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Linear Systems and Signals - B P Lathi Solutions Manual PDF
Linear Systems and Signals - B P Lathi Solutions Manual PDF
0, the inverse transform of his
of the latter dose not exiat because Aa > 0.
@
IE f(t) = eal) 00'a(-1, then
ree gooey ee EE
Gere) "aK jee
10 = ge
‘atthe end of part (c) apply here also,
1410
PO = LFW) Fe)
®
‘Because of the width property ofthe convolution, the width of F()» F(u) is tice the width of F(u), Repeated
application ofthis argument shows that the bandwidth of f*(t) ia mi Hs (n times the bandwidth of f(t)
ee [ere [era dp-nnebenl
&)
sonra ($2922) ro (152)
= (f) em()
w= (292) =r
©
H+) ~26(0) + 66-7)
“The Fousier transform ofthis equation yields
JoF(e) = MT 247 *F = afl — con oT] = Aen?
0‘Therefore
ropa thaw (FE
tana
row [lamer wt ad
‘Changing the order of differentiation and integration yields
Ef Zoom = [esa
* germ at
Therefore
ai)
(>)
omnes she
eT @/)l =
nen £ (ca) ma
ad
tl = Goa
re
jus juts
He) = Gare est ” Got GED
Ye) = Pledee)
@
1
regs
1 +3 1
rom hs fptiters] = eaten
Therefore =
wit) = (e ‘Ju(t)
©
Fem oe
jut 2 ap ale
YO)" Gz TGe+ Gots etl jet? Jord
wit) = Bert Let Betyg)
©
Pong
ia +3 2 a
Ye)= Gag ges "feat ert Gor
a(t) = (20 = 22° = Yat)
au@
cS)
Fe)
+3) 1 ys
oes aaa "joel jw?
a= (t= oyun ¢ Bete
=6)42
Flo) = 6a) +
ju+3
Me= Gone ety [MO 5
Because $(2)6(2) = $(0)6(s), we have
73:2 (a)
(b)
«©
@
jot
¥(u) = Base) + Poe 3eneey¢ 3B -
wa G2 Le u(g
fe) ur jor
+ aoe
ja +2)
Y= Gore eT Sa" Bt ies
a= + heaton s Sean)
-28
font
aps
+2) num as, as
Yee Gontetnury eet EAT Bes
wt) = eal + Gel - Here)
elites = + ge
=I Ge tH)” je Ge-aF wts
wians (ef) emcn
aes?) _ 4s |
Gor sPGe= "joss Got sP jo-3
att)= (R-P)emens &
ue
4123
1
HO= aT
w
1
FO" Sat
1 1
Ye)" Goa TGesh "ort jose
we) = (6 =)
()
1
Fee
: jest
1
Y= ge
0) = teat)
©
Fl) =~
foot
Man ap
Yu)y= jee i) jel jen
non lewn + batea
(a)
Fw) = #5() + z
;
vee gchar
a]
1
jew +1)
oe lees
6) + joa
= 180)+ [because ye (=) = £10182]
1a
ween
Using pair 22 (Table 1.1) and timeshifting property, we get
re
MO Je‘This ia noncansal. Hence the flter is unrealizable. Also
[Cilla [7 Bene
Heace the filter ia noncaueal and therefore uarelisale. Since hi) iss Ganesan function delayed by t, it ook
as shown ja the adjacent figure. Choosing te = 3V2E, h(0) = «t= 0.011 of 1.1% of ite peak value. Hence
to = 3V9F i a reasonable choice to make the Aer approximately realizable.
2
H 10" some
Ho F501
From pair 3, Table 7.1 and time-shiftng property, we get
aay = enitinn
“The impulse reeponse is aonranaal, and the filter is unrealizable.
= 40s is reasonable choice
Letting $ = 3p and consequently dt = yds
ae
anda!
