Vn n ng bin nhng vng mc thng gp trong

kim tra v ra quyt nh thanh ton theo L/C

TS. Nguyn Th Hng Hi v on Ngc Thng1
Trong thanh ton tn dng chng t (Documentary Credit), cc ngn hng
lun cao nghip v kim tra chng t a ra kt lun v mt xut trnh
ph hp. Trong , kim tra chng t vn ti m in hnh nht l vn n
ng bin l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng v kh phc tp, xut pht
t vai tr ca vn n trong qu trnh thanh ton cng nh t trng ca phng
thc vn ti ng bin trong mi quan h vi cc phng thc vn ti khc.
Hin nay, kh nhiu ngn hng ang gp phi nhng vng mc trong qu trnh
kim tra vn n ng bin, khin h cm thy kh khn trong vic ra quyt
nh thanh ton.
Trong thi gian qua, c nhiu cuc hi tho, nhiu bi vit v Vn n
ng bin (B/L). Nhng ni dung chnh c cp ti l: Hnh thc, ni
dung ca B/L; nhng cu hi xoay quanh B/L; nhng tranh chp xy ra lin
quan ti B/L nh a ch ca ngi lm n yu cu m L/C trong mc ngi
nhn hng, bn c thng bo khng ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C; thiu ghi
ch On Board trn B/L; ghi ch On Board khng ng; B/L khng ch ra ngi
chuyn ch...
Do s lng hng vn ti trn th gii l v cng ln v c mt ti nhiu
quc gia khc nhau nn kh trnh khi nhng khc bit v hnh thc, cch
hiu, trnh , do vy, dn ti nhng bt ng trong vic kim tra v ra kt
lun thanh ton ca cc ngn hng thng mi cng nh cc nh kinh doanh
1

Hc vin Ngn hng

xut nhp khu. iu ny lm nh hng khng nh n uy tn ca cc ngn

hng, lm nh hng hiu qu kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip.
Nhn thc c thc trng nh vy, nhm tc gi thc hin bi vit ny vi
mong mun cc ngn hng gii quyt c vn trn bng vic a ra nhng
tnh hung c th vi l gii logic nhm gip bn c quan tm hiu su hn v
B/L, trnh c nhng tranh chp khng ng c.
1. Tng quan v vn n ng bin
Khi nim
Khi nim vn n ng bin c nhiu ti liu m t nh sau: Vn
n ng bin (Ocean Bill of Lading - thng c vit tt l B/L) l chng
t chuyn ch hng ha bng ng bin do ngi c chc nng k pht cho
ngi gi hng sau khi hng ha c bc ln tu hoc c nhn ch.
Hin nay, khong 90% lng hng ha giao dch thng mi quc t s
dng phng thc vn ti ng bin, chnh v vy B/L cng chim mt t
trng rt ln trong tng s chng t vn ti ang c s dng.
B/L c 3 chc nng c bn:
- B/L l mt bin lai ca ngi chuyn ch xc nhn l h nhn hng
ch.
- B/L l mt bng chng v nhng iu khon ca mt hp ng vn ti
ng bin.
- Chc nng quan trng nht: B/L l mt chng t s hu hng ha, quy
nh hng ha s giao cho ai cng ch, do cho php ngi mua bn hng
ha bng cch chuyn nhng B/L.
Cng dng ca B/L: T cc chc nng k trn, B/L c th c dng :
- Lm cn c khai hi quan, lm th tc xut nhp khu hng ha;

