PHN II

THUT NG V K HIU MI HN
1. MT S KHI NIM V CC HIP HI, TIU CHUN QUC GIA
1.1 HIP HI
AWS : American Welding Society.
Hip hi hn Hoa K.
a ra b tiu chun p dng cho hn kt cu thp.
ASME : American Society Mechanical Engineers.
Hip hi k s c kh Hoa K.
a ra b tiu chun p dng cho ch to ni hi, bnh, bn p lc.
ASTM : American Society for Testing and Meterials.
Hip hi vt liu & kim tra vt liu Hoa K.
a ra b tiu chun p dng cho vt liu v kim tra.
API :

American Petrolium Institute.

Vin du m Hoa K.
a ra b tiu chun p dng cho ch to tc, bn cha xng du.

1.2 QUC GIA

TCVN: Tiu chun Vit nam.
KS :

Korean Industrial Standard

Tiu chun cng nghip Hn Quc.
JIS :
Japanese Industrial Standard
Tiu chun cng nghip Nht Bn.
ANSI : American National Standard Institute.
Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K.
DIN :

Deutschs Institute for Normung

Tiu chun quc gia c

1.3 QUC T
ISO : International Organization of Standardization
T chc Quc t v Tiu chun ho

2. THUT NG V PHNG PHP HN

2.1 Hn h quang tay (Hn h quang que hn c v bc)
Shielded Metal Arc Welding - SMAW
L phng php hn h quang to ra s lin kt ca cc kim loi bng
cch s dng nhit lng ca h quang gia que hn c thuc bc v vt hn.
S bo v kim loi vng hn l do kh phn hy khi thuc bc que hn chy.
Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

Phng php hn ny khng cn s dng lc p. Kim loi in y b

sung t que hn.
2.2 Hn h quang kim loi trong mi trng kh bo v.
Gas Metal Arc Welding - GMAW
L phng php hn h quang to ra s lin kt ca cc kim loi bng
cch s dng nhit lng ca h quang gia kim loi in y nng chy lin
tc (dy hn nng chy) v vt hn. Kh bo v c cung cp t ngun kh
bn ngoi bo v h quang hn v kim loi vng hn.
Kh bo v l kh tr, kh hot tnh hoc hn hp kh.
Mt vi dng bin i ca phng php ny c tn gi l hn MIG,
MAG v hn CO2.
2.3 Hn h quang dy hn c li thuc
Flux Cored Arc Welding - FCAW
L phng php hn h quang to ra s lin kt ca cc kim loi bng
cch s dng nhit lng ca h quang gia kim loi in y nng chy lin
tc (dy hn nng chy) v vt hn. Vic bo v h quang v kim loi vng
hn nh kh do thuc hn trong li dy hn chy to ra v kh c cung cp
t ngun kh bn ngoi (nu c s dng).
Phong php ny c th khng dng n kh bo v.
2.4 Hn h quang in cc tungsten trong mi trng kh tr.
Gas Tungsten Arc Welding - GTAW
L phng php hn h quang to ra s lin kt ca cc kim loi bng
cch s dng nhit lng ca h quang gia in cc Vonfram (W) khng
nng chy v vt hn. Vic bo v h quang v kim loi vng hn nh kh
tr (Ar, He,...) c cung cp t ngun kh bn ngoi.
V vy, phng php ny thng c gi l hn TIG.
Trong khi hn c th s dng hoc khng s dng dy, que hn ph. Trong
trng hp khng s dng dy, que hn ph, mi hn c hnh thnh do kim loi
c bn nng chy to ra.

2.5 Hn h quang di lp thuc.

Submerged Arc Welding SAW
L phng php hn h quang to ra s lin kt ca cc kim loi bng
cch s dng nhit lng ca h quang gia in cc kim loi trn v vt
hn. H quang v kim loi nng chy c bo v bng kh bo v v lp x
do thuc hn nng chy to ra.
Kim loi in y thu c b xung t in cc dy hn hoc t kim
loi b sung dng ht.

