipment control system.
Production models for the
equipment
were
created
based
on
datasheet
information
as
well
as
physical
and
statistical
models. After a pre-validation,
the system was tested to
verify
its
correspondence
to the customers needs
and the accuracy of its
forecastedvalues.
The remote-management
capability of the system
makes it possible to also
control the system status from
an external location, after
secure validation access. This
was used in the beginning
to check the system daily for
possible errors, and then to
offer remote support for plant
effciency management and
help operators during the
plant effciency in real time.

Visualisation of the values
is in the same place as the
pre-existing SCADA monitors.
As an economic result,
1.2 million in higher profts
was
calculated
as
the
difference before and after
system installation. This result
is mainly due to the daily
production plan optimisation,
as the system can combine
the
operators
skill
with
a simulation system that
calculates profts for every
possible scenario. Therefore,
the system also helped to
increase system knowledge,
making
the
effects
of
every change in system
management
parameters
easy to understand.
Furthermore,
Live
Diagnostics Monitoring and
periodic reporting helped
in defning loss in system
performance, and in defning
improvement after equipment
changes. For example, it
was possible to estimate
the advantages due to the
renewal of the compressor
part of the gas turbine.
Thanks to the system, it was
also possible to identify an
initial loss in performance for
one of the steam generators,
anticipating
maintenance
action to the frst cycle stop
and
avoiding
potential
overconsumption
of
the
system, estimated at 10,000
per month.
Because of the success
optimisation process.
The system is now updated
to follow equipment changes
or big changes in plant
performance.
A
periodic
reporting service allows the
customer to have a guide in
energy-based maintenance
analysis.
of this project, the company

is
commissioning
the
same system at the 24 MW
cogeneration plant operating
at Milans other airport.
Results and future

actions
The frst result is a system that
can monitor and control
Aleksandra Peneva is
Technical Sales Manager
at Inspiring Software
International.
Decentral
International trade fair for innovative energy supply
Technologies, services and

expertise for:
Decentralized electricity production, firing
systems and heating / refrigeration technology
Smart Energy
Energy distribution and storage
Service providers in the energy value chain
Informative technical
programme:
User-related Forums and Specials
Innovations competition
11 14 November 2014
Hanover, Germany
Hotline: +49 69 24788-265
E-Mail: expo@DLG.org
together with

on-line.
www.energy-decentral.com
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_29 29
29
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Gas engines
Energy balance
in reciprocating engines
Modern engines in cogeneration applications are almost always turbocharged to improve performance
Credit: Niigata Power Systems
Detailed knowledge of a cogeneration installations energy balance can help

inform the decision and installation-design process. In the second of a series of
articles, Jacob Klimstra provides the necessary background knowledge for an
installation driven by a reciprocating gas engine.
nstallations that combine

the
production
of
electricity
and
heat
are generally chosen
for economic reasons. The
owner tries to create a proft
via the optimum conversion
of fuel energy into useful
energy. It is a no-brainer
that the costs of running the
installation should be lower
30
1409cospp_30 30
than purchasing electricity

from the grid and producing
heat locally with a boiler.
For a proper decision and
installation-design process,
detailed knowledge of a
cogeneration installations
energy balance showing
the ratio of power and heat,
as well as the temperature
level of the heat produced
is required. This article offers

the necessary background
knowledge for an installation
driven by a reciprocating
gas engine.
Fuel effciency
Reciprocating engines are also
called internal combustion
engines or piston engines.
Most engines that drive
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Gas engines
90
This means that the fraction

of the fuel energy that is not
converted into work will be
available in the exhaust gas.
For the idealised cycle, the
temperature of the exhaust
gas could be 1000C in case
of a cycle effciency of 50%
and 500C in case of a cycle
effciency of 75%.
80
70
60
50
40
k = 1.4
30
k = 1.3
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Compression ratio
Figure 1: Fuel effciency of the idealised Otto engine cycle, depending on
compression ratio and medium property k
cogeneration installations run

on a gaseous fuel that is mixed
with air and subsequently
compressed by a piston
moving inside a cylinder. After
compression, the combustible
mixture is ignited by a spark
plug and burns, and the
resulting high-pressure cylinder
contents subsequently push
the pistonback.
The net result of a complete
engine cycle is an amount of
work that is transferred to the
load via the shaft of the engine.
In the case of CHP, the load is
an electricity generator. The
typical four-stroke spark-ignited
engine was invented by the
German travelling salesman
Nicolaus August Otto in 1876,
amazingly via a trial and error
process. (The story of Otto is
comprehensively described in
the book Gebndigte Kraft. )
Later, people with an
engineering
background
tried to explain the effciency
of the engine process with
thermodynamic theory. The
idealised
thermodynamic
process of the engine consists
of a suction-compressioncombustion-expansionexpulsion step.The effciency of
such a standard cycle is fully
determined by a characteristic
medium property k and
the compression ratio .
The medium property is the
dimensionless ratio of specifc
heats k = cp/cV. The value of
k equals 1.4 for standard air.
The compression ratio of
the engine is a volume ratio:
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_31 31
order to avoid deterioration of

the lubricating oil.
Lubrication is essential for
facilitating proper movement of
the pistons inside the cylinders.
It is therefore unavoidable that
heat fows from the hot cylinder
contents to the relatively cold
cylinder walls. Less heat in the
cylinder contents means that
the cylinder pressure is lower
and consequently the process
effciency is lower than in the
theoretical case. The ratio
of wall area to combustion
chamber volume increases
with the cylinder bore. That is
why large-bore engines have
relatively lower heat losses to
the cylinder wall than smallbore engines. This is slightly
counteracted by the lower
running speed of large-bore
engines. A lower running
speed means the hot cylinder
contents are inside the engine
for a longer time, and therefore
more time is available for heat
transfer.
Friction between moving
and fxed engine parts is
another reason that real
engine effciency deviates
from that of the idealised
process. Pistons move inside
the cylinders, and friction
between the piston and the
cylinder wall is the major cause
of friction loss. Other friction
losses occur in the crankshaft
The real engine process
the maximum volume of the

