Nghien Cuu Va Mo Phong Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen Pegasis Trong Mang Cam Bien

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI
KHOA IN T - VIN THNG
TT NGHIP I HC
ti:
NGHIN CU V M PHNG GIAO THC NH TUYN

PEGASIS TRONG MNG CM BIN
Sinh vin thc hin:
TH TUYT
Lp T6 - K48
Ging vin hng dn:
TS. TRN NGC LAN
Cn b phn bin:
TS. TRNG TUN
H ni, 5-2008
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
B GIO DC V O TO
--------------------------------------------------
CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp - T do - Hnh phc
---------------------------------
NHIM V N TT NGHIP
H v tn sinh vin: ..... S hiu sinh vin:

Kho:.Khoa: in t - Vin thng Ngnh: .........
1. u n:
..
.....
2. Cc s liu v d liu ban u:

......
...
...
3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

...
...
...
4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

...
...
.
5. H tn ging vin hng dn: ..

6. Ngy giao nhim v n: .
7. Ngy hon thnh n: ..
Ngy
thng
nm
Ch nhim B mn
Ging vin hng dn
Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy

thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
B GIO DC V O TO
--------------------------------------------------BN NHN XT N TT NGHIP

H v tn sinh vin: ...................................................................... S hiu sinh vin: ...........................
Ngnh: .................................................................................................. Kho: ....................................................
Ging vin hng dn:..............................................................................................................................................
Cn b phn bin: .......................................................................................................................................
Ni dung thit k tt nghip:
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................
Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................................................................................
Ngy
thng
nm
Cn b phn bin
( K, ghi r h v tn)
LI NI U
Ngy nay nh c nhng tin b nhanh chng trong khoa hc v cng ngh s
pht trin ca nhng mng bao gm cc cm bin gi thnh r, tiu th t nng lng
v a chc nng nhn c nhng s ch ng k. Hin nay ngi ta ang tp
trung trin khai cc mng cm bin p dng vo trong cuc sng hng ngy. l
cc lnh vc v y t, qun s, mi trng, giao thng Trong mt tng lai khng xa,
cc ng dng ca mng cm bin s tr thnh mt phn khng th thiu trong cuc
sng con ngi nu chng ta pht huy c ht cc im mnh m khng phi mng
no cng c c nh mng cm bin.
Tuy nhin mng cm ng ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc, mt trong
nhng thch thc ln nht l ngun nng lng b gii hn v khng th np li.
Hin nay rt nhiu nh nghin cu ang tp trung vo vic ci thin kh nng s dng
hiu qu nng lng ca mng cm bin trong tng lnh vc khc nhau.
Trong qu trnh tm hiu v nghin cu v mng cm bin, em la chn v
tm hiu giao thc nh tuyn PEGASIS. Giao thc ny ci thin ng k thi gian
sng ca mng cm bin, v em quyt nh chn ti ny lm n tt nghip.
c th hon thnh c n tt nghip ny, em c hc hi nhng
kin thc qu bu t cc thy, c gio ca Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni trong
sut nm nm i hc. Em v cng bit n s dy d, ch bo tn tnh ca cc thy, cc
c trong thi gian hc tp ny.
Em xin by t lng bit n ti TS. Trn Ngc Lan-b mn k thut thng tin
Khoa in t vin thng- i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, tn tnh ch bo v nh
hng cho em nghin cu ti ny. C cho em nhng li khuyn quan trng trong
sut qu trnh hon thnh n.
Cui cng, em xin cm n gia nh v bn b lun to iu kin thun li, ng

vin v gip em trong sut thi gian hc tp, cng nh qu trnh nghin cu, hon
thnh n ny.
H ni, thng 5 nm 2008
Sinh vin
Th Tuyt
TM TT N
Ngy nay nh tin b vt bc trong khoa hc v cng ngh, mng cm bin
tr thnh ti nghin cu nng bng v nhn c s tin b ng k trong vi nm
qua. Mng cm bin l mng v tuyn bao gm cc thit b cm bin c phn b
mt cch ngu nhin trong khng gian, nhm quan st cc hin tng vt l , hay iu
kin mi trng nh nhit , m thanh, s chn ng, p sut, s chuyn ng,
nhim cc v tr khc nhau.
S pht trin ca mng cm bin m u l cc ng dng trong qun i v d
nh gim st chin trng. Tuy nhin by gi mng cm bin cn c s dng trong
nhiu lnh vc dn dng bao gm: quan st mi trng sng, chm sc sc khe, nh
t ng hay iu khin giao thng.
Cc con cm bin l cc thit b in t nh, thng thng c trang b b thu
pht v tuyn hoc cc thit b khng dy khc, mt b vi x l nh v mt ngun
nng lng. Cc con cm bin ny c kh nng thu thp, x l v truyn thng thng
tin n cc nt khc v ra th gii bn ngoi.
Mng cm bin l mt lnh vc rt su rng, n ny s gii thiu mt cch
khi qut nht v cc c im ca mng cm bin. Sau phn cui s nghin cu v
a ra gii thut nh tuyn PEGASIS nhm ci thin ng k thi gian sng ca
mng.
n ny gm c 4 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v mng cm bin. Chng ny trnh by nhng khi
nim chung nht v WSNs v a ra cu trc ca mng cm bin. ng thi cng nu
ra cc ng dng c th trong nhiu lnh vc cuc sng.
Chng 2: Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin. Chng ny a ra hai
giao thc c trng l : ng b thi gian v giao thc v tr. Hai giao thc ny rt
quan trng v c ngha i vi mng cm bin.
Chng 3: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin. Chng ny phn loi cc giao

thc nh tuyn ra lm ba loi : trung tm d liu, phn cp v nh tuyn da vo v tr
a l.
Chng 4: Gii thiu v Mobility framework ca OMNeT++ v m phng giao
thc nh tuyn PEGASIS. Chng ny nu ra nhng u im ca PEGASIS so vi
gii thut LEACH v a ra kt qu m phng .
Abstract
Nowadays thanks to rapid advances in science and technology, Wireless Sensor
Networks have become a hot issue in research, and significant progress has been
achieved in the past few years.
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially
distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or
environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or
pollutants, at different locations. The development of wireless sensor networks was
originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However,
wireless sensor networks are now used in many civilian application areas, including
environment and habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, and
traffic control.
Sensor nodes are small electronic components, typically equipped with a radio
transceiver or other wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, and an
energy source, usually a battery. Its capable of gathering, processing, and
communicating information to other nodes and to the outside world.
The field of WSN is wide and deep. This thesis will introduce overview about
WSN and give out a protocol which extends lifetime of WSN.
This thesis has a total of 4 chapters:
Chapter 1: Overview of wireless sensor networks: giving out the definition, the
architecture (includes factors that influence the architecture of the networks and the
two typical architectures of sensor networks), the applications and also pointing out
many challenges that WSN are facing.
Chapter 2: Protocols in WSN: giving out an overview of protocols used in WSN
and the most two important ones, those are localization and time synchronization
protocols.
Chapter 3: Routing in WSN: summarizing recent routing protocols for sensor

networks and presenting a classification for the various approaches pursued. The three
main categories explored in this chapter are data centric, hierarchical and location
based. Each routing protocol is described and discussed under the appropriate category.
Chapter 4: Simulating PEGASIS using Mobility framework of OMNeT++:
giving out an overview of OMNeT++ and Mobility framework, a basic algorithm of
PEGASIS. After that, the presented simulation results show that PEGASIS extends
significantly the life time of sensor networks.
Mc lc
DANH SCH HNH V.............................................................................................. iii
DANH SCH BNG BIU ..........................................................................................v
DANH SCH CC T VIT TT ............................................................................vi
Chng 1. Tng quan v mng cm bin ....................................................................1
1.1. Gii thiu ...............................................................................................................1
1.2. Cu trc mng cm bin ........................................................................................2
1.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n cu trc mng cm bin ......................................2
1.2.2. Kin trc giao thc mng ...............................................................................8
1.2.3. Hai cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin .................................................10
1.2.3.1. Cu trc phng.......................................................................................10
1.2.3.2. Cu trc tng .........................................................................................10
1.3. ng dng .............................................................................................................13
1.3.1. ng dng trong qun i..............................................................................14
1.3.2. ng dng trong mi trng..........................................................................16
1.3.3. ng dng trong chm sc sc khe..............................................................17
1.3.4. ng dng trong gia nh ..............................................................................18
1.4. Kt lun ...............................................................................................................18
Chng 2. Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin .........................................19
2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc c trng trong mng cm bin .....................................19
2.2. Giao thc ng b thi gian ................................................................................19
2.2.1. ng h cc nt cm bin v s chnh xc ..................................................21
2.2.2. ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin......................................................22
2.2.2.1. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn pht......................................24
2.2.2.2. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn nhn.....................................30
2.3. Giao thc v tr.....................................................................................................34
2.3.1. nh v da vo mc c sn .........................................................................35
2.3.2. nh v da vo v tr tng i ...................................................................36
2.4 Kt lun ................................................................................................................37
Chng 3. nh tuyn trong mng cm bin ............................................................38
3.1. Gii thiu .............................................................................................................38
3.2. Thch thc trong vn nh tuyn ....................................................................38
3.3. Cc vn v thit k giao thc nh tuyn........................................................39
3.3.1. c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng .............................39

3.3.2. Rng buc v ti nguyn...............................................................................39
3.3.3. M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin..........................................................40
3.3.4. Cch truyn d liu ......................................................................................40
3.4. Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc nh tuyn ....................................................42
3.5. Giao thc trung tm d liu.................................................................................44
3.5.1. Flooding v Gossiping..................................................................................44
3.5.2. SPIN ..............................................................................................................45
3.5.3. Directed Diffusion ........................................................................................47
3.6. Giao thc phn cp ..............................................................................................50
3.6.1. LEACH..........................................................................................................50
3.6.2. PEGASIS.......................................................................................................53
3.7. Giao thc da trn v tr ......................................................................................54
3.7.1. GAF...............................................................................................................55
3.7.2. GEAR ............................................................................................................57
3.8. Kt lun ...............................................................................................................59
Chng 4. M phng PEGASIS bng Mobility Framework ca OMNeT++........60
4.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++ v Mobility Framework..............................................60
4.1.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++ ..............................................................................60
4.1.2. Gii thiu v Mobility ...................................................................................64
4.2. Gii thiu v PEGASIS.......................................................................................71
4.2.1. PEGASIS c bn...........................................................................................72
4.2.2. PEGASIS ci tin..........................................................................................73
4.3. M phng.............................................................................................................76
4.3.1. M hnh nng lng .....................................................................................76
4.3.2. Gi thit v thit lp thng s ban u cho qu trnh m phng.................82
4.3.3. Kt qu m phng.........................................................................................89
4.4. Kt lun v hng nghin cu tip theo..............................................................91
KT LUN ...................................................................................................................92
Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................................93
ii
DANH SCH HNH V

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin....................................................................................3
Hnh 1.2 Cu to nt cm bin........................................................................................4
Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin .................................................................8
Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin ...............................................................10
Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin ...................................................................11
Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp ..................................................11
Hnh 1.7 ng dng trong qun i ...............................................................................15
Hnh 1.8 ng dng trong mi trng ...........................................................................17
Hnh 1.9 ng dng trong chm sc sc khe...............................................................18
Hnh 2.1 Xc nh gc n ca m thanh xa bi mt dy sensor.............................20
Hnh 2.2 ng b bn pht/bn nhn v bn nhn/bn nhn. ......................................23
Hnh 2.3 Hot ng ca vic ng b bn pht/bn nhn .............................................25
Hnh 2.4 LTS multihop phn b ...................................................................................29
Hnh 2.5 V d v RBS ..................................................................................................31
Hnh 2.6 Chuyn tip gi d liu v chuyn i nhn thi gian ..................................33
Hnh 3.1 M hnh truyn d liu gia sink v cc nt...................................................41
Hnh 3.2 Truyn gi trong Flooding ..............................................................................44
Hnh 3.3 Ba tn hiu bt tay ca SPIN ..........................................................................46
Hnh 3.4 Hot ng ca SPIN........................................................................................46
Hnh 3.5 Hot ng c bn ca Directed Diffusion......................................................49
Hnh 3.6 M hnh mng LEACH.................................................................................51
Hnh 3.7 V d v li o trong GAF ...........................................................................56
Hnh 3.8 S chuyn trng thi trong GAF ....................................................................56
Hnh 3.9 Chuyn tip a l quy trong GEAR .........................................................59
Hnh 4.1 Cu trc phn cp module trong OMNeT++ .................................................61
Hnh 4.2 Cc kt ni trong OMNeT++ .........................................................................62
iii
Hnh 4.3 Cu trc ca host di ng...............................................................................65

Hnh 4.4 Cu trc k tha module trong MF ................................................................67
Hnh 4.5 Xy dng chui s dng thut ton Greedy..................................................72
Hnh 4.6 X l li khi mt nt trong chui cht............................................................73
Hnh 4.7 Khc phc ca PEGASIS................................................................................76
Hnh 4.8 M hnh nng lng n gin.........................................................................79
Hnh 4.9 Trm BS gi broadcast n cho cc nt trong mng .....................................84
Hnh 4.10 Trm BS gi bn tin Max Distance n nt xa nht.....................................85
Hnh 4.11 Nt xa nht chui gi bn tin Invite mi nt gn nht vo chui.................86
Hnh 4.12 Cc nt kt ni vo nhau to thnh chui .....................................................86
Hnh 4.13 Chui sau khi thit lp xong. ........................................................................87
Hnh 4.14 Kt qu khi m phng mng c kch thc .................................................90
(50m,50m) vi nng lng ban u ca nt l 0.25 J....................................................90
Hnh 4.15 Kt qu m phng khi kch thc mng......................................................90
l (100m.100m) vi nng lng ca nt ban u l 0.5J...............................................90
iv
DANH SCH BNG BIU

Bng 3.1 Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc chn ng trong WSN.........................43
Bng 3.2 Miu t interert s dng cp gi tr thuc tnh ..............................................48
Bng 4.1 Cc loi bn tin tng ng ca cc lp .........................................................68
Bng 4.2 S vng khi 1%, 20%, 50%, v 100% nt cht ..............................................89
DANH SCH CC T VIT TT

ID
ADC
RF
MAC
UTC
GPS
LTS
RBS
RSS
TDOA
AOA
TDOA
RSSI
PLF
TDMA
CDMA
ARP
BS
WSN
Identification
Analog to Digital Converter
Radio frequency
Media Access Control
Coordinated Universal Time
Global Positioning System
Lightweight time synchronization protocol
Reference broadcast synchronization).
Received signal strength
Time of arrival
Angle of arrival
Time difference of arrival
Receiver Signal Strength Indicator
Perceptive localization framework
Time Division Multiple Access
Code Division Multiple Access
Address Resolution Protocol
BaseStation
Wireless Sensor Network
vi
n tt nghip
Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin
Chng 1. Tng quan v mng cm bin