- Lm ti liu v hng ha km theo trong b chng t thng mi ngi

bn gi cho ngi mua hoc ngn hng nhn tin thanh ton;
- Lm chng t mua bn, cm c v chuyn nhng hng ha;
- Lm cn c xc nh s lng hng c ngi bn gi cho ngi
mua, da vo ngi ta ghi s, thng k, theo di vic thc hin hp ng.
2. Vai tr ca ngn hng trong vic kim tra vn n ng bin
Ngn hng thng mi gi vai tr ht sc quan trng trong vic kim tra
chng t, c bit trong thanh ton L/C
Ngn hng pht hnh, ngn hng c ch nh v ngn hng xc nhn l
nhng ch th c trch nhim kim tra b chng t a ra kt lun v mt
xut trnh ph hp.
Trong vic kim tra b chng t xut trnh, kim tra vn n ng bin
l nghip v phc tp nht. Nu nh vn n c li, nhng cc ngn hng
khng pht hin ra th ty theo vai tr ca mnh, cc ngn hng s chu ri ro
cc mc khc nhau:
- i vi ngn hng c ch nh, nu khng bt li trn vn n, c th
ngn hng s kt lun b chng t xut trnh ph hp, sau tin hnh thanh
ton hoc chit khu cho ngi th hng. Khi b chng t xut trnh n ngn
hng pht hnh, c th ngn hng pht hnh vi nghip v tt hn s pht hin
ra li trn vn n v t chi thanh ton cho ngn hng c ch nh. Trong
trng hp ny, ngn hng c ch nh s ng trc ri ro l: (i) gim uy tn
i vi ngn hng pht hnh v ngi th hng - khng th hin c trnh
chuyn mn nghip v cn thit t vn; (ii) khng i c tin, c bit nu
hnh thc chit khu l min truy i.
- i vi ngn hng pht hnh v ngn hng xc nhn, hai ch th ny
u c cam kt thanh ton c iu kin vi ngi th hng - ngi th hng

cn phi lp v xut trnh mt b chng t ph hp. Mc d, thanh ton tn

dng chng t vn hnh da trn cam kt thanh ton c iu kin ca ngn
hng i vi ngi th hng, tuy nhin ngi tr tin cui cng thc cht l
nh nhp khu. Do , nu b chng t c li nhng ngn hng phat hnh
khng pht hin ra th ngn hng c th phi chu ri ro xut pht t vic nh
nhp khu t chi thanh ton cho ngn hng.
3. Nhng vng mc thng gp khi kim tra vn n ng bin
3.1. Ngy giao hng trn B/L
Tm quan trng ca ngy giao hng: Ngy giao hng l cn c cc
bn tham gia thng mi v thanh ton quc t khng nh ngi bn thc
hin ng thi hn giao hng c quy nh trong Hp ng thng mi hoc
L/C.
Cn c xc nh ngy giao hng: Ngy giao hng c cn c vo
chng t vn ti. Tuy nhin, trn B/L, c th c thng tin v ngy thng trong
mc ghi ch On Board. iu ny thng dn n bn khon cho ngn hng l
ngy no s c coi l ngy giao hng.
Kt lun v ngy giao hng:
- Trng hp B/L c ghi ch On Board: Ngy ca ghi ch On Board OBN (On Board Notation) s c coi l ngy giao hng cho d ngy On
Board trc hoc sau ngy pht hnh B/L. Nu trn 1 B/L c nhiu hn mt
ghi ch On Board, ngy On Board sm hn s c coi l ngy giao hng.
Nu b chng t c xut trnh nhiu hn mt b B/L th ngy On Board
mun hn s c coi l ngy giao hng.
- Trng hp B/L khng ghi ch On Board: phn sau, chng ta cng
bn lun ti vn B/L c cn thit c OBN hay khng v bao gm nhng
thng tin g trong phn OBN. y, chng ta ch xem xt i vi trng hp

B/L khng ghi ch On Board l c php. i vi trng hp ny, ngy pht

hnh s c coi l ngy giao hng.
3.2. Ghi ch On Board trn B/L (OBN)
3.2.1. Tng quan v ghi ch On Board trn B/L
Ghi ch On Board
On Board Notation (OBN) l vic xc nhn rng hng ha c xp
ln tu. Vic hng ha c xp ln tu khng ch lin quan n quyn li
ca ngi mua, ngi bn m cn l c s trong vic kim tra chng t bo
him, v vy c tt c cc bn tham gia thng mi v thanh ton quc t
c bit quan tm.
Khi no cn c OBN?
OBN cn c khi nhng ni dung ca B/L khng ch ra mt cch r rng
rng hng ha c xp ln con tu c xut pht ti cng i ng nh quy
nh ca L/C.
Nhng ni dung no cn phi c trong OBN?
Ty thuc vo ni dung v loi B/L s dng quyt nh nhng ni
dung cn phi c trong OBN. Vic ghi ch OBN l nhm xc nh hng ha
c xp ln con tu, ti cng i c quy nh trong hp ng thng
mi cng nh trong L/C. Vic c nhng ni dung no trn OBN ty thuc
vo nhng yu t sau y:
(1) l B/L xp hng ln tu hay B/L nhn hng ch?
(2) Ni dung trong mc cng i trn B/L c ph hp vi cng i quy
nh trong L/C hay khng?
(3) Trn B/L c chng trc hay khng?
Mc ch ca OBN l xc nh hng ha c xp ln tu ti cng
c quy nh trong L/C, v vy bn thn tng B/L cho thy s cn thit ca
OBN l khc nhau.

