Applications of The Laplace Transform: Application in Circuit Analysis

EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6
Instructor: Cheung
Applications of the Laplace Transform

Application in Circuit Analysis
1. Review of Resistive Network
1) Elements
2) Superposition
Page 6-1
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Instructor: Cheung
3) KVL and KCL Select a node for ground. Watch out for signs!
4) Equivalent Circuits
Thevenin
Equivalent
Circuit
Norton
Equivalent
Circuit
Vs = VOC = Open Circuit Voltage

Rs = Equivalent Resistance
I s = I SC = Short Circuit Current

Rs = Same as before
Page 6-2
Instructor: Cheung
5) Nodal Analysis and Mesh Analysis

(Use KCL)
Mesh analysis (use KVL)

VS 1 = R1 I1 + R2 ( I1 I 2 ) + R3 ( I1 I 2 )
VS 1 = R1 I1 + R4 I 2 + VS 2
Solve for I1 and I2.
2. Characteristics of Dynamic Networks

1) Inductor
d
iL ( t )
dt
1 t
or iL (t ) = v L ( )d
L
v L (t ) = L
2) Capacitor
d
vC ( t )
dt
1 t
or vC (t ) = iC ( )d
C
iC (t ) = C
Page 6-3
Instructor: Cheung
3) Operation Amplifier
Non-Inverting input
+
vi(t)
-
+
Inverting input
+
+
Ii(t)
vi(t)
vo(t)
Rin
Avi(t)
+
+
-
vo(t)
A general op-amp model is described above.

In practice, the input resistance, Rin, is very large (> 1012 ) and the gain, A, is
very large (>105). Thus, we will use the ideal model in the analysis:
1. Input current Ii(t) = 0 (due to the large input impedence)
2. Input voltage difference vi(t) = 0 and output voltage vo(t) is dictated by
external circuit (due to the large gain)
Example:
v2(t)
+
-
v1(t) +Ra
io(t)
Rb
+
vo(t)
Based on the ideal op-amp model,

v2(t) = v1(t)
(1)
Also, as the op-amp does not have any input current, applying KCL at the inverting
port, we have
v2(t)/Ra= (vo(t)-v2(t))/Rb
vo(t)/v2(t) = 1+Rb/Ra
Plug in (1), we have
vo(t)/v1(t) = 1+Rb/Ra
This circuit is called Non-Inverting Amplifier.
Page 6-4
Instructor: Cheung
4) Mutual Inductor used in transformer.

Two separate circuits with coupling currents.
Make sure both i1 and i2 point either away or toward the polarity marks to
make the mutual inductance M positive.
To link the two circuits together, introduce a combined current term (i1+i2):
di
di
di
di
v1 (t ) = L1 1 M 1 + M 1 + M 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
di
d
= ( L1 M ) 1 + M (i1 + i2 )
dt
dt
di
di
di
di
v 2 (t ) = M 1 + M 2 + L2 2 M 2
dt
dt
dt
dt
d
di
= M (i1 + i2 ) + ( L2 M ) 2
dt
dt
Equivalent circuit:
Page 6-5
Instructor: Cheung
Example : Apply mesh analysis to the following circuit
Using Laplace Transform
V ( s ) = VL ( s ) + VC ( s ) + VR ( s )
= L( sI ( s ) i (0 )) +
= ( Ls ) I ( s ) +
1 I ( s ) vC (0)
+
+ RI ( s )
C s
s
1
I ( s ) + RI ( s )
Cs
Define Generalized Resistors (Impedances)
Z L ( s ) = Ls VL ( s ) = I ( s ) Z L ( s )
1
VC ( s ) = I ( s ) Z C ( s )
Cs
Both capacitor and inductor behave exactly like a resistor!
ZC ( s) =
Vs ( s ) = Z L ( s ) I ( s ) + Z C ( s ) I ( s ) + RI ( s )
I ( s) =
Vs ( s )
Z L ( s) + Z C ( s) + R
Everything we know about resistive network can be applied to dynamic network in

Laplace domain:
superposition
KVL and KCL
Equivalent circuit
Nodal analysis and mesh analysis

Generalized Ohms Law
Page 6-6
Instructor: Cheung
3. Laplace transform models of circuit elements.