1.1. Gii thiu
Trong nhng nm gn y, rt nhiu mng cm bin khng dy v ang c
pht trin v trin khai cho nhiu cc ng dng khc nhau nh: theo di s thay i ca
mi trng, kh hu, gim st cc mt trn qun s, pht hin v do thm vic tn cng
bng ht nhn, sinh hc v ho hc, chun on s hng hc ca my mc, thit b,
theo du v gim st cc bc s, bnh nhn cng nh qun l thuc trong cc bnh
vin, theo di v iu khin giao thng, cc phng tin xe c
Hn na vi s tin b cng ngh gn y v hi t ca h thng cc cng ngh
nh k thut vi in t, cng ngh nano, giao tip khng dy, cng ngh mch tch
hp, vi mch phn cm bin, x l v tnh ton tn hiu to ra nhng con cm bin
c kch thc nh, a chc nng, gi thnh thp, cng sut tiu th thp, lm tng kh
nng ng dng rng ri ca mng cm bin khng dy.
Mt mng cm bin khng dy l mt mng bao gm nhiu nt cm bin nh c
gi thnh thp, v tiu th nng lng t, giao tip thng qua cc kt ni khng dy, c
nhim v cm nhn, o c, tnh ton nhm mc ch thu thp, tp trung d liu
a ra cc quyt nh ton cc v mi trng t nhin .
Nhng nt cm bin nh b ny bao gm cc thnh phn :
Cc b vi x l rt nh, b nh gii hn,b phn cm bin, b thu pht khng
dy, ngun nui. Kch thc ca cc con cm bin ny thay i t to nh hp giy cho
n nh nh ht bi, ty thuc vo tng ng dng.
Khi nghin cu v mng cm bin khng dy, mt trong nhng c im quan
trng v then cht l thi gian sng ca cc con cm bin hay chnh l s gii hn
v nng lng ca chng. Cc nt cm bin ny yu cu tiu th cng sut thp. Cc
nt cm bin hot ng c gii hn v ni chung l khng th thay th c ngun
cung cp. Do , trong khi mng truyn thng tp trung vo t c cc dch v cht
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
lng cao, th cc giao thc mng cm bin phi tp trung u tin vo bo ton cng
sut.
Mng cm bin c mt s c im sau:
C kh nng t t chc, yu cu t hoc khng c s can thip ca con
ngi
Truyn thng khng tin cy, qung b trong phm vi hp v nh tuyn
multihop
Trin khai dy c v kh nng kt hp gia cc nt cm bin
Cu hnh mng thay i thng xuyn ph thuc vo fading v h hng
cc nt
Cc gii hn v mt nng lng, cng sut pht, b nh v cng sut tnh
ton
Chnh nhng c tnh ny a ra nhng chin lc mi v nhng yu cu
thay i trong thit k mng cm bin.
1.2. Cu trc mng cm bin

1.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n cu trc mng cm bin
Cc cu trc hin nay cho mng Internet v mng ad hoc khng dy khng dng
c cho mng cm bin khng dy, do mt s l do sau:
S lng cc nt cm bin trong mng cm bin c th ln gp
nhiu ln s lng nt trong mng ad hoc.
Cc nt cm bin d b li.
Cu trc mng cm bin thay i kh thng xuyn.
Cc nt cm bin ch yu s dng truyn thng kiu qung b,
trong khi hu ht cc mng ad hoc u da trn vic truyn im-im.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip

Cc nt cm bin b gii hn v nng lng, kh nng tnh ton v
b nh.
Cc nt cm bin c th khng c s nhn dng ton cu (global
identification) (ID) v chng c mt s lng ln mo u v mt s lng
ln cc nt cm bin.
Do vy, cu trc mng mi s:
Kt hp vn nng lng v kh nng nh tuyn.
Tch hp d liu v giao thc mng.
Truyn nng lng hiu qu qua cc phng tin khng dy.
Chia s nhim v gia cc nt ln cn.
Cc nt cm bin c phn b trong mt sensor field nh hnh (1.1). Mi mt
nt cm bin c kh nng thu thp d liu v nh tuyn li n cc sink.
Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin
D liu c nh tuyn li n cc sink bi mt cu trc a im nh hnh v

trn. Cc sink c th giao tip vi cc nt qun l nhim v (task manager node) qua
mng Internet hoc v tinh.
Sink l mt thc th, ti thng tin c yu cu . Sink c th l thc th bn
trong mng (l mt nt cm bin ) hoc ngoi mng. Thc th ngoi mng c th l
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
mt thit b thc s v d nh my tnh xch tay m tng tc vi mng cm bin, hoc

cng n thun ch l mt gateway m ni vi mng khc ln hn nh Internet ni m
cc yu cu thc s i vi cc thng tin ly t mt vi nt cm bin trong mng.
Gii thiu v nt cm bin:
Cu to ca nt cm bin nh sau:
Mi nt cm bin c cu thnh bi 4 thnh phn c bn nh hnh (1.2):
n v cm bin (a sensing unit), n v x l (a processing unit), n v truyn dn (a
transceiver unit) v b ngun (a power unit). Ngoi ra c th c thm nhng thnh
phn khc ty thuc vo tng ng dng nh l h thng nh v (location finding
system), b pht ngun (power generator) v b phn di ng (mobilizer).
Hnh 1.2 Cu to nt cm bin.
Cc n v cm bin (sensing units) bao gm cm bin v b chuyn i tng

t-s. Da trn nhng hin tng quan st c, tn hiu tng t to ra bi sensor
c chuyn sang tn hiu s bng b ADC, sau c a vo b x l.
n v x l thng c kt hp vi b lu tr nh (storage unit), quyt nh
cc th tc lm cho cc nt kt hp vi nhau thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Phn
thu pht v tuyn kt ni cc nt vo mng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
Mt trong s cc phn quan trng nht ca mt nt mng cm bin l b ngun.

Cc b ngun thng c h tr bi cc b phn lc nh l t bo nng lng mt
tri. Ngoi ra cng c nhng thnh phn ph khc ph thuc vo tng ng dng. Hu
ht cc k thut nh tuyn v cc nhim v cm bin ca mng u yu cu c
chnh xc cao v v tr. Cc b phn di ng i lc cn phi dch chuyn cc nt cm
bin khi cn thit thc hin cc nhim v n nh. Tt c nhng thnh phn ny
cn phi ph hp vi kch c tng module. Ngoi kch c ra cc nt cm bin cn mt
s rng buc nghim ngt khc, nh l phi tiu th rt t nng lng, hot ng mt
cao, c gi thnh thp, c th t hot ng, v thch bin vi s bin i ca mi
trng.
c im ca cu trc mng cm bin:
Nh trn ta bit c im ca mng cm bin l bao gm mt s lng ln
cc nt cm bin, cc nt cm bin c gii hn v rng buc v ti nguyn c bit l
nng lng rt kht khe. Do , cu trc mng mi c c im rt khc vi cc mng
truyn thng. Sau y ta s phn tch mt s c im ni bt trong mng cm bin
nh sau:
Kh nng chu li (fault tolerance): Mt s cc nt cm bin c th
khng hot ng na do thiu nng lng, do nhng h hng vt l hoc do nh
hng ca mi trng. Kh nng chu li th hin vic mng vn hot ng
bnh thng, duy tr nhng chc nng ca n ngay c khi mt s nt mng
khng hot ng.
Kh nng m rng: Khi nghin cu mt hin tng, s lng cc nt
cm bin c trin khai c th n hng trm nghn nt, ph thuc vo tng
ng dng con s ny c th vt qu hng triu. Do cu trc mng mi phi
c kh nng m rng c th lm vic vi s lng ln cc nt ny.
Gi thnh sn xut : V cc mng cm bin bao gm mt s lng
ln cc nt cm bin nn chi ph ca mi nt rt quan trng trong vic iu
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
chnh chi ph ca ton mng. Nu chi ph ca ton mng t hn vic trin khai
sensor theo kiu truyn thng, nh vy mng khng c gi thnh hp l. Do
vy, chi ph ca mi nt cm bin phi gi mc thp.
Rng buc v phn cng : V s lng cc nt trong mng rt nhiu
nn cc nt cm bin cn phi c cc rng buc v phn cng nh sau : Kch
thc phi nh, tiu th nng lng thp, c kh nng hot ng nhng ni c
mt cao, chi ph sn xut thp, c kh nng t tr v hot ng khng cn c
ngi kim sot, thch nghi vi mi trng.
Mi trng hot ng: Cc nt cm bin c thit lp dy c, rt
gn hoc trc tip bn trong cc hin tng quan st. V th, chng thng
lm vic m khng cn gim st nhng vng xa xi. Chng c th lm vic
bn trong cc my mc ln, di y bin, hoc trong nhng vng nhim
ha hc hoc sinh hc, gia nh hoc nhng ta nh ln.
Phng tin truyn dn : nhng mng cm bin multihop, cc nt
c kt ni bng nhng phng tin khng dy. Cc ng kt ni ny c th
to nn bi sng v tuyn, hng ngoi hoc nhng phng tin quang hc.
thit lp s hot ng thng nht ca nhng mng ny, cc phng tin truyn
dn phi c chn phi ph hp trn ton th gii. Hin ti nhiu phn cng
ca cc nt cm bin da vo thit k mch RF. Nhng thit b cm bin nng
lng thp dng b thu pht v tuyn 1 knh RF hot ng tn s 916MHz.
Mt cch khc m cc nt trong mng giao tip vi nhau l bng
hng ngoi. Thit k my thu pht v tuyn dng hng ngoi th gi thnh r
v d dng hn. C hai loi hng ngoi v quang u yu cu b pht v thu
nm trong phm vi nhn thy, tc l c th truyn nh sng cho nhau c.
Cu hnh mng cm bin (network topology): Trong mng cm bin,
hng trm n hng nghn nt c trin khai trn trng cm bin. Chng
c trin khai trong vng hng chc feet ca mi nt. Mt cc nt c th
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
ln ti 20 nt/m3. Do s lng cc nt cm bin rt ln nn cn phi thit lp

mt cu hnh n nh. Chng ta c th kim tra cc vn lin quan n vic
duy tr v thay i cu hnh 3 pha sau:
9 Pha tin trin khai v trin khai: cc nt cm bin c th t ln
xn hoc xp theo trt t trn trng cm bin. Chng c th c trin khai
bng cch th t my bay xung, tn la, hoc c th do con ngi hoc
robot t tng ci mt.
9 Pha hu trin khai: sau khi trin khai, nhng s thay i cu hnh
ph thuc vo vic thay i v tr cc nt cm bin, kh nng t trng thi
khng kt ni (ph thuc vo nhiu, vic di chuyn cc vt cn), nng
lng thch hp, nhng s c, v nhim v c th.
9 Pha trin khai li: Sau khi trin khai cu hnh, ta vn c th thm
vo cc nt cm bin khc thay th cc nt gp s c hoc ty thuc vo
s thay i chc nng.
S tiu th nng lng (power consumption) :
Cc nt cm bin khng dy, c th coi l mt thit b vi in t ch c th c
trang b ngun nng lng gii hn (<0,5Ah, 1.2V). Trong mt s ng dng, vic b
sung ngun nng lng khng th thc hin c. V th khong thi gian sng ca
cc nt cm bin ph thuc mnh vo thi gian sng ca pin. mng cm bin
multihop ad hoc, mi mt nt ng mt vai tr kp va khi to va nh tuyn d
liu. S trc trc ca mt vi nt cm bin c th gy ra nhng thay i ng k trong
cu hnh v yu cu nh tuyn li cc gi v t chc li mng. V vy, vic duy tr v
qun l ngun nng lng ng mt vai tr quan trng. l l do v sao m hin nay
ngi ta ang tp trung nghin cu v cc gii thut v giao thc thit k ngun cho
mng cm bin. Nhim v chnh ca cc nt cm bin trong trng cm bin l pht
hin ra cc s kin, thc hin x l d liu cc b nhanh chng, v sau truyn d
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
liu i. V th s tiu th nng lng c chia ra lm 3 vng: cm nhn (sensing),

giao tip (communicating), v x l d liu (data processing).
1.2.2. Kin trc giao thc mng
Kin trc giao thc p dng cho mng cm bin c trnh by trong hnh (1.3).
Kin trc ny bao gm cc lp v cc mt phng qun l . Cc mt phng qun l ny
lm cho cc nt c th lm vic cng nhau theo cch c hiu qu nht, nh tuyn d
liu trong mng cm bin di ng v chia s ti nguyn gia cc nt cm bin.
Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin
Mt phng qun l cng sut : Qun l cch cm bin s dng ngun nng
lng ca n. V d : nt cm bin c th tt b thu sau khi nhn c mt bn tin. Khi
mc cng sut ca con cm bin thp, n s broadcast sang nt cm bin bn cnh
thng bo rng mc nng lng ca n thp v n khng th tham gia vo qu trnh
nh tuyn .
Mt phng qun l di ng : c nhim v pht hin v ng k s chuyn ng
ca cc nt. Cc nt gi vic theo di xem ai l nt hng xm ca chng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
Mt phng qun l : Cn bng v sp xp nhim v cm bin gia cc nt trong

mt vng quan tm. Khng phi tt c cc nt cm bin u thc hin nhim v cm
nhn cng mt thi im.
Lp vt l : c nhim v la chn tn s, to ra tn s sng mang, pht hin tn
hiu, iu ch v m ha tn hiu. Bng tn ISM 915 MHZ c s dng rng ri trong
mng cm bin. Vn hiu qu nng lng cng cn phi c xem xt lp vt l,
v d : iu bin M hoc iu bin nh phn.
Lp lin kt d liu : lp ny c nhim v ghp cc lung d liu, pht hin cc
khung (frame) d liu, cch truy nhp ng truyn v iu khin li. V mi trng
c tp m v cc nt cm bin c th di ng, giao thc iu khin truy nhp mi
trng (MAC) phi xt n vn cng sut v phi c kh nng ti thiu ho vic va
chm vi thng tin qung b ca cc nt ln cn.
Lp mng : Lp mng ca mng cm bin c thit k tun theo nguyn tc
sau :
9 Hiu qu nng lng lun lun c coi l vn quan trng
9 Mng cm bin ch yu l tp trung d liu
9 Tch hp d liu ch c s dng khi n khng cn tr s cng
tc c hiu qu ca cc nt cm bin.
Lp truyn ti : ch cn thit khi h thng c k hoch c truy cp thng qua
mng Internet hoc cc mng bn ngoi khc.
Lp ng dng : Tu theo nhim v cm bin, cc loi phn mm ng dng khc
nhau c th c xy dng v s dng lp ng dng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
n tt nghip
1.2.3. Hai cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin

1.2.3.1. Cu trc phng
Trong cu trc phng (flat architecture) (hnh 1.4), tt c cc nt u ngang
hng v ng nht trong hnh dng v chc nng. Cc nt giao tip vi sink qua
multihop s dng cc nt ngang hng lm b tip sng. Vi phm vi truyn c nh,
cc nt gn sink hn s m bo vai tr ca b tip sng i vi mt s lng ln
ngun. Gi thit rng tt c cc ngun u dng cng mt tn s truyn d liu, v
vy c th chia s thi gian. Tuy nhin cch ny ch c hiu qu vi iu kin l c
ngun chia s n l, v d nh thi gian, tn s
Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin
1.2.3.2. Cu trc tng

