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2 Formation Pressure
2 Formation Pressure
Pressure Concepts
Depth:
Measured
Depth (MD).
True Vertical
Depth (TVD).
I.Pressure Concepts
Force:
((Force = Mass X Acceleration))
DENISTY:
((= Mass (or Weight) Per Unit Volume))
Pressure
Pressure Concepts
Balance:
((Refer to the Relation Between the
Formation Pressure and the
Hydrostatic Head))
Balanced.
Under Balanced.
Overbalanced.
II.ROCK PROPERTIES
Porosity.
Saturation.
Permeability.
Overburden.
Formation pore pressure.
Compaction.
Matrix stress.
1. Porosity
Matrix
Pores
Porosity= Pore Space Volume
Bulk Volume.
Porosity Generations
Primary porosity:
HPP
40%.
5%.
Secondary porosity:
Those ones created after initial
deposition.
Either by dissolving or
fracturing.
2. Saturation
Is that fraction of pore volume that is
filled with a given fluid.
A 20% sw = 20% of the pores are filled
w/ water & 80% w/ other fluid which may be
oil or gas.
3. PERMEAPLITY
Is a measure of the ease with which a
fluid will flow through a formation.
Q= k*a* (p1 p2)/v*l.
K = QVL/A(P1-P2) in millidarcies.
The larger the porosity the higher the
permeabilty.
4. Overburden
Overburden load:
Is the combined weight of the formation
matrix and the fluids overlying a
formation.
Overburden pressure:
Is the pressure exerted by the
overburden load upon underlying
formations.
Compaction
It is PRINCIPALY a process of
mechanical rearrangement
Rate of deposition.
Tectonic forcess.
Formation permeability.
Lithology.
Diagenesis.
Osmosis.
Overburden
Overburden
pressure
Matrix Stress
Pore Fluid
Pressure
Matrix Stress
Overburden Gradient
This is an expression
of the pressure unit
per unit depth. e.g.
psi/ft.
ppg..
5.Formation Pressure
((Is the Fluid Pressure Found Within
the Pore Spaces of the
Formation))
Normal Pressure
Matrix
Pores
Expelled fluid
Normal Pressure
equal
Formation pressure
in
magnitude to the hydrostatic pressure of
a column of pore fluid that reaches from
the surface to the vertical depth of the
formation.
Abnormal Pressure
Matrix
Pores
Abnormal Pressure
greater
Formation pressure
than
the magnitude of the hydrostatic
pressure of a column of pore fluid that
reaches from the surface to the vertical
depth of the formation.
1.Concept of Continuous
Deposition
This concept assumes that the compaction
rate of any formation is the same as for all
formations of a given type.
This mean that shales for example
deposited at different times and buried to
different depths are considered to have
compacted at the same rate as long as the
formation pore pressure remained normal.
2. Pressure Seal
((A zone of low permeability acts to
trap the pore fluids within a
formation.)).
May be either physical or chemical.
Restrict the vertical an lateral movement of
pressure.
e.g. evaporates, faults ..
3.Equilibrium.
S = Mv + P
S= overburden.
Mv= Vertical matrix stress.
P= formation pore pressure.
Equilibrium
Overburden
pressure
Matrix Stress
Pore Fluid
Pressure
4.Transition Zone
This is an argillaceous
sequence of gradual pore
pressure increase above a
permeable high pressure
formation.
Weight on bit.
Rotary speed.
Bit diameter.
Bit type.
Rock type.
Mud properties.
Differential pressure.
Hydraulics.
d Exponent
R/60N= (12W/10^6D)^d
-Log(R/60N)=d*log (12W/106D)
-d= Log(R/60N)/ log (12W/10^6D)
R=rop (ft/hr).
N= rpm.
W=wob (ib)
D= bit diameter (in).
Corrected d exponent
Dc = d*(n/mw)
N= normal pp
Mw= mud weight
Factors Affecting dc
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bit wear
Lithologic change
Drastic changes in drilling parameters.
Bit types.
1000
FP=Sf-(Sf-n)*(DCo/DCn)^m
2000
TV D (m )
FP= fm pressure
Sf= overburden at wanted depth
N= normal pp.
DCo= observed dxc
DCn= normal dxc
1500
2500
Top
Ove rpre ss ure
3000
NCT
3500
0.1
Dc Exponent
10
Resistivity
Sonic
1000
1500
1500
2000
2000
T V D (m )
T V D (m )
1000
2500
re s pons e
in cas ing
Cycle
Sk ipping
Top of
Ove rpre s s ure
2500
Top
Ove rpre s s ure
3000
3000
NCT
NCT
3500
3500
0.1
RILD (ohm.m)
10
100
Sonic (usec/m)
1000
Principal Stresses
At any point in the
formation there
exists a stress
regime consisting of
three perpendicular
stresses
Sig1 maximum, sig2
intermediate, sig3
minimum.
Fracture development
The fracture is
developed
perpendicular to the
minimum stress
Poisson Ratio
Fracture pressure
Fr={V/(1-V)}*(S-P)+P