3.2.2. Nhng vng mc khi kim tra OBN

Cc bn tham gia thanh ton thng t ra hng lot cc cu hi trong
qu trnh kim tra OBN. l:
(1) C chp nhn B/L khng ghi ch On Board hay khng?
(2) OBN ch ghi ngy thng c hp l hay khng?
(3) OBN c ngy thng, tn tu iu kin thanh ton hay cha?
(4) Mi OBN c phi ch ra ngy thng, tn tu, tn cng i, cng n?
Lin quan n vn ny, da trn hng lot cc ti liu c ca ICC,
chng ti xin tng hp v phn loi nh sau:
B/L khng cn ch ra OBN:
Cc bn tham gia thanh ton s chp nhn B/L khng c OBN nu ng
thi tha mn cc iu kin sau y:
- Nu B/L l loi xp hng ln tu.
- Cng bc hng ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C.
- Trn B/L khng c chng trc cho d c ni nhn hng ch khc
vi cng bc hng theo L/C.
V d: L/C quy nh hng c xp t Hi Phng ti Oakland
(California, USA). B/L c chp nhn nu B/L khng ch ra chng trc precarriage v c in sn dng ch xp hng ln tu - shipped on board.
B/L cn c OBN th hin ngy thng:
i vi B/L nhn hng ch v khng c chng trc.
V d trn, nu ngi th hng xut trnh vn n nhn hng ch Receipt for shipment B/L th cn c OBN, tuy nhin ch cn ch ra ngy thng
OBN l ph hp.
B/L cn c OBN th hin ngy thng v tn con tu thc t:

Nu B/L c ghi con tu d nh hoc quy nh tng t lin quan n tn

con tu, th vic ghi ch hng xp ln tu, ghi r ngy giao hng v tn con
tu l cn thit.
V d: B/L th hin Intended vessel: MOONLIGHT III
=> Ngay c khi hng ha thc t c giao trn tu MOONLIGHT III,
B/L cn phi c OBN th hin:
Vessel: MOONLIGHT III
Date: ..
B/L cn c OBN th hin ngy thng, tn tu v cng i:
Th nht, nu trn B/L th hin c chng trc, cho d l shipped on
board B/L hay Receipt for shipment B/L.
V d: L/C quy nh hng c chuyn ch t Nng n Long Beach,
California, USA. Ngi th hng xut trnh shipped on board B/L ch ra ni
nhn hng ch l Hi Phng, tu S1 (precarriage); Port of loading l
Nng, tu S2. c thanh ton, B/L phi ch r ngy thng, tn cng v tn
tu trong phn ghi ch B/L nh sau: On Board on Vessel S2 at Danang Port on
(date...)
Th hai, OBN cn y cc thng tin v tn tu, cng i v ngy thng
i vi B/L th hin tn cng i mc Place of receipt thay v Port of
Loading.
V d: L/C quy nh Port of loading: Anwept
Trn mc Place of receipt th hin:
Anwept Vessel: MOONLIGHT III Date
=> Trn B/L cn c du On Board th hin:
Port of Loading: Anwept
Vessel: MOONLIGHT III
Date: 25/12/2010

Th ba, OBN cn y cc thng tin v tn tu, cng i v ngy thng

i vi B/L th hin cng xp hng l d nh hoc quy nh tng t lin
quan.
V d: Port of Loading: intended Kobe port
=> Cn phi c OBN th hin cc thng tin:
Port of Loading: Kobe
Vessel:

Date: ..

3.3. Cng i, cng n

Cng i v cng n trn B/L i hi phi ph hp vi quy nh ca L/C.
Tuy nhin, do nhiu hng chuyn ch mun phn nh y cc thng tin trn
b mt B/L t ni nhn hng ch cho n ni chuyn ti, cng d nhng
phn ln trn B/L khng c mc in sn chuyn ti, v vy, ngi pht hnh B/L
khng cc mc in sn in thng tin vo thch hp, dn n tnh trng
in thng tin vo B/L khng ng v tr. Nhng trng hp thng gp, l:
tn cng d c in vo Destination hoc tn cng bc hng c in vo
mc Place of receipt hoc tn cng chuyn ti c in vo mc Port of
unloading...
i vi nhng trng hp ny, i hi c s ghi ch ch ra ng cng
c quy nh trong L/C.
V d: L/C quy nh: Port of loading: Marseilles Port of discharge: Thi
Nghe
Thc t c xy ra chuyn ti ti Port of Anwept nn B/L th hin nh
sau: Place of receipt: Marseilles
Port of loading: Anwept
Port of discharge: Thi Nghe
=> trn B/L cn phi c du On Board th hin:
Port of loading: Marseilles