Trong cu trc tng (tiered architecture) (hnh 1.5), cc cm c to ra gip
cc ti nguyn trong cng mt cm gi d liu single hop hay multihop ( ty thuc vo
kch c ca cm) n mt nt nh sn, thng gi l nt ch (cluster head). Trong cu
trc ny cc nt to thnh mt h thng cp bc m mi nt mt mc xc nh
thc hin cc nhim v nh sn.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
10
n tt nghip
Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin
Trong cu trc tng th chc nng cm nhn, tnh ton v phn phi d liu
khng ng u gia cc nt. Nhng chc nng ny c th phn theo cp, cp thp
nht thc hin tt c nhim v cm nhn, cp gia thc hin tnh ton, v cp trn cng
thc hin phn phi d liu (hnh 1.6).
Cp 2: Phn phi
Cp 1 : Tnh ton
Cp 0: Cm
nhn
Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp
Th Tuyt T6-K48
11
n tt nghip
Mng cm bin xy dng theo cu trc tng hot ng hiu qu hn cu trc

phng, do cc l do sau:
-Cu trc tng c th gim chi ph chi mng cm bin bng vic nh v cc ti
nguyn v tr m chng hot ng hiu qu nht. R rng l nu trin khai cc phn
cng thng nht, mi nt ch cn mt lng ti nguyn ti thiu thc hin tt c cc
nhim v. V s lng cc nt cn thit ph thuc vo vng ph sng xc nh, chi ph
ca ton mng v th s khng cao. Thay vo , nu mt s lng ln cc nt c chi
ph thp c ch nh lm nhim v cm nhn, mt s lng nh hn cc nt c chi
ph cao hn c ch nh phn tch d liu, nh v v ng b thi gian, chi ph
cho ton mng s gim i.
-Mng cu trc tng s c tui th cao hn cu trc mng phng. Khi cn phi
tnh ton nhiu th mt b x l nhanh s hiu qu hn, ph thuc vo thi gian yu
cu thc hin tnh ton. Tuy nhin, vi cc nhim v cm nhn cn hot ng trong
khong thi gian di, cc nt tiu th t nng lng ph hp vi yu cu x l ti thiu
s hot ng hiu qu hn. Do vy vi cu trc tng m cc chc nng mng phn chia
gia cc phn cng c thit k ring cho tng chc nng s lm tng tui th ca
mng.
-V tin cy: mi mng cm bin phi ph hp vi vi s lng cc nt yu
cu tha mn iu kin v bng thng v thi gian sng. Vi mng cu trc phng, qua
phn tch ngi ta xc nh thng lng ti u ca mi nt trong mng c n nt l
W
, trong W l rng bng tn ca knh chia s. Do khi kch c mng tng

n
ln th thng lng ca mi nt s gim v 0.

-Vic nghin cu cc mng cu trc tng em li nhiu trin vng khc phc
vn ny. Mt cch tip cn l dng mt knh n l trong cu trc phn cp, trong
cc nt cp thp hn to thnh mt cm xung quanh trm gc. Mi mt trm gc
ng vai tr l cu ni vi cp cao hn, cp ny m bo vic giao tip trong cm
thng qua cc b phn hu tuyn. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ca mng tng
Th Tuyt T6-K48
12
n tt nghip
tuyn tnh vi s lng cc cm, vi iu kin l s lng cc cm tng t nht phi

nhanh bng
n . Cc nghin cu khc th cch dng cc knh khc nhau cc mc
khc nhau ca cu trc phn cp. Trong trng hp ny, dung lng ca mi lp trong
cu trc tng v dung lng ca mi cm trong mi lp xc nh l c lp vi nhau.
Tm li, vic tng thch gia cc chc nng trong mng c th t c khi
dng cu trc tng. c bit ngi ta ang tp trung nghin cu v cc tin ch v tm
a ch. Nhng chc nng nh vy c th phn phi n mi nt, mt phn phn b
n tp con ca cc nt. Gi thit rng cc nt u khng c nh v phi thay i a
ch mt cch nh k, s cn bng gia nhng la chn ny ph thuc vo tn s thch
hp ca chc nng cp nht v tm kim. Hin nay cng ang c rt nhiu m hnh tm
kim a ch trong mng cu trc tng.
1.3. ng dng
Nh trn ta cp n cc lnh vc ng dng mng cm bin khng dy.C
th ta s xem xt k mt s ng dng nh sau hiu r s cn thit ca mng cm
bin khng dy.
Cc mng cm bin c th bao gm nhiu loi cm bin khc nhau nh cm
bin ng t, cm bin t trng tc ly mu thp, cm bin th gic, cm bin
hng ngoi, cm bin m thanh, radar m c th quan st vng rng cc iu kin
xung quanh a dng bao gm:
Nhit .
m.
S chuyn ng ca xe c.
iu kin nh sng.
p sut.
S hnh thnh t.
Mc nhiu.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
13
n tt nghip
S c mt hay vng mt mt i tng no .

Mc ng sut trn cc i tng b gn.
c tnh hin ti nh tc , chiu v kch thc ca i tng.
Cc nt cm bin c th c s dng cm bin lin tc hoc l pht hin s
kin, s nhn dng s kin, cm bin v tr v iu khin cc b b phn pht ng.
Khi nim vi cm bin v kt ni khng dy ca nhng nt ny ha hn nhiu vng
ng dng mi. Chng ta phn loi cc ng dng ny trong qun i, mi trng, sc
khe, gia nh v cc lnh vc thng mi khc.
1.3.1. ng dng trong qun i
Mng cm bin khng dy c th tch l mt phn tch hp trong h thng iu
khin qun i, gim st, giao tip, tnh ton thng minh, trinh st, theo di mc tiu.
c tnh trin khai nhanh, t t chc v c th b li ca mng cm bin lm cho chng
ha hn k thut cm bin cho h thng trong qun i. V mng cm bin da trn s
trin khai dy c ca cc nt cm bin c sn, chi ph thp v s ph hy ca mt vi
nt bi qun ch khng nh hng n hot ng ca qun i cng nh s ph hy
cc cm bin truyn thng lm cho khi nim mng cm bin l ng dng tt i vi
chin trng. Mt vi ng dng qun i ca mng cm bin l quan st lc lng,
trang thit b, n dc, theo di chin trng do thm a hnh v lc lng qun
ch, mc tiu, vic nh gi mc nguy him ca chin trng, pht hin v do
thm vic tn cng bng ha hc, sinh hc, ht nhn.
Gim st lc lng , trang thit b v n dc:
Cc ngi lnh o, s quan s theo di lin tc trng thi lc lng qun i,
iu kin v s c sn ca cc thit b v n dc trong chin trng bng vic s
dng mng cm bin. Qun i, xe c, trang thit b v n dc c th gn lin vi
cc thit b cm bin nh c th thng bo v trng thi. Nhng bn bo co ny
Th Tuyt T6-K48
14
n tt nghip
c tp hp li ti cc nt sink gi ti lnh o trong qun i. D liu cng c th

c chuyn tip n cc cp cao hn.
Gim st chin trng: a hnh him tr, cc tuyn ng , ng mn v cc
ch eo hp c th nhanh chng c bao ph bi mng cm bin v gn nh c th
theo di cc hot ng ca qun ch. Khi cc hot ng ny c m rng v k
hoch hot ng mi c chun b mt mng mi c th c trin khai bt c thi
gian no khi theo di chin trng.
Gim st a hnh v lc lng qun ch: mng cm bin c th c trin
khai nhng a hnh then cht v mt vi ni quan trng, cc nt cm bin cn nhanh
chng cm nhn cc d liu v tp trung d liu gi v trong vi pht trc khi qun
ch pht hin v c th chn li chng. Hnh (1.7) cho ta hnh dung c v ng dng
ca mng cm bin trong hot ng qun i.
Hnh 1.7 ng dng trong qun i
Th Tuyt T6-K48
15
n tt nghip
nh gi s nguy him ca chin trng: trc v sau khi tn cng mng cm

bin c th c trin khai nhng vng mc tiu nm c mc nguy him ca
chin trng.
Pht hin v thm d cc v tn cng bng ha hc, sinh hc v ht nhn.
Trong cc cuc chin tranh ha hc v sinh hc ang gn k, mt iu rt quan trng l
s pht hin ng lc v chnh xc cc tc nhn . Mng cm bin trin khai nhng
vng m c s dng nh l h thng cnh bo sinh hc v ha hc c th cung cp
cc thng tin mang ngha quan trng ng lc nhm trnh thng vong nghim
trng.
1.3.2. ng dng trong mi trng
Mt vi ng dng mi trng ca mng cm bin bao gm theo di s di c ca
cc loi chim, cc ng vt nh, cc loi cn trng, theo di iu kin mi trng m
nh hng n ma mng v vt nui; vic ti tiu, cc thit b o c ln i vi
vic quan st din tch ln trn tri t, s thm d cc hnh tinh, pht hin sinh-ha,
nng nghip chnh xc, quan st mi trng, tri t, mi trng vng bin v bu kh
quyn, pht hin chy rng, nghin cu kh tng hc v a l, pht hin l lt, sp
t s phc tp v sinh hc ca mi trng v nghin cu s nhim.
Pht hin chy rng: v cc nt cm bin c th c trin khai mt cch ngu
nhin, c chin lc vi mt cao trong rng, cc nt cm bin s d tm ngun gc
ca la thng bo cho ngi s dng bit trc khi la lan rng khng kim sot
c. Hng triu cc nt cm bin c th c trin khai v tch hp s dng h thng
tn s khng dy hoc quang hc. Cng vy, chng c th c trang b cch thc s
dng cng sut c hiu qu nh l pin mt tri bi v cc nt cm bin b b li khng
c ch hng thng v hng nm. Cc nt cm bin s cng tc vi nhau thc hin
cm bin phn b v khc phc kh khn, nh cc cy v m ngn tr tm nhn
thng ca cm bin c dy.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
16
n tt nghip
Hnh 1.8 ng dng trong mi trng
Pht hin l lt: mt v d l h thng bo ng c trin khai ti M. Mt

vi loi cm bin c trin khai trong h thng cm bin lng ma, mc nc, thi
tit. Nhng con cm bin ny cung cp thng tin tp trung h thng c s d liu
c nh ngha trc.
1.3.3. ng dng trong chm sc sc khe
Mt vi ng dng v sc khe i vi mng cm bin l gim st bnh nhn,
cc triu chng, qun l thuc trong bnh vin, gim st s chuyn ng v x l bn
trong ca cn trng hoc cc ng vt nh khc, theo di v kim tra bc s v bnh
nhn trong bnh vin.
Theo di bc s v bnh nhn trong bnh vin : mi bnh nhn c gn mt
nt cm bin nh v nh, mi mt nt cm bin ny c nhim v ring, v d c nt
cm bin xc nh nhp tim trong khi con cm bin khc pht hin p sut mu, bc s
cng c th mang nt cm bin cho cc bc s khc xc nh c v tr ca h trong
bnh vin.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
17
n tt nghip
Hnh 1.9 ng dng trong chm sc sc khe
1.3.4. ng dng trong gia nh

Trong lnh vc t ng ha gia nh, cc nt cm bin c t cc phng
o nhit . Khng nhng th, chng cn c dng pht hin nhng s dch
chuyn trong phng v thng bo li thng tin ny n thit b bo ng trong trng
hp khng c ai nh.
1.4. Kt lun
Chng ny gii thiu tng quan v kin trc mng cm bin v cc ng
dng trong nhiu lnh vc dn s cng nh qun s, y t, mi trng... Qua ta thy
r c tm quan trng ca mng cm bin vi cuc sng ca chng ta. Vi s pht
trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh ngy nay s ha hn thm nhiu ng dng mi ca
mng cm bin.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
18
n tt nghip
Chng 2 Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin
Chng 2. Cc giao thc c trng ca mng cm bin

2.1. Gii thiu v giao thc c trng trong mng cm bin
Trong chng trc chng ta xem xt v cc khi nim tng quan nht v
mng cm bin. Chng ny chng ta s i su vo tm hiu cc giao thc c trng
ca mng cm bin. l hai giao thc ng b thi gian v giao thc v tr. Hai giao
thc ny c ngha rt quan trng trong mng cm bin.
2.2. Giao thc ng b thi gian

Vn thi gian rt quan trng trong nhiu ng dng v giao thc trong mng
cm bin. Cc nt c th o thi gian bng cch dng cc xung ng h cc b ly t
cc b dao ng. Bi v cc pha ngu nhin lm dch chuyn v lm tri tc ca b
dao ng, do vy thi gian cc b ca cc nt s bt u sai khc i lm cho mng mt
i s ng b. Do vy vic ng b thi gian c vai tr rt quan trng trong hot ng
ca mng cm bin.
ng b thi gian l phng thc cho php cc thc th ring bit trong mt
nhm ng b xung ng h ca chng hoc ng b vi thi gian ton cu phi hp
(UTC). Phn ny s gii thch ti sao cn ng b thi gian v a ra mt s giao thc
ng b khc nhau.
Ti sao cn ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin:
Mng cm bin cn lin kt vi th gii thc bit khi no mt
hin tng xy ra.
Dch v c bn chnh ca mng cm bin l tch hp d liu. Do
cn ng b gia cc nt c th tch hp d liu truyn n Sink
Mt vi giao thc yu cu ng b thi gian: qun l cu hnh
mng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
19
n tt nghip