engine
cylinder
contents
divided by the minimum
volume. The equation that
gives the idealised effciency
of converting fuel energy into
work for the standard cycle is:
1 (k1) 100%
= 1()
Even
many
engineers
fnd it diffcult to believe that
this equation contains no
temperature
or
pressure
values at all, but just a
medium property and a
designproperty.
Figure 1 gives the fuel
effciency of the idealised
engine cycle for a range
of compression ratios. At
least in theory, very high fuel
effciencies can be reached if
the compression ratio is high
enough. In the idealised cycle,
no heat is lost to the cylinder
walls and no friction losses
occur in the moving parts.
In practice, reciprocating gas

engines hardly ever use a
compression ratio higher than
12. Much higher compression
ratios
induce
very
high
pressures and temperatures
in the cylinders, which can
lead to melting of the cylinder
material and overstressing
of the engine construction.
Moreover, compressing an
ignitable mixture to very high
temperatures and pressures
will lead to auto-ignition
of the mixture, resulting in
premature and uncontrollable
combustion
which
is
destructive for the engine. High
compression ratios also result
in higher friction losses.
Further, it is impossible to
prevent heat from the hot
cylinder contents escaping
to the cylinder walls. In other
words, the cylinder process
is not adiabatic. The cylinder
walls must be kept at a
relatively low temperature in
sensible heat 30.1%

UHC 1.6%
air in
T = 25 C
turbo
shaft energy
11.2%
T = 400 C
compressor
T = 183 C
HT-heat 6.1%
high temperature
intercooler
T = 98 C
LT-heat 3.8%
low temperature
intercooler
shaft energy 45.7%

ENGINE BLOCK
jacket water 6.5%
T = 45 C, p (gauge) = 2.6 bar

fuel energy 100%
lube oil 4.9%
Figure 2: Example of the energy balance of a reciprocating engine running at nominal output
31
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Gas engines
Turbocharging to
improve performance
Modern
engines
in
cogeneration
and
on-site
power production applications
are almost always equipped
with turbocharging, which
drastically
increases
an
engines power output. It also
helps to reduce the investment
costs per kW of output, since
less material is needed for
achieving a given output.
Turbocharging
consists
of
an expansion turbine in the
engine exhaust that drives a
compressor in the intake part
of the engine. This compressor
increases the pressure of the
intake air or, in many cases,
the intake mixture of air and
fuel gas. Since the compressor
increases
not
only
the
pressure of the air or mixture
but also the temperature, a
cooler is needed to bring the
temperature of the intake fow
back to a lower value. Without
a low intake temperature, the
density of the mixture entering
the cylinders is too low and the
beneft of the turbocharger is
diminished. And a high intake
32
1409cospp_32 32
mixture means that destructive

knocking combustion easily
occurs and that the engines
NOx
production
will
be
unnecessarily high.
The cooler downstream of
the turbochargers compressor
is
generally
called
the
aftercooler
or
intercooler.
In
todays
cogeneration
applications the intercooler is
often split into high-temperature
and low-temperature sections.
The desired intake temperature
for the cylinders can be around
30C while the temperature
downstream of the compressor
can be close to 200C. Cooling
the hot air fow to 30C in one
step would mean that the
full intercooler heat would be
available at a relatively low
temperature, while in most
cogeneration
installations
the desired outgoing water
temperature
is
between
75C95C. With a two-stage
intercooler, much of the heat
can be captured at this
desirable level.
Energy balance at
nominal output
Figure 2 (p 31) gives the
energy fows of a modern
high-performance gas engine.
There are three temperature
levels at which the heat is
made available. The exhaust
heat can be used for
producing steam. The hightemperature (HT) heat can
be used for sanitary water
applications and radiator
heating. The low-temperature
(LT) heat can be used for
space heating such as underfoor heating, and for product
drying.
Engines energy balance
is always based on the lower
heating value of the fuel
applied. Fuels higher heating
value includes the energy
that can be recovered by
cooling of the combustion
end products, i.e., the exhaust
gas, to the starting conditions
including the heat released

by condensing the water
vapour in the exhaust gas. The
temperatures of an engine
process will never be so low
that condensation occurs
inside the engine. Therefore,
the energy fow given in
Figure 2 is based on the lower
heating value of the fuel. As
an example, the lower heating
value of methane is 50 MJ/kg
and the higher heating value
is
about 10% higher, for a
starting condition of 15C.
Contrary to general belief,
the real conversion from
fuel energy to energy at the
shaft of a modern engine
can be close to 48%. This is
generally called the shaft
effciency. Many engineering
textbooks and papers still
mention a maximum shaft
effciency of 35%, which was
traditionally the case for a
typical naturally aspirated
(no turbo) passenger car
engine. In the example of
Figure 2, the shaft effciency
of the engine is 45.7%. Some
30% of the fuel energy is
available in the exhaust gas
at 400C. The available HT
heat equals the 6.1% from the
frst-stage intercooler plus the
6.5% from the jacket water.
The available LT heat equals
the 3.8% from the secondstage intercooler plus the
4.9% from the lube oil cooler.
The total sum of mechanical
and heat energy released by
the engine is therefore 97.1%
of the fuel energy. Loss due

to incomplete combustion
equals 1.6%. The remaining
1.3% is caused by heat fowing
from the engine block to the
surroundings. An engine block
has a temperature of around
85C while its surroundings
are generally much cooler.
Application of this engine
in a cogeneration installation
does not mean that the total
fuel effciency will by defnition
be 100 (1.6 + 1.3) = 97.1%.
That entirely depends on the
temperature level at which
the heat is used and on the
housing of the cogeneration
installation. (This will be
explained in an article in a
forthcoming issue of COSPP. )
Energy balance at
different loads
The energy balance shown
in Figure 2 applies only to
a fully loaded engine, in
other words to an engine
running at its nominal load.
In cogeneration and on-site
power
applications,
the
engines output often has to
be adapted to demand. As
mentioned earlier, running an
engine at a reduced output
increases the relative effect
of friction and internal heat
loss. It was the Englishman
Peter William Willans (1851
1892), the famous steam
engine manufacturer, who
found that the relationship
between many machines
fuel consumption and shaft
50
45
40
Shaft effciency (%)
and camshaft bearings. The

good news is that friction
losses relatively decrease for a
higher load of the engine. The
same applies for heat losses
to the cylinder walls. These are
the major reasons that highly
loaded turbocharged engines
have a better fuel effciency
than low-loaded, naturally
aspirated engines.
Further effciency losses are
caused by incomplete fuel
combustion and by pressure
drop in the intake over the
throttle valve that controls
the engines output. Also, in
reality the medium property
k has a value lower than the
1.4 of standard air. In the case
of fuel-rich mixtures, the k
value can be as low as 1.32,
which drastically reduces the
attainable fuel effciency.
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Shaft power (%)

