J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 (Suppl. 16): S5S11 doi: 10.1111/jcpe.

12368

Principles in prevention of
periodontal diseases
Consensus report of group 1 of
the 11th European Workshop on
Periodontology on effective
prevention of periodontal and
peri-implant diseases
Tonetti MS, Eickholz P, Loos BG, Papapanou P, van der Velden U, Armitage G,
Bouchard P, Deinzer R, Dietrich T, Hughes F, Kocher T, Lang NP, Lopez R,
Needleman I, Newton T, Nibali L , Pretzl B, Ramseier C, Sanz-Sanchez I,
Schlagenhauf U, Suvan JE, Fabrikant E, Fundak A. Principles in prevention of
periodontal diseasesConsensus report of group 1 of the 11th European workshop
on periodontology on effective prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases.
J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 (Suppl. 16): S5S11. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12368.

Abstract
Aims: In spite of the remarkable success of current preventive efforts, periodontitis remains one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind. The objective of this
workshop was to review critical scientific evidence and develop recommendations
to improve: (i) plaque control at the individual and population level (oral
hygiene), (ii) control of risk factors, and (iii) delivery of preventive professional
interventions.
Methods: Discussions were informed by four systematic reviews covering aspects
of professional mechanical plaque control, behavioural change interventions to
improve self-performed oral hygiene and to control risk factors, and assessment
of the risk profile of the individual patient. Recommendations were developed
and graded using a modification of the GRADE system using evidence from the
systematic reviews and expert opinion.

Maurizio S. Tonetti1, Peter Eickholz2,

Bruno G. Loos3, Panos Papapanou4,
Ubele van der Velden3, Gary
Armitage5, Philippe Bouchard5,
Renate Deinzer5, Thomas Dietrich5,
Frances Hughes5, Thomas Kocher5,
Niklaus P. Lang5, Rodrigo Lopez5,
Ian Needleman5, Tim Newton5, Luigi
Nibali5, Bernadette Pretzl5, Christoph
Ramseier5, Ignacio Sanz-Sanchez5,
Ulrich Schlagenhauf5 and Jean E.
Suvan5
1

European Research Group on

Periodontology (ERGOPerio), Genova, Italy;
2
Department of Periodontology, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt,
Germany; 3Department of Periodontology,
Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam
(ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free
University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands; 4Department of Periodontology,
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
5
Member of working Group 1 of the 11th
European Workshop on Periodontology
Industry representative in working Group 1 of
the 11th European Workshop on Periodontology:
Angela Fundak and Ekaterini Fabrikant

Key words: behavioural changes; gingivitis;

oral hygiene; periodontal diseases;
periodontitis; prevention; prophylaxis; risk
assessment; risk factors; scaling; smoking
cessation
Accepted for publication 31 December 2014

Conflict of interest and source of funding statement

Funds for this workshop were provided by the European Federation of Periodontology in part through unrestricted educational
grants from Johnson & Johnson and Procter & Gamble. Workshop participants filed detailed disclosure of potential conflict of
interest relevant to the workshop topics and these are kept on file. Declared potential dual commitments included having received
research funding, consultant fees and speakers fee from: Colgate-Palmolive, Procter & Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, Sunstar,
Unilever, Philips, Dentaid, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Heraeus-Kulzer, Straumann.
2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

S5

S6

Tonetti et al.

Results: Key messages included: (i) an appropriate periodontal diagnosis is

needed before submission of individuals to professional preventive measures and
determines the selection of the type of preventive care; (ii) preventive measures
are not sufficient for treatment of periodontitis; (iii) repeated and individualized
oral hygiene instruction and professional mechanical plaque (and calculus)
removal are important components of preventive programs; (iv) behavioural
interventions to improve individual oral hygiene need to set specific Goals, incorporate Planning and Self monitoring (GPS approach); (v) brief interventions for
risk factor control are key components of primary and secondary periodontal
prevention; (vi) the Ask, Advise, Refer (AAR) approach is the minimum standard
to be used in dental settings for all subjects consuming tobacco; (vii) validated
periodontal risk assessment tools stratify patients in terms of risk of disease progression and tooth loss.
Conclusions: Consensus was reached on specific recommendations for the public,
individual dental patients and oral health care professionals with regard to best
action to improve efficacy of primary and secondary preventive measures. Some
have implications for public health officials, payers and educators.