Cc nt cm bin thng nh, gi thnh thp nn b dao ng
thng khng chnh xc, hn na chng b gii hn v nng lng nn

thng c ch sleep tit kim nng lng.
Sau y, ta xt v d n gin minh ho s cn thit ca chnh xc v thi
gian nh sau (hnh 2.1)
Hnh 2.1 Xc nh gc n ca m thanh xa bi mt dy sensor
Mt sng m pht ra t mt ngun m khong cch xa tc ng n mt dy

cc sensor v ta c th c on gc ti trong trng hp ny. Mi mt sensor u bit
v tr ca chng v lu li thi gian n ca m thanh. Trong trng hp c th nh
hnh v, gc c th c xc nh khi d v x bit, dng cng thc lng gic
x = d sin do = arcsin
x
. Khong cch gia cc sensor c th xc nh t cc v
d
tr bit ca cc sensor v x c th thu c t lch thi gian t gia cc ln cm

nhn ca sensor v vn tc ca m thanh c 330m / s , s dng cng thc x = c t .
Cho d = 1m v t = 0.001s th 0.336 (radians). Nu ng h ca cc sensor chnh
xc n 500 s , s sai lch v thi gian thc c th khong gia 500 v 1500 s , v
v th gi tr ca gc c th thay i trong khong 0.166 v 0.518 . V th,
mt sai s nh trong khi ng b thi gian c th dn ti lch ng k khi c on.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
20
n tt nghip
Cn phi ch rng thi gian dng trong mng cm bin phi l thi gian t
nhin (physical time), l hai nt cm bin phi c s cm nhn nh nhau v 1s v 1s
ca mt nt cm bin cng gn vi 1s trong thi gian thc (real time) hoc thi gian
ton cu phi hp (coordinated universal time UTC) cng tt. Thi gian t nhin
phi c phn bit vi khi nim v thi gian logic (logical time) l thi gian m cho
php quyt nh vic sp xp cc s kin trong h thng phn b nhng khng cn
thit phi ch ra bt k s lin quan no n thi gian thc.
2.2.1. ng h cc nt cm bin v s chnh xc
Hu ht cc thit b ng h ca cc nt cm bin v my tnh u c cu to
ging nhau. Mi nt c mt b dao ng mt tn s xc nh v mt my m xung
dao ng. Phn mm ca cc nt ch truy nhp ti gi tr ca b m ny v thi gian
gia hai ln tng ny quyt nh cch gii quyt vn thi gian: cc s kin xy ra
gia hai ln tng ny khng th c phn bit t cc nhn thi gian ca chng.
B dao ng thng c tri, l s dch ngu nhin so vi tn s trn danh
ngha, hay cn gi l lch ng h. iu ny ph thuc vo s khng trong sut ca
tinh th, hay cc iu kin mi trng nh p sut, nhit do vy vic trin khai
mng cm bin trn thc t khc nhiu so vi trong phng th nghim. lch ng h
c o bng ppm (parts per million), n a ra con s v s dao ng thm vo hoc
s dao ng b mt m ng h to ra trong lng thi gian cn cho 1 triu dao ng
tc danh ngha.
Tn s dao ng thay i theo thi gian. C 2 kiu thay i:
Thay i ngn hn: do thay i nhit , do thay i trong in p
ngun cung cp, p sut khng kh
Thay i di hn: do s lo ha ca cc b dao ng
Ngi ta thng gi nh tn s cc b dao ng l n nh va phi trong
phm vi t vi pht n vi chc pht. iu ny cng ni ln rng cc thut ton ng
Th Tuyt T6-K48
21
n tt nghip
b thi gian phi ng b li vi pht mt ln theo kp s thay i ca tn s. V th

giao thc ng b thi gian l rt cn thit.
Mt iu cn quan tm na l bao lu th giao thc ng b thi gian chy mt
ln? Gi s mt nt ch iu chnh dch pha i v tc tri ca dao ng l x ppm
c nh, chnh xc yu cu l s, th sau khong thi gian khong
8
s cn
x 10 6
thit phi ng b li. Vi x = 20ppm, chnh xc l 1s th sau 50s phi ng b li.

Cc m hnh hin i ngy nay u c gng c lng chnh xc khng ch i m cn
i ko di chu k trc khi phi ng b li. Mt ln na phi nhn mnh rng qu
trnh ng b mt ln khng c hiu qu v tc tri thay i, v thng th ta gii

hn c tc tri ln nht i > 0 m tha mn
1
d
H i (t ) 1 + i
1 + i dt
(2.1)
Cng thc ny cn dng xc nh tn s ng b li.

2.2.2. ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin
Trong mng cm bin c mt s c im m nh hng n yu cu thit k
ca cc thut ton ng b thi gian:
Thut ton phi ph hp vi phm vi mng mutilhop rng ln, cc

nt b rng buc v mt nng lng. Yu cu v phm vi bao hm c s
lng cc nt trong mng v mt cc nt.
Yu cu v chnh xc c th thay i khc nhau t mili giy

cho n hng giy.
Khng s dng thm phn cng ch ginh cho mc ch ng b

v tn chi ph v nng lng thm vo cho phn ph .
Mc di ng l rt thp.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
22
n tt nghip
Hu nh khng c gii hn trn c nh v tr truyn gi v ph

thuc lp MAC, li cc gi, v truyn li.
Tr truyn gia hai nt hng xm l khng ng k. Mt khong

cch 30m cn 10-7s v vn tc nh sang l c =3.108m/s.
C rt nhiu giao thc ng b thi gian truyn thng c gng gi vic ng b
gia cc nt mi thi im nhng li khng quan tm n nng lng v cu hnh
mng cho nn khng th p dng vo mng cm bin. V c im ca mng cm bin
cho nn giao thc ng b thi gian cn ch v cc vn v chnh xc, chi ph
nng lng v cc yu cu v b nh.
Phng php c bn ng b thi gian trong mng cm bin l cng tc gia
cc nt trong ton mng. Thit lp mi lin h cp dy (pair-wise) gia cc nt trong
mng sau m rng ra ton mng.
C hai cch thit lp s cng tc gia hai nt trong mng l ng b gia bn
gi v bn nhn (Sender-Receiver) v gia bn nhn v bn nhn (Receiver-Receiver).
ng b gia bn gi v bn nhn yu cu lin kt hai chiu gia hai nt ln cn.
Trong phng php ng b gia bn nhn v bn nhn, nhiu nt nhn ca cc gi c
nhn thi gian nh nhau ng b vi nhau m khng yu cu ng b vi bn gi (
mc gi gi tin broadcast n hai nt A v B, sau A v B t ng b vi nhau
khng cn n mc). Hai phng php ny c miu t nh hnh (2.2).
Hnh 2.2 ng b bn pht/bn nhn v bn nhn/bn nhn.

Th Tuyt T6-K48
23
n tt nghip
2.2.2.1. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn pht

Trong giao thc ny, mt nt gi l bn nhn, trao i gi d liu vi nt khc
gi l bn pht, lm cho bn nhn ng b vi ng h ca bn pht. Giao thc ng
b gia bn nhn v bn pht ni chung l i hi ng ni 2 chiu gia cc nt ln
cn.
in hnh ca giao thc ng b gia bn pht v bn nhn l Lightweight time
synchronization protocol (LTS). Giao thc ny a ra bi VAN GREUNEN v
RABAEY ng b ng h ca mng vi ng h ca cc nt tham chiu, v d
nh c th c b nhn GPS. Trong khi hot ng n iu khin cc nt s dng
nng lng hiu qu v t c chnh xc cao, v a ra nhng gii hn tng i
chnh xc v cc phn cng c s v cc h thng. LTS khng yu cu phi update
ng h cc b v n cng khng c lng tc tri thc s.
LTS chia qu trnh ng b lm 2 giai on:
- Giao thc ng b 2 chiu ng b 2 nt ln cn.
- gi cc nt hoc mt tp hp cc nt cn quan tm ng b theo mt tham
chiu chung, LTS xy dng mt cy phn tn t cc nt tham chiu n tt c cc nt.
Nu cc li khi ng b single-hop l c lp, phn phi y ht nhau v c trung bnh l
O th cc nt l ca cy cng c ng b vi li bng O nhng s thay i l tng
cc thay i dc theo ng truyn t nt tham chiu n nt l. V vy s thay i
ny c th ti thiu ho bng vic tm ra cy phn tn c chiu cao nh nht.
ng b 2 chiu
u tin chng ta s nghin cu v ng b hai chiu (hnh 2.4)
Sau khi qu trnh ng b li c khi ng nt i, gi d liu yu cu ng
b c nh dng ti thi im t1 vi thi gian Li(t1). Nt i iu khin cc gi qua h
thng hot ng v cc ngn xp. Tr ng truyn c th bin thin rt nhiu. Khi nt
i gi bit u tin ti thi im t2, nt j nhn bit cui cng ca gi ti t 3 = t 2 + + t P ,
Th Tuyt T6-K48
24
n tt nghip
trong l tr ng truyn v tP l thi gian truyn gi (chiu di ca gi tnh theo

bit).
Hnh 2.3 Hot ng ca vic ng b bn pht/bn nhn
Sau mt thi gian, ti thi im t4, gi d liu n c bo hiu n ng

dng hoc h thng hot ng ca nt j qua mt qu trnh ngt, sau c nh du
Th Tuyt T6-K48
25
n tt nghip
ti thi im t5 vi thi gian Lj(t5). Ti t6, nt j nh dng gi phc p vi thi gian

Lj(t6), v iu khin gi n h thng hot ng ca n v ngn xp mng. Gi ny
bao gm c thi gian trc l Lj(t5) v Li(t1). Nt i ngng nhn gi vo thi im t7
(t6 cng vi mo u ca mng hoc h thng hot ng) v nh du ti thi im t8
vi thi gian Li(t8). By gi ta s phn tch v sao nt i li nhn ra s hiu chnh ca n.
c O = (t1 ) := Li (t1 ) L j (t1 ) , chng ta gi s khng c bt k s tri no gia cc
ng h trong khong thi gian t t1 n t8, do O = (t * ) vi cc nt t * [t1 ,t 8 ] , v
trn thc t nt i c on O bng vic c on (t 5 ) .
T hnh v ta thy nhn thi gian Lj(t5) nh du s quay li ca nt i, c th
xy ra bt k lc no trong khong t t1 n t8. Tuy nhin chng ta c th lm gim s
khng xc nh ny bng cc nhn xt sau:
Ch c mt tr ng truyn cng vi thi gian truyn gi t P

gia t1 v t5
Ch c thm mt khong + t P gia t5 v t8 i vi gi phc p.

Vi cc nt tnh chng ta c th gi thit rng tr ng truyn l nh nhau
theo c hai hng.
Thi gian gia t5 v t6 cng c tnh bi hiu L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 ) .
Do vy, c th gim s khng chnh xc ca t5 n khong
I = Li (t1 ) + + t P , Li (t 8 ) t P ( L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 )) . Nu chng ta gi s thi gian s
dng trong h thng hot ng v ngn xp mng, khong ngt cng nh l tr ng

truyn l nh nhau theo hai hng, th t nt i s suy ra nt j s c Lj(t5) ti thi im
(xt so vi nt i)
Li (t 5 ) =
Li (t1 ) + + t P + Li (t 8 ) t p ( L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 ))
2
(2.2)
V th,
Th Tuyt T6-K48
26
n tt nghip
O = (t 5 ) = Li (t 5 ) L j (t 5 ) =
Li (t 8 ) + Li (t1 ) L j (t 6 ) L j (t 5 )
2
(2.3)
By gi nt i c th iu chnh ng h cc b bng vic gn thm lch O

vo. Bng cch ny nt i s ng b vi thi gian cc b ca nt j. Khi mc ch ca
vic gn thm ny l cho nt j v O th phi cn thm gi th 3, gi t i n j v bao
gm c O. Trong trng hp ny th ton b qu trnh ng b cn 3 gi.
Sai s ng b cao nht ca m hnh ny l
I
2
nu v tP c chnh xc cao.
Sai s ng b thc s c th do cc khong ngt khc nhau i v j, n cc thi im

khc nhau gia gia vic ngt nhn mt gi v dnh du thi gian gi , v cc
thi gian truy nhp knh khc nhau. Nhng s khng chnh xc ny c th gim ng
k nu nt yu cu c th nh du thi gian cc gi ca n cng chm cng tt, tt
nht l ngay trc khi truyn hoc ngay sau khi chim c ng truyn.
ng b trong ton mng
Nh c kh nng ng b theo hai chiu, LTS gii quyt c nhim v ng
b tt c cc nt trong ton mng vi nt tham chiu. Nu mt nt i no cch nt
tham chiu mt khong l hi hop v nu li ng b thng thng ph thuc vo cc
thng s = 0 v ' = 2 mi hop, v nu cc nt l c lp vi nhau, li ng b
ca ca i ph thuc vo phng sai i2 = 4hi 2 . Vi cc nhn xt c bn ny mc ch
ca LTS l xy dng mt cy phn tn c chiu cao nh nht v ch cn ng b cc
cp nt dc theo cnh ca cy. Nu qu trnh ng b dc theo cy phn tn mt nhiu
thi gian, tri gia cc ng h s gy ra thm sai s.
LTS multihop tp trung
Nt chun (v d nh mt nt vi b nhn GPS) to nn cy phn tn T v bt
u ng b: u tin ng b nt chun vi cc nt con ca T, sau cc nt con vi
cc nt con, v c tip tc nh th. V vy mi mt nt cn phi bit cc nt con ca
n.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
27
n tt nghip
Cc nt tham chiu cng cn phi ng b li tn s b cho tri. Ngi ta

cho rng cc nt tham chiu cn phi c 4 tham s: chiu cao ln nht h ca cy phn
tn, tc tri ln nht phi tho mn cho tt c cc nt trong mng, lch chun
ca mi hop l 2 ( ni trn), v chnh xc mong mun l . Mc ch l
lun lun c sai s ng b cc nt l lun nh hn vi chnh xc l 99%. Ngay
sau khi ng b li, chnh xc ca nt l nh hn h 2.3 2 v n c th tng
n mc . Vi tri ln nht , qu trnh ny mt mt khong thi gian l
2 2.3 h
. Chu k ng b phi c chn sao cho nh hn tri xy ra trong
qu trnh ng b li n, c th ph hng chnh xc ban u 2.3 2 h .

