LOADS AND LOAD COMBINATIONS

The piping is subjected to several loads. Some of them are:

internal pressure, external pressure, self-weight, loads from
connected components, thermal loads, equipment movements,
surge loads, steam hammer, water hammer, wind loads, seismic
loads and foundation relative settlement
Various loads on the piping can be grouped into the following
three categories: primary loads, secondary loads and occasional
loads.
The following constitute the primary loads: internal pressure,
external pressure, self-weight, weight loads from connected
components. Primary loads are also known as sustained loads.
The following constitute, the secondary loads: thermal loads,
equipment thermal movements and foundation relative settlement
Secondary loads are also known as expansion loads.
The following constitute the occasional loads: surge loads, steam
hammer, water hammer, wind loads, seismic loads and blast loads.
The six occasional loads indicated above are considered to be
mutually exclusive. The primary loads and secondary loads are
combined and their effects studied. The primary loads are
combined with the occasional loads and their effects are studied.
The effect of all the three categories of loads not studied in an
integrated manner.

Loads
Primary loads (sustained loads)
Secondary loads (expansion loads)
Occasional loads (wind, earthquake, etc.)
Load Combinations Considered
Primary loads
Secondary loads
Primary + occasional loads
Load Combination Not Considered
Primary + secondary + occasional loads
Allowable Deflection
Deflection due to primary loads
Limited to 0.25 mm
Deflection due to secondary loads
Not limited
Deflection due to occasional loads
Not limited
Allowable stresses
Primary allowable stresses
Secondary allowable stresses
Occasional allowable stresses