What if the initial conditions are not zero?
1) Capacitor
Alternatively, you can also represent it as an impedance and a parallel current

source (Norton equivalent circuit)
I(s)
ZC
Cv(0-)
V(s)
BE VERY CAREFUL ABOUT THE POLARITY OF VOLTAGE SOURCE AND

THE DIRECTION OF CURRENT SOURCE!!
Page 6-7
Instructor: Cheung
2) Inductor
Alternatively, you can also represent it as an impedance and a parallel current

source (Norton equivalent circuit)
I(s)
ZL
i(0-)/s
V(s)
3) Resistor V(s) = RI(s)
4) Voltage and Current Sources (Dont forget to apply Laplace Transform on

them)
5) Op-Amp : same ideal model assumption
Page 6-8
Instructor: Cheung
6) Mutual Inductance (Transformers)
Laplace transform model: Obtain it by using inductance model
Page 6-9
Instructor: Cheung
Example: Find Complex Norton Equivalent circuit given vc (0 ) = 0
Solution
1) Compute the Short-Circuit Current I s ( s) = I sc
Straightforward to see: I S ( s ) = 2 I ( s )
To compute I(s), apply mesh analysis on the left loop:

1
1
3
s+3
= I ( s ) 1 + 3I ( s ) = (1 + ) I ( s ) =
I ( s)
s
s
s
s
1
I (s) =
s+3
2
I s ( s ) = 2 I ( s ) =
s+3
No need to do inverse Laplace transform as the equivalent circuit is in the sdomain.
Page 6-10
Instructor: Cheung
2) Find the equivalent impedance Z s

Normally, we can just kill all the independent sources and combine the
impedances (using resistive combination rules). However, as there is a
dependent source, we need to drive it with a test voltage:
Itest(s)
Vtest(s)
Zs =
Zs
Vtest(s)
Vtest ( s) Vtest ( s)
=
I test ( s ) 2 I ( s )
Mesh analysis on the left loop:

3I ( s )
=0
s
3
(1 ) I ( s ) = I ( s )
s
I ( s) = 0
I ( s) 1 +
So we got an interesting result: Z s =
Vtest ( s )
= OPEN CIRCUIT
0
a
ZL
Page 6-11
Instructor: Cheung
Example: Find the transfer function H(s) = Vo(s)/Vi(s) of the following circuit.
Assume all initial conditions are zero.
This is called the Sallen-Key circuit, which we will see again in filter design.
Rewrite everything in Laplace domain, we have
We recognize the op-amp configuration as a non-inverting amplifier, so we have

K = 1+
Rb
Ra
Page 6-12
Instructor: Cheung
To find Vo, we need Vb which depends on Va.

All other nodal voltages are known. Thus, we need two nodal equations:
Applying KCL at node a, we have:
Va Vi Va Vb Va KVb
+
+
=0
1
R1
R2
C1 s
1
1
+
+ C1 s Va
+ KC1 s Vb = V1
R1
R1 R2
R2
(1)
Applying KCL at node b, we have:
Vb Va
+ C 2 sVb = 0
R2
1
Va +
+ KC1 s Vb = 0
R2
R2
(2)
Combining equations (1) and (2) by eliminating Va, we get:

Vb
1
=
2
Vi R1 R2 C1C 2 s + [R2 C 2 + R1C 2 + R1C1 (1 K )]s + 1
Since Vo = KVb , we have

Vo
K
=
2
Vi R1 R2 C1C 2 s + [R2 C 2 + R1C 2 + R1C1 (1 K )]s + 1
where K = 1 +
Rb
Ra
Page 6-13

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EE 422G Notes: Chapter 6