Vn ch yu y l chi ph. Qu trnh ng b n theo hai chiu cn 3 gi
v nh vy vic ng b c mng bao gm n nt s cn 3n nt, khi khng tnh n li
knh hoc xung t. Thm vo l ngun nng lng ng k to nn cy phn
tn, v n cn phi lp li qu trnh ny sau mi ln ng b chu ng c cc sai
s.
Do nhng l do trn ta thy c vic cn thit c cc nt tham chiu multiple,
nu mt nt b hng hoc nu mng b phn chia, th cc nt khc c th thay th. Mt
giao thc ch rt hu dng h tr cc nt tham chiu ng.
LTS multihop phn b
LTS multihop phn b khng xy dng cy phn tn, nhng mi nt u nhn
dng c s lng cc nt tham chiu dc theo ng i thch hp ca chng. l
nhim v ca cc nt thit lp ng b li theo chu k.
Ta hy xem xt trng hp hnh 2.4 v cho rng nt 1 mun ng b vi nt
tham chiu R. Nt 1 pht yu cu ng b n R theo 1 chui ng b theo 2 hng:
nt 4 ng b vi nt R, nt 3 ng b vi nt 4, v c th n nt 1.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
28
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.4 LTS multihop phn b
C 2 iu cn ch y l:
- Kt qu l nt 2, 3 v 4 cng c ng b vi nt R
- Do c chnh xc yu cu v cng tc tri cho tt c cc nt, tn s
ng b li i vi nt i cch nt tham chiu hi hop l
4 2.3 hi
. V th trn
hnh ta thy nt 1 v nt 6 c chu k ng b li ngn nht. Nu 2 nt ny lun yu cu

ng b vi nt R th cc nt 2, 3, 4 v 5 khng bao gi t yu cu ng b li.
Mt nt phi chn nt tham chiu gn nht gim ti a sai s. Trong cch
ny khng cn phi xy dng cy c trng s nh nht m nhim v ca gii thut ny
l tm ng i tt nht. i vi cc mng v giao thc nh tuyn xc nh ta gp phi
vn v chu trnh ng b/nh tuyn. T nhng v d trc ta thy cc nt c th tn
dng nhng thun li khi qu trnh ng b ang din ra. Nh trong v d nt 5 hnh
(2.4) . Thay v ng b nt 5 c lp vi nt tham chiu R (c th lm cho nt 3 v nt
4 t ng yu cu ng b), nt 5 c th gi yu cu n tt c cc nt ln cn tip
tc ng b. Nu c bt k phn hi no, nt 5 c th i mt khong thi gian v sau
s ng b vi nt phn hi.
Cc c im ca LTS c kim tra bng vic m phng 500 nt phn b ngu
nhin trong vng 120m (hnh ch nht 120m, mi nt c kh nng truyn trong hoc
tham gia vo qu trnh ang ng b (gim s lng mo u khong 15 n 60%).
Tuy nhin, nu ch c mt s lng nt c ng b, cc gii thut phn b c th
Th Tuyt T6-K48
29
n tt nghip
gii hn mo u ca n n cc vng quan tm v lu tr nng lng ca tt c cc

nt trong khi cc gii thut tp trung bao gm tt c cc nt v v th n c chi ph c
nh bt k khi giao thc ng b thi gian c c dng hay khng.
2.2.2.2. Giao thc ng b gia bn nhn v bn nhn
Trong giao thc ny nhiu bn nhn ca cc gi c nhn thi gian nh nhau
ng b vi nhau nhng khng ng b vi bn gi. Chng ta xem xt mt giao thc
c bn l ng b qung b tham chiu RBS (Reference broadcast synchronization).
Giao thc ny bao gm hai thnh phn: thnh phn u tin l mt tp hp cc
nt nm trong vng broadcast n (v d nh mt tp hp cc nt c th nghe thy
nhau) nh gi xung ng h ca cc nt ngang hng vi chng. Thnh phn th hai
cho php lin kt cc nhn thi gian gia cc nt xa vi mt vi khu vc broadcast
gia chng. Chng ta s gii thch ln lt mi thnh phn ny.
ng b trong mt khu vc broadcast:
tng c bn nh sau: Bn gi s gi theo chu k mt gi (khng cn thit
nh du nhn thi gian) vo knh broadcast v tt c cc bn nhn s nh du nhn
thi gian cho gi ny. Cc bn nhn trao i nhn thi gian ca chng v c th s
dng d liu ny bit c ng h ca nt hng xm. Bng vic lp li qu trnh
ny cc nt khng ch bit v lch pha ca nhau m cn c tc tri na. Cc nt
khng iu chnh ng h cc b ca n nhng i vi mi nt hng xm n xy dng
mt bng lu tr cc tham s cn thit chuyn i gi tr xung ng h.V d: xem
hnh (2.5 ).
Hai nt i v j mun ng b. Ti thi im t0, nt R broadcast mt gi xung,
bao gm s nhn dng R v mt chui s s. Nt i v j c mt khong cch khc nhau
ti R, do tr truyn cng khc nhau. Bit cui n nt i thi im t1,i n nt j
thi im t1,j v tr truyn tng bin l i v j . c hai nt mt ngt nhn gi c
to ra, thi im t2,j v t2,i i vi nt j v i.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
30
n tt nghip
Hnh 2.5 V d v RBS
Sau mt khong thi gian ngn na, thi im t3,i nt i nh du gi vi nhn

thi gian cc b Li(t3,i); nt j cng tng t to ra nhn Lj(t3,j). Sau nt i v nt j
cng trao i nhn thi gian v nhn dng ca cc gi xung (a ch bn gi, chui s)
tng ng. C hai nt d dng tnh ton lch pha tng i ca ng h bng vic
gi s t3,i = t3,j. c bit, nt i lu tr gi tr O(t3,i)=Li(t3,i)-Lj(t3,j) nh l lch pha
trong bng cc b m khng c s iu chnh ng h ca n. R rng, s sp xp ny
c th thun li t vic c cc bn nhn nh du cc nhn thi gian ca cc gi n
nhanh n mc c th trong chu trnh ngt.
Thi gian gia vic nhn bit cui v nh du nhn thi gian ca gi c gi l
thay i bn nhn (receiver uncertainty), c k hiu l r,i v r,j i vi nt i v
j tng ng.
chnh xc t c i vi mi xung n:
R rng, ton b vic tnh ton l chnh xc tuyt i khi vic gi s t3,i=t3,j thc
s ng. Chng ta s phn tch ngn gn ngun li ng b c th nh sau:
Tr ng truyn: Trong mng cm bin, khu vc broardcast thng thng nh
v tr truyn ca mt gi c th b qua. Hn na, ch l s khc nhau gia tr
Th Tuyt T6-K48
31
n tt nghip
truyn gia nt i v nt j m c ngha v s khc nhau ny c xu hng thm ch

nh hn.
Tr gia vic nhn bit cui cng v to ra mt ngt nhn gi: iu ny c th ty
thuc vo tr x l phn cng (ging nh tnh ton checksum) cng nh l khong thi
gian ngn to khi ngt trong cc trng hp phn on ch yu hoc ngt phc v c
u tin cao hn. Hn na, l s khc nhau gia nt i v j m coi nh l li ng
b.
Tr gia ngt nhn gi v nh du nhn thi gian gi: nu nhn thi gian c
to ra ngay trong chu trnh ngt th tr ny rt nh. dch chuyn gia vic nh du
nhn thi gian v trao i nhn thi gian quan st c cng gp phn to ra li ng
b. Thi gian cng tri qua, li ny cng ln.
So snh vi phng php ng b thi gian gia bn gi/bn nhn th thi gian
yu cu ca R nh dng gi tin, chuyn qua h iu hnh, phn mm mng, cng
nh l tr truy cp ng truyn l hon ton khng lin quan n nhau v im chung
ca vic tham chiu ca nt i v j l thi gian t0 m gi xut hin trong knh truyn.
Cch to ra khu vc broadcast:
Mt trong nhng im khng hn ch ca RBS l cch khu vc broadcast c
to thnh v cch n c th m bo chc chn rng mt ng dn bin i thi gian
thc t tn ti gia hai nt mong mun, nt cm bin v sink.
Chng ta hy xem xt hai tnh hung khc nhau sau: Trong tnh hung mt s
lng nt tnh hot ng nh l bn gi xung chuyn dng v cng l b chuyn tip
cc gi. Nhng iu ny c biu din bng vng trn trn hnh. Cc nt cm bin
thng thng l cc nt hng xm trung gian c ng b. Nt cm bin nh du
nhn thi gian ca cc gi xung v truyn s quan st ca n n bn gi xung m tnh
ton mi cp nt cm bin lch pha tng i v tc tri, v ri rc cc kt qu.
Mt khu vc broardcast l c ro ra bi phm vi ca xung bn gi. Mt nt cm
bin i chuyn tip mt gi c hai ty chn: N c th xc nh cc nt j khc trong
Th Tuyt T6-K48
32
n tt nghip
cng khu vc chuyn tip gi n. Nu c hai u l nt hang xm n bc nhy

th nt i c th chuyn i nhn thi gian v gi gi trc tip n j. iu ny biu th
bng cung c trong hnh (2.6). Trong trng hp khc, nt i c th yu cu bn gi
xung chuyn tip gi n nt j m khng thay i n. Trong c hai trng hp, bn
gi xung khng yu cu gi bng thng tin v hi thoi.
Hnh 2.6 Chuyn tip gi d liu v chuyn i nhn thi gian
N c th chuyn tip gi ti bn gi xung. y l trch nhim bn gi xung

tm kim mt phn t tip theo j v chuyn i nhn thi gian. Theo , bn gi
xung c yu cu gi bng vi cc tham s hi thoi.
Trong trng hp khc, bn gi xung khng s dng ng h cc b v do
khng cn thit ng b vi cc nt cm bin ca n. Trong c hai trng hp khu vc
broadcast c chn la nh sau:
Mi nt cm bin l mt thnh vin ca t nht mt khu vc broadcast.
Khi mt gi c truyn t mt ngun n nt sink trong khu vc broadcast
khc, phi c mt chui cc khu vc broadcast trn ng dn gia ngun v sink v
hai khu vc broadcast phi chng lp ln mt nt. Nhng nt gateway ny (nt hnh
vung c hai mu trn hnh 2.6) bit cc thng s hi thoi i vi tt c cc nt trong
hai khu vc v theo c th chuyn i nhn thi gian. phi c chng ln
m bo chc chn c s hin din ca cc nt gateway. L tng, gia hai khu vc
broadcast c nhiu hn mt nt gateway cho php mt vi s cn bng khi chuyn
tip ti.
S cc hi thoi cn thit gia mt ngun v mt sink s nh trnh s mt
mt chnh xc, ci ny c gi l khu vc broadcast rng ln. Ni cch khc trong
khu vc rng ln, c nhiu gi phi c trao i vi cng sut truyn ln hn phi
Th Tuyt T6-K48
33
n tt nghip
c s dng t c n nt hng xm, lm tiu hao nng lng nhanh chng

hn.
iu ny c th c xem xt nh vn phn cm, vi mc ch tm cc
cm b chng lp. Giao thc phn cp cm chuyn dng cho mc c s dng [2].
Giao thc ny cho php iu chnh kch thc cm tm c s cn bng ti gia
ti thiu ha cc bc truyn v ti thiu ha lng gi/cng sut truyn.
Nu khng c cc nt chuyn dng hoc khi tt c cc nt u bo hm bn gi
xung cn thit c ng b, khu vc broadcast phi nh hn v tt c cc thnh vin
trong khi vc broadcast phi l cc nt hng xm mt bc nhy c th trao i
xung quan st cng nh chuyn tip gi d liu. Khu vc broadcast l mt tp hp cc
nt. Trong tnh hung ny mi nt s hot ng nh l mt nt gi xung, v vic
quyt nh chuyn tip b gii hn n nhng nt hng xm ny chia s t nht mt
khu vc broadcast vi nt chuyn tip.
2.3. Giao thc v tr

Trong nhiu trng hp vic xc nh v tr trong th gii t nhin ca cc nt
trong mng cm bin l rt cn thit, n c ngha hoc l mc ch ca mng cm
bin. V d nh trong ng dng quan st mi trng v kh tng hc, d liu s
khng cn c ngha nu nh khng c nh du thi gian v v tr. Hay nh trong
cc ng dng: theo di vic ng gi hang, lu tr sch trong th vin, theo di v tr,
tt c cc ng dng ny u cn xc nh v tr ca cc nt c bin. Ngoi ra thng tin
v v tr cng rt quan trng trong mt vi giao thc nh tuyn, c bit l nh tuyn
da vo v tr.
Trong mng cm bin, c mt s lng rt ln cc nt, c trin khai mt cch
ngu nhin trong khu vc quan st. Vic xc nh v tr tuyt i ca mt nt thng
rt kh. Chng ta c th trang b thit b GPS cho cc nt. Tuy nhin cch ny khng
kh thi i vi mng cm bin v GPS tng i t v khng th hot ng trong mi
trng c bit nh trong nh, di lng t.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
34
n tt nghip
Hin nay c hai k thut nh v c xem xt ch yu trong mng cm bin l:

nh v da vo mc c sn.
nh v da vo v tr tng i.
C hai k thut ny u s dng s c lng phm vi v gc i vi vic nh
v cc nt cm ng thng qua cng tn hiu thu c (received signal strength
RSS), thi gian n (time of arrival TOA), s chnh lch thi gian n (time
difference of arrival TDOA), v gc ti (angle of arrival AOA).
2.3.1. nh v da vo mc c sn
Phng php ny gi s nh sau:
C mt vi con cm bin bit v tr.
Nhng nt ny s gi tn hiu mc(dn ng) theo chu k.
Cc nt khc s o tn hiu ny, s dng php o tam gic , a tr
nh gi v tr.
RSSI (Receiver Signal Strength Indicator ) c dung xc nh
s tng quan tn hiu vi khong cch.
H thng nh v ad hoc (AHLoS) i hi mt vi nt phi c v tr xc nh qua
GPS hoc qua cu hnh iu khin. iu ny cho php cc nt xc nh c v tr ca
chng qua mt qu trnh hai pha: xp loi v c on. Trong pha xp loi, mi mt
nt c on phm vi ca cc nt ln cn. Pha c on sau cho php cc nt ln
cn m cha xc nh c v tr dng phm vi c c on trong pha xp loi v v
tr ca vt mc xc nh v tr ca chng.
Tuy nhin phng php ny ch ph hp vi tn hiu RF, v rt nhy cm
vi vt cn, nhiu a ng, nh hng ca mi trng (ma,). Hn na tn hiu
RF phi c phm vi tt: khong vi chc mt. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng RF v
sng siu m: nt mc truyn tn hiu RF v mt sng siu m ti b thu. Thi gian
Th Tuyt T6-K48
35
n tt nghip
n khc nhau gia hai tn hiu c s dng o khong cch. Phm vi ln ti 3

m, chnh xc 2cm.
Tuy nhin phng php gi s rng du hiu ca ct mc nhng v tr bit
nhiu khi khng th p dng khi cc nt cm ng trin khai nhng vng m kh c
th xc nh c v tr. Trn th gii hin ny cc nh khoa hc ang nghin cu v
vic t nh v trong dng cc ngun nhng v tr cha bit. Mc d h coi nh gi
thuyt l cc vt mc phi v tr c nh nhng chng vn cn phi c ngun tn hiu.
Cc ngun ny c trin khai trong cng mt vng vi cc nt cm ng v c dng
lm chun cho cc nt ln cn c on cc v tr v hng cha bit t ngun tn
hiu. Cng trnh nghin cu ca Moses v Savvides da trn cc ngun tn hiu. Cc
cng trnh khc c on v tr ca cc nt bng vic xem xt cc vn v c on
v tr nh l cc vn v s ti u li v c nhng rng buc v v tr gia hai nt, v
d nh phm vi ph sng. Hn na trong phng php nh v ny, Patwari v cc
ng nghip xc nh c chnh xc ranh gii ca v tr sensor da trn cc trm gc
c nh cn thit cho thi gian n hoc nhn ca tn hiu.
2.3.2. nh v da vo v tr tng i
Mc d cc giao thc nh v da trn vt mc rt hiu qu i vi mt s ng
dng no , mt s mng cm ng khc c th c trin khai vng m khng th
b nh hng bi vt mc hoc GPS, lc chng c th b nh hng bi nhiu mi
trng hay l do sai s khi iu khin. Hn na, cc nt cm ng loi bnh thng c
th hot ng ch khng tuyn tnh hoc nhiu khng tun theo phn b Gaussian.
khc phc nhng kh khn ny, cc thng tin vng c t theo tng bc truyn
t ngun cho n sink. thu c cc thng tin vng chnh xc, cc nt cm ng
phi kt hp h tr cho nhau. Hn na, nng lng c th c d tr thm bng
vic cho php cc nt cm ng d theo v tr ca cc nt ln cn.
K thut xc nh v tr tng i ny c nghin cu k hn bi c cu v tr
th cm (perceptive localization framework -PLF). Trong c cu ny, mt nt c th
Th Tuyt T6-K48
36
n tt nghip
pht hin v d theo v tr ca ca nt ln cn bng cch dng k thut c on kt

hp vi mt b lc tng phn c ghp vo mt dy cc sensor. tng chnh xc
ca vic c lng v tr, sink c th yu cu tt c cc nt dc theo ng t ngun
phi lc tng phn tng s lng vt mu. Qu trnh tc ng cc b ny khng yu
cu bt k mt vt mc no. Hn na, phn x l trung tm khng cn phi quyt nh
v tr ca cc ngun.
Cho d dng giao thc nh v da trn vt mc hay l da trn v tr tng i
th thng tin vng u cn thit trong cc giao thc lp vn chuyn, lp mng v lp
lin kt d liu. Mi mt loi giao thc nh v c nhng yu cu khc nhau. Cc ng
dng mng cm ng sau ny s s dng kt hp cc k thut nh v ny.
2.4 Kt lun
Chng ny ch tp trung vo trnh by hai giao thc tiu biu nht v p ng
c cc yu cu ring bit ca mng cm ng l xc nh v tr v ng b thi gian.
Ngoi hai giao thc ny cn c rt nhiu cc giao thc khc nh giao thc lp ng
dng, lp MacV thi gian c hn nn em ch a ra hai giao thc quan trng m
mi ngi cn tm hiu khi tip cn v lnh vc mng cm bin. Ngy nay cc nh
nghin cu cng a rt nhiu ci tin ca hai giao thc ny, ph hp vi thc tin
hn.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
37
n tt nghip
Chng 3 nh tuyn trong mng cm bin
Chng 3. nh tuyn trong mng cm bin

