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    Copyright:

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    24 views12 pages

    Bourdieu Forms Capital

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    parinde2
    Bourdieu Forms of Capital

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education EDITED BY JOHN G. RICHARDSON © ‘GREENWOOD PRESS [New York # Wasp, Commezut © London <7 Congr Cat a aetna wt sy mec re ln topo» iat ga rsh i aan 50 he: ok pe) Hc © 186 nO Redon Seo not ara Cy Ca ee 8. Contents Intron Join G. Richardson Parl History and the Socal Origins of Eduction 1 Social Origa of Eaton Systm Margaret 8. Archer 2. isrialSequeces and the Origins of Common Schooling in the American Sts Joh G- Richardson 4 Would Culure snd the Insitaton! Development of Mass Easton ok Bol aed Prancaco 0. Ramirez Part Socialization Processes and Educational Outcomes 4 Family Poston, Peet Inunces, and Schooling ‘Alan €. Kerctotf 5 Claszoom Suture and the Social Consrstion of Ability Cart Ht. Simpson und Susan J. Rosenboliz 6 initetonal Case Strctures and the Socal Construction of Abily ames E, Rosenbaum 17 Sposa Eduction and Sci Control Cat. Milt 65 os m 20 Tewmison and Repodsion Jobo, Ral. UnpopularRdwatin: Scholng and Sova Demaracy In Eland Kine. and A H Hays Famer and dole Baton New York: Oto amiga, U Mod nif Pedagoi Processes, Stok: Suck ase Beaton, Department of can! Ret 1977 Moore, R “lun nd rato: A Gerave Mel” .D i, Univer ‘of Lnioe, 1983. Paso, The ol Sytem. Lot: Rade & Kegan Pal, 1951 wt School Cla Secl Stine Some oH Fanctosin Amsian Sila" Harvard Edueationl Ree 29 (1959, 297-318 anon, Teal. Fon Socalaaton an eration Pro Glen, 1 The ‘ak, Sal Safin and laura Diora: A Selling Ane of Giasrooma, Stata Siskin CW, Gl, 1 ‘Sub. Me Toning nn Tallin ASoctngtc Aeon fo Cason Ine ‘tee Froese Claro Recrch, eed by G. Chara dS, Dit tot, Sigh gn Natal Roto for etonelReeuhn Egan Subs M. and 5. Delamont, ok, pleat n Claroom Obseration, Lon ‘at Wiley Son, 1976 “Tyke, WB. The Sect ofthe Schoo: A Reve. Carb: Repo Series of the Testers Co, 1982 nortan, Fs nd Code: A Method ny into Brnsin's ‘hey of EdeaionTemamisions.” PD. i, Uist f Kes, 1984 ‘Water, We The Selgy of Tesh. New Yo oka Wiky Son, [932 Wills Pa ean o Labour. Fubogh, rad: son Howse, 177 Yoang, MLD ed. Keowee and Coir: New Drow fo he ovo of Bd ‘cation oni Colle MiMi, 157. 9 PIERRE BOURDIEU The Forms of Capital ‘The social word i accused history, and if Hf no 0 be reed fo 8 Aiscominoows series of iastetaneos mechanical equilrla between ages who ‘se teated a nrchangeable prices, one mast enrodie nto ithe notion ‘capital and with it, accumulation and alle effete, Capital accumied labor (nis mutralize form or its incorporated,” embodied form) which, ‘when appropriated ona pate, Le, exclave, basis by agents or goupe of ‘gets, cables thm o appropiate sacl energy inthe for oft or Ivng Ino. Ii sina, a force ire In obetive o subjective statue but is aso afer int, the pip ederyng the inane regulates of the social word his what mes the games of ssity—ot eat, the een ‘game somethiag other tan spe games of chance offering at every moma the postiity of mre, Rout, which hols cu the open of wining ‘Tt of money in a soe space of time, and therefore of changing ae 0 stuusqus-istanancousy, and in which the wioning of the previous sin of the wheel cane staked ad iot at every new spin, gives ay accurate image ofthis imaginary universe of perfet competion or pit euaity of oppor. ‘unity, a world witout ier, witha accumulation, witout bert or ac «quired proper, a which every morn is prt independent te previous ‘ne, ever) soe has a marshal’ ato it is knapsack, and every peize can te atied,instmancusly, by everyone, so tht af each momeet aaj en becom anything. Capital, which, ime objected cred forms, takes time to aecomutte apd wich, as poteatleapecty to produce poi an reproduce ielin ential or expanded frm, coms tency to persist in it being, ia fore inscribed in the objctiviy of things a0 that everyting I ry is “anne api arr Kap ies Kapitan Sie ites We, Smee ly Reid Ral Gnesi Sets 2190p. 98M pt bg 2 ‘raisin ahd Repco ot equaly posible or impossible, And the ruc of the dnibation of the (iteenc es and skype of capt a a gten moment in ine represents the immanent srctre of he seal Work, Le the sof consis, isi in the very tai of hit word, which gover it fonctioning in a Gurable way, fcrmning he chances of scons for patie, Trin fa imposible to secant rte etuctire and functioning ofthe soci ‘word uns on eintodboes capital nals forms and not solely in the one Form ecosized by exnomi thor. Economic theory has allowed 1 be aed tgon i deteton of the economy of rts which isthe sri invention ‘taps: and by eecing the anivere of exchanges to mercantile exchange, ‘which objectvely ad sjctiney ered toward the masimtzation of