‘Alo ftom pair 22 (Table 7.1)
Latting ow = and consequently du = zipde
veka
1.92 Consider «gael
Ht) seincltt) and Flu) = Fret)
7.93 Racal that
Rwy de and £ Aide" dtm Fil-w)
4[Latonoe= J” sep” Beemane
=k [7 ston)” nine ataen 5 [ Kone
sunnah at 0) 9 se ep cso a
[somone [7 neincere
7.4 Application of duality property (Eq. (7.31)] to pair 3 (Table 7.1) yields
ripen
‘The signal eneray is given by
Brel [neem tanees [earn
ae cnery css within the bd (010
Bente [om are em)
0 Bw = 0.998, then
eH 0.01 a 2 rade Sm
798 (8)
5 = [worsen [7 oes [7 nas f° AMO h(a
a Entinsaf” Aomioe
(b) If fa(t) and fa(t) are orthogonal we have
Bin bntEn
Moteorer wing the acguent in pat we can show that
Bem But Enna Hone
Hf filt) and fo(¢) ave orthogonal
Bin Entin
(©) We can rendiy extend this aryumest to show that if w(@) = aifi(t) enfi(t) and if fu(8) and f(0) re
‘orthogonal, then
ee
2B), te,
usChapter 8
LS
1-1 The bandwidths of fi() and f(t ae 100 lls and 150 Ls, respetivay. Therefore the Nyquist sampling rater
for fst io 20 ils and fr fa) i 300s.
‘hiso fi(0) ex 2. F.(w) + F(u), and from the width property of convolation the bandwidth of f:7(t) ie rice
{he bandwidth off (0) and that of fs(0) i three men the Bandwidth of ft) (8 abo Prob. 7410). Similaciy
the bandwidth of f(0/s(0) i the num ofthe bandwidth of (0) and (0). Therefore the Nygist rate for f:°(2)
4s 400 LB, for fa°6) a 900 Ws, for fi) (0) i 800 ll
822 (@)
sinc (0041) oe 001( te)
“The bandwidth of this igual a 200 + rad/s or 100 Ha. The Nyquist rate i 200s (samples/oc)
@)
snc(100r4) + lac (0xt) eno 0.01 et ii) + Hs Aho)
“The bandwidth of rect sfc) in $0 Hs and that of Asif) it 60 Hs. The bandwidth of the sum isthe higher of
the two, tHat 60s. Fhe Nyquist sumpling rate 10 Ba.
©
inc(S0nt) => 0.02 ret( sz)
inc(L00xt) => 0.01 rect rz)
‘The two signals have bandwidths 25 Hz and 50 Hs respectively. The spectrum of the product of two signals is
1/t timea the convalation of their epectra, From width property ofthe convolution, the width of the convoluted
tignal is the sum of the widths of the eigaals convolved. Therefore, the bandwidth of sine(SOrt)inc(100xt) is
25 +50 = 75 Hs. The Nyquist rate ia 150 Hs,
‘Assume a signal f() that ia simatancouly imeimited and bandlimited. Let Flo) = Ofor jl > 2. Therefore
Plodrectnige) = Fle) for BY > B. Thercove trom the time-convlation property (742)
$(8) = S(t) + (2B'sine(22B'9)}
= 2B f(t) «sinc(2" 8)
Because f(t is timelimited. (1) = 0 for t| > T. Bat () is equal 1 convolution of f(t) with sinc( 2B") which
isnot timelimited. Ita impossible to obtain a time-limited signal from the coavolution of « time-Lmited signal
‘with a non-timeimited signal
ae
Ai(w) = 10 sine( pifeg) and Alu) =
Fale), H(w) and Ha(o). Now
Kio) = (wile)
Yu) = Aleta)
“The spectra ¥i(u) and Yo(u) are also shown in Fig. $8.14. The bandwidth of r(t) and yo(t) are 10 Klis, §
fs, respectively. ‘Therefore the bandwidth of the product y(¢) = mu (thm(t) is 15 Rix (see Prob. 81-1) and its
[Nyguiat rate in 30 kil,
‘8,5 This problem ia identical to example 7.18 excapt that the energy in the band is required to be 99% of the total
signal energy (Iastead of 95% in the Example 7.18). Folowing the development in Example 718, we have
ae @
ote = W = 63.660rad/s = 10.136 Hs
us- 4
7 Wr
£ 4,00)
waeccet—[_aeece — 2>> Tieenet [1600 aos
Y, (4) = FladH, to) ede Rugned
20000 T ‘2e0coT ae sieoceT | wocee a
Fig. 814
‘The bandwidth of the anti-aliasing filter is 10.136 Hs
1.2-6 (a) When the input is (1), the input ofthe integrator is [6(t)- 6(1~T)]- And, M(), the o
nine [01 -ae—mer anger =m (GE)
Tee tepuerpane sho i Fe. S48
PORN a ara
ayatine(
a tween =7 ise) |
‘The amplitude response ofthe flter i shown in Fig. 7.1-6b, Obeerve that the filter ia « lowpass filter of bandwidth
2e/T radu oe 1/T Bs.
