Psychology

- Came from the Greek word psyche

meaning mind or soul and logos meaning
the study of.
- The study of mind and soul.
Elements:
Science use of the scientific method.
Study of Behavior associating the way of
thinking of an individual to his behavior.
Mental Processes ways of knowing
including mans perception, attention, and
ability to remember.
Different Types of Behavior
1. Overt and Covert
a. Actions which are observable.
b. Actions which are not directly visible.
2. Conscious, Unconscious and Nonconscious
a. Actions within ones awareness.
b. Actions done by an individual but he is
not aware of it.
c. Bodily activities that can be detected
by instruments or apparatus.
3. Rational and Irrational
a. Actions with a reason in doing so.
b. Actions without apparent reason and
explanation in doing.
4. Voluntary and Involuntary
a. Actions done with full will and
discretion.
b. Actions which are done automatically.
5. Simple and Complex
a. Actions which uses fewer neurons.
b. Actions which uses more neurons.
Other Sciences:
1. Biopsychology application of biology to
the study of mental processes and
behavior.
2. Physiological Psychology study of
neural mechanisms of behavior through
direct manipulation of the brains of
nonhuman
subjects
in
controlled
experiments.
3. Psychiatry branch of medicine which
exists to study, prevent, and treat human
mental disorders.
4. Psychotherapy

application
of
psychologi-cal methods to the treatment
of diagnosed mental disorders.

5. Psychotropics

deals
with
pharmacological
agents
e.g.
antidepressants, anti-anxiety.
6. Psychosurgery

involves
surgical
severing and chemical alterations of brain
fibers.
7. Social Psychology application of
Sociology and Anthropology.
8. Psycholinguistics

study
of
psychological and neurological factors that
enable humans to understand language.

Aims and Goals of Psychology

Describing a detailed characterization of a
certain phenomenon.
Understanding organization of facts
about behavior.
Predict enables psychologists to anticipate
any future actions of an individual.
Control alteration of behavior of the
individual.

Psychogenesis of Psychology
Ancient Period
Animism it is the gods and spirits
who were attributed to be the direct
cause of events and activities of man.
Greek Period
Democritus the human mind is
composed of atoms.
Plato the elements may tend to be
dominant to the person resulting to a
certain of personality and goal in life.
1. Element of Reason in the
head; highest level of value.
2. Spirited Element in the heart;
expression of emotions.
3. Element of Bodily Appetites
and Desire in the diaphragm.
Aristotle father of Psychology. He
introduced the three functions of the
soul:
1. Vegetative basic maintenance
of life.
2. Appetitive desire and motives.
3. Rational reasons.
The brain is a gland and would
perform minor functions.
Hippocrates mental disorders arose
from natural causes.
Galen temperament to physiological
functions.

1. Sanguine
(Yellow)

cheerfulness.
2. Phlegmatic
(Green)

sluggishness.
3. Melancholic (Black) sadness.
4. Choleric (Red) irascibility.
Medieval Period
St. Augustine of Hippo the
individual tries to describe his own
conscious processes.
St. Thomas of Aquinas when the
body dies, the soul separates and
becomes a spirit.
Pre-Modern Period
Rudolf Gckel first used the term
Psychology on his writing.
Francis Bacon psychology should be
treated as a natural science; naturalism.
Rene Descartes idea of dualism and
the concept of reflex action which
indicates that the mind and body
interact.
Thomas Hobbes the human body
should be seen as an instance of its
physical operations.
John Locke An Essay Concerning
Human
Understanding;
all
experience may be analyzed; Tabula
Rasa.
George Berkeley the idea of an
individual becomes true to himself
because this is the level of knowledge
that he believes in.
Christian Von Wolff theory of reality
which is divided into two parts:
1. Ontology treats possible things.
2. Metaphysics treats actual things;
universe, soul, and God.
David Hume gave the difference
between impressions and ideas, and
between created images and direct
sensation.
Franz Anton Mesmer hypnosis.
Immanuel Kant the mind is capable
of acquiring knowledge through sensory
experiences.
Johann Friedrich Herbart he made
psychology as a science.
Ernst Weber ideas that can be
stimulated in order to be able to gain
sensation.