Gingivitis and periodontitis are

inflammatory conditions caused by
the formation and persistence of
microbial biofilms on the hard, nonshedding surfaces of teeth. Gingivitis is the first manifestation of the
inflammatory response to the biofilm.
It is reversible (i.e. if the biofilm is disrupted gingivitis resolves), but if
biofilms persist gingivitis becomes
chronic. In some subjects, chronic
gingivitis progresses to periodontitis. Besides the presence of a diseaseassociated biofilm, these subjects are
exposed to additional risk factors
including smoking and systemic
comorbidities. Periodontitis is characterized by non-reversible tissue
destruction resulting in progressive
loss of attachment eventually leading
to tooth loss. Severe periodontitis is
the 6th most prevalent disease of
mankind (Kassebaum et al. 2014), it
is associated with reduced quality of
life, masticatory dysfunction, and it is

a major factor in the increase in costs

of oral health care. It is a public
health problem since it is highly
prevalent and causes disability and
social inequality (Baehni & Tonetti
2010).
In the context of prevention, gingivitis and periodontitis are best viewed
as a continuum of a chronic inflammatory disease entity with periodontitis representing a perturbation of
host-microbial homeostasis in susceptible individuals that leads to irreversible tissue destruction. Regular
disruption and periodic removal of
accumulating bacterial deposits at
and below the gingival margin is a
key component of the prevention of
plaque-induced periodontal diseases.
Given that individuals are often
unable to accomplish this, professional intervention is required.
Prevention of gingivitis refers to
inhibition of the development of
clinically detectable gingival inflam-

mation or its recurrence. It is

currently unknown whether low levels
of gingival inflammation are compatible with maintenance of oral health
or should also be considered a risk
for development of periodontitis in
susceptible individuals. Primary prevention of gingivitis aims to avoid
the development of more severe and
widespread forms of gingivitis that
may ultimately convert to periodontitis.
Prevention of periodontitis may be
primary or secondary. Primary prevention of periodontitis refers to preventing the inflammatory process
from destroying the periodontal
attachment; it consists of treating gingivitis through the disruption/
removal of the bacterial biofilm and
the consequent resolution of inflammation. In addition, adjunctive interventions including pharmacological
modification of the disease-associated
biofilm and host modulation have
been explored.

2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Group 1 consensus
Secondary prevention of periodontitis refers to preventing recurrence of
gingival inflammation, which may
lead to additional attachment loss in
successfully treated periodontitis.
Both at the population and at the
individual subject level, prevention
(and treatment) of gingivitis is a critical component for the prevention of
periodontitis. Furthermore, the control/
management of risk factors for
periodontitis such as smoking and
diabetes form an important part of
prevention of periodontitis.
Prevention of periodontal disease
consists of patient-performed control
of the dental biofilm and professional interventions. In developed
countries, the above approaches have
been used for several decades. Their
application at the population level
has been associated with an overall
improvement in the levels of oral
cleanliness, a decrease in gingival
inflammation and in the prevalence
of mild to moderate periodontitis
(Eke et al. 2012). In the majority of
these countries, however, the prevalence of severe periodontitis has not
decreased.
Similar to approaches adopted in
the prevention of other common
chronic diseases, effective prevention
of periodontitis requires the combined involvement of policy makers,
health professionals and empowered
individuals.
It is noted that the oral health
care team comprises different professional figures in different countries.
These should participate in the
professional delivery of prevention
as determined by the competent governing laws.
The aim of this consensus was to
identify effective approaches to
improve: (i) plaque control at the
individual and population level (oral
hygiene), (ii) control of risk factors,
and (iii) preventive professional
interventions.
The scope of this consensus is
to review the evidence supporting
approaches for the prevention of
periodontal diseases in self-caring
adults without disabilities and to
provide specific recommendations to
the public, oral health professionals
and policy makers. Specific recommendations were developed based on
the evidence and the expert opinion
of the group participants. Each recommendation for oral health care

professionals and the public/patient

was rated in terms of strength of the
recommendation and in terms of the
level of evidence underlying it. This
was accomplished with a modification of the GRADE system as
utilized in a previous workshop supported by the European Federation
of Periodontology (Tonetti & Jepsen
2014). The effectiveness of specific
preventive tools and technologies is
discussed in the consensus of group
II (Chapple 2015), while adverse
events of prevention of periodontal
disease are discussed in the consensus of group IV of this workshop
(Sanz 2015). Principles extending
prevention to dental implants are
discussed in the consensus of group
III of this workshop (Jepsen 2015).
Professional Mechanical Plaque
Removal for Primary Prevention of
Periodontal Diseases in Adults