pot, pecconomictl)sefineresed, bas imply dened the other forms of Crchange as nonecoomi, snd therefore dered. In patil, it dives nite hoe foros of eachange which easure the ronsbuantation thre the most mil types of eats those which are esonomie i he ‘Rood seen presel hesctes inthe immarerlfor of cull epital tr sock capital and vise ver, Irs, in he rested seme itis given i eon heey, anna e poced without producing is negative comet, Uisinorestedness. The elas of pracies hove exp purpose i fo maxinine Inonearypoft ‘cannot be defined a sich Wiest profucing tke puposless foal felt oars prises and heir rds the word of Pourzenis tan, ih is doubeenty accountng, caaot be invented without produing the pure, perfect universe ofthe att andthe ftlectual and the grains ‘vis of arora’ sake and pare tery. In other words, the eonsiaton (ta slege of ecanle relationships which, tasmch as iakes or granted the very foundations ofthe der it clas analyze—prvate propery, pot, stage aborts nol even a seen ofthe f economic prdocton, has Preveriod the contituion of + enual science of the economy of practes Thick would wear merce exchanges pricular case of exchange in all. its forme, ‘eremarkable thatthe paces nd ase thus salvaged frm the "iy water cof eg eaeulation atom scence) fe te rua ronopoly of dhe hominant clay—as if econorism hal Boon able to rece everthing 1 e0- fomics only besa te reduetion on whi tat discipline is Base posts fPomsactlegionredstion everything which ness toe roseted.Mesonomis {leak only wit pratios tat have marly economic interes a hei rine “in oly wth goods that are del and immediatly convertible nto ma0ey {Gien mates them qntal), then he users of bourgeois production and ‘change tocomes an exception tnd can woe Hef and preset isl a a eam ft inmecestednos, Av everyone Knows, piles things have det pice, a the extme difisalty of comeing cern practices and certain objets imo ‘money i only de fo the fot that ths conerstn is fused inthe very intention {bat proces them, which sting ther than the denial (Verein) ofthe ean. A general since ofthe economy of paces, capable of reappo “Te Form of Co 26 ‘iting the oaliy ofthe practices which, although obetvely economic, ate ‘ot and cannot be soilyrecopized as ecooomic, nd which an bo peforme ‘aly athe cost of whole aor of dsnulaton or, moe reise euphem ‘ean, most endeavor to grasp apt and profit nal ei forms anda establish the we whey the different yes of cap (or power, which smut othe same thin change ito one anther ‘Depending on the fel in which I funcsons, and atthe cost of the more ot Jes expensive tafomations which are the precondtion forts efeny inte fe ia gueston, capil can poset self ines fundantal gus: a eo omic capital, whch is immediately and dietly convertbe ino money and Ima be institutionalize inthe form of props igs cular capa, which is eonverible, on ceri conditions, into economic capital and my be is ‘ionalzed in he form of eductonal qualifications; and as socal apt, made ‘of soca obligations (“eomnectons"), whichis convertible, in cetain con ‘ions, int esonomic capital and may be Instone in the frm of 2 ie ‘ot wabilty? ‘CULTURAL CAPITAL, Clue capital can exist ee forms: in the embod at, i, i he form of long-stig dispositions ofthe mind and body: inthe objected se, ‘nthe form af elt goods (pcre, books, dios, isrumeats, ma hes, et), which are the tae of realization of thores or crngues of hese Theodes, problems, and inthe ntlntonalzed sa, a form of bio tiation which mast be st apart Beause, ab wl be see in the case of ed ‘ional gusificaions, icone ccrey original properes on theclturl capital Shichi presumed vo guarantee, “The reader should pot be misled by the somewhat peremptory air which the ‘fot at axiosizaton may give wo my argument. The nation of altura capa intaly presented itt to me, in the couse of research, a a there y= pels which mado i possible to explain the unqual sebole aciovenent ‘OF chen rgiing from he diferent social clases by relating academic fcoes, Le. the specie profs which children fom dhe ferent clases ae ls fractions can aan inthe academic matt, the dstibaton of ela ‘opt eeween the less anc clas fuctons. This ating pot ple ares ‘vith the presuppostions iaerent oth inthe commonsense view, which sos Academie tees alr aban fect of natural apes, and is hua capital theo. Eoonomisis might seem to deere erat for expiily rang the ‘iestion ofthe reltionshi tween theres of profit os eduestonl invest {nd ecoooie invest (and is evlutoa). But hee measure of the Yield from sca ivestmet takes acount only of monetary investments {nd profs, or those diel converble ino mane, sac te cot of sehool- ing nd th cath eguvaen of ine devoted Lo ta they ae unable to exphin the diferent proportions of thi resources which deren agents o fret au “esmion and Repedon social aes loa to Economie investneat and cultural