Figure 3: Shaft effciency depending on shaft power
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Gas engines
output is a close-to-straight
line with an offset. The reason
for this offset is that, at zero
shaft output of a running
engine, fuel is still needed to
create work to compensate
for friction losses and to
provide the energy for the
heat losses from the cylinder
contents to the cylinder walls.
The so-called Willans line
also applies to reciprocating
engines. Fuel consumption
at zero shaft output of the
engine is about 10% of the
fuel consumption at 100%
shaft output. That means that
the Willans line of that engine
is fully known, since one can
draw a straight line when two
of its points are known.
Thus, we can easily fnd
the shaft effciency of the
engine as a function of its
shaft output, since the fuel
consumption at every output
point is now known. Figure 3 (p
32) gives this shaft effciency
as a function of shaft power.
An interesting observation
is that the shaft effciency
declines only slightly with load
in the higher range, because
the effect of internal friction
and heat loss is still very low in
this output region. However, for
loads below 50%, the effect of
internal losses becomes more
severe. The nice thing about
a rather fat effciency line in
the higher shaft output region
is that the engine power
output can vary according
to demand without severe
temperature of the engine

block
is
thermostatically
controlled so the temperature
difference
between
the
block and its surroundings
is
independent
of
the
relative shaft output. Also,
the heat to the coolant
and to the lubricating oil
will not decrease drastically
with
decreasing
shaft
output. However, the power
transferred from the exhaust
to the intake system by the
turbocharger will substantially
decrease with the shaft power
so that the intercooler heat
will also decrease rapidly
with the load. Below some
30% of nominal shaft power,
the turbocharger has hardly
any effect on the system so
that the engine will act like a
naturally aspirated engine.
The heat released in the
exhaust is most severely
affected by shaft power
reductions. This is a good
thing, since in cogeneration
installations, heat demand
variations often determine the
set-point of the shaft power.
So, if an installations heat
production can be varied
without serious consequences
for shaft effciency, economic
operation can be more easily
guaranteed.
It is therefore very important
in most cases that the owner
chooses
a
cogeneration
installation with high shaft
effciency at nominal output.
Electrical and mechanical
consequences
for
fuel
effciency.
Engines
which
have lower shaft effciency at
nominal output will have a
less fat effciency curve in the
upper output range.
If the shaft output of a
given
engine
decreases
because of a lower load, the
losses caused by convection
from the engine block and
by incomplete combustion
stay close to the same in
an
absolute
sense. The
energy generally have a higher

economic value than heat.
Moreover, a high-effciency
engine can more easily
vary its heat output without
negative
consequences
for
its
shaft
effciency.
Dr Jacob Klimstra is
Managing Editor of COSPP
Standard Industrial Boiler

Biomass & Waste Boiler
Heat Recovery System
Inceneration
Ambitermo Engenharia e Equipamentos Trmicos

Zona Industrial de Cantanhede
Lote 37 3060-197 Cantanhede - Portugal
Tel: +351 231 410 210 - Fax: +351 231 410 211
E-mail: ambitermo@ambitermo.com - www.ambitermo.com

on-line.
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_33 33
33
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Gas engines
Gas engines
in the UK
Market prospects better for
smaller systems
GEs Jenbacher J208 engine

Credit: GE
In a newly published outlook for sales of gas engines in the UK to 2020,

Dina Darshini fnds that sub-2 MWe gas engines (primarily in non-industrial
applications) are expected to enjoy the strongest growth. Cautiously
growing optimism for this market is based on favourable trends shown by
two core market drivers: spark spread and policy incentives.
he 1990s witnessed
rapid gas engine
sales growth across
all sectors in the UK,
before abruptly halting at
the turn of the millennium. It
was only in 2009 that the UK
gas engine market propped
34
1409cospp_34 34
itself up again following

this dry spell (see Figure 1).
This resurgence was driven
primarily
by
improving
spark spreads the relative
difference between gas and
electricity prices for natural
gas systems, and a new
supportive policy framework

for biogas installations.
Figure 1 also shows that the
deployment of gas engines
in the 400 kWe2 MWe size
range has increased to about
40 MWe installed capacity
additions per year, and as a
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Annual installed capacity (MWe)
Gas engines
electricity generation, have

also improved conditions for
biogas engines. In addition,
a market preference for
fexible generation capability,
facilitated by using a multiunit, modular approach, has
become more pronounced
lately.
120
100
80
60
40
Already a top 20 market
20
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
400 kWe - 2 MWe engines
> 2 MWe engines
Figure 1: Historic annual installed capacity of gas engines in the UK

Source: Delta-Energy & Environment, 2014
result this size class now makes

up half the annual market for
gas engines in the 400+ kWe
size band.
What is triggering this shift
towards
smaller
systems?
Firstly, as a general rule, we are
witnessing more favourable
spark spreads for this size

range and as electricity
prices continue to rise, small
systems which were previously
prohibitively expensive have
become more economically
viable. System specifers are
also turning to gas engine
CHP solutions in order to meet

new-build energy effciency
targets within commercial and
public buildings. New policies
like the feed-in tariff (FiT)
and export tariff, introduced
in
2010
to
incentivise
sub-5 MWe renewables-based
Perfect solutions
for CHP
As part of Delta-ees Distributed

Power Service a new global
research service which reports
on current market trends and
future sales opportunities for
distributed power systems
we are publishing a series of
reports on the worlds leading
gas engine markets. The UK
analysis is the frst of the series,
with Germany, the US, Japan,
Russia, India, China, Brazil
and Turkey following. All gas
engines used within stationary
power and combined heat
and power (CHP) applications
(with capacities ranging from
The InteliSysNT and InteliGenNT

ranges are high quality, reliable
generating-set controllers with
ideal features for CHP.

www.comap.cz
www.cospp.com
1409cospp_35 35
35
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Gas engines
replacement market expected

towards 2020.
Annual installed capacity

(MWe)
80
70
Spark spread
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2013
2016
2020
400 kWe - 2 MWe engines