One of the most commonly performed preventive measures in adults

in countries with organized dental
services is professional mechanical
plaque removal (PMPR), with or
without concomitant oral hygiene
instructions (OHI).
PMPR comprises supra-gingival
and sub-marginal plaque and calculus removal using hand instruments
(scalers, curettes), or powered instruments (sonic, ultrasonic, rotating
devices, air polishing). The intention is
to remove deposits from the tooth
surface, extending into the gingival
sulcus. This is done to allow adequate
patient-performed oral hygiene.
The systematic review (Needleman
et al. 2015) on PMPR for prevention
as defined above, resulted in the
following findings:

S7

Recommendations

The available evidence and expert

opinion led the working group to
make the following recommendations:
Oral health care professionals

Repeated and individually tailored

OHI is the key element in achieving gingival health.
Strength of recommendation: Moderate, Level of evidence 1.
PMPR both supra-gingivally and
sub-marginally as deep as necessary to remove all soft and hard
deposits is required to allow
good self-performed oral hygiene.
Strength of recommendation: Good
practice point.
PMPR as the sole treatment
modality is inappropriate in patients
with periodontitis.
Strength of recommendation: Good
practice point.
An appropriate periodontal diagnosis should determine the selection of the type of preventive care.
Strength of recommendation: Good
practice point.
Patients

Remove plaque effectively with

the methods prescribed and regularly checked by the dental team
to achieve and maintain gingival
health.
Strength of recommendation: High,
level of evidence 1.
Seek professional supervision in
tailoring and monitoring oral
hygiene and PMPR to remove all
deposits and allow good oral
hygiene.
Strength of recommendation: High,
level of evidence 1.
Public

There is little value in providing

PMPR without OHI to reduce
gingivitis.
A single episode of PMPR followed by repeated OHI is as
effective as repeated PMPR in
reducing gingivitis at least up to
3 years follow-up.
There are no published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to
directly inform on the efficacy of
PMPR for primary and secondary prevention of periodontitis as
opposed to the indirect evidence
derived from gingivitis treatment
studies

2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Consider proper oral hygiene as

part of a health conscious lifestyle.
Recommend regular visits with an
oral health professional for periodontal screening, check of oral
hygiene and the need to receive
professional tooth cleaning.

Research

There is urgent need for research

on the direct impact of PMPR and
OHI on secondary prevention.
The relative contribution of
PMPR and OHI needs to be

S8

Tonetti et al.
investigated, including frequency,
types of interventions, patient
reported outcome measures and
health economics.
There is a need to investigate
whether there is a threshold of
gingival inflammation (in terms
of both severity and duration)
which is compatible with longterm periodontal health.

Psychological Approaches to
Behavioural Change for Improved
Plaque Control in Periodontal
Management

to

periodontitis and
their benefits from change,

Based on this evidence a reasonable approach to facilitate behavioural change with oral hygiene practices
is the incorporation of Goal setting,
Planning and Self-monitoring (GPS).

Oral health professionals

Related to patient-perceptions of
harmful consequences,
their own susceptibility

ing the patient to assess their

own behaviour in relation to
the goals)

Recommendations

Whilst it is recognized that selfperformed oral hygiene is the key

component of prevention of periodontal disease and that long-term
successful outcomes of periodontal
therapy are contingent upon effective
and consistent oral hygiene practices,
the general population does not consistently achieve appropriate plaque
control (Petersen & Ogawa 2005). It
is therefore necessary to facilitate
behavioural changes conducive to
enhanced plaque control. The public
need to acquire positive attitudes
towards behavioural change and to
achieve actual behavioural change
conducive to enhanced plaque control.
Oral health professionals need to
identify and adopt effective techniques that help patients change oral
health behaviour, but there is consensus that, in general, oral health care
providers lack a structured, proven
approach to facilitate behavioural
changes that improve plaque control.
The systematic review (Newton &
Asimakopoulou 2015) on psychological approaches to behavioural change
for improved plaque control in
periodontitis patients indicates that
change in oral hygiene behaviour is:

self-monitoring (i.e., encourag-

Facilitated by
goal setting (i.e., identifying

with the patient the change to be

made),
planning (i.e., working with the
patient to decide when, where
and how they will undertake
the behaviour change)