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

3. CC LOI LIN KT HN
Cc mi hn c th c ng dng
-

Rnh vung
Rnh ch V
Rnh vt xin
Rnh ch U
Hn in tr i u

Rnh ch J
Rnh -V- loe
Rnh vt xin loe
Hn nng chay i u

Mi hn gc
Rnh vung
Rnh ch V
Rnh vt xin
Rnh ch J
Rnh -V- loe
Rnh ch U

Rnh vt xin loe

Hn im
Hn in cc gi
Hn ng lin
Hn nng chy i u
Mi hn gc b g
Mi hn cnh b g

Hn gc
Hn nt
Hn khe hp
Rnh vt xin

Rnh ch J
Rnh vt xin loe
Hn im
Hn in cc gi
Hn ng lin

Hn gc
Hn nt
Hn khe hp
Rnh vung
Hn in cc gi

Rnh ch J
Rnh vt xin loe
Rnh vt xin
Hn im
Hn ng lin
Hn nng chy i u

Hn nt
Hn khe hp
Rnh vung
Rnh vt xin
Hn im
Rnh ch U

Rnh ch J
Hn ng lin
Rnh ch V
Hn in cc gi
Mi hn cnh b g
Mi hn gc b g

Lin kt gip mi
(Butt joint)

Lin kt gc
(Corner joint)

Lin kt chng
(Lap joint)

Lin kt ch -T
(Tee joint)

Lin kt mp kn
(Edge joint)

CC YU T C BN CA MI GHP
Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

4. CC MINH HO MI HN

1. Mi hn rnh vung
Square - Groove weld

2. Mi hn rnh -V- n
Single-V-Groove

3. Mi hn rnh -V- kp
Double-V-Groove

4. Mi hn rnh vt n
Single-Bevel-Groove

5. Mi hn rnh vt kp
Double-Bevel-Groove

6. Mi hn rnh -U- n
Single-U-Groove

7. Mi hn rnh -U-kp
Double-U-Groove

8. Mi hn rnh -J- n
Single-J-Groove

9. Mi hn rnh -J- kp
Double-J-Groove

10. Mi hn gc mt bn
Single-Fillet

12. Rnh V loe

Flare-V

13. Mi hn b g
Flange-Edge

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

11. Mi hn gc hai bn
Double-Fillet

14. Git hn
Bead

15. Mi hn nt
Plug

16. Mi hn im hoc
mi hn ng
Arc Spot or Arc Seam

5. NH NGHA TNG PHN MI HN GIP MI & MI HN GC

1
3
2

MI HN GIP MI

MI HN GC

1. GROOVE ANGLE (A):

Gc m mp hn.
L ton b gc ca rnh gia cc phn
c ghp mi to rnh hn

1. LEG OF A FILLET WELD:

Cnh ca mi hn gc.
L khong cch t gc ca mi lin kt ti
chn ca mi hn gc.

2. BEVEL ANGLE (A):

Gc vt ca mp hn.
L gc c to gia vic s l mp ca
mt chi tit v mt phng vung gc vi b
mt ca chi tit .

2. ACTUAL THROAT OF A FILLET WELD:

Khong cch thc t ca mt mi hn gc.
L khong cch ngn nht t gc ca mi
hn gc ti b mt ca n.

3. PLATE THICKNESS (T):

Chiu dy vt liu
Chiu dy ca vt liu c hn.

3. FACE OF WELD:
B mt ca mi hn.
L b mt phi ra ca mi hn trn mt
phng t bt k mi hn no hon thin.

4. ROOT FACE (RF):

dy mp hn (Mp cn).
L mt rnh lin k ti chn ca mi ghp.

4. SIZE OF WELD (S):

Kch thc ca mi hn.
di chn ca mi hn gc.

5. ROOT OPENING (RO):

Khe h h.
L s tch ra gia cc chi tit c ghp
mi cnh chn ca mi ghp.