Vessel:
Date:
3.4. Ngi chuyn ch
Ngi chuyn ch cn c th hin r trn B/L. Mt vn t ra i
vi vic pht hnh B/L l ngi chuyn ch, ngi k pht B/L v letter head
ca B/L c th khc nhau. V vy, cn th hin r tn ca ngi chuyn ch trn
b mt B/L.
Tn ca ngi chuyn ch c th th hin theo nhng cch chnh sau
y:
Th nht, ngi k pht ch r l i l cho ngi chuyn ch.
V d: signature ca B/L PT.Sudameris Indonesia Tbk as agent for
Titanic Line
Cch ghi ny s ph hp (c chp nhn) nu trn B/L th hin:
Received by the carrier, Titanic Line
Th hai, ngi k pht B/L ch r l i l ca ngi chuyn ch m tn
ca ngi chuyn ch c xc nh r trong B/L
V d: signature ca B/L: As agent for the carrier
Trong B/L th hin: Received by the carrier, Titanic Line
3.5. K hu vn n
3.5.1. Tng quan v k hu vn n
Nghip v k hu rt ph bin trong thng mi quc t, v d nh k
hu hi phiu - nhm chuyn nhng quyn nhn s tin nht nh ti thi
im o hn trn hi phiu theo lnh t ch th ny qua ch th khc, hoc k
hu bo him - nhm chuyn nhng quyn i bi thng trong trng hp
i tng bo him b tn tht t ch th ny sang ch th khc.
Theo cch hiu ny, k hu vn n c hiu l hnh ng chuyn
nhng quyn s hu hng ha c m t trn vn n theo lnh t ngi

nhn hng ny qua ngi nhn hng khc. Ngi k hu s k ln mt sau

ca vn n v trao vn n cho ngi nhn k hu. V mt php l ta c th
hiu, k hu l hnh ng th hin s chp nhn ca ngi k hu v vic t b
quyn s hu hng ha c m t trn vn n v chuyn nhng n sang cho
ngi nhn k hu.
K hu c ba c trng c bn:
(i) K hu l v iu kin: Khi k hu khng cn phi nu nguyn nhn,
ngi k hu khng cn thit phi thng bo cho ngi chuyn ch hoc nhng
ch th k hu trc . K hu nu km theo iu kin th k hu ny s tr
nn v hiu lc.
(ii) K hu l s xc nhn ca ngi k hu v vic chuyn nhng
quyn s hu hng ha c m t trn vn n cho ngi nhn k hu, iu
ng ngha vi vic chuyn nhng cc quyn v ngha v lin quan n
hng ha sang cho ngi nhn k hu.
(iii) K hu ch c p dng i vi vn n theo lnh.
T khi nim, chng ta thy c hai ch th tham gia, l ngi k hu
(endorser) v ngi nhn k hu (endorsee). Chng ta c th nu ra cc vn
sau: Ch th no l ngi k hu? Thi im k hu? Ch th no l ngi
nhn k hu?
i vi ngi k hu, thng thng l ngi gi hng, ngn hng
pht hnh L/C hoc mt ch th thng mi khc:
(i) Khi vn n c lp theo lnh (to order) hoc theo lnh ca ngi
gi hng (to the order of shipper), th theo tp qun, ngi gi hng phi k hu
trong khong thi gian anh ta lp v xut trnh b chng t ti cho ngn hng c
ch nh. Trong trng hp ny, ngi nhn k hu c th l ngn hng pht hnh
L/C hoc ngi yu cu m L/C.

