DATA OBSERVATION AND RESULT

Sudden contraction
D1 : 25 cm
D2 : 10 cm
VOLUM
E
(V)
liters
10
10
10
10
10

TIME
(T)
sec
16.35
19.06
19.35
20.97
23.03

FLOWRA
TE (Q)
x 10-4
m3/s
6.12
5.25
5.17
4.77
4.34

VELOCI
TY (U)
m/s

VELOCI
TY (hV)

7.79
6.68
6.58
6.07
5.53

3.09
2.27
2.21
1.88
1.56

FLOWRA
TE (Q)
x 10-4
m3/s
5.58
5.25
5.08
4.76
4.09

VELOCI
TY (U)
m/s

VELOCI
TY (hV)

7.10
6.68
6.37
6.06
5.21

2.57
2.27
2.07
1.87
1.38

HEAD
LOSS
(H)
mm H2o
33.2
27.50
24.20
17.00
11.20

HEAD
LOSS
(h)
m H2o
0.0332
0.0275
0.0242
0.0170
0.0112

HEAD
LOSS
(H)
mm H2o
32.20
32.00
31.10
30.00
28.10

HEAD
LOSS
(h)
m H2o
0.0322
0.032
0.0311
0.03
0.0281

Sudden enlargement
D1 : 10 cm
D2 : 25 cm
VOLUM
E
(V)
liters
10
10
10
10
10

TIME
(T)
sec
17.91
19.04
19.68
21.00
24.43

Sample Calculation:

Flow rate, Q = (V x 10-3) / T

= (10x 10-3) / 16.35
= 6.12 x 10-4 m3/s

Velocity, u = 4Q / (d2)
= (4 x 6.12 x 10-4) / (3.142 x 0.012)
= 7.791 m/s
Velocity head, hv = v2 / (2g)
= (7.7912) / (2 x 9.81)
= 3.094
Head loss, h = H /1000
= 33.2 / 1000
= 0.0332

Calculation for loss coefficient, K

a) Sudden contraction
Experimental value
hK

V2
2g

From the equation , we know that

the slope of h versus hv is K.

K = 0.0317
Theoretical value
A2 / A1

= D2 / D1
= 10mm / 25mm
= 0.4

From figure 1, K = 0.42

Percentage error = |Experimental - Theoretical| / Theoretical x 100%
= |0.0317 0.42| / 0.42 x 100%
= 92.45%

b) Sudden enlargement
Experimental value
hK

V2
2g

From the equation , we know that

the slope of h versus hv is K.

K = 0.2802
Theoretical value
K

= A1 / A2
= D1 / D2
= 10mm / 25mm
= 0.4

From figure 1, K = 0.7

Percentage error = |Experimental - Theoretical| / Theoretical x 100%
= |0.2802 0.7| / 0.2802 x 100%
= 149.82%