Oral health professionals need

to routinely adopt an effective
individual oral hygiene program
for their patients. This requires
incorporating behavioural change
techniques.
Strength of recommendation: High,
level of evidence 1.
Behaviour change for the delivery
of OHI can be based on the GPS
approach:
Goal setting (including instruc-

tion in an appropriate technique to achieve that goal),

Planning and
Self-monitoring
Strength of recommendation: Moderate, Level of evidence 5 (expert
opinion).
Delivery of OHI includes assessing Patients perceptions regarding harmful consequences, their
own susceptibility, their benefits
of change and their self-efficacy
in order to identify and address
perceptions which might hamper
patients motivation for behavioural
change. Motivational interviewing
might be one appropriate methodology for this.
Strength of recommendation: Moderate, Level of evidence 5 (expert
opinion).
The OHI should be based on the
careful selection of tools (type of
toothbrush and type of interdental kit) and techniques for use
tailored to the needs and preferences of the patient.
Strength of recommendation: High,
level of evidence 1.
Policymakers
One possible barrier to the adoption
of current best practice in behaviour
change is the lack of an explicit

remuneration for such practices.

Dental health policy makers should
give consideration to adopting such
remuneration for practitioners undertaking behavioural change approaches
for oral hygiene promotion in dental
services.
Dental educators
Education of oral health professionals should include methods of
behavioural change approaches like
GPS. There is a need to develop
specific educational and training
materials for both the oral health
care team (dental practitioners,
specialists, hygienists, oral health
promotion staff) and the entire
healthcare team.
Research
Additional research is needed to
develop validated methodologies that
can be used as a structured approach
to facilitate behavioural change
amongst (i) dental practitioners, and
(ii) patients and the public.
Studies must adopt a standardized
and agreed taxonomy of behaviour
change methods and state explicitly which approaches to behaviour
change have been used [e.g., providing information on the link between
behaviour and health, goal setting,
providing
contingent
rewards,
prompt self-monitoring of behaviour;
Abraham & Michie 2008).
Studies and practitioners must
clearly distinguish between enhancing
(i) motivation, i.e., a positive attitude
towards engaging in a behaviour, and
(ii) volition, i.e., strategies for implementing the change (Gollwitzer 1993).
Studies must include self-efficacy
as a predictor of behaviour change
and a possible target for intervention.
Research is needed to assess the
cost/benefit of an approach that
actively integrates health behaviour
change in dental practice.
Behaviour Change Counselling for
Tobacco Use Cessation in the Dental
Setting

As smoking is a risk factor shared

among several of the most prevalent
diseases of mankind including periodontitis, avoiding tobacco consumption also contributes to periodontitis
prevention.
The systematic review (Ramseier
& Suvan 2015) identified strong

2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Group 1 consensus
evidence that brief interventions in
the dental setting increase the smoking cessation rate. While the reported
quit rate was in the range of 1020%
at 12 months (Carr & Ebbert 2012),
the magnitude of the effect seen in
these studies is comparable to that
described in similar studies in general
health care settings (Fiore et al.
2008). Six of the eight studies in the
review that supported the effectiveness of brief interventions to quit
smoking in the dental setting were
performed in the dental office.
Evidence
demonstrates
that
patients welcome and expect involvement of oral health professionals in
smoking cessation.
A limitation of the evidence is the
lack of consistency of definition of
specific interventions in the dental
setting. However, a brief intervention
in this context is generally a short
conversation with the patient of up to
5 min., which provides advice and
includes a degree of counselling
regarding tobacco use.
Recommendations

Oral health professionals

Oral health professionals should

be aware that brief interventions
in the dental setting increase the
smoking cessation rate. The
health benefit is both for oral
(periodontal) health and for general health.
Strength of recommendation: High,
level of evidence 1.
Oral health professionals should
adopt validated smoking cessation
counselling approaches in their
practice.
Strength of recommendation: High,
level of evidence 1.
Oral health professionals should
routinely adopt, as a minimum, a
brief intervention using the AAR
approach:
Ask (ask every patient about

Strength of recommendation: High,

level of evidence 1.
Patients

Patients need to be informed of

the oral health benefits of avoiding or quitting tobacco use and
of its harmful oral health effects.
Strength of recommendation: Good
practice point.
Patients should be aware of the
role of the dental team in supporting them to quit tobacco use.
Strength of recommendation: High,
level of evidence 1.
Policymakers
Public health policy makers should
be aware of the role of the dental
team in supporting patients to quit
tobacco use. They should give consideration to adopting remuneration
for practitioners undertaking brief
interventions for tobacco use in dental practice settings.
Education
Smoking cessation courses should be
part of undergraduate dental and
dental hygienist curricula as agreed
in European guidelines on professional competencies (Cowpe et al.
2010). As a minimum, oral health
professionals should be competent to
carry out brief interventions based
on the AAR approach.
Research

