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Soil Settlement: Fall 2010
Soil Settlement: Fall 2010
By
Fall 2010
Soil Settlement:
Total Soil Settlement = Elastic Settlement + Consolidation Settlement
Stotal = Se + Sc
Elastic Settlement
Theory of Elasticity
Expulsion of
the water
Water
Voids
Solids
Elastic Settlement
Bqo
Se =
Es
Bqo
Se =
Where =
Es
(1 - s)
(1 - s)
[ ln ( 1 + m2 + m / 1 + m2 - m ) + m. ln ( 1 + m2 + 1 / 1 + m2 - 1 )
m = B/L
B = width of foundation
L = length of foundation
Se =
Bqo (1 - s)
Es
3.0
2.5
av
, av, r
2.0
1.5
For circular foundation
=1
av = 0.85
r = 0.88
1.0
3.0
1
10
L/B
Values of , av, and r
By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.
1.0
L/B = 10
1.5
A2 0.9
A1 1.0
2
Square
Circle
0.5
0.8
10
Df/B
15
20
0
0.1
10
100
1000
H /B
Values of A1 and A2 for elastic settlement calculation (after Christian and Carrier, 1978)
By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.
Elastic Settlement Using the Strain Influence Factor: [Schmertman & Hartman Method (1978)]
The variation of the strain influence factor with depth
below the foundation is shown in Figure 1.
Note that, for square or circular foundations,
Se = C1 C2 ( q - q) (Iz / Es ) z
where
Is = strain influence factor
C1 = a correction factor for the depth of foundation embedment
= 1 - 0.5 [q / (q - q)]
Iz = 0.1 at z = 0
Iz = 0.5 at z = 0.5B
Iz = 0 at z = 2B
Example:
BxL
q
Df
Iz
q = Df
Es
Z1
Z2
Is3
Average Is
Z3
s3
Z4
Depth, z
Average Es
MN/m2
10.35 - 24.15
17.25 - 27.60
34.50 - 55.20
10.35 - 17.25
69.00 - 172.50
2.07 - 5.18
5.18 - 10.35
10.35 - 24.15
Lb/in2
1,500 - 3,500
2,500 - 4,000
5,000 - 8,000
1,500 - 2,500
10,000-25,000
300 - 750
750 - 1,500
1,500 - 3,500
E s (kN/m2) = 766N
E s = 2q c
where
Poissons Ratio, s
0.20 - 0.40
0.25 - 0.40
0.30 - 0.45
0.20 - 0.40
0.15 -0.35
0.20 - 0.50
Depth (m )
0-1
1.0 - 1.5
1.5 - 4
4.0 - 6
Z (m)
E s (kN/m2)
Average Iz
1
0.5
2.5
2
8,000
10,000
10,000
16,000
0.233
0.433
0.361
0.111
x 10-4
x 10-4
-4
x 10
x 10-4
x 10-4
C 1 = 1 - 0.5 (q / q - q )
= 1 - 0.5 [ 17.68 x 1.5 / 160 - (17.8 x 1.5)]
C 2 = 1 + 0.2 log (5/0.1) = 1.34
Time = 5 years
2B
= C 1 . C 2 (q -q) (Iz/E s) z
0
Hence
Sc
Example:
B x L = 3 m x 3m
= (0.9)(1.34)[160-(17.8x1.5)](1.55x10 -4 )
= 249.2x10-4 m 24.9 mm
q = 160 kN/m2
= 17.8 kN/m3
Es (kN/m2 )
1.5 m
4,000
12,000 20,000
8
Depth, z (m)
Averaged
Actual
0.1 0.2
0.4
0.6
1.5
Iz = 0.5
Iz
Consolidation Settlement
Normally
Consolidated
Clay
Stressed Zone
Sand
B
Caly
Hc
Hc/2
Overburden
Pressure
Po
2
1
2
1
Stress
Distribution
Sand
Consolidation Settlement
Loading
Normally
Consolidated Soil
Unloading
p
Sand
Sand
H clay/2
Clay
Sand
Void Ratio
Sand
H sand
2
1
p
p
H clay/2
H clay
Sand
Sand
Void Ratio
Void Ratio
H sand
2
1
pp
H clay
p
P
p
P
eo
Cc
Po
Log P
Po
Po + p
P
Po
Log P
Cc H log(po + p)
Sultimate = H =
CS H1 + eo Po + PP
o
=
log (
P0
1 + eO
Po + p
P Log P
Re loading
with Heavy Load
p2
H sand
2
1
H clay/2
pp
H clay/2
H clay
Void Ratio
p
P
H sand
pp2
H clay
p
P2 2
Void Ratio
eo
Cs
Cs
Po
Po + p
P
=
Pc
Po
Log P
Pc
Po + p
P2
Log P
H C log
PP + P Cc H log Po + P2
CS H
PC Cs C
H
) +log (co
)
Sultimate = Hlog
= (
+
Po 1 +1e + eO
P
1
+
eo
1 + eO
Pc
C
Po
o
Re loading
with light Load
p2
H sand
2
1
H clay/2
pp
H clay/2
H clay
Void Ratio
p
P
H sand
2
1
Void Ratio
pp2
H clay
Po + p
P
2 2
p
P22
eo
Cs
Po
Pc
Po
Log P
CS H
1 + eO
Pc
Cs H log
S
=
H
=
ultimate
Po + P
2
1 + eo
log
(
)
Po
Log P
Pc
Po
Void Ratio
6
3
1
4
2
Po
OCR = Pc/Po
OCR = 1
OCR > 1
OCR > 4
Pc
Log P
Normally Consolidated
Over Consolidated
Heavily Over Consolidated
By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E.
Rate of Consolidation
Settlement at any time = Stime
Stime = Sultimate * U%
U% = f (Tv) ....
Tv = f (cv) ......
Tv =
cv . t
(Hdr)2
Sand
Caly
Overburden
Pressure
Po
H dr = H c /2
Stress Distribution
2: 1 method
P
Uo
H c = Layer Thickness
Sand
Rate of Consolidation
Sand
Sand
Clay
Clay
Sand
Rock
Stime = Sultimate * U%
U% = f (Tv) ....
Tv = Time Factor
From Tables
Tv = f (cv) ......
Cv = Coefficient of Consolidation
cv . t
Tv =
(Hdr)2