3.1. Gii thiu
Mc d mng cm bin c kh nhiu im tng ng so vi cc mng adhoc
c dy v khng dy nhng chng cng biu l mt s cc c tnh duy nht m to
cho chng tn ti thnh mng ring. Chnh nhng c tnh ny lm cho tp trung mi
nhn vo yu cu thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn mi m khc xa so vi cc giao
thc nh tuyn trong cc mng adhoc c dy v khng dy. Vic nhm vo c tnh
ny a ra mt tp cc thch thc ln v ring i vi WSN.Chng ny s trnh
by ba loi giao thc nh tuyn chnh hay c dng trong mng cm bin, l nh
tuyn trung tm d liu (data centric protocol), nh tuyn phn cp (hierarchical
protocol) v nh tuyn da vo v tr (location based protocol).
3.2. Thch thc trong vn nh tuyn

Chnh v nhng c im ring bit ca mng cm bin m vic nh tuyn
trong mng cm bin phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc sau:
Mng cm bin c mt s lng ln cc nt, cho nn ta khng th
xy dng c s a ch ton cu cho vic trin khai s lng ln cc
nt v lng mo u duy tr ID qu cao.
D liu trong mng cm bin yu cu cm nhn t nhiu ngun
khc nhau v truyn n sink.
Cc nt cm bin b rang buc kh cht ch v mt nng lng,
tc x l, lu tr.
Hu ht trong cc ng dng mng cm bin cc nt ni chung l
tnh sau khi c trin khai ngoi tr mt vi nt c th di ng.
Mng cm bin l nhng ng dng ring bit.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
38
n tt nghip

Vic nhn bit v tr l vn rt quan trng v vic tp hp d
liu thng thng da trn v tr.

Kh nng d tha d liu rt cao v cc nt cm bin thu lm d
liu da trn hin tng chung.
3.3. Cc vn v thit k giao thc nh tuyn

Mc ch chnh ca mng cm bin l truyn thng d liu trong mng trong
khi c gng ko di thi gian sng ca mng v ngn chn vic gim cc kt ni bng
cch a ra nhng k thut qun l nng lng linh hot. Trong khi thit k cc giao
thc nh tuyn, chng ta thng gp phi cc vn sau.
3.3.1. c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng
Cc nt cm bin hot ng vi s gii hn v kh nng tnh ton, lu tr v
truyn dn, di rng buc v nng lng kht khe. Ty thuc vo ng dng mt
cc nt cm bin trong mng c th t tha tht n rt dy. Hn na trong nhiu ng
dng s lng cc nt cm bin c th ln n hang trm, thm ch hang ngn nt c
trin khai ty v thng thng khng b gim st bao ph mt vng rng ln. Trong
mng ny, c tnh ca cc con cm bin l c tnh thch nghi ng v cao, nh l nhu
cu t t chc v bo ton nng lng buc cc nt cm bin phi iu chnh lin tc
thch ng hot ng hin ti.
3.3.2. Rng buc v ti nguyn
Cc nt cm bin c thit k vi phc tp nh nht cho trin khai trong
phm vi ln gim chi ph ton mng. Nng lng l mi quan tm chnh trong mng
cm bin khng dy, lm th no t c thi gian sng ko di trong khi cc nt
hot ng vi s gii hn v nng lng d tr. Vic truyn gi mutilhop chnh l
ngun tiu th nng lng chnh trong mng. gim vic tiu th nng lng c th
t c bng cch iu khin t ng chu k cng sut ca mng cm bin. Tuy
Th Tuyt T6-K48
39
n tt nghip
nhin vn qun l nng lng tr thnh mt thch thc chin lc trong nhiu
ng dng quan trng.
3.3.3. M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin
M hnh d liu m t lung thng tin gia cc nt cm bin v cc sink. M
hnh ny ph thuc nhiu vo bn cht ca ng dng trong ci cch d liu c
yu cu v s dng. Mt vi m hnh d liu c xut nhm tp trung vo yu cu
tng tc v nhu cu tp hp d liu ca a dng cc ng dng.
Mt loi cc ng dng ca mng cm bin yu cu m hnh thu thp d liu m
da trn vic ly mu theo chu k hay s xy ra ca s kin trong mi trng quan st.
Trong cc ng dng khc d liu c th c chp v lu tr hoc c th c x l,
tp hp ti mt nt trc khi chuyn tip d liu n sink. Mt loi th 3 l m hnh
d liu tng tc hai chiu gia cc nt cm bin v sink.
Nhu cu h tr a dng cc m hnh d liu lm tng tnh phc tp ca vn
thit k giao thc nh tuyn.
3.3.4. Cch truyn d liu
Ci cch m cc truy vn v d liu c truyn gia cc trm c s v cc v
tr quan st hin tng l mt kha cnh quan trng trong mng cm bin khng dy.
Mt phng php c bn thc hin vic ny l mi nt cm bin c th truyn d
liu trc tip n trm c s. Tuy nhin phng php da trn bc nhy n (singlehop) c chi ph rt t v cc nt m xa trm c s th s nhanh chng b tiu hao nng
lng v do lm gim thi gian sng ca mng.
Nhm gim thiu li ca phng php ny th d liu trao i gia cc nt cm
bin v trm c s c th c thc hin bng vic s dng truyn gi a bc nhy
(mutilhop) qua phm vi truyn ngn. Phng php ny tit kim nng lng ng k
v cng gim ng k s giao thoa truyn dn gia cc nt khi cnh tranh nhau truy
Th Tuyt T6-K48
40
n tt nghip
cp knh, c bit l trong mng cm bin khng dy mt cao. D liu c truyn

gia cc nt cm bin v cc sink c minh ha nh hnh v (3.1).
p ng cc truy vn t cc sink hoc cc s kin c bit xy ra ti mi
trng th d liu thu thp c s c truyn n cc trm c s thng qua nhiu
ng dn mutilhop.
Trong nh tuyn mutilhop ca mng cm bin khng dy, cc nt trung gian
ng vai tr chuyn tip d liu gia ngun v ch. Vic xc nh xem tp hp cc
nt no to thnh ng dn chuyn tip d liu gia ngun v ch l mt nhim v
quan trng trong thut ton nh tuyn. Ni chung vic nh tuyn trong mng kch
thc ln vn l mt vn kh khn, cc thut ton phi nhm vo nhiu yu cu
thit k thch thc bao gm s chnh xc, n nh, ti u ha v ch n s thay i
ca cc thng s.
Hnh 3.1 M hnh truyn d liu gia sink v cc nt
Vi c tnh bn trong ca mng cm bin bao gm s rng buc v di thng

v nng lng to thm thch thc cho cc giao thc nh tuyn l phi nhm vo
vic tha mn yu cu v lu lng trong khi vn m rng c thi gian sng ca
mng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
41
n tt nghip
3.4. Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc nh tuyn

Vn nh tuyn trong mng cm bin l mt thch thc kh khn i hi phi
cn bng gia s p ng nhanh ca mng v hiu qu. S cn bng ny yu cu s
cn thit thch hp kh nng tnh ton v truyn dn ca cc nt cm bin ngc vi
mo u yu cu thch ng vi iu kin ny. Trong mng cm bin khng dy, mo
u c o chnh l lng bng thng c s dng, tiu th cng sut v yu cu x
l ca cc nt di ng. Vic tm ra chin lc cn bng gia s cnh tranh ny cn
thit to ra mt nn tng chin lc nh tuyn .
Vic thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin khng dy phi xem
xt gii hn v cng sut v ti nguyn ca mi nt mng, cht lng thay i theo
thi gian ca cc knh v tuyn v kh nng mt gi v tr. Nhm vo cc yu cu
thit k ny mt s cc chin lc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin c a ra. Bng
(3.1) a ra s phn loi mt s giao thc da trn nhiu tiu ch khc nhau. Mt loi
giao thc nh tuyn thng qua kin trc phng trong cc nt c vai tr nh nhau.
Kin trc phng c mt vi li ch bao gm s lng mo u ti thiu duy tr c
s h tng, v c kh nng khm ph ra nhiu ng gia cc nt truyn dn chng
li li.
Loi th 2 l phn cp theo cm, li dng cu trc ca mng t c hiu
qu v nng lng, s n nh, s m rng. Trong loi giao thc ny cc nt mng t
t chc thnh cc cm trong mt nt c mc nng lng cao hn cc nt khc v
ng vai tr l nt ch. Nt ch thc hin phi hp hot ng trong cm v chuyn
tip thng tin gia cc cm vi nhau. Vic to thnh cc cm c kh nng lm gim
tiu th nng lng v m rng thi gian sng ca mng.
Loi giao thc nh tuyn th 3 l s dng phng php trung tm d liu
phan b s quan tm (interest) bn trong mng. Phng php ny s dng thuc tnh
da trn tn do mt nt ngun truy vn mt thuc tnh ca hin tng hn l mt
nt ring l.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
42
n tt nghip
Bng 3.1 Phn loi v so snh cc giao thc chn ng trong WSN
Giao
thc
trung
tm
d
liu
x
Giao thc
chn
ng
SPIN
Directed
Diffusion
Rumor
GBR
CADR
COUGAR
ACQUIRE
Giao
thc
phn
cp
Giao
thc
da
trn
v tr
LEACH
x
Di
chuyn
Da
vo
hi/p
Kt
hp s
liu
Xc
nh
v tr
QoS
Ngang
hng
Ngang
hng
Ngang
hng
C th
Khng
Khng
phc
tp
ca
trng
thi
Thp
Hn
ch
Rt
hn
ch
Hn
ch
Khng
Khng
Thp
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Hn
ch
Nt
gc c
nh
Nt
gc c
nh
Nt
gc c
nh
Khng
Ngang
hng
Ngang
hng
Ngang
hng
Ngang
hng
Phn
cp
TEEN&
APTEEN
Phn
loi
Phn
cp
PEGASIS
Phn
cp
MECN&
SMECN
GAF
Phn
cp
Da
theo
v tr
Da
theo
v tr
Da
theo
v tr
Da
theo
QoS
GEAR
SAR
SPEED
Kh
nng
nh
c
a
ng
Da
vo
yu
cu
Thp
Hn
ch
Hn
ch
Tt
Khng
Khng
Thp
Tt
Khng
Khng
Khng
Thp
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Thp
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Thp
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Tt
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Tt
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Nt
ch
nhm
Nt
ch
nhm
Nt
ch
nhm
Thp
Hn
ch
Hn
ch
Hn
ch
Tt
Thp
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Thp
Tt
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Thp
Hn
ch
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Trung
bnh
Hn
ch
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Trung
bnh
Hn
ch
Khng
Phn phi quan tm trong ton mng t c bng vic gn nhim v cho cc
con cm bin v nhn mnh vo cc cu hi m lin quan n cc thuc tnh ring.
Mt giao thc khc c th truyn quan tm ti cc nt bao gm qung b, cc thuc
tnh da trn mutilcasting, geo-casting.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
43
n tt nghip
Loi giao thc th 4 l da vo v tr nh a ch cho cc nt cm bin. li

giao thc ny rt c ch cho nhng ng dng ni m v tr ca cc nt cm bin trong
vng a l c bao ph bi mng lin quan n truy vn c a ra bi nt ngun.
3.5. Giao thc trung tm d liu

3.5.1. Flooding v Gossiping
Flooding l k thut chung thng c s dng tm ra ng v truyn
thng tin trong mng adhoc v tuyn v hu tuyn.
Chin lc nh tuyn ny rt n gin v khng ph thuc vo cu hnh mng
v cc gii thut nh tuyn phc tp. Flood s dng phng php reactive nh mi
nt nhn d liu hoc iu khin d liu gi cc gi ti cc nt ln cn. Sau khi
truyn, mt gi s c truyn trn tt c cc ng c th. Tr khi mng b ngt
khng th cc gi s truyn n ch (hnh 3.2)
Hnh 3.2 Truyn gi trong Flooding
Hn na khi cu hnh mng thay i cc gi s truyn theo nhng tuyn mi

gii thut ny s to ra v hn cc bn sao ca mi gi khi i qua cc nt. Gii thut
ny c 3 nhc im ln nh sau: th nht l hin tng bn tin kp. Tc l cc 2 gi
d liu ging nhau c gi n cng nt. Th hai l hin tng chng cho, tc l
cc nt cng cm nhn mt vng khng gian v do to ra cc gi tng t nhau gi
Th Tuyt T6-K48
44
n tt nghip
n cc nt ln cn. V th 3 l thut ton ny khng h quan tm n vn nng

lng ca cc nt, cc nut s nhanh chng tiu hao nng lng v lm gim thi gian
sng ca mng.
Mt s ci tin ca giao thc ny l Gossiping, thut ton ny ci tin ch mi
nt s ngu nhin gi gi m n nhn c n mt trong cc nt ln cn ca n.
Thut ton ny lm gim s lng cc gi lan truyn trong mng, trnh hin tng bn
tin kp tuy nhin c nhc im l c th gi s khng bao gi n c ch.
3.5.2. SPIN
SPIN (Sensor Protocol for Information via Negotiation) l giao thc nh tuyn
thng tin da trn s dn xp d liu. Mc tiu chnh ca giao thc ny l tp trung
vic quan st mi trng c hiu qu bng mt s cc nt cm bin ring bit trong
ton b mng. Nguyn l ca giao thc ny l s thch ng v ti nguyn v sp xp
d liu. ngha ca vic dn xp d liu (data negotiation) ny l cc nt trong SPIN
s bit v ni dung ca d liu trc khi bt k d liu no c truyn trong mng .
SPIN khai thc tn d liu nh m cc nt s kt hp miu t d liu (metadata)
vi d liu m chng to ra v s dng s miu t ny thc hin vic gin xp d
liu trc khi truyn d liu thc t. Ni nhn d liu c th by t mi quan tm n
ni dung d liu bng cch gi yu cu ly c d liu qung b. iu ny to ra
s sp xp d liu m bo rng d liu ch c truyn n nt quan tm n loi
d liu ny. Do m loi tr kh nng bn tin kp v gim thiu ng k vic truyn
d liu d tha qua mng. Hn na vic s dng b miu t d liu cng loi tr kh
nng chng ln v cc nt c th ch gii hn v tn lai d liu m chng quan tm
n.
Vic thch ng ti nguyn cho php cc nt cm bin chy SPIN c th thch
ng vi trng thi hin ti ca ti nguyn nng lng. Mi nt c th d tm ti b
qun l theo di mc tiu th nng lng ca mnh trc khi truyn hoc x l d
liu. Khi mc nng lng cn li thp cc nt ny c th gim hoc loi b mt s hot
Th Tuyt T6-K48
45
n tt nghip
ng nh l truyn miu t d liu hoc cc gi. Chnh vic thch nghi vi ti nguyn
lm tng thi gian sng ca mng.
thc hin truyn v sp xp d liu cc nt s dng giao thc ny s dng
ba loi bn tin (hnh 3.3).
Hnh 3.3 Ba tn hiu bt tay ca SPIN
Hnh 3.4 Hot ng ca SPIN
Hot ng ca SPIN gm 6 bc nh hnh (3.4). Bc 1: ADV thng bo d

liu mi ti cc nt. Bc 2: REQ yu cu d liu cn quan tm. Sau khi nhn c
ADV cc nt quan tm n d liu ny s gi REQ yu cu ly d liu. Bc 3: bn
tin DATA bn tin ny thc s cha d liu c cm bin v km theo mo u miu
t d liu. Bc 4, sau khi nt ny nh n d liu n s chia s d liu ca n cho cc
nt cn li trong mng bng vic pht bn tin ADV cha miu t d liu (metadata).
Th Tuyt T6-K48
46
n tt nghip
Bc 5: sau cc nt xung quanh li gi bn tin REQ yu cu d liu, v bc 6 l