To investigate the most effective

way to encourage oral health
professionals to implement routine brief intervention procedures
into their practice.
To investigate optimal techniques
for smoking cessation counselling
such as motivational interviewing.
To investigate the costs and benefits of implementation of brief
interventions for tobacco use in
dental settings.

tobacco use)

Advise (advise every tobacco

user to quit, provide information on 1. the effects of tobacco

use on oral health, 2. the benefits of stopping tobacco use, and
3. available methods for quitting)
Refer (offer referral to specialist smoking cessation services,
if available)

brief interventions in the dental

setting can have positive influences
on other healthy lifestyle behaviours,
particularly enhancing fruit/vegetable
consumption.
Unlike the large body of evidence
in the field of tobacco cessation, there
is very limited data available on other
lifestyle interventions; there is insufficient evidence to interpret further the
data on these interventions and no
recommendations can be made at this
time other than the need to further
explore the potential of such interventions in the context of clinical and
public health research.
Risk Factor Assessment Tools for
the Prevention of Periodontitis

Different individuals demonstrate

varying susceptibility to onset and
progression of periodontitis (L
oe
et al. 1986). Consequently, the application of uniform preventive protocols will rarely meet the individual
needs resulting in under-provision of
care to some individuals and overprovision to others. This can result
in increased burden of disease,
unwanted side effects as well as suboptimal allocation of resources. This
is an important issue for both primary and secondary prevention.
It is important to note that in general, prediction tools based on risk
factors allow the grouping of patients
according to different levels of average risk, they do not however allow
the accurate prediction of individual
patient outcomes (prognosis). Previous literature shows that risk factors
and combinations thereof typically
have poor performance for individual
risk prediction (Wald et al. 1999,
2005). Nonetheless, the provision of
patient care guided by the assessment of patient level risk for the
progression of periodontitis may be
an advantageous approach for the
individual patient (Rosling et al.
2001).
The systematic review (Lang
et al. 2015) reached the following
conclusions:

Behaviour Change Counselling for

Promotion of Healthy Life Styles in
the Dental Setting

With regard to promotion of healthy

lifestyles in the dental setting, the
systematic review (Ramseier & Suvan
2015) identified limited evidence that

2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

S9

Five different risk assessment

tools have been described. These
tools consist of various combinations of patient level factors.
Three of these were evaluated on
longitudinal data demonstrating
an association between the risk

S10

Tonetti et al.

score and disease progression

(PRC, PRA, and DRS).
One of the tools (PRA) has been
externally validated in multiple
supportive periodontal care (SPC)
populations in several countries.
Data showed an association
between the risk categories and
the outcome (AL/tooth loss).
The review could not identify
any study investigating whether
the application of the tools
would result in clinical benefits
for the individual patient.

The development, validation and

evaluation of clinical prediction
rules are a multistage process. Periodontal risk assessment tools are in
the early stages of this development
process. While several tools have
been proposed, the implications of
patient stratification using these tools
in terms of clinical decision-making
are unclear, and their efficacy/
effectiveness in terms of improvement
of periodontal care and clinical outcomes has not been evaluated.
In the absence of evidence, clinicians still need to make decisions on
the provision of both primary and
secondary prevention. The context
of primary and secondary prevention
differs: secondary prevention is
focused on the segment of the population at higher risk (as demonstrated by having had the disease).
As recommended by the consensus
report of group 4 of this workshop,
these patients should participate in a
life-long professionally supervised,
secondary prevention program. These
subjects still have a continuum of risk
for recurrence of periodontitis, display
different severity of destruction, and
are characterized by individual preventive needs. These could either be
met providing maximum care to
every patient such as described in
the classic study by Axelsson &
Lindhe (1981, Axelsson et al. 1991),
or by a more tailored approach
informed by the patients risk profile
and disease history. Given this
dilemma, the consensus considers
risk assessment tools as a way to
capture the complexity of the patient
profile to inform clinical decisionmaking.
There was also consensus that
these tools may be useful to communicate risk to the patient and potential preventative targets.