‘The impulac response of the circait ia a rectangelar pulse. When a sampled signal is applied at the input, each
‘ample genersiea a rectangular pale at the ontpat, proportional to the corresponding sample valee. Hence the
‘output is « staircase approximation ofthe inpat as shown in Fig. S8.1-fc.
ar
Tar eT
a7
(a) The bandwidth a 15 RBs. The Nyquist rate is 30 ks
(b) 68536 = 2", 0 that 16 binary digits are needed to encode each sample.
(6) 30000 « 16 = 480000 bits
{@) 44100 x 16 = 705600 bits.
81
0) The Nyquist rate ia 245 « 10" = 9 MH. The actual sampling rate = 1.2% 9-= 108 Mix
ur() 1024 = 2, so that 10 bits or binary puloes are needed to encode each sample.
(©) 10.8 10¢ x 10 = 108 x 10° or 108 Mita/a
83-1 (i) Linearity -proof is trivial
(U) Timeshifing
DFT Usa) = So fron MI
magtcs
a ed
me eratettone FE Ine
‘Because the sequence J ia Ne-periodi, the ft summation can be written as:
ernie 4. SS ferrite
ee
5 paecmormr
amen
met
DET an] eM fa
mentor F,
(Ut) The trequency-shifting property cam be proved in a manner similar to the time-sifling property by inter
changing the role of fa and Fy
(lv) Cyeic convolution
et
DFTUs+n]= DFT | D> fan
tent
=D fe DFTin-)
oF perma,
“ha
B= 10000 Heace F, 2 28 = 70000
1
T™ 5, joa =H
Bmx
Nom T= Soxios =
Since No must be s power of 2, we choose No = 512. Also T = SOs, and Ty = NoT = 512% S0u0 =
Fam 1/To = 30.0625 Hs. Since f(t) in of 10 mu duration, we need sero padding over 15.6 ma.
usane
38
‘Alternatively, we could also have wsed
Let us choose T= 1/8, Ta = 4, and No
‘every 0.25 secs. The 32 samples as
oskss
f= Ren) = mstsn
ssksa
°
J) =e) Fu a
road
Flay = wie
Weell= opppe vt
‘We estimated the exwential bandwidth for this signal in Prob. 81-5 to be 10.13¢ Hx (asing 99% energy criterion)
Th thin cane a = 1, and the ceental bandwidth i 10.13 Ha. Let un use & round value of 10 Ha. The sampling
frequency F. = 20 Ha, and the sampling interval T = 0.05
‘The aigatl ¢~"v(#) becomes negligible ater ay, 6 time constant (~*~ 0). Thus, we have To = 6, 7 = 005,
fea ToT = 120. Since Noss power of 2, choose Ny = 128. The revised values are Ne = 128, T = 0.05,
yn 128 x 0.05 = 64. Hence F, = 0.15625 He
10= aT
‘Application of duality property to pair 3 (Table 7.1) yids
a pH
wae
“Thin ia lowpas spectrum extending to w = co. The effective bandwidth of hi signal to cxatain £9% ofthe
inns energy was ound in Prob: 1-4 to be 0.66 Hr. Therelre the sampling frequency 7; > 0.702 Hs, and
Se chsplite incre T-< py = 1.3660, We elect T= 1, « round aumber for convenience
Ao fO)=2 md 2% t>>0
Choose Ty, the duration of ft), that value where f() is 2% of f(0).
