OTHS Pre-AP Chemistry Equations and Constants

The following symbols have the definitions specified unless otherwise noted.
g
nm
atm
L, mL

=
=
=
=

gram(s)
nanometer(s)
atmosphere(s)
liter(s), milliliter(s)

J, kJ
mol
mm Hg
Pa, kPa

=
=
=
=

joule(s), kilojoule(s)
mole(s)
millimeters of mercury
pascal(s), kilopascal(s)

ATOMS, ENERGY, & ELECTRONS

= energy
= frequency
= wavelength

=
=
=

Plancks constant,
Speed of light,
Avogadros number

= 6.626 1034
= 2.998 10 8 1
= 6.022 10 23 1

ACIDS and BASES

Equilibrium Constants

[ + ][ ]
=
[]
=

Ka (weak acid)
Kb (weak base)
Kw (water)

[ ][ + ]
[]

= [ + ][ ] = 1.0 1014 @ 25
=
= log[ + ] ,

= log[ ]

14 = +

GASES, LIQUIDS, AND SOLUTIONS

=
= 1 + 2 + 3
1 1 2 2
=
1 1 2 2
= + 273.15

1 = 760 = 760 = 101.3

1
2
2

= 8.314 1 1
= 0.08206 1 1
= 62.36 1 1

= Kelvin temperature
= Celsius temperature

=

=

= pressure
= volume
= temperature
= number of moles of gas
, Ideal Gas Constant,

1 1 = 2 2

= 273.15 1.000
@ = 22.4 1
= velocity
= density, = mass
13 = 1

THERMOCHEMISTRY
=

q = heat
m = mass
c = specific heat capacity
T = temperature

= () ()

=
=
OTHER FORMULAE
= |

| 100

= (

) 100

SIGNIFICANT FIGURE RULES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Non-zero digits and zeros between non-zero digits are always significant.
Leading zeros are not significant.
Trailing zeros are significant if a decimal point is shown.
In scientific notation, all digits of the coefficient are significant.
In a logarithm, there are as many digits after the decimal point as there are significant figures in the original value.

ACTIVITY SERIES FOR METALS

Magnesium
Aluminum
Manganese
Zinc
Chromium
Iron

React
with
steam to
form H2
React
with
acids to
form H2

Cadmium
Cobalt
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Silver
Mercury
Platinum
Gold

These rules are written by priority, top to bottom. Rules higher in the list
override rules lower in the list.*Of note: Examining several sources will yield
several slightly different sets of solubility rules. For our work and assessments,
these are the only rules to consider.

React
with cold
H2O to
form H2

Will not
dissolve
in simple
acids

Always Soluble
1. alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+) and NH4+
2. NO3 , ClO3 , ClO4 , C2H3O2 , CN , HCO3

Increasing Activity

Lithium
Potassium
Barium
Calcium
Sodium

SOLUBILITY RULES FOR SALTS

Generally Soluble
3. Cl, Br, I except when bonded to Ag+, Pb2+, Hg22+
4. F except Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
5. SO42 except Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+
Generally Insoluble
6. CO32, PO43, S2, SO32, C2O42, CrO42, Cr2O72 except Rule 1.
7. O2, OH except Rule 1.
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ are slightly soluble.