investment beease {hay fu oaks aptemate acount ofthe srt of the differential chanes fof profit which he various markets ofl these agents or clases asa funtion rine volume and the composition of ter aes (Ge esp. Becker 1964), Fastheamoe, becuse they telet to rie scholastic ivesiment statis 10 the whole ot of ectona srtgies ant te sysem of repduton sat tie, hey Invi, by anccessary paradox, tsi the best hiden an scily ‘fou deceit edocatioal investment, rely, the domestic ansmison of ‘al eapital. Thr sis ofthe elaonshipbotweenaeademie ability and ‘Eadcctvesnet show th dey re sraware that ability or enti ell ‘he prac ofan nvestient of tine ad cll capital Bosker 196, p. 63 (5) Not suing, when endeavoring t evaluate the profs of scholastic fnvesuneat they eat only consider the pofiablity of educations expends ‘evucay isa whol, the “soil ate of eur,” or thesia gan of eduston {case hy in ects on nna productivity (Becker 1964, pp. 12, 155) This pally functional desiio ofthe fenton of eduction ignores the comtibton hich the edstonal stem makes to the reprodection of he foci scr by saniioning the heetary tarsision of ula ait om th very begining definition of human capital, despite ts humans omnis does to ve beyond economist a gnoes, inter ai, be et Atari sefuiste yiel ro elation acon depends onthe cultural capital previously invested bythe family. Mooover, te economic an social yell of THe cduatonlqaliaton depends op the social capita gain inherited, which fan be used to back iu. “The Embed Sate, Most of he properties featur capital can be duced from the ft thn fndaenia stat, tis ke tothe body ad presupposes Condiment The acculaon of ella capital nthe embodied ste, i, {ne fort what scaled cl, culation, Bildung, presoppoves proces tem bodiment insorprtion, which, astra tiple abo of nelson {ha tani, cows time, tne which must be lavested personal by the vest Lik the sequin of a scar pysigd ow suntan, icant be ‘done at second and 0 that ll effects of delegation ae ruled eu). "The work of acquis s work oo oocsl (lfimprovemen), an efor that prewuppnes a peronal cos (om po de a persone, as we sy in ene), a [vest above al of te, bu lio of ta soll constted form of 1, iid selend with alte pvaton, renunciation, and sacrifice that ¢ may al follows tht thes inexact of a he mesuresens of altar capital fre those whic fake a thei tnd he Tenth of acausion—a0 long, of furs, this ot ebuce t leg of schooling apd allowance is made foe ‘Say domestic edueaton by giving it «positive vale (agai in time, a Head ‘tn or negative vale (vated Hime, abd doubly so bens more te mst te spent coneeting ie effets), according tits distance from the demands of the scholastic market.” “Tis embodied capil, external welh conver ino an integral part ofthe ‘he Fo of Cia us rt, en ee! nme se, Fer) apo gr Rec saacucoegeae ey eda totems fre oes femal cp, wh yo ee Tera mane yas atc cope street ot ep) pe eonemnyrengerennereererenrs nto eta ete eat neu Teele cate eel we sng iets Sh mc Sle ‘ltt ac obo ent en lg ANS RS ee, SUIS Sey areal! ely ees shat pute tin aaron cay eis denn tetera 9 coos cesar ns Polder keer enero tetera eiis dca ese rate moa eee ae Seg cognate, Gace een Sore tofoer shri op wt vse tay iota Et Ey eon sores SPORTS fal ad eres carer ene pepe pctv Sd SR Tales Tl a Pet pe iP te seer ea ls I STS a Sea Tipe Fa ter guts cpr lgupenplet sede ape ile aa aly tg aa erp aban thckk Come ly Sn ake ies at Sates aaa ie ae Sechaba Tamale eee repre pts pcas Seca ria ect ee eas SASS ne Tea Tie ea SS See cece soe ves ah tea datos sea Shite faa nae ena tag dagen sec betin es te ca (at een sc is epen oSeryr Santa peresoc™ Tra og eo ewe of rie int sci ttl ie Uh ae rere waranty € us raaisin andReeion the accumulated and objstively available sures; ond the relationship of “yepration fewecn an agent andthe resorcescjcetvely avaible, an hence ‘he profs they proce, i meditd bythe relationship of (objective andor ‘bjgetve) competion between himself andthe oer possessor of capital oenpeding for tr same goss, in which Scariy—and though seal value ‘ene The src ofthe fl, be unequal dstibaton of apt, isthe source ofthe apo eets of aptly the appropriation of pris the poet to impo the Lvs of fincioning of the fed most favorable to ‘ital ad is reproduction, But the mast powell aie ofthe symbole effscy of cura capita dob Henin the Logic of is tnueson. On the ane and the process of Sporting objected cular capital andthe time necessary for iw ke ‘ce mainly depend onthe cutie expt embodied inthe whole famiy— {hough among ober things) the gobealized Amow effect and all foes of mpi tasmission” On the ofr hand, te inal acumation of cura Capitals the pectin for the ast easy accumsan f every kindof uefa Cattoralcapl, Sars at the cust, without dey, without wasted tne, oly forthe offspring of fais endowed wth song cults capital; inthis eave, the