ELEMENT SHAPE FUNCTIONS

x Quadratic elements
x Shape functions of one and two-dimensional
elements

Chapter 26
Page 1
G. Subbarayan

Local Node Numbers

x When number of nodes in element increases, need
alternative notation for nodes
I,j no longer convenient

x Element node numbers are called local node

numbers

Chapter 26
Page 2
G. Subbarayan

Chapter 26
Page 3
G. Subbarayan

Global Node Numbers

x Local numbers and global numbers are related

e Global #
1 4 5 2 1
2 5 6 3 2
3 7 8 5 4

Chapter 26
Page 4
G. Subbarayan

x The equation for variable in each element is:

(1) = N1(1) 4 + N 2(1) 5 + N 3(1) 2 + N 4(1) 1

x Superscript = element #
x Subscript = node #
Chapter 26
Page 5
G. Subbarayan

Evaluating Shape Functions

x Earlier we started with:

= a1 + a2 x
x To obtain:
x Xi
Xj x
=
i +
L
L

x Difficult to apply when number of nodes increases!

Chapter 26
Page 6
G. Subbarayan

x Alternative procedure is to assume:

N = F G
x F is zero at specific nodes/sides
x G contains unknown coefficients evaluated by
requiring shape function to be one at its own node

Chapter 26
Page 7
G. Subbarayan

One-Dimensional Quadratic Element

1

( + 1)

( 1)

N1 = C ( 1)
N1 = 1 at = 1 C =

1
2

Similarly,
N 2 = ( + 1)( 1)
N3 =

( + 1)
Chapter 26
Page 8
G. Subbarayan

Quadratic Triangular Elements

x The interpolation is:

= a1 + a2 x + a3 y + a4 x + a5 xy + a6 y
2

this is of the form

= C ( L d )( L d )
Therefore,
N = C ( L d )( L d )
Chapter 26
Page 9
G. Subbarayan

Chapter 26
Page 10
G. Subbarayan

N1 = C ( L1 0)( L1 12 )
C=2
Similarly,
N 2 = C ( L1 0)( L2 0)
= 4 L1 L2

Chapter 26
Page 11
G. Subbarayan

Chapter 26
Page 12
G. Subbarayan

Quadrilateral Elements
x Linear quadrilateral element

Chapter 26
Page 13
G. Subbarayan

N1 = 14 (1 )(1 )
N 2 = 14 (1 + )(1 )
N 3 = 14 (1 + )(1 + )
N 4 = 14 (1 )(1 + )

Chapter 26
Page 14
G. Subbarayan

Lagrangian Element
x 9-noded element

Chapter 26
Page 15
G. Subbarayan

Chapter 26
Page 16
G. Subbarayan

Eight-Node Quadratic Element

Chapter 26
Page 17
G. Subbarayan

Chapter 26
Page 18
G. Subbarayan