(ii) Khi vn n c lp hoc c k hu theo lnh ca ngn hng

pht hnh (to the order of issuing bank), thng thng, ngn hng pht hnh
cn k hu cho ngi yu cu m L/C (ngi nhn k hu) trong khong thi
gian t lc ngn hng nhn vn n n sau khi ngi yu cu m L/C lm th
tc thanh ton tin hng.
(iii) Khi vn n c lp hoc c k hu theo lnh ca mt ch th
thng mi khc (to the order of named party), anh ta cn phi k hu vn n
khi bn li hng ha cho mt ch th khc.
3.5.2. Nhng vng mc khi kim tra
a) K hu c cn phi ng du
Hin nay, th trng Trung ng, chu Phi hoc mt s quc gia
Nam M v chu nh Trung Quc, khi k hu cn phi ng du th hin tn
ca doanh nghip. c trng hp, b chng t gi n mt ngn hng ca
Trung Quc b bt li do con du ng lc k hu th hin y tn doanh
nghip l ABC Limited thay v theo yu cu ca L/C l ABC Ltd. Ngn hng
pht hnh vn cho rng y l mt li nn t chi thanh ton. iu cho
thy, cc th trng ny, kim tra vic ng du v ni dung con du l nghip
v rt c quan tm.
T phn va nu trn, ta thy c mt s th trng rt ch trng kim tra
vic ng du khi k hu trong khi , mt s th trng khc th khng. T t
ra mt vn , liu rng vic ng du khi k hu l bt buc?
Vn ny c nu ra trong ICC Official Opinion R531/TA526 Unpublished Opinion 2004 v vic gii quyt tranh chp gia ngn hng pht
hnh v ngn hng xc nhn, trong , ngn hng pht hnh bt li v t chi
thanh ton i vi b chng t c vn n c k hu nhng khng c
ng du. Theo kt lun ca ICC, cch thc k hu vn n khng thuc v
phm vi iu chnh ca UCP. Tuy nhin, theo tp qun, k hu c th c thc

hin bng cch (i) nh my v k; (ii) ng du c tn ca cng ty v k hoc;

(iii) ton b c thc hin bng tay. b chng t nu trn, vic k hu c
thc hin hon ton bng tay, nn y khng c s sai bit. Tuy nhin, quan
im ny ca ICC c ban hnh trc khi c UCP 600. i vi phin bn mi
nht UCP 600, tng ng vi ISBP 681.
Phin bn ISBP 681 khng c quy nh ring v cch thc k hu, nhng
c mt quy nh chung v nghip v k cc chng t m theo quan im ca
tc gi, c th p dng vo k hu vn n.
Ngay c khi th tn dng yu cu k hu cn phi c k v ng du
(document to be signed and stamped), th yu cu ny c th c p ng
bng vic th hin ch k v tn gi ca ch th c thc hin bng nh my,
ng du hoc hon ton bng tay. (iu 39 ISBP 681).
b) Ch th k hu - Endorser
- Trng hp 1: Khi k hu c cn phi nu r tn ca doanh nghip i
km?
Trong v n gia Hilditch Pty Ltd v Dorval Kaiun (No 2) [2007] FCA
2014, L/C yu cu xut trnh trn b B/L theo lnh ca ngi gi hng v k
hu trng, ngi th hng xut trnh b vn n th hin mt sau ch c
duy nht ch k, khng c cc thng tin v tn cng ty, chc danh ca ngi
k. Liu rng ch k nh vy cu thnh nn nghip v k hu hon
chnh?
Kim tra li b chng t, cc chuyn gia thy rng, ch k mt sau ca
vn n ging vi ch k trn ha n thng mi do ngi th hng (trng tn
vi ngi gi hng) k pht. Nn dn ti kt lun l ch k trn mt sau ca vn
n l hp l.
Tuy nhin, nu nh trong b chng t (ngoi B/L) khng c ch k ca
ngi th hng th sao. Gi thuyt ny hon ton c th xy ra v theo iu 18

UCP 600, khi L/C khng yu cu, th ha n thng mi khng cn phi k.

gii quyt thc mc ny, chng ta vin dn ti iu 34 UCP 600 - Min
trch v tnh hiu lc ca chng t v iu 14d UCP 600 - V tnh ph hp v
thng tin trn chng t vi L/C, UCP, cc chng t khc v chnh bn thn
chng t . Nu nh cc chng t khc c ch k km theo tn gi ca
ngi th hng (ngi gi hng), th ngn hng cn kim tra m bo rng
chng ph hp. Tuy nhin, nu nh cc chng t khc khng th hin ch k
ca ngi th hng, th ngn hng khng c trch nhim phi xc minh liu
rng ch k ny c phi l ca ngi th hng. Hay ni cch khc, ch mt
ch k trn mt sau ca vn n cng cu thnh nn nghip v k hu (p
dng trong trng hp L/C yu cu k hu trng, cn trong trng hp k hu
theo lnh hoc ch danh, cn phi c cc thng tin ny).
- Trng hp 2: T cch ngi k hu - Ngi k hu c cn phi nu r
chc danh ca mnh nm gi ti cng ty? Ngn hng c cn kim tra xem ngi
k c thm quyn k hu?
Cc ngn hng thng yu cu ch k hu phi c thc hin bi ch
th c t cch l gim c cng ty, nhng thnh thong, khi kim tra B/L li
c k hu bi ph gim c hoc trng phng ca cng ty xut khu (bn
gi hng). Vy trong trng hp ny, y c phi l mt sai bit (li) trong b
chng t xut trnh.
i vi vn ny, tr khi L/C quy nh r v chc danh ca ngi k
hu l gim c v phi c th hin r khi k, nu khng, ngi k hu
khng cn phi nu r chc danh ca mnh v ngay c khi cp chc danh m
khng phi l gim c, v d, ph gim c hoc trng phng th ngn
hng cng khng c quyn bt li i vi B/L. V trong trng hp, cng theo
iu 34 UCP 600, ngn hng khng c trch nhim phi kim tra thm quyn
ca ngi k hu, ngc li, ngn hng cng khng c quyn bt li nu thng