accomulaton period cover the whol period socialization follows hat {he eanmison felt ep no dou th best hide fn of seta trasision of api andi therefor receives proportionately greater weight Inthe system of reproduction stargies, ws the det visible forms of was Iission tend tobe more tony oetsored and cool Tr ean immediately be sen that he ink Been economic and cul epita is established trough the mediation af he ie needed for acquis, Die ‘hoes in the curl eapital posressed bythe family imply ifferences fist in {hong at which the wor of anssion snd accumulation bepns the inking {ene being fll ye ofthe ine biloiclly avaiable, with the maximem fee fie being hares to maxim curl eaptsl—and then ithe capecity, ths dined ost the special cata demands of prolonged proses ‘Ot negiion, Furermore and in corelaton with this, the length of time for thc given individual can prolong his sequen process depends on the Teng of ine for which his family ean provide him with the fee tie, i time fe from esonomie necessity, whichis the precondition forthe ital ‘etiulation (ine whish can be ealotd sa handicap tobe mae op) ‘The Objeiied Se. Call capita, 9 the objid sate, tas a vomit ‘of properties which ae defined only i the elatnship wit cla capital in Serbo form, Te cual capital objid in ater objets and medi, fh as wing. paling, monument, stents, ee. ensmisibe it ‘tammriiy A collection of panting, for example, can be tansnited es well, {Sccooomic capital i not beter, becanse the capital tanser is mote igus, But what is ransmisble is egal ownership ad not oF moe acess) wh onsite te precondition for specie appro, marely, the oSseson he ors af Copia Pa ofthe means of “consuming” pining of wing a machine, which, being ‘hing ert mtd apie, se sub the sue ws of ens.” “Tt cultural goods canbe appropriated both rater which pesoppeses sono capitaland symbolically —whik presoppses ultra capil I fo lowe tate owner ofthe mes of production mus id away of appropriating citer the embodied etal which ithe prcontion of specie appropriation ‘tthe services ofthe bodes of his capial. To posts the machine, he oy ‘eed economic cap; to appropriate hem and se them in scarce wih their specie purpose (fined bythe cata apt, of tieatie or tee ‘ype, tcorporto in them, he mast have accesso embodied cultural capita, citer in perc oe by geo. Tis sno doubt the bass of the ambiguous tats ‘of cares (erection an engines). Ci is emphasized that they are notte possesion (i the suey economic sense) of dhe mens of proton which fey wee and that they derive poi fm tsi own cultural eaptal ony by teling the services apd products whic it makes posible ten they wil be Sted omong the domkned gros f emphasized that they ea ie profi from th se of partulr form of capita, hen thy wil be classed tmnoag the dominant groups. Berthing sugges tht asthe cultural capita Iowan inthe means of proton inreses (and with ite period of mniment node fo tale the means of appropriating, 0 the collacive tong of te bolder of ella pil would tend to ncese—if he hoes ‘ofthe dominant ype of epi economic capital) were aot ale to sate hades ‘ot carl captain competion with ove another. (They are, morsove, inlined to competion bythe very conditions in whic they ae celected and waited, in ‘ticular bythe loge of scholastic and reratmert competitions.) Cultural capital nits objec tat resents il” wih all he eppearnees ‘ofan atonomous, cere universe stich, atbough the product of soa ‘ton, ite wm a, ransening iid wil and Which as tbe example ‘OF language well state, herctore remains teocble wo Ut which each "gent, or cven the aggregate ofthe ages, eas appropriate (othe eat Capit enbodled each agent or even in th aggregate ofthe gas). However, isl got be forgten th it exits as sjmbalially and matrlly active, fhlestive capil only ianfar as ts appropriated by agents and implemented nd invested asa weapon ad wake inte stragals which go on in he ls ‘cultural proton (he atte ld, te ssc Rld, et.) and, beyond them, inthe fi ofthe sol clser—-sgles in which te agents Wield "tenga and obtain pros proporioate to their mastery of this ebjetified ‘i, and there to the exteat of her embodied capital” "The instuonalied Seat. Te objeticaon of cultura capital in the form ‘of acer qulifcations i one way of retazing sme of the properties it ‘eves from he fact tha, being embodied, it has the same biological init a its toae, This bjcinton i what makes th diflrenc between he capital ‘ofthe aot, which muy be called into question at any ime, or even the ue Train aod Repacin calor capital of he cout, which an yield oly iin eos, of uc fusing valu, in the mire of highsoctty exchanges, and the elt capita ‘avery sinetioned by legally gunned quliaions, formally inde- Pendent of te pero ofthe bearer Wi he arademicqualicaon ceria {featrl compotsce which confers on is holder a conveatonl, constant, Tegal