DATA li c truyn n cc nt m yu cu d liu ny.
Tuy nhin giao thc SPIN cng c hn ch khi m nt trung gian khng quan
tm n d liu no , khi d liu khng th n c ch.
3.5.3. Directed Diffusion
y l giao thc trung tm d liu i vi vic truyn v phn b thng tin
trong mng cm bin khng dy. Mc tiu chnh ca phng php ny l tit kim
nng lng tng thi gian sng ca mng t c mc tiu ny, giao thc ny
gi tng tc gia cc nt cm bin, da vo vic trao i cc bn tin, nh v trong
vng ln cn mng. S dng s tng tc v v tr nhn thy c tp hp ti thiu cc
ng truyn dn. c im duy nht ca giao thc ny l s kt hp vi kh nng ca
nt c th tp trung d liu p ng truy vn ca sink tit kim nng lng.
Thnh phn chnh ca giao thc ny bao gm 4 thnh phn: interest (cc mi
quan tm ca mng), data message (cc bn tin d liu), gradient, reinforcements.
Directed disffusion s dng m hnh publish- and subcribe trong mt ngi kim
tra (ti sink) s miu t mi quan tm (interest) bng mt cp thuc tnh-gi tr.
Bng (3.2) miu t cp thuc tnh-gi tr, cc nt cm bin c kh nng p ng
interest ny s tr li km theo d liu tng ng.
Hot ng ca Directed Dissfusion nh hnh (3.5). Vi mi nhim v cm bin
tch cc, sink s gi qung b bn tin interest theo chu k cho cc nt ln cn.
Bn tin ny s truyn qua tt c cc nt trong mng nh l mt s quan tm n
mt d liu no . Mc ch chnh ca vic thm d ny l xem xt xem c nt
cm bin no c th tm kim d liu tng ng vi interest. Tt c cc nt u duy
tr mt interest cache lu tr cc interest entry khc nhau.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
47
n tt nghip
Bng 3.2 Miu t interert s dng cp thuc tnh-gi tr
Cp thuc tnh-gi tr
Miu t
Type = chim rui
Pht hin v tr ca chim rui
Interval=20ms
Bo co s kin chu k 20ms
Duration=10s
Thi gian sng ca Interest
Field=[(x1,x2),(y1,y2)]
Bo co t cc con cm bin trong vng
Mi mt mc (entry) trong interest cache s lu tr mt interest khc nhau. Cc

entry cache ny s lu tr mt s trng sau: mt nhn thi gian (timestamp), nhiu
trng gradient cho mi nt ln cn v v trng duration. Nhn thi gian s lu tr
nhn thi gian ca interest nhn c sau cng. Mi gradient s lu tr c tc d
liu v chiu m d liu c gi i. Gi tr ca tc d liu nhn c t thuc tnh
khong thi gian trong bn tin interest. Trng duration s xc nh khong thi gian
tn ti ca interest.
Mt gradient c th coi nh l mt lin kt phn hi ca nt ln cn khi m nhn
c bn tin interest. Vic truyn bn tin interest trong ton mng cng vi vic thit
lp cc gradient ti mi nt cho php vic tm ra v thit lp cc ng dn gia sink
m a ra yu cu v d liu quan tm v cc nt m p ng mi quan tm .
Khi mt nt pht hin mt s kin n s tm kim trong cache xem c interest
no ph hp khng, nu c n s tnh ton tc s kin cao nht cho tt c cc
gradient li ra. Sau n thit lp mt phn h cm bin ly mu cc s kin mc
tc cao ny. Cc nt s gi ra ngoi miu t v s kin cho cc nt ln cn c
gradient. Cc nt ln cn ny nhn d liu v s kim tra trong cache xem c entry
no ph hp khng, nu khng n s loi b d liu cn nu ph hp n s nhn d
Th Tuyt T6-K48
48
n tt nghip
liu cc nt ny s thm bn tin vo cache d liu v sau gi bn tin d liu cho cc

nt ln cn.
Hnh 3.5 Hot ng c bn ca Directed Diffusion
Khi nhn c mt interest cc nt tm kim trong interest cache ca n xem c

entry no ph hp khng, nu khng nt s to mt cache entry mi. Cc nt s s
dng cc thng tin cha trong interest to ra cc thng s interest trong entry. Cc
entry ny l mt tp hp cha cc trng gradient vi tc v chiu tng ng vi
nt ln cn m interest c nhn. Nu nh interest nhn c c trong cache th nt
s cp nht nhn thi gian v trng duration cho ph hp vi entry. Mt trng
gradient s c remove khi entry nu qu hn.
Trong pha thit lp gradient th cc sink s thit lp mt tp hp cc ng dn.
Sink c th s dng ng dn ny vi s kin cht lng cao lm tng tc d
liu. iu ny t c thng qua mt ng dn c h tr x l (path
reinforcement process). Cc sink ny c th s dng s h tr ca mt s cc nt ln
cn. lm c iu ny sink c th gi li bn tin interest ngun tc cao thng
qua cc ng dn c chn, nh vic tng cng cc nt ngun trn ng dn
Th Tuyt T6-K48
49
n tt nghip
gi d liu thng xuyn hn. Directed disffusion c u im nu mt ng dn no

gia sink v mt nt b li, mt ng dn c tc d liu thp hn c thay th.
K thut nh tuyn ny n nh di phm vi mng ng. Loi giao thc nh tuyn
ny tit kim nng lng ng k.
3.6. Giao thc phn cp

3.6.1. LEACH
LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) l giao thc phn cp
theo cm thch ng nng lng thp. y l giao thc thu lm v phn pht d liu
ti cc sink c bit l cc trm c s. Mc tiu chnh ca LEACH l:
M rng thi gian sng ca mng
Gim s tiu th nng lng bi mi nt mng
S dng tp trung d liu gim bn tin truyn dn trong mng
t c nhng mc tiu ny LEACH thng qua m hnh phn cp t
chc mng thnh cc cm, mi cm c qun l bi nt ch. Nt ch gnh ly trng
trch thc hin nhiu tc v. u tin l thu lm d liu theo chu k t cc nt thnh
vin, trong qu trnh tp trung d liu nt ch s c gng tp hp d liu gim d
tha v nhng d liu tng quan nhau. Nhim v th hai l nt ch s trc tip
truyn d liu c tp hp li n cc trm c s. Vic truyn ny c th thc hin
theo kiu single hop. Nhim v th ba l LEACH s to ra mt m hnh ghp knh
theo thi gian TDMA, mi nt trong cm s c gn mt khe thi gian m c th s
dng truyn tin.
M hnh LEACH nh hnh v (3.6). Cc nt ch s qung b m hnh TDMA
cho cc nt thnh vin trong cm ca n. gim thiu kh nng xung t gia cc
nt cm bin trong v ngoi cm, LEACH s dng m hnh truy cp a phn chia theo
m CDMA.Qu trnh hot ng ca LEACH c chia thnh hai pha l pha thit lp
v pha n nh. Pha thit lp bao gm hai bc l la chn nt ch v thng tin v
Th Tuyt T6-K48
50
n tt nghip
cm. Pha n nh trng thi gm thu lm d liu, tp trung d liu v truyn d liu
n cc trm c s. Thi gian ca bc n nh ko di hn so vi thi gian ca bc
thit lp gim thiu mo u.
Hnh 3.6 M hnh mng LEACH
Trong bc thit lp, mt nt cm bin la chn mt s ngu nhin gia 0 v 1.

Nu s ny nh hn ngng T(n) th nt cm bin l nt ch. T(n) c tnh nh sau:
T ( n) =
p
nu n G
1 p * (r mod 1 / p)
(3.1)
T (n) = 0 cn li
Trong p: t l phn trm nt ch

r: chu k hin ti
G: tp hp cc nt khng c la chn lm nt ch trong 1/p chu k cui.
Sau khi c chn lm nt ch, cc nt ch s qung b vai tr mi ca chng
cho cc nt cn li trong mng. Cc nt cn li trong mng da vo bn tin v
Th Tuyt T6-K48
51
n tt nghip
cng tn hiu nhn c hoc mt s tiu chun no quyt nh xem c tham

gia vo cm hay khng. V sau cc nt ny s thng bo cho nt ch bit l
mnh c mong mun tr thnh thnh vin ca cm do nt ch m nhn.
Trong qu trnh to cm cc nt ch s to v phn pht m hnh TDMA cho
cc nt thnh vin trong cm. Mi nt ch cng chn la mt m CDMA m sau s
thng bo ti tt c cc thnh vin trong cm bit. Sau khi pha thit lp hon thnh bo
hiu s bt u ca pha n nh trng thi v cc nt trong cm s thu lm d liu v
s dng cc khe thi gian truyn d liu n nt ch. D liu c thu lm theo
chu k.
Vic m phng cho thy LEACH tit kim ng k nng lng. V s tit kim
ny ph thuc ch yu vo h s tp trung d liu cc nt ch ca cm.
Tuy nhin LEACH cng c mt s khuyt im sau:
Vic gi s rng tt c cc nt ch trong mng u truyn n trm c s thng
qua mt bc nhy l khng thc t, v v d tr nng lng v kh nng ca cc nt
thay i theo thi gian t nt ny n nt khc. Hn na khong chu k n nh trng
thi l vn then cht t c gim nng lng cn thit b p lng mo
u gay ra bi x l la chn cm. Chu k ngn s lm tng lng mo u, chu k di
s nhanh chng lm tiu hao nng lng ca nt ch.
LEACH c c tnh gip tit kim nng lng, yu cu v nng lng trong
LEACH c phn b cho tt c cc nt trong mng v chng ta gi s rng vai tr nt
ch c lun chuyn vng trn da trn nng lng cn li trn mi nt. LEACH l
thut ton phn tn hon ton v khng yu cu s iu khin bi trm c s. Vic
qun l cm l cc b v khng cn s hiu bit v mng ton cc. Hn na vic tp
trung d liu theo cm cng tit kim nng lng ng k v cc nt khng yu cu gi
trc tip d liu n sink.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
52
n tt nghip
3.6.2. PEGASIS
PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems),
PEGASIS phn cp l mt h cc giao thc nh tuyn v tp trung thng tin trong
mng cm bin.
Giao thc ny u tin h tr vic ko di thi gian sng ca mng nh t
c vic tiu th nng lng ng nht v hiu sut nng lng cao qua tt c cc nt
trong mng, th hai lm gim tr truyn d liu n sink.
Giao thc ny xem xt m hnh mng bao gm tp hp cc nt ng nht c
trin khai qua mt vng a l. Cc nt ny c s hiu bit v v tr cc nt khc trong
ton mng v chng cn c kh nng iu khin cng sut v bao ph mt vng ty .
Cc nt ny cng c trang b b thu pht sng h tr CDMA. Trch nhim ca cc
nt ny l thu lm v truyn d liu n cc sink, thng thng l cc trm c s.
Mc ch pht trin mt cu trc nh tuyn v mt s tp trung d liu gim
thiu s tiu th cng sut v truyn d liu c tp trung n trm c s vi tr
truyn dn nh nht trong khi vn cn bng s tiu th cng sut gia cc nt trong
mng.
Gii thut ny s dng m hnh cu trc dng chui.
D trn m hnh ny cc nt s giao tip vi nt hang xm gn n nht. Cu
trc chui bt u vi nt xa sink nht, cc nt mng c thm dn vo chui lm
chui ln dn ln, bt u t nt hang xm gn nt cui nht. Cc nt s c gn vo
chui theo cch greedy t nt ln cn gn nht cho ti cc nt cn li trong mng.
xc nh c nt ln cn gn nht mi nt s s dng cng tn hiu o khong
cch ti cc nt ln cn ca n. S dng d kin ny cc nt s iu chnh cng tn
hiu sao cho ch c nt ln cn gn nht nghe c.
Mt nt trong chui s c trn lm nt ch, trch nhim ca nt ch l truyn
d liu tp hp c ti trm c s. Vai tr nt ch s b dch chuyn v tr trong chui
sau mi vng chu k. Chu k ny c qun l bi sink v vic chuyn trng thi t
Th Tuyt T6-K48
53
n tt nghip
vng ny n vng tip theo c th c khi to bi vic a ra du hiu cng sut

cao bi sink. Vic quay vng nt ch trong chui nhm m bo cng bng trong tiu
th nng lng gia cc nt trong mng. Tuy nhin cng cn ch rng vic thay i
c khi dn n nt ch ri xa trm c s, sink, khi nt ny li cn yu cu cng sut
cao truyn n trm c s.
Vic tp trung d liu trong mng dc theo chui. u tin chain leader s gi
mt th bi ti nt cui cng bn phi cui chui. Trong khi nhn c tn hiu ny nt
cui s gi d liu n thu lm c n nt ln cn theo chiu xui trong chui, sau
nt ny tp trung d liu v li tip tc gi n nt ln cn gn n nht, c nh vy
cho n khi gi n nt ch. Sau nt ch s li tp trung d liu v gi n sink.
Mc d n gin nhng m hnh tp trung dng chui d gy ra tr trc khi d
liu tp trung c truyn n sink. Mt phng php gim tr ny l tp trung
d liu song song dc theo chui, v s cng gim nhiu hn nu cc nt c trang b
b thu pht s dng CDMA.
Dng PEGASIS s gii quyt c vn v mo u gy ra bi vic hnh
thnh cc cm ng trong LEACH v gim c s ln truyn v nhn bng vic tp
hp d liu. Tuy nhin PEGASIS li c tr ng truyn ln i vi cc nt xa
trong chui. Hn na nt chnh c th xy ra hin tng tht c chai.
3.7. Giao thc da trn v tr