tin v ngi k hu c th hin mt trong cc cch sau: (i) Nguyn Vn A

(Gim c cng ty X) hoc (ii) Nguyn Vn A (Gim c cng ty hoc trng
phng X) hoc (iii) Nguyn Vn A.
Tuy nhin, khi L/C c yu cu r rng v thm quyn ca ngi k hu phi
l gim c, th khi k hu, ng gim c phi ghi r chc danh ca mnh. Trong
trng hp ph gim c hoc trng phng k thay, th trong b chng t xut
trnh cn phi c Giy y nhim v vn k hu.
- Trng hp 3: K hu c th c thc hin bi i l ca ngi gi
hng?
Vn ny c t ra da trn thc tin nh xut khu thng y quyn
cho ngi giao nhn hng ha (forwarder) thc hin vic giao hng. Do ,
trong mc consignee (ngi nhn hng) c th hin l:
ABC Logistics on behalf of (name of exporter) (Cng ty logistics ABC
i din cho nh xut khu) thay v th hin tn v a ch ca ngi gi hng
thc t. (Lu : trong trng hp ny ABC Logistics c gi l ngi gi
hng danh ngha).
Cu hi c t ra y l, ai s l ngi thc hin k hu - nh xut
khu hay ngi giao nhn hng ha?
Thc t l ngi giao nhn hng ha thng ch c y quyn giao
hng ha v chun b b chng t gi hng xut trnh cho ngn hng i
thanh ton. Trong cc mu th y quyn hoc hp ng i vi ngi giao
nhn hng ha thng khng km theo s y quyn k hu vn n.
Theo lut php ca quc t cng nh ca cc quc gia lin quan ti B/L, ch
ngi gi hng thc t (nh xut khu) mi l ngi c thm quyn k hu.
Do , trong trng hp ny, nu ngi giao nhn hng ha thc hin k
hu th trong b chng t xut trnh ti ngn hng cn c th y quyn (Power

of attorney hoc Letter of authorization) lin quan ti vic k hu nh km vi

vn n.
c) Ch th nhn k hu - Endorsee
C nhng trng hp, tn ca ngi nhn k hu li c th hin sai
hoc do bn thn ngi gi hng li mun giao hng cho ch th khc. Chnh v
th, sau khi k hu, tn gi ngi nhn hng trn vn n khc vi tn ngi
nhn hng thc t c yu cu trong B/L.
i vi b vn n th hin nh vy, ngn hng hon ton c quyn
bt li. Tuy nhin, nu ngi nhp khu thc t mun nhn hng, ngn hng
c th x l vn ny bng cch yu cu ch th k hu pht hnh th xc
nhn (Letter of confirmation) th hin: (i) anh ta sai khi nu tn ca ngi
nhn k hu; (ii) nu tn ca ngi nhn k hu thc t; v m bo an
ton cho mnh, ngn hng cn yu cu (iii) ngi k hu cn phi cam kt
chu trch nhim v nhng vn lin quan c th xy ra sau ny.
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hilditch Pty Ltd v Dorval Kaiun (No 2) [2007] FCA 2014.
2. ICC R531 / TA526 - Unpublished Opinion 1995-2004.
3. Nguyen Van Anh (FB-07) Kieu Thi Thu Hang, Nguyen Le Quyen (FB07) BILL OF LADING AND ENDORSEMENT PROCESS.
4. Vlad Cioarec (International Trade Consultant, Romania) Can an
endorsement in a B/L be made by an agent of shipper