uarntnd valve with spect to cut, social lem produces fem ‘of ell capital which has «aie anon vis bis ts Beare al even Sis tee apa he tecively possess at pen moment nine Tinsttes cla apt by cole magi, js a, according wo Mee Pong, the ving insta thelr ded Rough te tal of mouriag. One bas only Yo think ofthe concours (competitive receulinetexasinain) which ot tf the contin of ifiteinaldifleences between performances, profes ‘arp avo, ltng ferences, such s tht whch separates the ast su essa candde fom the fis unsuccesfol one, and insites an essential Aleence between the ofetalyresgnized, guaranteed competence and simple Cala capital, which i constant requ o rove ial Tn this case, one cs clay the pefommative magi ofthe power of institing, the power 0 ‘how forth od seu bli or, in a wor, 0 impose renga, By confeng isitional recognition on the cla epi possessed by any given aget, the seasemiequlifetion also makes i possible vo compare ‘Qfcain holders and even to exchange tem (By beating ove for another in succession, Furthermore, it makes posible to esalish conversion rates ‘tween cultural capital and economic capil by guaranteing the money value of given academic eat” This prodet of to conversion of economic anita int cultural apt eases the vale, i terms of cull cap, of the bolero given qalifetion relive to oer qualicaon bodes and, by the sme toe, the monty value for which can be exchanged onthe Lbor rahe acm investment has no eaning ules minimum depres of r= ‘erst ofthe comveron it plies sobjectively gurantee). Because te ‘material end symbole rots which be acsdemic qualicaton guarantees aso ‘depen ssa, tho vestments made (i ine and efor?) may tan ot tote fs profile dan was antefpad when thy were made (lee having been a defacto change inthe conversion rate Bete acadesic capital and conomic capil) The segs for cooveringceonomie capital nto ula pital, which ae among the sorter facto ofthe schooling explosion and the inflation of qulications, are governed by changes in he suture of the hanes of profit offered bythe dle types of capital SOCIAL CAPIFAL Social capital isthe agreat ofthe atl or pose reoures which ae linked to possession ofa domble network of mor oles insittonlized re Iationsips of mata asuaatance and resin —or nother words, 1 mens ership in u group!"—-wich provides each of is members wit the backing of “Te Foe of Cai a9 the colletviy-onnod capt, “code” which ents them tre, in ‘the varius senses of the wor. These relations ay exist ony nthe praca ste, In matrl andr symbli exchangs whic op to matin tem. They ‘may alo be soc insted and guaranteed by the application of @ common ‘ube (he nae offal, als, or be o of sceel, part, and bya whole set of isting cts designed sraltneouly 4 form a inform ‘hose who undergo them inthis eas, they are mere oe Is wally enacted st semaine and tifoced, inexchanges, Beng bse onndisolbly material td symbolic exchanges, the esablstmeat and mantnance of which presuppose ‘eacknowledgient of roxio hay ar also pally edb to objet "lan of imi i phys (eogape ps or re in como ad social space "Te volume ofthe soil capital posssed by a given agent thus depends on the size ofthe network of conecions be et efetvely mobilize and on the ‘volume ofthe capital (économie, cultural or symbolic) possessed in his own Fight hy each of dst who he coated.” This meats that, although it isralativeyiredeibe othe coonomic and earl capital poseaed bya ved get, oF een bythe whol sto gems o whom he connected soe capita ‘Snover completly incpendet oft becuse the exchanges instituting mu scknowledgent presuppose the rescknowledgmest of «minim of ahectine homogeneiy, and beau it exerts multiple effet on th apt be possesses im bis own ri, ‘The profits which acre from membership ina group re the basis of the solar which makes tem possible." This does at mean that they ae com teil parted such, eve ate cae of groups ike select lobe, which ae Aeliersy organized none o concentrate nail apa and 0 to drive fll, hone fo the mule efactinpled in coacontation end to ssc the profits of membecsip—material profits, sich asl te types of sevies acing from useful relaonsipe, and symbole pros, such thse derived frm assiton with arate, prestigious group. "he exsenos of atetwerk of costetons i ota astral given, o eve 3 social sven, costed once and for al by an inal ato insti, rep send, inthe as ofthe family eroup, by the genealopal definition of kinship rons, which the charter o social Formation. tis he prac of cndieseffor at instition of which institution tes —ofen wrongly descibod sof pastago—mar the esata mami and which is nosy nore to prodoce and reproduce lasting, useful relationships tat can scare material ‘or Symbolic pos Gee Boule 1982). a ther words, the network of tl tosis i the prodctof investment sates, indo cllecive, com ‘ciously of unconsciously ined at extabihing