N= Fem Gag TTT
uehe rot
Now Bo tar
tin convenient to select No as a power of 2. We select Mo = 8.\Thus our final values are
1
Tel, Met, ham as, Fe 0.128
Figure 58.36
8.4.0 The widths of f(t) and s(t) are 1 and 2 respectively. Hence the width ofthe convolved signal is 142 = 3. This
smeaas we need to nero-pad f(t) for 2 oece. and g(t) for 1 wec., making To = 3 fr both signal. Since T = 0.125
3
mngige™
(Na must be a power of 2. Choose No = $2. This parmita ws to adjust To to 4. Bence the final values are
‘T= 0.125 and Ty = 4. The eamples of f(t) and o(¢) are as shown
Obsewe thet G/w,= 8 Trerefrve fp= S/T. Similandy tne peak
value *€ Spe /@
10Chapter 9
2D, :
—— ht a
Festa
9-2
(8) = 4coe2.4rk + 2sin3.20k
= Acon.Ark + 2ain 2k
rae Ps Le
m1 20
er gg
The fundamental y= Ox and Ny = 3 = 5. Note aio that
ePaek gle gag eva a gttet
‘Therefore
‘tbh = 20 4 2048 4 gO
We have fist, second, thind and fourth harmonics with coeficients
4 gitaenees
Dye Dyn2 Dywnj Dems
WD] =[Dal= 2 (Dal-= [Dal =t
LDi= Din 0 LDya-$ ad (Dee
‘The epectram ia shown in Fig. $9.1-2.
Fig 01-3,
1meas
{10} = cou2.arkeme3 ink = Hoon Sek + con .1e2]
‘The fundamental {coquency Mg = 0.1 and No = JE = 20. There are only Sth, Sth, 11th and 15th harmonies
with coeficients
Dy= Dy= Due Du =
‘All the form coeficienta are real (phases vero). The spectrum is shown in Fig. $9.1-3.
>
ot
) = 2oae(LIEk ~ 1.6")
“The fundamental frequency M5 = 0-4 and No = RE = 5. Only 2nd, and 3rd harmony are present,
[Da|=[Ds=1 Dr a96ee be 6D) = 9608-1
‘The spectrum is shown in Fig. 59.1-4
‘To compute coeficients Ds, we uae Eq, (9.16) where summation is performed over any interval No. We choose
this interval to be ~Mo/?, No/2 (for even No), Therefore
me
Deak So nner
ian
reer
pets ent
We have {0} = 3, [23] = 2, fld2] © 1, and ffit3) = 0, Therefore
a+ 2ef 47) 4 (eR HeFY)
= Hie + acont§r) + 2emn(fFri]
Din} Died Din0 Dink Deno Dak9.1-8 In this case No = 12 and My =
f=0 silat f-il=-1 f=2 fi-=-2
f0)=3 fl-=-2 fled = se48] = see =o
‘Therelore
Dee re
2 4 1 — oe PFD)
{aaia( Fr) + Asin Fr) + 6sa(r)]
FORD 1eGry
21
Fy = Sayer
o a
FO) = Ss yt tm
Wray|= 1 £F(G) = —he
©
fe 2. a1) — (00)
(0) = Sete a SG weer ate)
ona .
een" oe” Gee) e
@
oe ery ner
reaye Set 2 OMY 6
VO Spec ¢FI) =I w(t
12322
923
@)
F(A) = J sOkleF8 3 4266-2 4.0%) 4 (FP 4M)
234 4eo0 4 200020
)
FO) = SP 4 20 DO DOH HO
(e+) 4.0 4) 43)
2+ coef +200]
©
FQ) = SS fier = 30H = 30 4 be = Ce BeTMP — 9M
= bjfein 0 +20 20-4 3s 3)
@
FQ) = Me = 22 He HTM
= whoo toe
«
wed L Five" a
=a
™ 4(2)mean
Instead of evaluating this integral directly, we evaluate it using Eq, (9.64). If (1) isthe inverse Fourier transform
of F (u), then the desired fH] (lies. Now
nor (im)
“ symone
)
FO) = ret ('
Fw) ores (2
SO = Fane (:
18) in (:
©
royana(Z)-a(2)
reynma(2)-a(2)
100 jae ($) - ise? (Z)
sore bee) fae (2)(a)
F(a) =ren (B) +a (2)
Fey=ma(Z) +ma(F)
11 msinc(ot'¢ bine ($2)
118) = ine (xt) + Line (3) = 6) + Seine (3
ost
a o
PO)= [yaa * TTS
2 (e
¥(0)= FOE) = eee eS TOTTI
+o. 4032
TRF FOTO,
2 ys 4
= ho heat
es ot aot
YO) #250705 ~ Tee a08 * Te TOR
wth 2-05) -$ 30-0] «181
y+
02
ma} Q) at nO bts
(A) = F(M)H(A) = loins
1) pec te tara }lawttyn- ates * ts]
vee! [agg -Mteas + st
w= [LG)- reo" a]
owe
FO)= girag- HH
”
¥(Q)= FEO) = Sapam oH ROI)
15oat
ost
@
Oy
si)
Now
0, Tne
ete) ee oda
asd
10) > ge (1am)
(b) This function is the gate pulse in Example 9.6 delayed by & = 4. Therefore
Fo) = ene
)
sll eee
Pe
Cs Me Sima" GaP
= Lite
Or Neate Gar
(>)
SR) =o cottgke ft} = 0) fe)
®
aa
29 (e — acoet) 1 ae cose
oe rcoetly +a?” 1 dae~ conte + abe
b)
ah om seat Te
“ 0,
asin Oe 1 ain
FO) = Sarre ecay FO T= Bas coaMe +e
©
ad
Oupan Legere eettl= E47
ad
oe 1
FO)= rma” eT ee
16Chapter 10
Neen eee
102-1 (@)
410427 f
Choos: nay and sitet
fen
dyna 1a tf
(I-E AIC}G):
42th thoy =f
ence:
In mattis form we get:
&)
Let uechoose: spay and mam pei
fan
hence:
fy otehey loge +f
It in easy to ane that this set is nonlinear.