Figure 2: Forecasted annual installed capacity of small-scale gas engines in
theUK
400 kWe to over 10 MWe) are

included within the scope.
But why focus on the
UK? Globally, Germany is
the leading market for gas
engines around 600 MWe
of new capacity is currently
installed per year (for systems
sized 400 kWe and above). The
UKs 80 MWe of new capacity
additions per year hardly seem
like much in comparison. But
it is not only the second most
active gas engine market
in the EU, but also one of the
worlds leading markets. And
while it is already a maturing
market, we believe there is
room for further growth.
price dynamics and incentives

indicate
more
buoyant
markets for smaller scale
projects.
For systems ranging from
400 kWe to 2 MWe, we expect
sales in the magnitude of
60-70 MWe per year by 2020
(see Figure 2). From todays
40 MWe additions per year, this
is around an 8% annualised
growth rate. A gradual recovery
from the economic downturn
is also likely to improve investor
confdence in the second
half of the decade, with a
stronger emergence of district
heating and a growing engine
The future outlook for UK

spark spreads will be driven
in large part by the closure of
old fossil-fueled power plants
and by the sharply increased
uptake of intermittent, infexible
renewable
generating
capacity. As coal plants come
offine in the second half of the
decade, it is possible that less
effcient gas plants that have
recently been mothballed
could come back online. This
will put upward pressure on
electricity prices.
With the introduction of
the UKs Electricity Market
Reform (EMR), new Contracts
for Difference (CfDs) are
being introduced to provide
guaranteed
revenue
for
low-carbon generators as
well as a capacity market,
necessary
to
support
investment in peak generation
and
demand
response.
These mechanisms will put
a further burden on grid
electricity prices in the form of
non-commodity costs.
In summary, and based
on various analyses of future
price trajectories, our overall
view is that spark spreads are

likely to improve in the second
half of the decade with
electricity prices anticipated
to be around 3.5 to four times
that of natural gas in 2020 for
commercial and industrial
users, as illustrated by Figure 3.
Policy
In recent years, the UK has
witnessed
a
signifcant
increase in the number of
biogas
facilities
coming
online
following
the
introduction of favourable
incentives. These
support
mechanisms range from the
Renewables Obligation (RO)
which
incentivises
largescale renewable electricity
generation, the Renewable
Heat Incentive (RHI) which
supports small renewable heat
producers, and the FiT which
benefts small-scale renewable
electricity generation and
electricity grid export.
However, it is unlikely that
support will increase beyond
20142015, and thus we see
the natural gas/biogas share
of the market still in favour of
natural gas systems in 2020.
The biogas share will receive
a short-term boost with the
expansion in 2014 of the RHI to
0.16
The market tomorrow
0.14
We
see
strong
growth
prospects for gas engines
leading up to 2020. In our
country report, we assess
36
1409cospp_36 36
0.1
0.08
/kWh
exactly where the greatest

potential lies, segmenting our
sales forecast by gas engine
size bands (400 kWe1 MWe,
12 MWe, 25 MWe, 510 MWe,
and 10 MWe+ capacity) and
by fuel type (natural gas,
biogas, and others).
Signifcantly, we
expect
that the shift towards the
smaller engine size class will
strengthen; our economic
analyses of the viability and
payback impacts of energy
0.12
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Electricity, Commercial
Electricity, Heavy Industry
Gas, Light Industry
Figure 3: Historic and forecasted electricity and gas prices
Electricity, Light Industry

Gas, Commercial
Gas, Heavy Industry
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Conference & Exhibition

3 - 5 March 2015
Expocentre, Moscow, Russian Federation
www.powergen-russia.com
PROVIDING ENERGY
SOLUTIONS & INNOVATION
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Over three days, POWER-GEN Russia provides a world class exhibition foor featuring
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T: +351 282 789 609
E: gilbertw@pennwell.com
Be a part of the largest gathering of global power professionals in Russia and showcase
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Presented by:
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F: +7 495 258 31 36
E: nataliag@pennwell.com
Supported by:
Co-located with:
System Operator of Russia
1409cospp_37 37
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Gas engines
Annual
installations
in themarkets
UK vs the German market
A comparison
of both
HISTORIC AND FORECAST ANNUAL INSTALLED CAPACITY (MWE) : 400KWE 10MWE + GAS ENGINES
Figure 3: Annual installed capacity in the UK and German gas engine markets
beneft size bands with more

than 200 kWth capacity (in
addition to < 200 kWth systems
which are already supported).
In the second half of the
decade, we expect that this
sector will remain generally fat
while the FiT remains in place.
In contrast, we forecast
steady growth for the natural
gas CHP market based on
improving
spark spreads
and continuing minor policy
support
(e.g.,
enhanced
UK ceased production of
the LECs, followed by a brief
period of reduced investor
confdence in natural gas
CHP systems. So, the recent
announcement that electricity
consumers will not have to pay
the replacement Carbon Price
Floor for electricity consumed
onsite and generated by
good quality CHP is welcome
news.
Thus, while not the primary
driver for natural gas-based
price spikes or slumps to

the unlikely introduction of
new and generous policy
incentives; from a drastic cut
in state funding to a bearish
or bullish macroeconomic
environment; from supply-side
push to withdrawal from the
market of key industry players.
But, at this point, our forecasts
convey what we believe is the
most probable scenario for the
UK market. There is also some
continuing uncertainty around
a much higher effciency than

stationary power-only plants),
they will be an important
feature of the UKs future
decentralised energy system. It
is hard to expect spectacular
growth for maturing markets.
However, given that most signs
point to improved economics
for gas engine systems in
the coming years, a steady
increase in gas engine orders
is likely for the UK market,
especially for the sub-2MWe
capital allowances, carbon

reduction compliance and
increasingly stringent building
regulations). Having said that,
aid in any shape or size, when
removed, can be a shock to
the system. For example, the
Climate Change Levy, a tax on
fossil-fuelled energy delivered
to non-domestic users, was
exempt for CHP owners via Levy
Exemption Certifcates (LECs),
worth a modest 0.00541
($US0.01)/kWh. In 2013 the
systems in the UK, policy

incentives still matter. Overall,
though, we are not optimistic
and do not assume that the
UK government will introduce
any further material incentives
for gas-fred CHP before 2020.
the specifcs of the proposed