ce reproducing soll reltion- ‘hips tht are deety unable in th shor long te, i. at bansorming comingent relations, such as Hose of eighbrhaod, the workplace, oF even ship, Ho relationships tht are at ence neers and elective, implying drble obligations subjectively et Ceaings of grtude, espe, enship, 0 ‘Toamision and Repedcion ct.) ot insonally gure ght) Thi done row he ashemy of ontcraton, the yb consten posed ysl nto Gaston ‘Sr wnive™troder, se, coun, or igh an, am elder, Si} in cienly reproduced in and hgh he exchange of, wor, Sfomen, ec) wich encourages an! which presupposes and produ rial Trowiedge and eogsiton, Exchange tansforns the things xchange ito sgns ‘frecopiion and hough te matelecognton a the recognition of rp Srentp nich inp, reduces he group. By the sane tke, i taf de mit of te poop, fe Kits beyond wich the conse {rehangesad, commensal ce uaring>—cant ake lass. Back member ‘tthe pou ths tude 3 cstian of he its ofthe group: Bease {he dln of nce ey a tak a ech new ey, be em sy the gop by moating then of lpia xchange ough ome form of Ielince In qe Tpi th, in mos sci, the preparation and can ‘Toon of marae sald he hs snes ft whole go, and mt ofthe ‘ome daly conered. Thro the insodoeton of new members io & {Hny, cn, ora cb he whol enon of he soup He Aes, ound and tse spt sake, exposed wo redeinton, alteration, ‘Saterton, Whe, a in edrn sce ames fos the mop of te ‘Siublahment of exchungs whi can Fad sing rations, wheter SScaysonconed ike marge) rt hey ay contin fo con tee ‘Sena ealing win te Togie of Taser fae, cough al the ttn which re designe feo legiumae exchanges and exe le fms oes by producing ocsions ais, cae, hunts, pre, espns, Eee) places Gna nlite, Slt schools, cis, ee), of pase ‘Soon par Eanes, clu esmenin et) which eng ete, Seerangl Frits vay individuals homogeneous as posible ll he etx ech tems fee enc of The prean of sacl ea pesipone at unceasing fo ssi big aconiauus sis of extungr in which ecogion isenlessy afi {al cathome. This wrk which pin eet of ine an egy and Sr deel or inc, of economical, i not pital or even cote ‘Shas nto oneinvestsintapon competence knowledge of geealogi ‘Snot wn ofa comectors andi atoning thom, and an ced Sioa to acquired masa ht comptece, which ae themes {egal par of ths capita,” This soe ofthe factors which explain why the ott of is abr of aeunlating a main socal eapitl iss in Proprio oe siz of th capi Bese th oll ap noing fom a lan that sh greater othe extent th be eon who she je it bly cadowed with capil (manly social ut also clr ad es {Sonam epee ponessrs of a inert socal apt, symbolized by ‘Tea nua bl evr ll cepa elas in asing ounectons They are sought af oir socal capital and, bonus they ate ‘rll iow, ae worthy of eg Soown (“how hin well hy donot need “The Form of Cp 7 to “make the acquaintance” ofall hele “acquaintances they are known to roe peopl tian they know, an their work of sociability, whan exert, Is biohy productive Every group has is mow o ss nstunaize forms of delegation which ble it concent the tly ofthe sci capital, which the bai of the existence ofthe group (fal ofa ato, of ote, but ao an axotton Far), inthe hans of single ent ora anal Eup of pets ado masse this pleniptetiry, charged wih plna potest agen logue" to represent he grup, wo speak and atin nae ad, wth he ald of this calletvey owned capita, exercise a power ncommensrate wih the age pevonalconuTouton. Thus, athe mostclamenarydspee of insti the bea of the family, the paer falas, tho eldest, mat senior mere lucid recognized aslo only parson ented to speak on behalf the fly soup in all official eieumstances. But whereas this ease, die delegation reuse grea tose forward od defend th callie honor when te bane a the weakest memes i thetend. The insuonaliz delegation, which ‘ensues the concentration of socal apt also ha he effet of ining the ‘consequences of individual lapses by expliciy denis esponibiies ant lulorzing the recognized spatexne Io shill the grmep aa whol Tom ‘sce by expling °excommncsting the embarassing individuals the intra compeatin forthe moaoply of legitimate representation of the group is nt to teaten te eomeraton and accumulation ofthe capital whichis the bass ofthe group, the members ofthe grogp mi repulse the ‘onions of access othe ight to declare oneself member of he Eup a, ‘Showa tse onesel up au presente (lest, pleniptetaty, kes ‘min, tof the whole group, dhe comaniting the socal capital ft whale 7p. Tho te of ability the form par excellence ofthe Insttunaied Social capital which guarantees particular oem of social relish in a astng ‘vay. One af the paradoxes of delegation is thatthe made age can exe ‘on (and, upto a poi aust) te group the power which te group eables him consent (Thi pep explo te limiting cee a which the mandate agent ects the group Which creates hi Dat which ony exis through im.) The mechanisms