©
+ (+ HUT
Lat spay and epej. Then
hen
fy = #i(e1)e ~ doled +f
‘Also in this case we are dealing with a nonlinear set, since do(z1) and 6i(s1) are not constants,
10.2-1 Writing the loop equations we get:
Figure $10.21Pent2igsn whee fo fot s,
and Sack
‘Aso we have: jae HB
Therefore dy = fm) - 2-2-3 — Hat a)
‘We cam also write:
=e
(se#
@
Substituting equation (2) in equation (1) we obtain:
3, fade Beaters?
sect ts- [fafa edd] Be afar
C-( AeE ©
302-2 In the 1st loop, the current fy can be computed as:
Hence the state equations are:
%
ob [4 of ORG :
Figure $1022
falitamenass-m)
Wie ala have: (asing node estos)
fay mente, - e930 43f Ses tf
2
‘Waiting the equations in the rightmost loop we get:
10s; = 262 +6f a)
enti ad bene @
‘ence from (1) and (2) the state equations are found as:
)-10 SIE} Cl:
Tae outpat equation y= n= 29
«vet -nf2]
128¢ Ou
=z £4£® f.
Figare $1023
10.2.3 Let's chose the voltage scromthe capacitor and the current through the inductor at state vasables #3 and #3,
respectively
‘Wang the loop equations we get:
heat Hi—a)
Here we wee the fut that: #1 = 1 aad 29 =
hanfaont
‘And thos: hentntnt5h
sya te Ben + 2h,
1-6 CE IE
:
- Od bx
Figure $10.24
Hence the state equations are
[i
10.2-4 The loop equations yield:
wh Get oad Genteentes
fm Bin tne bay De Bia tan a = Be + + be a)
Jeti titanate $i tint = In $24 3h @
‘The lat equation gives:
net -lnet
ecdn-dees ®
‘Substitating és in the equation (1) we get:
at
fecfntint O}
‘From (3) and (4) the state equations are obtained as:
a-[y SG
‘And the output equations are: 9: = #1 and
129102s
We have:
‘Multiplying both sides of this equations by 2, we get:
anti asont}-a
or Baa ttf
Lyf
Hace tent $+5
‘Thas the only state equation i:
etl
‘The output equation i: y= —s1 + J-
Note that although there aze two capacitor, there ia only oue independent capacitor voltage, because the two
‘Capacitors form s loop with the voltage source, In such 1 case the state equation contains the term f as well
2'/, Similar station exiata when inductors along with current sourc(s) for a cut eet.