EMR,
which
is
currently
affecting energy investment
decisions. It is, however, very
likely that a capacity market
will be adopted as part of the
EMR, which CHP could harness
for increased value towards
2020.
engine size class.
38
1409cospp_38 38
Sales forecasts
As
with
any
modelling
exercise, our gas engine
sales forecasts are sensitive to
changes in the boundaries.
This could range from energy
Dina Darshini is an analyst at

Delta-Energy & Environment.
More information on leading
distributed power markets
can be attained via Deltaees Distributed Power
Service.
Steady growth ahead

Since gas engines, in almost
all cases, are repackaged as
CHP plants (and thus achieve

on-line.
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
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www.powergenafrica.com
1409cospp_39 39
Presented by:
Supporting by:
Supporting Association:
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Genset Focus
MTU gensets ready for German grid connection
Rolls-Royce Power Systems
subsidiary MTU Onsite Energys
Series 4000 gas generator
sets have been certifed
as compliant with German
guidelines for grid connection,
the company has announced.
Moeller
Operating
Engineering, the certifying
body,
awarded
the
certifcation to MTUs gensets
with power outputs from
750 kW to 2600 kW.
The
medium-voltage
directive issued by Germanys
Federal Association of the
Energy and Water Industry
(BDEW) outlines the technical
requirements necessary for

connection to the nations grid.
With the certifcation, MTUs
gensets are now authorised to
feed power into the grid.
To satisfy the technical
requirements set out in the
latest revision of BDEWs
Technical
Guideline
for
Generating Plants Connected
to
the
Medium-voltage
Grid, MTU said extensive
modifcations were needed to
the design of the gensets as
well as to their protection and
control technology.
Being armed with this
certifcate puts us in a very
strong position on the market

for gas gensets, said Jrg
Mielke, MTUs head of sales

in Germany.
DBR to deliver custom gas genset for GDF Suez platform

Netherlands-based
genset manufacturer DBR
Generatorsets has announced
that it is on schedule to
complete
construction
of
a custom-engineered gas
engine-driven generator set by

the end of 2014.
The 275 kVA generator set is
to be delivered to oil and gas
frm GDF Suez E&P Nederland
BV for installation on its E17a-A
offshore platform. According

to DBR sales manager Henri
Hafkamp, the genset is being
custom fabricated due to
space restrictions on the
platform, with the air cooling
unit outside the engine room

and
heavy
components
reduced to a minimum.
In addition, DBR said it is
engineering the genset within
a single frame instead of the
usual double frame, again
due to space limitations. As a
result, the construction uses
more robust components in
order to reduce the risk of
vibration.
DBR chose a MAN E2842
E312 lambda 1 engine, which
it says has an optimum
oxygen to gas ratio, and a
Leroy Somer air-to-air cooled
generator. The genset will be
able to operate for up to 1200
hours between maintenance
intervals, DBR said, adding that
future maintenance will be an
effcient procedure due to its
stainless steel fanged joints.
40
1409cospp_40 40
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Plug in and relax.

THE ALL-NEW SCANIA GENSETS. REDEFINING RELIABILITY.
Prime or standby power? Single or synchronised installations? Whatever
your challenge, the all-new Scania Gensets will deliver everything that
the Scania brand stands for in terms of operating economy, fuel efciency,
uptime and proven reliability.
This is why the Scania Gensets are the given choice for demanding
duties in remote mining districts. Just plug in and relax.
The Scania Gensets and Scania Services a complete range of power generation
equipment and services for maximum uptime and long-term protability.
www.scania.com
1409cospp_41 41
9/8/14 2:24 PM
Genset Focus
Rental gensets to power South African mining operation

South African frm Mineral
Commodities Ltd (MRC) is to
develop and operate its Tormin
mineral sands mine project
using a feet of rental gensets
for prime power.
Genset distributor Barloworld
Power supplied the frm with
three Cat C15 gensets, two
Olympian GEP220 gensets
and three Olympian GEP165
gensets, all prime rated. The
three Cat C15 units and one
of the Olympian GEP220 units
are to provide power to the
main processing plant, while
one of the Olympian GEP165
gensets is to be used as pilot
power when needed. The rest

of the units will power mobile
processing plants.
While the mine initially
sought to purchase two
generator sets, we offered a
ROP (rental with an option to
purchase) agreement that
enabled MRC to acquire a
comprehensive suite of eight
generators
within
budget,
said John Stander, feet health
manager at Barloworld Power
Rental.
In the ROP option, as
opposed to normal rental
or outright purchase, the
customer rents the equipment,
and after 12 months has the

option to purchase the solution
at a signifcantly reduced cost.
This option was chosen
for Tormin as it allowed MRC
to avoid the initial capital
outlay associated with outright
purchase, said Stander. This is
particularly important during

the development phase of
a project, where costs are
already high, as it enables the
customer to install essential
equipment while deferring
purchase until the operation is
generating income.
Cummins Generator Technologies announces grid code-ready

alternator range
Cummins Generator Technologies today
announced the availability of their range
of Grid Code Ready STAMFORD and AvK
alternators.
The new line of alternators has been
engineered to meet global Grid Code
regulations ahead of the German
certifcation deadline and ENTSO-e
certifcation implementation, Cummins
said.
Ranging between 4000 and 18,000
kVA, the Grid Code Ready alternators are
designed to assist genset manufacturers in
meeting the impending global Grid Code

legislation rollout, beginning in Germany
on 1 January 2015 and progressing to the
rest of Europe and the world thereafter.
Cummins says it will guide customers
to compliance with dedicated customer
support teams specialising in Grid Code
technologies. The company added that,
to assist with compliance, customers
will also have exclusive access to a
certifcation modelling tool which can be
used with any prime mover when used in
conjunction with real-time practical data.
Reissued Cat gensets used in Algerian desert drilling

Germany-based Cat dealer
Zeppelin Power Systems has
delivered a feet of customised
worked with Caterpillar and its

Lafayette Engine Center in the
US to reissue and confgure
Zeppelin
developed
a
matching double-flter system,
allowing for a quick change
Additionally, air and oil flters

can be replaced without
interrupting the power supply
Cat gensets for use in an

oil drilling operation in the
Algerian desert.
Drilling rig manufacturer
Bentec GmbH needed to
power four rigs in harsh
environmental
conditions
and high temperatures. The
customer wanted to use Cat
3512A gensets, a power rating
no longer in production, as well
as requiring a special frame to
ft in their containers. Zeppelins
workshop in Achim, Germany
the 3512A gensets, delivering