Hermann von Helmholtz the eye

can only see the basic colors and the
other colors are the product of mixture
of the different colors.
Charles Darwin On the Origin of
Species; theory of evolution; natural
selection.
Gustav Fechner October 22, 1850;
the law of the connection between the
mind and the body can be found in a
statement of quantitative relation
between mental sensation and material
stimulus.
Paul Broca Brocas Brain; people who
suffered from damage a specific area of
the brains left hemisphere may lose
their ability to speak fluently.
Francis Galton father of behavioral
genetics.
Modern Period
Wilhelm Wundt first psychological
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany; father of
modern/scientific psychology.
William James founder of American
Psychology;
wrote
Principles
of
Psychology with Wundt.
Emil Kraeplin bipolar disorder; father
of modern psychiatry.
Edward Titchener developed the
idea of structuralism.
Contemporary Period
Sigmund Freud psychoanalytic
process; psychosexual stages.
Carl Jung theory of the origin of
neurosis; importance of collective
unconscious as the basis that affect the
behavior.
Alfred Andler importance of
superiority and inferiority.
Karen Horney human beings have
the basic need for love and security.
Karl Pearson statistical evaluation
of human behavior.
Charles Spearman first systematic
psychometrician.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) Test.
Ivan Pavlov first experimental model
of learning, Classical Conditioning.

William McDougall human behavior

is determined by both instinctive and
intentional strivings.
Edward Thorndike father of
educational psychology; The Law of
Effect.
BF Skinner operant conditioning.

School of Psychology
1. Structuralism
Edward B. Tichener focuses on
breaking down mental processes into its
most basic components.
2. Functionalism function of the mind
rather than the structure of the mind.
John Dewey, William James, James
Rowland Angeli, Harvey Carr
3. Behaviorism the observable behavior
was
the
only
reliable
source
of
information.
John B. Watson, Ivan P. Pavlov, and
BF Skinner
4. Gestalt human beings and other
animals perceive the external world as an
organized pattern; founded by Max
Wertheimer.
5. Psychoanalysis

developed
by
Sigmund
Freud
as
a
form
of
psychotherapy, a theory of personality (id,
ego, superego), and as a theory of
development (psychosexual stages).
6. Cognitive Psychology a theoretical
perspective that focuses on the realms of
human perception.
Jean Piaget students learn better
when they can invent knowledge
through inquiry and experimentation
instead of acquiring facts presented by
a teacher.
Lev Vygotsky emphasized the role of
social
interactions
in
knowledge
construction.
7. Existentialist Psychology a human
being cannot exist as an intraphysic being
but
through
phenomenological
interactions with the world; Brenato and
Husserl.
8. Humanistic an individuals behavior is
primarily determined by his perception of
the world around him.
Branches of Psychology
Abnormal Psychology abnormal
behavior.
Behavioral Psychology all behaviors
are acquired through conditioning.
Biopsychology

how
the
brain
influences behavior.
Cognitive Psychology focuses on
internal states.

Comparative Psychology study of

animal behavior.
Developmental
Psychology

development throughout the lifespan;

how and why people change throughout
life.
Educational Psychology concerned
with schools.
Experimental
Psychology

uses
scientific method to research the brain
and behavior.
Personality Psychology focuses on
the patterns of thoughts, feelings, and
behavior that make a person unique.
Social Psychology seeks to explain
and understand social behavior.
Applied Fields in Psychology
Clinical Psychologists
Cognitive
and
Perceptual
Psychologists
Counseling Psychologists
Developmental Psychologists
Educational Psychologists
Engineering Psychologists
Evolutionary Psychologists
Experimental Psychologists
Forensic Psychologists
Health Psychologists
Industrial Psychologists
Neuropsychologists
Quantitative
and
Measurement
Psychologist
Rehabilitation Psychologists
School Psychologists
Social Psychologists
Sports Psychologists
Method of Psychology
Controlled Experiments laboratory.
Animal Studies
Qualitative and Descriptive Research
Survey Questionnaires
Longitudinal
Studies

particular
population over a certain period of time.
Neuropsychological Methods healthy
individuals and patients.
Computational Modeling lie detector.

Principles of Heredity
1. Principle of Reproduction

2. Principle of Variation
3. Principle
of
Dominance
Recessiveness

and

4. Principle of Chance
5. Principle
of
Characteristics

Sex-Linked