of delegation and representation (i Boh the ‘Hoaia and the lel sms) which al no pce uch mse srg ro dou, whenthe group arg ands members weak-as one ofthe conan forthe conceniation of social capital (among oter reasons, because i eables ums, varied, scaterod ages to at ss one man and Yo overcome the Timiation of space and tin) ln contain the seods of an emberzlenett or isappropiton ofthe capita which they ase, "his embezzlement is alent inthe fat that» group wa whole can Be rep ‘ese, in the various meanings ofthe word, by subgroup, clea dled ‘nd perfctly wise toa, knows to all ad Yecognind 6 alta of the robles, the “people who sre Know, he paradigms of whoo i the abi, Sd who may speak on bball of the whole group, preset the whole grep, = ‘Traum sad Reon and exerci authority in he mum of te whole group. The noble ste poap [soi He bei the name ofthe grup © which he ives his name he Frconyny wbich ink theme to is group i larly seen won Shakespeare falls Cleat "Egypt" orth King of France "France," just as Rosine calls Pynhus "Eps" is by hi, he nae, the ference i proclaims, tht he tnombes of his pop the Hepemen, and lo the Land and cases, are know fed ecopiza, Simity,pheaomena such as the “personality elt” or be ‘Weatineaon of putes, trade wnios, or movements with hei ede ae nent in be very logic of repesenation. Everything combines 1 cause the signifor {ote te place of the nied, the spokesmen that of the group hes spose topes, ot eas bec hs Jstinton, bik oustandingnes, is ishlity oma the ental part i ot the esence, of this power, which, being Entel st within te gle ofkowedge a akoowedgment is fundamentally pmbote power, Bat aso because the representative, the sig, the emblem, fay bey and creat, the whole realy of soups Which resive effective soca xnlence only in and thro preset." CONVERSIONS “Te diferent ype of capital canbe dived from ecomame copa bt oly athe cost of «move or less got eflot of easformation, which s needed © rodce the pe of power flee inthe Gel in gueston. For example thie [sone goth and services to which conan capal gives immediate access, dou ecodary cos ethers ube obtnned omy by Viste of soil epital UT rcationsip (real obigaions) whi canot at istantaneonly, a he pope moment, ules thy have been established and maintained for 3 long times a for thi own sk, and therefore outside er period of we, {es tthe cost ofan ivesnent in sociability which is neces longexm tects the time lag tone ofthe factors of the transmutation of » pute and ‘Spl deb into that ecagton of nonspecBe indebedness whichis elle [rade In contrast fo the epic but als economical anspurency of €c0- mz exchange, in wich equivalents change Rand in the sme instant, the Sse tigi’ of socal exchange, wich presopposes misrcogniton, in fates words, afr offal and of Dod faith (nthe ease of sel-ecepon), resuppns a nach mr sabe economy of tn ‘Sot has to by posted simultaneous that economic expla is at te rot of ‘altho ees typeof capil abd tnt thee tewsfomed, dsgise forms of ‘concn apa, never erly eduible that defi, produce their most Speci tects only to the ett that they conceal (pt least rom tse posses: sor) the fact hat economical at hei roe, in thet words—but ony i the last alyssa the roo oftheir ffecs, Tho ral loge ofthe functioning, ‘api, the conversions fom one ype ano, and he a of conservation ‘thick sovemns hem cannot be undersoaualess two opposing but equally pertn ‘ews ae sapensded on the one band, economist, which, onthe grounds hat he Fa of Coit 2s vey typeof cpt sedi inthe ast ans ocean capt, gnores ‘wha make the pec efency ofthe ater types of capital, and om the other rnd, semiologim (nowadays repesened by stactralim sybolic inerac- tions, or einomesbodolgs), which reduces soca exchanges to nomen ‘of communeaion and ignores the etl fact of nivel ris 10 In accordance wit a pric which the equivalent of he pice of the conservation of energy, ls in one aca are neces pid for By costs in Sse 00 tha conopt ks wastage as 0 meaning in general Sience of the economy of pstcs). The universal eguvaen, the measure ofall equi ‘slencs, le aoting ober than aboine (athe widest ene) and the conser “atin of sci enegy tough alt conversions is vec I, i ech ase, ‘one tas ino ascoun bth the abo-ine accumulated inthe form of capital the abo ime needa to asf it from oe Spe ito athe. thas boon seen, for example, tat the uasformation of eeooomie capital ino soci copia presupposes a specifi abr, i, an apparently grits expects of time, ateton, cite, cower which, as is sen in the enor to personalize a git, ha ha cfs of tnaiguring te purely monetary import ft te exchange and, bythe same woken, the very meaning ofthe exchange From a narowly econonie standpoint, thi elt bound oe sen a poe ‘wate, ut nth tems of he oi of sca exchanges, it isa solid investment, the pois of whch will ppeu, in the long run, in monetary