16 gensets four per drilling
rig each equipped with
mechanically driven Cat 3512A
engines plus a generator,
cooler and frame. Each unit
was also equipped with a Cat
C15 genset for emergency
power. Each engine delivers
1500 kVA at 600 V/60 Hz and
the overall power output is
24 MW, or 6 MW per drilling rig.
To meet the demands of
the harsh desert environment,
during
and stopping the production.
42
1409cospp_42 42
running
operation.
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:25 PM
#POWERBRASIL
S O PA U L O , B R A S I L / T R A N S A M E R I C A E X P O C E N T E R
WWW.POWERBRASILEVENTS.COM
A LOOK AT THE POTEN TIA L OF TH E BR A ZIL I AN E LE C TR I C POW E R M AR K E T
BILLION
US
DOLLARS
IN REQUIRED
INVESTMENTS
ELECTRICITY
CONSUMPTIO
CONSUMPTION
GROWTH
520 TWh
TO 785.1TWh
AVERAGING 4.7%
INCREASE / YEAR
NUCLEAR
POWER
PLANT
119.5 GW TO 183.1GW
AVERAGING >4.2%
INCREASE / YEAR
x2
BILLION US
DOLLARS
TO BE SPENT IN
SUBSTATION GROWTH
to
TO BE SPENT IN
TRANSMISSION
LINES
GROWTH
(>50MW) UNDER
FEASIBILITY STUDIES WITH
AN EXPECTED TOTAL
OF 6.9 GW
BILLION
US
DOLLARS
MVA JUMP IN
TRANSFORMATION
CAPACITY
KM OF NEW
LINE BY 2022
RENEWABLES
EXPECTING
AVERAGE INCREAS
IN WIND, BIOMASS,
HYDRO
POWER
PROJECTS
53.5 TWh TO
115 TWh
UNDER CONSTRUCTION
WITH A TOTAL OF 3.8 GW
WIND POWER,
BIOMASS
AND SMALL
HYDRO PLANT
GENERATION
WILL JUMP FROM
FOR CONSTRUCTION
WITH A TOTAL
OF 39.4 GW
on-site
generation
will more than
NEW THERMAL
POWER PLANTS
UNDER
CONSTRUCTION
WITH 1.4 GW
NEW
HYDROPOWER
PLANTS
EXPECTED GROWTH FOR

ELECTRICAL ENERGY
GENERATION
FROM 249,600 MVA TO352,800 MVA

Source: Epe (Empressa
De Planejamento
Energetico Company)
Pde 2022 10-Year Plan Published Dec 2013
FROM 51,500 TO
155,500 KM
increase in % of total energy portfolio
SMALL HYDRO (<50 MW) GROWTH
G LO BAL P E RS PE C T I V E
TOTA L GTD COVE RAGE
TE CHNICA L MEET S COMMERCI AL
JUST CONFERENCE
In 2013,
INTERNATIONAL SOLUTIONS
FOR BRAZILIAN UTILITIES.
51
came together to
collaborate and
discuss the future of
the Brazilian electric
NATIONS power industry.
Owned & Produced by:
1409cospp_43 43
PROGRAMS,
Offcial Endorsement by:
- Conventional & Renewable Power Generation

- Hydropower Generation
- Transmission & Distribution
weve included a
world-class exhibition
- allowing utilities the
chance to talk directly
with suppliers.
Supporting Associations:
9/8/14 2:25 PM
Executive Director: David Sweet

1513 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: +1 202 667 5600 Fax: +1 202 315 3719 web: www.localpower.org
The World Alliance for Decentralized Energy (WADE) was established in 1997 as a non-proft
research and promotion organization whose mission is to accelerate the worldwide development
of high effciency cogeneration (CHP) and decentralized renewable energy systems that deliver
substantial economic and environmental benefts.
THE ROLE OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION IN THE MARKETPLACE

TO BE DISCUSSED AND DEBATED AT WADE ANNUAL MEETING &
DISTRIBUGEN CONFERENCE
The WADE Annual Meeting &
DistribuGen Conference will
be held in Westchester, New
York, US on 1417 October
(http://distribugen.org).
In
conjunction with this event,
the New York State Energy
Research and Development
Authority (NYSERDA) will hold
a CHP Expo designed for
commercial, industrial and
multifamily building owners
and managers to connect
with
pre-approved
CHP
equipment vendors and other
organisations offering fnancial
incentives
and
technical
support for the installation of
combined heat and power
systems.
The WADE Annual Meeting
& DistribuGen Conference
comes at a time when onsite energy generation has
become the focal point in
debates
and
discussions
surrounding rapid changes
to the utility business model,
conference will showcase an

impressive list of high-profle
speakers and industry leaders
who will address decentralised
energy technologies and put
them into context amid the
backdrop of fast-changing
market forces, a litany of
new regulations and rapid
technology improvements.
The
events
opening
keynote speaker is Thomas
Kuhn,
President
of
the
Edison
Electric
Institute,
the association of investorowned electric companies
whose members generate
and distribute approximately
three-quarters of US electricity.
Kuhns keynote, titled The
Challenges and Opportunities
of the Evolving Distribution
System, will address how
investor-owned
utilities
view decentralised energy
systems and the challenges
and opportunities that all
energy generators face in the
favour with regulators in the

drive to improve air quality and
reduce the amount of water
used for power production.
The impact of new US state
and federal regulations will
be discussed, as will the
wide range of improvements
in
small-scale
generating
technology and the discovery
of robust supplies of natural
gas generation at or near the
point of use, which has led
to grid parity for distributed
generation systems in many
major markets.
Of course, included in the
proceedings will be discussions
about the lingering effects of
Hurricane Sandys devastation
to energy infrastructure along
the eastern seaboard two years
ago. Studies and reports point
to the success of the microgrids
that weathered the storm and
endorse the implementation
of more distributed generation.
While some steps have been
James Woolsey will provide a

captivating afternoon keynote.
He is a national security
and energy specialist and
former Director of the Central
Intelligence Agency, and is
well known for supporting the
movement away from fossil
fuels and toward distributed
generation
in
order
to
advance our national security.
His speech, titled EnergySecurity-Resiliency - Rationale
for a New Utility Paradigm, will
focus on the role distributed
generation plays to ensure
energy resiliency and how it
will be incorporated into the
power grid to reduce load
and provide secure and
resilient power to residential,
commercial, institutional and
industrial complexes of all
sizes.
Also included on the
agenda will be sessions
on project fnancing and
project case studies, new
the cost of adding capacity,

increasing energy security
and ensuring preparedness
for natural disasters. The
dynamic utility marketplace.

