POWER ELECTRONICS DC-DC CONVERTERS Email adel@gastli.net http://adel.gastli.net Learning Objectives >To learn the switching technique for dc-dc conversion and types of dc-dc converters >To study the operation of dc-dc converters »To understand the performance parameters of dc-dc converters. >To learn the techniques of analysis and design of dc-dc convertersCONTENTS Introduction Buck Converter Boost Converter Buck-Boost Converter Cuk Converter Two Quadrant Converters Full Bridge Converter Summary GNOAPON = NTRODUCTION > Step-down (Buck) converter: where the output voltage of the converter is lower than the input voltage. > Step-up (Boost) converter: where the output voltage is higher than the input voltage. > Step-down/step-up (Buck-Boost) converter.BUCK CONVERTER + Voltage step-down and current step-up converter. 4- Continuous conduction mode (CCM) i oe > Ye | on | _orr fon We Li T Ton T and waveforms yy, VJ on ton Je 4, fon k f = =f, —_— yor ‘Duty ratio (0-1) V, or turn ratio of equivalent transformer Constant frequency operation Variable frequency operationV, = F(t,,,. f,)|'s a linear function t, is the on pulse width. Controlling z,,, is known as PWM control f, is the switching frequency. PWM control is more popular Rms value of output voltage Input power Effective input resistance seen from the source arm " Oo # RR+ Neglecting power losses in the circuit elements: VI, =ViL, L, 2 F. a s ‘Step-up action in current Example f = 5 kHz (switching frequency) V,=12 V; V,=5 V3 t,, =? Solution rol = 0.2 ms V, =kV,=12k=S=k= 5 0417 by = 0.417 X 0.2 = 0.0834 ms: (Study also example 5.1)Low Current Ripp! ¥, h. vk te = é von orr Ton 7 Ton T ve Dk va = Continous bonduion — Mode tm rfe—v—-v, 1, : c di --- Mode 2m) 1% [em Lote ft Ronleielrent ripple currentLow Voltage Ripple wn oot L Assumption: oltage ripple AV, is a small percentage of dc voltage V, + ripple current through inductor flows into filter capacitor and not R, boty (Page 187) orr | on eee ae i, | oharee sat The average capacitor charge current, which flows into for to,/2 + ton/2=T/2 is [=] The capacitor charge AQ. is T AQ. 3 AIT 8 The capacitor voltage variation is AVo JAY, = AV, = AQ, AIT EviRemember AQ. _ AIT =hT Aro = C= 8c ale h (ia) —— Ay, Fol yt =aot-k = 14 OS®) Independent of load resistance R and load current /,, sa Low value of f/f will provide low voltage ripple. The condition for critical Hoel ove on: continuous inductor current and capacitor voltage is Jp satisfied when: rE AI = i — = 2 AT Tr apa Lek. 2kV, 1-k)=21, =2/, == oe )= 21, a= Critical inductance =If Vc is the average capacitor “{ oN Ton voltage, the ripple voltage AVe =2V,: ttt V.d-k = ai-*) _ ae 8LCSf° “ = Cc (—k) Critical 161f2| capacitor Example: Finding the values of LC filter for the Buck Converter 2V. The required average output voltage VV at R=5002 and the peak-to-peak output ripple voltage is 20mV. The switching frequency is 25kHz. If the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor is limited to 0.8A, determine: a) b) c) qd) Duty cycle, k Filter inductance, L Filter capacitor, C Critical values of L and C.Solution V, =12V, AV, = 20mV,Al = 0.8A, f = 25kKHz,V, =5V a) k= Y= 5 = 0.4167= 41.67% vo 12 ViT b) AJ =——(1-k ) sk) =p=t (1-4) = SU= 04167) _ 145 83H PAL 25000 0.8 AIT AV, == 2 AM =e _ Ar 0.8 8fAV, 8x 25x10? x 20x10> = 200uF d) 7, = 1K p _ G—0-4167) , 509 5.83mi coe 2 25000 1-k _ (1- 0.4167) =0.4uF Co = SS = © 16Lf? — 16« 5.83x 10°? x (25000)Switch Stress Peak voltage stress on the switch: Peak current stress through the switch: 2- Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) Tr1 sak) we VT 2 k(1—k, — pia Example A de-de converter converts a source of 48V to 12V. The converter components are R=102, L=5mH, and f40kHz. Plot the output voltage and current waveforms and determine: 14. The mode of operation. 2. The amount of current ripple. 3. The filter capacitor value if the voltage ripple is to be less than 1% of the output voltage. 4. The inductor for which the converter would just enter in the discontinuous conduction mode.41- mode of operation AY VT 4 ky = 0.0225 A: 2b 2. liza >A! sccm 0 2 2- current ripple VT Al = “2—(1~k) = 0.0454 3- filter capacitor for AVo/Vo=1% AY, aT on Avs _ e ~0.2 =2. ¥ a [ f, = 2.079kHz 1 1 =—_= c= Je- FJ BE 4n7f2L 4- Critical filter inductance for DCM V, FP Kk) = 0.094mit 21, =1A7uF DCM => L. = (Study also exam)Features of a buck converter Advantages + Itrequires only one * Input current is normally tansistor discontinuous and a . smoothing input filter is Hae high efficiency, oatrod. - % + It provides one polarity of (greater than 90%) output voltage and + di/dt of the load current dt 0 > unidirectional output is limited by inductor current. + Itrequires a protection circuit in case of possible short circuit across the diode path. OOST CONVERTER + Voltage step-up and current step-down converter. 1- Continuous conduction mode (CCM) v,{ ox] ore {on VVo) IT 0 coer ce Continuous ConductionAverage voltage across inductor is 0 Oo Vito + (V, — Vo NT ~ bon )= 0 Bae %, v, — ae Mode 1m Ghar, --- Mode 2 i=) ‘br Ase! Gant BEDE Convener = NOTE:Low Current Ripple ESP --- Mode 2 =} Low Voltage Ripple Assumptions: > voltage ripple AV, is a small percentage of de voltage V, > ripple current through diode flows into filter capacitor and not R. i, Fa yy foSwitch Stress Peak voltage stress on the switch: Peak current stress through the switch: - Discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) Average voltage across inductor is 0 Vir, + V, Vor: 03- Condition for continuous inductor current Average Inductor current 1, = 8! m1 vy, 2 fle (=1)R sa 4- Con: voltage n for continuous capacitor Average capacitor voltage ‘Cominuous (study example 5.6 )BUCK-BOOST CONVERTERS + Voltage step-up and step-down converter. vy a Al ill 1- Continuous conduction mode (CCM) »,| Vi, = Viton + (= VoNT = bon =O Voltage step-up action: k>0.5 io Voltage step-down action: k<0.5 ’Switch Stress Peak voltage stress on the switch: Peak current stress through the switch: - Condition for continuous inductor current Continuous4- Condition for continuous capacitor voltage AV, _ AV. _ 1k Average capacitor voltage, = me 2 2 2c (Eq. 5.87) LR Limit for Continuous (Study example 5.7 ) Comparison of Voltage ratio Notice that only the buck converter shows a linear relationship between the control (duty ratio) and output voltage. The buck-boost can reduce or increase the voltage ratio with unit gain for a duty ratio of Voltage Ratio ob. 20a 06 poze Duty Ratio