o ther form ‘Stole, if te best measure of ctrl capital ts endoabtely the amount of time devatd to acgining it this i Beem the eansfomation of economic ‘pal nto cultural capil prenippoess an expenditure of time ht is made posible by posession of economic capi. Moe preity, itis because the atrlcapital tat sffetivel ransmited within te fan itself depends te only om the quay of clara capi, sf accumulated by spending time, thatthe domestic eoup posses, bat loon the wable tine (pret in the fom of he mobos ee ine) avalible i (y vite of econome capitl, Itch enbls ito purchase the time of ees) to emsure the tansmisson of {hiscapital ano delay ety nthe labor market thoagh prolonged schooling, ‘crit which pays of a al only in the very fog tern.” “The conver of the ieteat pes of capital the basis ofthe suatees ime at ensting the epoducton of pital (ad the poston oop in socal Specs) by means ofthe covers feat el ems af conversion work a ‘ofthe loses inherent inte conversion self (in given eof the sol power reins). Te diferent peso apa ea be distnguished according 0 tit ep or, more precy, acorn o ow easily they ae transmit, [Ey with more ols low and with more es concealment the rate of los tau the degree of concealment elt vary in inverse rato. Everything which fps fo disguise the economic aspect ls tends eines the cs of Tos {particulary the intergencatonal wafers). Thus the (appren)incomensi- sili of the ferent typeof epi inuodaces a igh degre of uncertainty as ‘Train and Retin Jno all ramtons between holes of diferent types. Silay, the declared refs of calculation and of guarates whch charceizes exchanges tending to pence a social capital ia the form of capital of ligation ta ar usable Inthe oreo ss og tem exchanges of gl, services, visits necessarily als the sk of ingratitude, he rofl of that recognition of nonguaranied ‘sis wich sich exchanges smo produce. Similarly, 0, th high degree of ‘Sncelmeat of the transmission of coltalcapital has the disadvantage (in ‘lion toe inherent rss of os) tat the academe quaifeation which sits insitationaired form is nie transmissible like a te of nobility) nor = ible (ike stocks an shins). Mare precisely, cultural apt, whose die, entioostanison within the family escapes observation an conto 50 that th ection yer eos to awards boners soll onal quite) tnd which i lacresngy tering to tain fll cacy, at easton the labor atc, only when valid by the evans system, be, converted int & ‘il of qualifications, objeto amore csp but mor risky tansisson than economic cpl sth eduestonl quale, vexed wih he pele fee of the ofc, bcomes the condition fr legitimate access 1 a growing haber of position, parclarly the dominant one, the educational sytem tend increasing to Sponsors the domestic group of the rmnopaly of the transrision of power and privileges, among oer ings, of the choice ‘its legate ei rom among ete of een sex a ith an." Ad. Economic cpl sell poses quite diferent poles of transmission, depending tn the partic form i takes. Thus, according to Grassy (197), the hiuiiy ‘Gt commercial cpt, which gives mediate economic power and avers ans risa, also makes it more vlarable than landed property (or even el ett) fn dest favor the establishment of Song asia dynasties. ‘Bocuse the question ofthe abtacines of apprepition aises most sharply in the proces of tanumision particulary at he time of socesin, a ene nome fer ll pomer_-evety eprcton seg i tthe same tie & Ig tiation stsegy med at coneeraing Doan exclave appropriation and reprdcton, When te aversive rie which isto weaken the dominant ‘stig be prin of ts perpeaton by binging tliat he rbiarnes ‘ofthe enfilemerts tamed snd oftheir anamsion (uch asthe eriigne ‘which the Enlightenment posophes dected, inthe mime of nau, against the aiarnes of Bint Is incorporated i tstiatinaized mechanisms (or ‘example lew of nbn) ned a controling the fia, et tasmission ‘of power and privileges, the holder of expt have an ever greater inset in Tesring fo repro stapes capble of ensrng Dote disguised tans ‘ssa, but a th cost of greater loss of epi. By expoing the convey tthe pe of copa. Thur the more the ofa bansmission of capital 6 pevenod or hindered, the mow th effects of the clandestine culation of pital inthe frm of call capital bsome dterant inthe reprodcton ofthe soc srr, Ata ntument of rprodton capable of dspusng {is ome funtion, the scope ofthe eduatonal system fonds to inet, and “The Romeo Cop 28 together with his increase the wifltion ofthe markt in soil qulications Wich gies sights wo ocupy eae postions Nores 1, This noi, emily the ten of he sce of eal to repos lence innit Genicot tects of ch ey ae the prot a bene refed by «seta pia acon of ent con ‘ero, Leaf dmobiznn al dpadioe, Th te tl tp the do lard agen ewe of pat op, unt ny ty the ecestton of r

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