10.266 Let us choose £1, #3 and #3 as the outpats of the subsystem shown in the igre:
Yes)
Fes)From the block diagram we obtaia:
1 #1, mp dt = -1055 +520 a
tame ieaon @
win tie; me tye 2e
fenton tf ®
pe (6) bn et bi
10.2-7 From Fig. P10.2-1, it ia easy to write the state equations ws
‘And the outpat eqeation it:
ane
dreheent h
sedenth
bende h
7 4] [a 0 8 a} pny foo
afafe re elle olay
al"]o oa oftal*}o alla.
al tooo adlel lot
“The outpt equation i:
monte ire gn
~
neste” lnllo ia alle
*
aa tet
err
Cone canon form:
‘We can write the state and oatpat equations straightforward from the traneler function H(4)-
=~ me, IEC
saw af]
131we Bh yes)
Figure $10.2-Suxbeerver canonical
Observer canonical form: In this case the block diagram cam be drawn as shown in Fig. 56.108.
hence: festadaty
(2 dll
reac of]
e410 #18) (2
‘The output equation is
‘The cascade form:
Ho)=
Hence we can write:
ce) reeves x Ys) FS),
» [Beem 1%, Ye
care |eisea) 4 oe Fe
igure $10.2: caseade and parallel
ao
fut dey a3é5 4108s) 2) = tes 983 +108 +f
famines fants
()-( SIC)
wa
venen oft]
Parallel form:
24
BO tT
SCR lS Je)
mee astm of
132Figare $10.2-tacbeerver canonical
‘Observer canonical form: In this case the block diagram can be drawn as shown in Fig. 56.100,
ence: festeatat3f
dye ite, +107
1S IEG!
peoett of]
‘The output equation i:
een 0) = ptt = (4) (45)
Brie” ora
ence we can write:
Fes) [7 _ oe
a Se
Figure $10.2-8b; cascade and parallel
By the atin =a by hey - 8a $108 +f
“Dela
renat of]
a
mt
nae GE ITE)
‘And the ontpat equation is:
a=
ponensts ft]
132102-0 (a)
Fetes
‘Controller canonical form:
~ BHELIIEH
om
In this case
. EEE JEN
eel
no» (ta) (243) (5)
From the block diagram we have:‘And the output is:
ato 7]
(Observer canonical form:
‘We can write the state equation dizectly from Hi(+) a in the frst canosical form.
Lo oyfay ft
Ey o1 offs] |r
- +)
és oo ills] 12
a) [+200 ola] Lo
And
yeneti oo 0)|”
Cascade form:
x
ese - (Fe) (
Cascade form: From the block diagram we obtain:
Fes) [7 = 3 om
> see ALS Se LS J Lise
Figure $10.2.9b: cascade
Ateeintdes | (tenn theo attested lf
fteetieis [fection cits
fyanetie dened
font dennteats
fs) fous 2 2) fa
a] fo -1 2 -2| |=
o +
{7]o 0 -1 =a} |e
ad Loo 0 -alle
pene oo |?
Parallel form: we can rewrite H(s) a» (aftr partial fraction expansion)
6
my it ‘
a) ataeit Ge GHP
135deste ts
ae
ates
isanestee
fennett
Fes)
a{ fe 2a ella} fe
= + f
a]tfo © 11 |la|*fe
al Leo eo allel b
And he niet an be wen a:
pete wt tte tte
y=(6 -€ 7 1) ee
a
sn Aneot
‘Thelin of he ae pion he enc dma nb
xo) = 4x0) 4 4098FE
atin ince 9 20 F) 20
‘pence: x(e) = @(0)x(0) where (4) = (01 — A)
eona-art tw? [8 3]
1 ape
weasly QJ eeoacar [Tastes
sine [zie ba] fete ton
‘And hence: x() = #(6)x(0)
w= (pen eee” Lk
136‘Aad fly:
10) gon a 40)
x= [EO] reel [iseeeetcca
rose
(0) = 0(0)x() + 4) BF(o) = Oo)s(0) + BFC]
148 6
ta-aye [88 8] and sey tat-art satall Z
‘And hence:
x(s) = (0) x(0) + BP(6)] = ee fe lace
. lea 8 - ite
gh — At - ae
hence: x(t) = £7(x(2))
0] ees
10 mes sane
103-3
x(a) = O(4){x(0) + BFCs)]
(ota ayn [122 8] tena crear tanta) i]
+ Lester al
Also f(t) = w(t) =e F(e) =
Hence: sro [3] And xosare [1]
~-[aeton del l2]- [este]
“Laat
x(t) = C7(x(s)) = fecle “la Utell
(0, 2am + Beo™ a0.