As the utility markets are
changing,
decentralised
systems continue to gain
taken to improve our resiliency

to this kind of catastrophic
disaster, clearly more must be
done.
energy effciency goals and

incentives, the impact of rising
electricity prices and other
market drivers.
SAVE THE DATES
28 October 2014
Lunch meeting with the Natural Gas Roundtable at noon at the University Club of Washington,DC
29 October 2014
Global Gas Council Meeting at the Organization of American States
Attendance is by invitation only. For prospective corporate attendees please contact the Secretariat for further information:
Phone: +1 202 667-5600 E-mail: secretariat@globalgascouncil.org
This Meeting will be held with the support of the Government of Trinidad and Tobago and the Minister of Energy and Energy Affairs,
The Honourable Kevin Ramnarine, The Embassy of Trinidad and Tobago to the United States and His Excellency Dr Neil Parsan
44
1409cospp_44 44
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:25 PM
1409cospp_45 45
9/8/14 2:25 PM
Executive Director: David Sweet

1513 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20036
Tel: +1 202 667 5600 Fax: +1 202 315 3719 web: www.localpower.org
The NYSERDA CHP Expo

NYSERDAs CHP Expo will
immediately
follow
the
conference. The Expo is
designed for commercial,
industrial
and
multifamily
building
owners
and
managers who will connect
with pre-approved combined
heat
and
power
(CHP)
equipment vendors and other
organisations offering fnancial
incentives
and
technical
support for the installation of
CHP systems.
Building owners, managers,
and other representatives will
be able to speak directly with
pre-approved CHP system vendors, NYSERDA staff, and the US

Department of Energys CHP
Technical Assistance Partnership representatives about
products and services available to capture energy savings and improve the resiliency
of their buildings.
The future is now for
distributed generation. Join
us as we shape this future in
Tarrytown, New York on 1417
October 2014, at the 2014
WADE Annual Meeting &
DistribuGen Conference and
NYSERDA CHP Expo.
WADE member George Berbari, CEO of DC Pro Engineering, and David

Sweet recently co-chaired the Asia Pacifc District Cooling Conference in
Kuala Lumpur. The conference included a site visit to the University of
Kebangsaan district cooling system.
WADE AT LEADERSHIP AWARDS

DINNER HOSTED BY AFRICAN ENERGY
ASSOCIATION
From left: Pam Namai, MD/CEO, African Energy Association; Maureen

Umeh, Mistress of Ceremonies and Anchor on FOX DC News; Pamela Miller,
Esq President& CEO, Summit Global Strategies, Ltd and Chair of the Host
Committee for the African-US Leadership Awards Dinner
On 5 August, the African Energy Association hosted its muchanticipated Africa-US Leadership Awards Dinner held in
conjunction with President Obamas US-Africa Leaders Summit
to bring African and American energy sector leaders together
and to honour several of its outstanding fgures.
Two members of the US Congress, Representative Karen Bass
and Representative Gregory Meeks, were recognised for their
unfagging support for expanded trade with and investment
in Africa. In addition, two private sector leaders Benedict
Peters, Executive Vice President of Aiteo Group, and Dr James
Mwangi, Chief Executive Offcer and Managing Director of Equity
Bank Group were honoured for their impressive individual
achievements. Under their guidance, their respective companies
have become market leaders driving innovation and progress
far beyond their industries and national borders.
WADE PRESENTS AT SM@RT CITIES 2014

David Sweet, executive director, WADE presented at the twoday Sm@rt Cities Summit held from 2223 August in Mumbai,
India. The summit looked at the move of smart cities into the
mainstream as Indias new central government manifests
commitment of fnance and policy to smart city development,
deployment of smart city protocols, operating platforms and
acceptance of smart technologies as the norm in transport,
energy, development, assisted living and security in cities. Sweet
was part of the panel Smart Energy which discussed how
innovation in energy will drive sustainability.
46
1409cospp_46 46
From left: David Sweet, WADE; Sachin Jain, KPMG; Himadri Endow, Alstom;
Avinash Limaye, MPEnsystems; Parag Horlikar, Tech Mahindra
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:25 PM
Diary
Send details of your event to Cogeneration and On-Site Power Production:
Diary of events
2014
Belgium National CHP Day
European Turbine Network
Tarrytown, New York, US
Tel: +32 2 646 15 77
1417 October 2014
2nd Annual Global

Trigeneration Summit
e-mail: ak@etn-gasturbine.eu
Paul Cauduro
Dubai, UAE
web: www.etn-gasturbine.eu
Director, Cogeneration Industries
2021 October 2014
Council
Sobia Jameel
Flanders, Belgium
2 October 2014
Cogeneration Days
Tel: +1 512 705 9996
Marketing Utilities
Jrg Baeten
Prague, Czech Republic
e-mail: pcauduro@localpower.org
Fleming Gulf
Cogen Flanders
1415 October 2014
web: http://distribugen.org/
Dubai, UAE
Tel: +32 16 58 59 97
Olga Solarikov
e-mail: info@cogenvlaanderen.be
COGEN Czech
POWER-GEN Middle East
e-mail: sobia.jameel@feminggulf.
web: http://www.
Tel: +420 257327641
Abu Dhabi, UAE
com
cogenvlaanderen.be/
e-mail: solarikova@cogen.cz
1921 October 2014
web: http://energy.feminggulf.
Crispin Coulson
com/
7th International Gas Turbine

Conference
Brussels, Belgium
1415 October 2014
Audrey Krzemien
World Alliance for

Decentralized Energy Annual
Meeting & DistribuGen
Conference
and NYSERDA CHP Expo
Tel: + 91 916 498 9507
PennWell International
Tel: +44 1992 656 646
POWER-GEN Brasil
e-mail: crispinc@pennwell.com
Sao Paulo, Brazil
web: www.power-gen-middleeast.
2123 October 2014
com
Tim Chambers
ARE YOU SEEING THE WHOLE PICTURE?