5. ROOT OF A WELD:
Gc ca mi hn.
Bt k cc im mt sau ca mi hn phn
cch vi b mt kim loi c bn.

6. GROOVE FACE:
B mt rnh.
Bao gm b mt ca chi tit trong rnh.

6. DEPTH OF FUSION:
Chiu su ngu chy.
L khong cch ngu chy m rng vo
trong kim loi c bn hoc xuyn qua t b
mt kim loi nu chy trong thi gian hn.

7. SIZE OF WELD (S):

Kch thc mi hn.
ngu ca mi ni (chiu su ca gc
xin cng vi ngu chn theo l thuyt).
Kch thc ca mi hn rnh v rnh c
hiu lc chnh l mt

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

7. TOE OF A WELD:
Chn ca mi hn.
L s ni lin gia b mt ca mi hn v
kim loi c bn

6. THUT NG CC KHUYT TT HN
Arc Strikes: Vt gy h quang.
S thiu thn trng mang tnh cht khng lin tc c kt qu t h
quang, gm c mt vi vng kim loi b nng chy, kim loi
vng nh hng nhit, hoc thay i trong b mt nghing ca
mt vi i tng kim loi. Vt gy h quang c th l l do ca
in cc hn h quang, cc c thc kim tra t tnh, hoc cp hn
b c sn.
Blowhole: R hnh ng.
L mt thut ng khng tiu chun thay th cho Porosity.
Concavity: B mt lm.
L khong cch ln nht t b mt ca mi hn gc lm vung
gc vi ng ni cc chn mi hn.
Cracks: Nt.
Loi khe nt c tnh khng lin tc biu th c im bng u
sc nhn v c t l rt ln gia chiu di v chiu rng khe h
chim ch.
Crater: H.
Ch tht xung thnh h ti im kt thc ca mi hn.
Crater Cracks (star crack): Nt hnh sao.
Vt nt trong h, thng im kt thc ca mi hn.
Incomplete Fusion: S nu chy khng hon ton.
Mt mi hn c tnh khng lin tc trong s nu chy khng
xy ra gia kim loi mi hn v nu chy b mt hoc phn tip
gip cc ng hn.
Lack of Fusion: Thiu chy
L mt thut ng khng tiu chun th cho incomplete fusion.
Longitudinal Crack: Nt theo chiu dc
Mt mi nt cng vi phn ln trc ca n c nh hng gn
nh song song vi trc ca mi hn.
Overlap: Chng lp.
S nh ra ca kim loi mi hn vt xa hn chn ca mi hn
hoc gc mi hn.
Porosity: Trng thi r, xp.
Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

L loi l hng c tnh khng lin tc c to nn bi kh cn

nm li trong kim loi mi hn sau khi qu trnh ng c kt
thc.
Root Crack: Nt gc mi hn.
Vt nt trong mi hn hoc vng nh nhit xy ra t gc ca mi
hn.
Slag inclusion: Ngm x
L vt liu c phi kim loi nm li trong kim loi mi hn hoc
gia kim loi mi hn v vt liu c bn.
Spatter: Bn to.
Cc ht nh kim loi b bn ra trong khi hn nng chy, cc ht
khng hnh thnh t b phn ca mi hn.
Toe Crack: Nt chn.
Vt nt trong mi hn hoc trong vng nh hng nhit xy ra t
chn ca mi hn.
Transverse Crack: Nt theo chiu ngang.
Mt mi nt cng vi phn ln trc ca n c nh hng gn
nh vung gc vi trc ca mi hn.
Undercut: Chy cnh (chy chn).
Mt rnh b nu chy vo trong kim loi c bn gn st chn mi
hn hoc gc mi hn v tri li khng c lp y bng kim
loi mi hn.
Underbead Crack: Nt di ng hn
Mt vt nt trong vng nh hng nhit thng thng khng m
rng ln b mt ca kim loi c bn.
Underfill: Lm b mt
Ch lm trn b mt mi hn hoc b mt gc c m rng
xung thp hn lin k b mt ca kim loi c bn.

