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Nomad: Contraception & ART
Nomad: Contraception & ART
Nomad: Contraception & ART
PHYSIOLOGY
By
Dr.M.Anthony David MD
Professor of Physiology
CONTRACEPTION
The prevention of conception is
called as contraception.
Contraception is useful to prevent
population explosion.
It is also called as Birth Control
methods or Family Planning Methods.
This can be done at the female, male
or coital stages.
ABORTION
Abortion is the abrupt and
unsuccessful ending or termination
of pregnancy.
It can be spontaneous or induced.
Induced Abortion is the medical
termination of pregnancy.
In Abortion, a formed embryo or
fetus is killed due to health problems
of the mother.
CONTRACEPTION: HISTORICAL
Coitus Interruptus was first
practised around 4000 BC in
ancient Middle east.
Intra uterine contraception was
first practiced in female camels
by Arabians in the middle ages.
They used to insert some seeds
into the uterus of the she-
camels.
This served as an Intra Uterine
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS: A
CLASSIFICATION
TERMINAL OR PERMANENT METHODS:
There is a permanent stopping of
conception.
Used by couples who have finished
their family.
TEMPORARY SPACING METHODS:
Used for spacing or giving a gap
between children
Used to postpone children’s arrival
while the couple gets adjusted.
TERMINAL METHODS
I. VASECTOMY:
MALE STERILISATION:
A SIMPLE OUT PATIENT
PROCEDURE.
THE ‘VAS DEFERENS’ IS ISOLATED
AND CUT.
THE TWO ENDS ARE LIGATED.
LATEST METHOD: NSV: NON
SCALPEL VASECTOMY.
LEAST DONE IN INDIA DUE TO
PREJUDICE & SUPERSTITIONS.
VASECTOMY
TERMINAL METHODS
II. TUBECTOMY:
FEMALE STERILIZATION:
PART OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE IS
REMOVED.
THE TWO ENDS ARE TIGHTLY
LIGATED.
CAN BE DONE AS:
POST PARTUM STERILIZATION
INTERVAL STERILIZATION
LAPAROSCOPIC STERELIZATION
TUBECTOMY: TYPES
INTERVAL STERILIZATION
SPACING METHODS
BARRIER METHODS:
A) PHYSICAL BARRIER:
CONDOMS
DIAPHRAGM
VAGINAL SPONGE
FEMALE CONDOM.
B) CHEMICAL
BARRIER:SPERMICIDAL
FOAMS
CREAMS
SUPPOSITORIES
CONDOMS
SPERMICIDES
DIAPHRAGM + SPERMICIDE
IUCDs
INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE
DEVICES (IUCD):
FUNCTION BY PREVENTING
IMPLANTATION.
I GENERATION:
NON MEDICATED: LIPPE’S LOOP
IIGENERATION: MEDICATED
BIOACTIVE
COPPER T
III
GENERATION: HORMONE
RELEASING
LIPPE’S LOOP Cu T & PROGESTASERT
HORMONAL CONTRACEPTIVES
ALSO CALLED ORAL PILLS OR ORAL
CONTRACEPTIVES.
ARE USUALLY HORMONES OR
COMBINATIONS TAKEN BY MOUTH.
THEY CAUSE THE TEMPORARY
CESSATION OF THE OVARIAN CYCLES.
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
COMBINED PILLS:
HAS
BOTH ESTROGEN &
PROGESTERONE.
POP: PROGESTRONE ONLY PILL.
MORNING AFTER PILL
EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION.
DEPOT FORMULATIONS
INJECTABLES:
DEPOT
PROVERA,‘DMPA’, ‘NET EN’
POST CONCEPTIONAL
METHODS
MENSTRUAL REGULATION
(MR)
MTP: MEDICAL TERMINATION
OF PREGNANCY.
OTHER METHODS
ABSTINENCE: THE BEST
PART OF THE A B C TO PREVENT
HIV/AIDS.
COITUS INTERRUPTUS:
HISTORICALLY THE OLDEST IN
HUMANS.
THE SEMEN WAS SPILLED ON THE
GROUND.
THE MALE PILL:
GOSSYPOL : COTTON SEED OIL
KILLS SPERMATIDS.
VERY TOXIC AND SO NOT USED.
NATURAL FAMILY
PLANNING METHODS
SAFE PERIOD METHOD:
DURING THE FERTILE PERIOD,
COITUS IS AVOIDED.
THE REST OF THE CYCLE IS ‘SAFE’
OVULATION TESTS:
BASAL BODY TEMPERATURE
CHARTS
CERVICAL MUCUS : BILLINGS
METHOD
SAFE PERIOD METHOD
REVIEW
WEIVER
Contraception is the prevention
of conception.
There two main types:
Permanent or Terminal methods:
Vasectomy or Male sterilization.
Tubectomy or Female sterilization.
Other methods.
ASSISTED
REPRODUCTIVE
TECHNOLOGY
By
Dr.M.Anthony David MD
Professor of Physiology
INFERTILITY
What is fertility?
The capacity to conceive and bear
children is called fertility.
Infertility: A couple is said to be
infertile if pregnancy does not result
after 1 year of normal sexual activity
without contraceptives.
25% of couples experience infertility
at some point in their reproductive
lives.
WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
INFERTILITY?
The male partner in 40% cases.
Artificial insemination is resorted
to in such cases.
A combination of factors can be
the reason for infertility.
ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
SPERMS ARE INJECTED INTO THE
CERVIX DIRECTLY.
DONE IN CASES OF MALE INFERTILITY
OR FEMALE TRACT HOSTILITY.
AIH: AI WITH THE HUSBAND’S SPERM:
THISIS IN CASE OF SEVERE CERVICAL
HOSTILITY TO SPERMS
CONCENTRATED WASHED SPERMS ARE
USED
AID: AI WITH DONOR’S SPERMS
INCASES OF AZOOSPERMIA.
DONOR SPERMS ARE TAKEN FROM THE
SPERM BANKS OR FROM ELIGIBLE
TECHNIQUES OF OOCYTE
RETRIEVAL
1. IVF –ET: IN VITRO FERTILIZATION &
EMBRYONAL TRANSFER: TEST TUBE
BABY
2. GIFT: GAMETE INTRA FALLOPIAN
TRANSFER
3. ZIFT: ZYGOTE INTRA FALLOPIAN
TRANSFER
4. TET: TUBAL EMBRYONAL TRANSFER
5. POST: PERITONEAL OOCYTE &
SPERM TRANSFER
II. TECHNIQUES OF SPERM
RETRIEVAL & INJECTION
1. ICSI: INTRA CYTOPLASMIC
SPERM INJECTION.