137ae x(0) = O(a}ix(0) + BFC)
(e2 y | mens cr a
ar ea
w= [7
= w-[)=
woe JE(8D
wa norms [HOY
x(a) = @(0)x(0) +
“fori
Perm
“(0 set =2e-™ (0)
x( = (= [ A a(t)
a ¥(o) = Cx(s) + DF(s) = CO(a)x(0) + (C8(0)B + DIF(6)]
v= [EE oe | wd srw-(']
Since D= 0 =e ¥(s) = C8(s)bx(0) + BF()}
80 xoeare= [724] =["]
wa
S(oix(0)+ BFE) = keel one [2 ]- [ eel
Yeo) = CH(aN(0)+ BELO] =(0 af eel
Yo= GeneeT* ad
a0) = Cie) = (= = 2614 3)
rose
_{¢) = Cx(s) + DE(s) = CO(e}x(0) + (CHs)B + DIF)
= C(O(a\x(0) + BE(O]} + DFC)
138ca-ay= [Tae ett art = sal?
any-[{] at xoraro= [4]
Hence “wm a canal
atte + atin ate,
cx saretett sinpeeyearons [22asth2 23]
ae + +a)
Also: = DF(s) =}
Bence
42
YC) = CHRO) + BFC + DE) = HEA +3 = eT
¥(s)= 4tetd CS , _Ast
Wea a eI
‘Using partial fractions and clearing fractions we get:
ttt 2 ya ltt
YO)" 7+ age a? Gsi+e Gaia
and aft) = EY (eI) = (2+ 26 cnt = oan)
wos
seo (Gh) Ge) - atin
‘This isthe same trae function asin Prob 1024, where the cnade form sate eqeaions wer ound tobe
fl-fS AIG) +f
And yeaa a]
In this case
nan[e oO ya] mateo sot a “als val
°
‘Also in our case: 3
eee el
] and Deo
139Hence
woe [ me)
dod CHB AL [8] - rity
Bence: cope = Att = HU)
103-8
H() = CH)B+D
in Prob. 10.3.5 we have found @(¢). And
son. [er ol tl- [=
ComBal O1MB= Gate ttn Dao
Hie) = COB =
=2
Fear
103-9 From Prob. 10.86,
wnat ee
'
conan et] gtipttife
a
H() =C8(B4+D Pause
2 " weit
10.3-10 In thin case:
aeaeff A] at enctecar este]
ae oh
won SS Soll I [ee oe
;
own | coh ie
11] Lede cate
Cit ot
wad (0) = CHB +D= | iy
a
010.9.1 In the time domain, the solution x(¢) is given by:
x= Ac ais)ér
x(t) = Atx(0) +e BR)
where
Pore
‘From Prob. 10.31 we have found:
Malo) = wom
Sea.
+ om)
which isthe same thing as in Prob. 10.31
10.5-12 From Prob. 10.32,
sine [DE ovittes) _ [atts atts
coitoos cafites] " Lats~ ats asa
ene Meet NT En]
Aa anc, _ PROM eH = Dhar 4 abe] maken Be
se [Sou giaen cae 1" Lenn
se ae['Jee [2]
aot ate OT enon |
e age
fee — SAS — Sa + UE
(" ie +:0.03e7"* — 0.01 cos |
eater" ae
eee
woectn ttn Me
tect
Mat34.026 +30.03e—* + 0.01.00 1006)
iene 1101e™ ~ 13.010
eens as in Prob. 10.3-2.