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

7. MINH HO CC KHUYT TT TRONG MI HN

Nt gc
(Root crack)
Ngm x
(Slag inclusion)
Chy chn
(Undercut)

Chy chn
(Undercut)
Nt di ng hn
(Underbead Crack)

Ming b hn
(Crater)

R kh
(Porosity
'blowhole')

Nt dc mi hn
(Longitudinal crack)
H (Pit)
Chng lp (Overlap)
Ngu chy khng hon ton
(Incomplete fusion)

Nt chn
(Toe Crack)
Nt di ng hn
(Underbead Crack)

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

MINH HO CC KHUYT TT TRONG MI HN (TIP)

Nt lu hunh
(Sulphur crack)
Tch lp do lu hunh
(Sulphur Segregation)

Ngm x

Nt hnh sao
(Crater crack)

Lm b mt
(Underfill)

Lm b mt
(Underfill)

Nt ngang mi hn
(Transverse crack)
Ngm x (Slag inclusion)
Chng lp
(Overlap)

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

Chng lp (Overlap)
Ngu chy khng hon ton
(Incomplete fusion)

8. CC T TH HN

Trc ca mi hn
nm ngang

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

Trc ca mi
hn ng

Trc ca mi hn
nm ngang

10

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

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9.

K HIU MI HN
K HIU MI HN C BN V NGHA V TR CA CHNG

ngha
v tr

Gc

Hn nt
hoc khe
hp

Hn im
hoc in
cc gi

Hn
ng

Hn mt
sau hoc
tm m

Hn ph
b mt

vt song
song i
vi mi
ghp hn
ng
thau

Hn g
Hn mp

K hiu
mi hn rnh

Pha
bn
mi tn
Pha
bn kia
mi tn

K hiu
mi hn rnh

C hai
pha

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

Khng s
dng

CC K HIU B XUNG
Mi hn tt
c chu vi

Mi hn
ngoi hin
trng

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

Xuyn
thu

Tm
m

ng vin
Bng

Li

Lm

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V TR CC YU T TIU CHUN CA K HIU MI HN

Gc m rnh hn;. gc tng ca l

khot loe ming i vi hn nt

K hiu b xung i vi
phng php hon thin

Khe h;. chiu su ca mi hn c

lp y i vi hn nt v hn khe hp

K hiu b xung cho

hnh dng b mt
Kch thc c hiu lc
(theo tnh ton)
Chiu su ngu chy; Kch thc
m bo cho mi hn chc chn

ui (c b qua khi
s tham chiu khng
c s dng)
K hiu mi hn
c bn hoc nhng
chi tit tham kho

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

Bc (khong cch t
tm n tm ca mi hn)

S (E)

bn

A
R

C hai

c im k
thut; Phng
php hn, hoc
tham chiu khc.

Chiu di mi hn, trong mi hn gc

khng lin tc, hoc trong hn im

Kch thc bn
kia ca mi
tn ch
Kch thc ni
mi tn ch

K hiu mi hn
ngoi hin trng

L-P

K hiu mi hn
tt c xung quanh

ng
tham chiu

(N)
S mi hn im, hn ng, hn
inh tn, hn nt, hn khe hp, hoc
cc mi hn in cc gi

Mi tn ch
mi hn

Cc yu t trong vng ny c gi
nguyn trong khi ui v mi tn
quay ngc li

13

CC K HIU HN C BN V CC NGHA V TR KHC

Hn g
Gc

Vung

Ch
V

Vt xin

Rnh
Ch
U

Ch
J

Ch V
loe

Vt xin
loe

ngha
v tr
Pha bn
mi tn
ch
Mt bn
kia mi
ghp

Khng
s dng

C hai
bn

Khng
s dng

Bn ny
hoc bn
kia
khng
quan
trng

Khng
s dng

Thut ng v k hiu mi hn

Khng
s dng

Khng
s dng

Khng
s dng

Khng
s dng

Khng
s dng

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