Recommendations

Oral health professionals

The application of validated risk
assessment tools at baseline and/or
each SPC appointment by oral health
professionals may be useful to:

facilitate patient communication

in terms of GPS (goal setting,
planning, self-assessment) at each
SPC appointment.
Strength of the recommendation:
Good practice point.
stratify patients in terms of risk of
disease progression and tooth loss
Strength of recommendation: High,
Level of Evidence: 2
facilitate clinical decision making
at initial consultation and/or during SPC.
Strength of recommendation: Low,
Level of Evidence: 5 (expert opinion).
Research
Further research on the development
of clinical prediction rules for periodontal risk stratification is encouraged. Systematic evaluation and
optimisation of different combinations of individual risk indicators is
recommended to improve the accuracy of future tools.
There is a need for research on
the possible effects of risk assessment
on patient management, including
but not limited to patient motivation, clinical decision-making and
allocation of resources.
Ultimately, the benefit of risk
assessment tools on clinical and
patient outcomes should be assessed.
This may include observational studies, studies utilising decision analysis
models and/or prospective randomized studies in different patient populations.
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2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 (Suppl. 16): S5S11 doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12368

Principles in prevention of
periodontal diseases
Consensus report of group 1 of
the 11th European Workshop on
Periodontology on effective
prevention of periodontal and
peri-implant diseases
Tonetti MS, Eickholz P, Loos BG, Papapanou P, van der Velden U, Armitage G,
Bouchard P, Deinzer R, Dietrich T, Hughes F, Kocher T, Lang NP, Lopez R,
Needleman I, Newton T, Nibali L , Pretzl B, Ramseier C, Sanz-Sanchez I,
Schlagenhauf U, Suvan JE, Fabrikant E, Fundak A. Principles in prevention of
periodontal diseasesConsensus report of group 1 of the 11th European workshop
on periodontology on effective prevention of periodontal and peri-implant diseases.
J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 (Suppl. 16): S5S11. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12368.

Abstract
Aims: In spite of the remarkable success of current preventive efforts, periodontitis remains one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind. The objective of this
workshop was to review critical scientific evidence and develop recommendations
to improve: (i) plaque control at the individual and population level (oral
hygiene), (ii) control of risk factors, and (iii) delivery of preventive professional
interventions.
Methods: Discussions were informed by four systematic reviews covering aspects
of professional mechanical plaque control, behavioural change interventions to
improve self-performed oral hygiene and to control risk factors, and assessment
of the risk profile of the individual patient. Recommendations were developed
and graded using a modification of the GRADE system using evidence from the
systematic reviews and expert opinion.

Maurizio S. Tonetti1, Peter Eickholz2,

Bruno G. Loos3, Panos Papapanou4,
Ubele van der Velden3, Gary
Armitage5, Philippe Bouchard5,
Renate Deinzer5, Thomas Dietrich5,
Frances Hughes5, Thomas Kocher5,
Niklaus P. Lang5, Rodrigo Lopez5,
Ian Needleman5, Tim Newton5, Luigi
Nibali5, Bernadette Pretzl5, Christoph
Ramseier5, Ignacio Sanz-Sanchez5,
Ulrich Schlagenhauf5 and Jean E.
Suvan5
1

European Research Group on

Periodontology (ERGOPerio), Genova, Italy;
2
Department of Periodontology, Johann
Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt,
Germany; 3Department of Periodontology,
Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam
(ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Free
University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands; 4Department of Periodontology,
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA;
5
Member of working Group 1 of the 11th
European Workshop on Periodontology
Industry representative in working Group 1 of
the 11th European Workshop on Periodontology:
Angela Fundak and Ekaterini Fabrikant

Key words: behavioural changes; gingivitis;

oral hygiene; periodontal diseases;
periodontitis; prevention; prophylaxis; risk
assessment; risk factors; scaling; smoking
cessation
Accepted for publication 31 December 2014

Conflict of interest and source of funding statement

Funds for this workshop were provided by the European Federation of Periodontology in part through unrestricted educational
grants from Johnson & Johnson and Procter & Gamble. Workshop participants filed detailed disclosure of potential conflict of
interest relevant to the workshop topics and these are kept on file. Declared potential dual commitments included having received
research funding, consultant fees and speakers fee from: Colgate-Palmolive, Procter & Gamble, Johnson & Johnson, Sunstar,
Unilever, Philips, Dentaid, Ivoclar-Vivadent, Heraeus-Kulzer, Straumann.
2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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