tosis Pea Peony
wo=[ *)-L2
Hence: oecrome [oO ran
TEP
woe [ eel
Aad MBE ® [ en wl" -[, 25" onl
Ad hence:
noe taoecienny=[SJe[, A]
pe ae
3:16 fran Prob. 10.54 7 ee]
wonft ee )-[2 4]
‘|
aoe De]
wef M8) -f”
ee ean Ef
and eM OBA ae oad]
“eBay = (caaiarecnn eal
‘And hence: xaos atone = [* nae eee oe 1
1018 Fem Poh 102,
wine [enter en) pan
His) = (22 a
we‘Aad a(t) ia given by: a(t) = Cle™x(0) eB 4] + DA
where: eM a CHOC) = [=
we tee fe]
all
ona = [Se] co [ 5
net + 20
iO}
+ a(t),
sae eso engye AE
ie “430 ]
© Lampert eae
neta set
(1 = 30 eat)
a1 20 32,
oat 11+ [
108-16
H(0) = CleAtx(0) + <4 6 BNE)] + DAO)
From Prob, 10.6 we have obtained:
Hence:
Mx(0) = «(]- =
me ed eter
me emo" Se en |
whee $e tat Gf. Aad ence:
9 aed
M3and
u(t) = Cle**x(0) +e" « BAO] + Dte)
U1 1)feMx(0) +e « BAO) + ¥(6)
sin t+ I]u(t) = [2 +22 cont — esa fhu(t)
[b+ 20“ cont =
— e410
WO" Sytet
From Eq, (1048) we have:
where o(t)=
From Prob, 10.37 we obtained (4) as:
woe[# 5] ef] cnt at aes
Since D=0, At) =CoBa[1 016(0B
4 26)
10.2-18 From Prob. 10.36,
tthe ober
tibet ott,
Poet
wee anerne
t= [
oul
won ]=[
And: CHB = [1 2]4()B = (oda ter cnt)
A(t) = Co(NB + 5) = He) + (taint + eT eaa aL
10.3-19 From Prob. 10.10,
dip dt | =| art ode art che
ator leah ar
‘And henca: the unit inpata response b(¢) is given by:
e" ett
nner ee 7 =|
stete
apes
mmn F]-( UC)¢Eh
~(LIt)-"
we PAP w+PB = Aw+B/
eel Tee LIE aE
ve ID TE
mere DNL
see (J-(S Ee
igevale in the orginal sytem:
‘Tac cigenalns ave te tout of the charctstic equation, ths: a the oiginl sytem:
wanat=|" 7 [etenesteteeriae
enaesngeet nan tel
In te transformed epsom, the charceriticoqeation ia ven by:
winAle|[T? 7 ]fetrae-nsae et opmcataet seed
And the egenmaluc are given by:
re
r04a fy Oo lyf 0)
EUS SIE] +f)
to eawauutecusa se
cael,
wale 43) — 2 P+ 3042 = (+ I)9 +2) 0
ore
w= Px and w= PAP w+ PBS = Aw+Bf
SIERO con
PSR I-E2 SI 3]
M5= 2p mn = te
par 9p ~ BP
pa = trap
we Mee choo pn =? then pp =t
mam
Asdit pel then pad
yas tra Pa
tne el]
TE E)-Eee
(0) y= Cx4+ Df where D=0 =o y = Cx.
eth PE
rl Tcl be
we +l
1043
‘The characteritic equation is given by:
ba-aj=fo
Jo 2 oes
= al(o)le +3) 42) = a? +3042) wale +10 +2) =0
Hence the eigenvalues are: Jy =0, to = -1and Ay = -2. And
“fey
In the transformed eystem we have: w = Px and w = PAP@'w +P]
We hove to find P such that: PAP™! w A or AP = PA.
ESJBSS}E25025
mao mao if eee
mare
aetna
=) past m if pase), then pra = Dard prs =
astm Pe if paeithen pnt
2pm = p= por
2p 2 na — mn me Ps =
610.44
mel TELE
wt) = Cfet"x(0) +6" BAO]
Am CMH)
dro
ada F ° aa
oo
- hE
ll
wt) Oe pi)
“| 5 [se-em]
oa(t) 4Q =e * lt),
peers
as eyo [e2si-ie : [-t-]
emapege) Lae de™
Aad finally: g(t) =CleMx(0) +e" o BAO) with Cm [t 3 1)
nom (vereset ade deem) o(Ee detec)
10.5-1 (a) state equations:
E63)
athe “hee
Fig $10,510 and >
father = (0-0 mee dn te +(e F
fy tas eat fmm te manta ts
JF SILtheoutpatis pe =f oft]
‘Tha character oqasion ia
aot
“4
\t- Alnom
: : Oo +l
y[retoetnao
Ay =e and Ay mab are the sigenrabues,
swe alo have: w = Pax and w = PAP“!w 4 PB/.
We are looking for P auch that: PAP“! m A or AP = PA,
(FJ se aie 2
en = on
Wp = (64) then pin =
bos = apn me Ps 0
= adm
ona = mbna 0
can be anything; let's take pn = 1
= bon = pn bon me pas 0
vsti wean ['S* 1] ["]
CObwervabilty: the ootpat in terms of w itty = Cx = CPlw = Cw.
Le] [= 4
where: Pet 5
elo sal *Lo
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