You cant afford blind spots in your protection. Detecting problems early is important
to avoid catastrophic generator damage. The new SEL-2664S Stator Ground Protection
Relay is the only relay on the market that uses four individual frequency injections
to ensure ground faults are detected in the stator winding 100 percent of the time,
even during startup. By offering built-in I/O contacts and multiple communications
protocols, the SEL-2664S provides standalone protection or integrates seamlessly
into your existing system.
Dont miss a fault. Choose the SEL-2664S to protect against critical ground faults on
your stator, all the time. For more information, visit selinc.com/9cospp.

www.cospp.com
1409cospp_47 47
47
9/8/14 2:23 PM
Diary
6th Annual Middle East

District Cooling Summit
1718 November 2014
1819 November 2014
Tel: +1 918 831 9704
Sobia Jameel
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
e-mail: tchambers@pennwell.com
Doha, Qatar
Fleming Gulf
Soraya Rivera
web: www.powerbrasilevents.com
1011 November 2014
Dubai, UAE
25 Adelaide Street East, Suite 1602
Rahul Bihani
Tel: + 91 916 498 9507
Toronto, Ontario
Heat 2014
Fleming Gulf
Canada M5C 3A1
London, UK
Dubai, UAE
com
Tel: +1 416 322 6549
5 November 2014
Tel.: + 91 779 509 4721
e-mail: soraya.rivera@appro.org
Brian McGuire, Combined Heat
e-mail: Rahul.bihani@feminggulf.
com/eecf2014
web: http://www.appro.org
and Power Association
com
10 Dean Farrar Street
London, SW1H 0DX, UK
com
3rd Annual Middle East Smart

Cities Summit
PennWell Corporation
1819 November 2014
Power Southeast Asia

2014
e-mail: brian@chpa.co.uk
Energy Decentral
Doha, Qatar
Jakarta, Indonesia
web: http://www.heatconference.
Hanover, Germany
Sobia Jameel
2628 November 2014
co.uk/
1114 November 2014
Fleming Gulf
BUIM Group
DLG Service GmbH
Dubai, UAE
Block C, 15th Floor, Fang Zhou
CHPLive
Tel.: +49 69 24 788-0
Tel: + 91 916 498 9507
Building
London, UK
e-mail: expo@dlg.org
No.2115 North Sichuan Road
5 November 2014
web: www.energy-decentral.com/
com
Hongkou District, Shanghai 200081
Richard Teasdale
home-ed-de.html
Peoples Republic of China
com/mescs-2014
Tel: +86 21 5698 3073
Tel: +44 20 3031 8740
Global Media Publishing Ltd

web: http://energy4powerlive.
The Energy Effciency and

Conservation Forum
APPrO 2014 26th Annual
co.uk/
Doha, Qatar
Canadian Power Conference
e-mail: power@gmp.uk.com
e-mail: info@buimgroup.com
web: http://powersea.org/
Advertisers index
AMBITERMO
33
APROVIS ENERGY SYSTEMS GMBH
24
COMAP
35
DLG SERVICE GMBH
29
DRESSER-RAND
ELLIOTT GROUP
HILLIARD CORPORATION
IBC
MTU ONSITE ENERGY
IFC
OPRA TURBINE B.V.
POWER-GEN AFRICA CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
39
POWER-GEN BRASIL CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
43
POWER-GEN INDIA & CENTRAL ASIA CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
23
POWER-GEN MIDDLE EAST CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
25
POWER-GEN RUSSIA CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION
37
PRECISION ICE BLAST
13
SCANIA CV AB
41
SEL
47
SELNIKEL
19
SIEMENS AG
15
SIPOS AKTORIK GMBH
ARE STRAY ELECTRICAL

CURRENTS DESTROYING
YOUR MACHINERY?
SOHRE TURBOMACHINERY, INC.
48
45
YOUNG & FRANKLIN, INC.
BC
48
1409cospp_48 48
www.cospp.com
9/8/14 2:23 PM
1409cospp_C3 3
9/8/14 2:27 PM
1409cospp_C4 4
9/8/14 2:27 PM

Turkey's Light at The End of The Tunnel: CHP Market Set For Growth

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September - October 2014

Turkeys light at the

WORLD ALLIANCE FOR DECENTRALIZED ENERGY

For more information, enter 1 at COSPP.hotims.com

Palm oil plantation, Asia.

Elliott delivered a cost-effective steam turbine generator

They turned to Elliott

for innovative thinking.

The world turns to Elliott.

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September - October 2014

Turkeys light at the

Turkey country report

Turkey project roundup

Hotting up for heat pumps

WORLD ALLIANCE FOR DECENTRALIZED ENERGY

Cover photograph: Distributed

Milan airports tri-generation profts soar

Figuring cogenerations energy balance

Drivers for gas engine market growth

In the second of a series of articles on the energy balance of cogeneration installations, Dr

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | September - October 2014

Chief Financial Offcer:

Production Coordinator: Kimberlee Smith

Published by PennWell International Ltd,

Published in association with the

2014 PennWell International Publications Ltd. All rights reserved.

Subscriptions: Qualifed professionals may obtain free

Member, BPA Worldwide

f you want too much, your desires will

An initial study by GL Noble Denton

natural gas from a wide range

And hopefully the rest of the world will learn

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | September - October 2014

P.S. Dont forget to visit www.cospp.com to

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Robust Reliable Radial design

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The OP 16 is available in single and multiple

ill the US Environmental

heat loads, whether for homes and buildings

the International District Energy Association

to improve the operating effciency of some

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | September - October 2014

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Reliable power wherever you are.

Dresser-Rands Guascor custom-engineered

Bringing energy and the environment into harmony.

Contact us today to nd out how we can help you

The Americas: (Intl +1) 508-595-1700 / EMEA: (Intl +34) 943-86-52-00

Smart cities for India

uring a recent trip to

WADE recently worked with the

Decentralised energy and the

less prevalent, although there are

Cogeneration & OnSite Power Production | September - October 2014

smart way to go and includes it

Your mission: More efficiency

SIPOS Aktorik GmbH

For more information, enter 5 at COSPP.hotims.com