Mc tiu chnh ca gii thut nh tuyn ny l da vo cc thng tin v v tr
ca cc nt cm bin tm mt ng i hiu qu n ch. Loi nh tuyn ny rt
ph hp vi mng cm bin ni m vic tp trung d liu l k thut hu ch gim
thiu vic truyn bn tin n trm c s bng cch loi b s d tha gia cc gi n
t cc ngun khc nhau. Loi nh tuyn ny cn yu cu s tnh ton v lng mo
u truyn dn thp.
Ta s xem xt mt s giao thc nh tuyn da trn v tr nh sau:
Th Tuyt T6-K48
54
n tt nghip
3.7.1. GAF
Gii thut chnh xc theo a l (GAF) da trn v tr c hiu qu v mt nng
lng c thit k ch yu cho cc mng ad hoc di ng, nhng cng c th p dng
cho mng cm bin. GAF khai thc vic d tha d liu trong mng bng cch coi mt
tp hp cc nt con trong mng l tng ng nhau khi nhn t giao thc lp trn.
GAF chia vng quan st thnh cc hnh vung nh, bt k cc nt no trong hnh
vung cng u c th giao tip v tuyn vi bt k nt no nm trong hnh vung bn
cnh.GAF d tr nng lng bng cch tt cc nt khng cn thit trong mng m
khng nh hng n mc chnh xc ca nh tuyn. N to ra mt li o cho
vng bao ph. Mi nt dng GPS ca n v tr xc nh kt hp vi cng mt
im trn li m c coi l tng ng khi tnh n gi ca vic nh tuyn gi. S
tng ng nh vy c tn dng gi cc nt nh v trong vng li xc nh
trong trng thi ngh tit kim nng lng. V vy GAF c th tng ng k thi
gian sng ca mng cm bin khi m s lng cc nt tng ln. Mt v d c th c
a ra hnh (3.7). Trong hnh v ny, nt 1 c th truyn n bt k nt no trong s
cc nt 2, 3 v 4 v cc nt 2, 3, 4 c th truyn ti nt 5. Do cc nt 2, 3, v 4 l
tng ng v 2 trong s 3 nt c th trng thi ngh.
Cc nt chuyn trng thi t ngh sang hot ng ln lt cho cc ti c
cn bng. C ba trng thi c nh ngha trong GAF, l pht hin (discovery),
xc nh cc nt ln cn trong li, hot ng (active), th hin s tham gia vo qu
trnh nh tuyn v ngh (sleep) khi sng c tt i. S chuyn trng thi trong GAF
c miu t hnh (3.8) . Nt no ngh trong bao lu lin quan n cc thng s c
iu chnh trong qu trnh nh tuyn. iu khin di ng, mi nt trong li
c on thi gian ri khi li ca n v gi thng tin ny n nt ln cn.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
55
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.7 V d v li o trong GAF
Cc nt ang khng hot ng iu chnh thi gian ngh ca chng ph hp cc

thng tin nhn c t cc nt ln cn gi cho vic nh tuyn c chnh xc.
Trc khi thi gian ri khi li ca cc nt ang hot ng qu hn, cc nt ang
ngh thot khi trng thi v mt trong s cc nt tr nn hot ng. GAF c
trin khai cho c nhng mng bao gm cc nt khng di ng (GAF c bn) v mng
bao gm cc nt di ng (GAF thch ng di ng).
Hnh 3.8 S chuyn trng thi trong GAF
GAF c gng gi mng hot ng bng cch gi cho cc nt i din lun ch

hot ng trong mi vng li o ca n. Cc kt qu m phng ch ra rng
GAF thc hin ti thiu s c nh giao thc nh tuyn trong mng ad hoc thng
Th Tuyt T6-K48
56
n tt nghip
thng khi ni n tn tht gi v lm tng thi gian sng ca mng bng cch tit
kim nng lng. Mc d GAF l mt giao thc da trn v tr, n cng c th c
coi l nh mt giao thc phn cp khi m cc cm da trn v tr a l. i vi mi
vng li xc nh, mi nt i in hot ng nh mt nt ch truyn d liu n
cc nt khc. Tuy nhin nt ch ny khng thc hin bt c mt nhim v hp nht
hay tp trung d liu no nh trong cc giao thc phn cp thng thng.
3.7.2. GEAR
Yu et al. a ra vic s dng thng tin v a l trong khi ph bin cc yu
cu n cc vng thch hp v cc yu cu d liu thng bao gm cc thuc tnh a
l. Giao thc GEAR (Geographic and Energy-Aware Routing) dng s nhn bit v
nng lng v cc phng php thng bo thng tin v a l ti cc nt ln cn. Vic
nh tuyn thng tin theo vng a l rt c ch trong cc h thng xc nh v tr, v
c bit l trong mng cm bin. tng ny hn ch s lng cc yu cu Directed
Diffusion bng cch quan tm n mt vng xc nh hn l gi cc yu cu ti ton
mng. GEAR ci tin hn Directed Diffusion im ny v v th d tr c nhiu
nng lng hn.
Trong giao thc GEAR, mi mt nt gi mt estimated cost v mt learned cost
trong qu trnh n ch qua cc nt ln cn. Estimated cost l s kt hp ca nng
lng cn d v khong cch n ch. Learned cost l s ci tin ca estimated cost
gii thch cho vic nh tuyn xung quanh cc hc trong mng. Hc xy ra khi m mt
nt khng c bt k mt nt ln cn no gn hn so vi vng ch hn l chnh n.
Trong trng hp khng c mt hc no th estimated cost bng vi learned cost.
Learned cost c truyn ngc li 1 hop mi ln mt gi n ch lm cho vic thit
lp ng cho gi tip theo c iu chnh.
C 2 pha trong gii thut ny:
Th Tuyt T6-K48
57
n tt nghip
Chuyn tip gi n vng ch: GEAR dng cch t chn nt ln cn da trn

s nhn bit v nng lng v v tr a l nh tuyn gi n vng ch. C 2
trng hp cn quan tm:
khi tn ti nhiu hn mt nt ln cn gn hn so vi ch: GEAR s chn hop
tip theo trong s tt c cc nt ln cn gn ch hn.
Khi m tt c cc nt u xa hn: trong trng hp ny s c mt l hng.
GEAR chn hop tip theo m lm ti thiu gi chi ph ca nt ln cn ny. Trong
trng hp ny, mt trong s cc nt ln cn c chn chuyn tip gi da trn
learned cost. La chn ny c th c cp nht sau theo s hi t ca learned cost
trong sut qu trnh truyn gi.
Chuyn tip gi trong vng
Nu gi c chuyn n vng, n c th truyn d liu trong vng c th
bng cch chuyn tip a l quy hoc flooding c gii hn. Flooding c gii hn p
dng tt trong trng hp cc sensor trin khai khng dy c. nhng mng c mt
sensor cao, flooding a l quy li hiu qu v mt nng lng hn l flooding c
gii hn. Trong trng hp , ngi ta chia vng thnh 4 vng nh v to ra 4 bn
copy ca gi . Vic chia nh ny v qu trnh chuyn tip tip tc cho n khi trong
vng ch cn 1 nt, v d nh hnh (3.9).
tha mn cc iu kin chng ta dng gii thut chuyn tip a l qui
truyn gi trong vng ny. Tuy nhin, vi nhng vng mt thp, chuyn tip a l
quy i khi khng hon thnh, nh tuyn v tc dng trong mt vng ch rng
trc khi s hop gi i qua vt qu gii hn. Trong trng hp ny chng ta dng
flooding c gii hn.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
58
n tt nghip
Hnh 3.9 Chuyn tip a l quy trong GEAR
3.8. Kt lun
Chng ny tng kt v a ra kh nhiu cc giao thc nh tuyn. Mi giao
thc u c nhng u v nhc im ring. Hin nay, c rt nhiu cc ci tin ca
cc loi giao thc ny c a ra, v cho kt qu rt kh quan. Vic la chn loi
giao thc no hon ton ph thuc vo ng dng m chng ta trin khai. Mc d s
hot ng ca cc gii thut nh tuyn ny y ha hn trong vn s dng hiu qu
nng lng, cc nghin cu sau ny cn phi xc nh r cc vn nh cht lng
dch v ca cc ng dng ca cc cm bin hnh nh v cc ng dng thi gian thc.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
59
n tt nghip
Chng 4 M phng PEGASIS
Chng 4. M phng PEGASIS bng Mobility Framework ca

OMNeT++
4.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++ v Mobility Framework
4.1.1. Gii thiu v OMNeT++
OMNeT++ l vit tt ca cm t Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++.
OMNeT++ l mt ng dng cung cp cho ngi s dng mi trng tin hnh m
phng hot ng ca mng. Mc ch chnh ca ng dng l m phng hot ng
mng thng tin, tuy nhin do tnh ph cp v linh hot ca n, OMNeT++ cn c s
dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh m phng cc h thng thng tin phc tp, cc
mng kiu hng i (queueing networks) hay cc kin trc phn cng... OMNeT++
cung cp sn cc thnh phn tng ng vi cc m hnh thc t. Cc thnh phn ny
(cn c gi l cc module) c lp trnh theo ngn ng C++, sau c tp hp
li thnh nhng thnh phn hay nhng m hnh ln hn bng mt ngn ng bc cao
(NED). OMNeT++ h tr giao din ho, tng ng vi cc m hnh cu trc ca n
ng thi phn nhn m phng (simulation kernel) v cc module ca OMNeT++ cng
rt d dng nhng vo trong cc ng dng khc.
Mt m hnh trong OMNeT++ bao gm cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn
cp. su ca ca cc module lng nhau l khng gii hn, iu ny cho php ngi
s dng c th biu din cc cu trc logic ca cc h thng trong thc t bng cc cu
trc m hnh. Cc module trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua vic gi cc message
(message). Cc message ny c th c cu trc phc tp tu . Cc module c th gi
cc message ny theo hai cch, mt l gi trc tip ti a ch nhn, hai l gi i theo
mt ng dn c nh sn, thng qua cc cng v cc kt ni.
Cc module c th c cc tham s ca ring n. Cc tham s ny c th c s
dng chnh sa cc thuc tnh ca module v biu din cho topology ca m
hnh. Cc module mc thp nht trong cu trc phn cp ng gi cc thuc tnh.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
60
n tt nghip
Cc module ny c coi l cc module n gin, v chng c lp trnh trong ngn

ng C++ bng cch s dng cc th vin m phng.
Cu trc phn cp ca cc module
Mt m hnh trong OMNeT++ cha cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn cp,
trao i thng tin vi nhau bng cch gi cc message. Cu trc ca m hnh c th
c m t bng ngn ng NED ca OMNeT++.
Hnh 4.1 Cu trc phn cp module trong OMNeT++
Cc module c th cha nhiu module con v c gi l module kt hp. Cc

module n gin l cc module c cp thp nht trong cu trc phn cp. Cc module
n gin cha cc thut ton ca m hnh. Ngi s dng trin khai cc module n
gin bng ngn ng C++, s dng cc th vin m phng ca OMNeT++.
Message, cng, lin kt
Cc module trao i thng tin bng vic gi cc message.Trong thc t,
message c dng khung (frame) hoc l cc gi tin (packet) c truyn i trong
mng. Cc message c th c cu trc phc tp tu . Cc module n gin c th gi
cc message i mt cch trc tip n v tr nhn hoc gi i theo mt ng dn nh
sn thng qua cc cng v cc lin kt.
Thi gian m phng a phng (local simulation time) ca mt module tng
ln khi module nhn c mt message. Message c th n t mt module khc hoc
n t cng mt module (message ca chnh bn thn module - self-message c
dng thc hin b nh thi). Cng (gate) l cc giao tip vo ra ca module.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
61
n tt nghip
Message c gi i qua cc cng ra v c nhn vo thng qua cc cng vo. Mi

kt ni (connection) hay cn gi l lin kt (link) c to bn trong mt mc n
trong cu trc phn cp ca cc module: bn trong mt module kt hp, mt kt ni c
th c to ra gia cc cng tng ng ca hai module con, hoc gia cng ca
module con vi cng ca module kt hp.
Hnh 4.2 Cc kt ni trong OMNeT++
M hnh truyn gi tin:

Mt kt ni c th c ba tham s c trng. Nhng tham s ny rt thun tin
cho cc m hnh m phng mng thng tin nhng khng hu dng lm cho cc kiu
m hnh khc. Ba tham s ny bao gm:
tr ng truyn (propagation delay) tnh bng s - giy.
T s li bit, c tnh bng s li/bit.
T s d liu, c tnh bng s bit/s.
Cc tham s ny l tu chn. Gi tr ca cc tham s ny l khc nhau trn tng
kt ni, ph thuc vo kiu ca lin kt (hay cn gi l kiu ca knh truyn - channel
type).
tr ng truyn l tng thi gian n ca message b tr i khi truyn qua
knh.
T s li bit nh hng n qu trnh truyn message qua knh. T s ny l xc
sut cc bit b truyn sai. Do xc sut mt message di n bit truyn i chnh
xc l:
Th Tuyt T6-K48
62
n tt nghip
P(message gi i c nhn chnh xc) = (1 - ber)n

Trong ber l t s li bit v n l s bit ca message.
Cc message truyn i u c mt c li, c ny s c thit lp khi vic
truyn message c li. T s d liu c tnh theo n v bit/s, v n c s dng
tnh thi gian truyn mt gi tin. Khi t s ny c s dng, qu trnh gi
message i trong m hnh s tng ng vi vic truyn bit u tin v message c
tnh l n ni sau khi bn nhn nhn c bit cui cng.
Xy dng v chy th cc m hnh m phng
Mt m hnh OMNeT++ bao gm nhng phn sau:
Ngn ng m t topology - NED (file c phn m rng .ned): m
t cu trc ca module vi cc tham s, cc cng... Cc file .ned c th c
vit bng bt k b son tho hoc s dng chng trnh GNED c trong
OMNeT++.
nh ngha cu trc ca cc message (cc file c phn m rng
.msg): Ngi s dng c th nh ngha rt nhiu kiu messsage v thm cc
trng d liu cho chng. OMNeT++ s dch nhng nh ngha ny sang cc
lp C++ y .
M ngun ca cc module n gin. y l cc file C++ vi phn
m rng l .h hoc .cc.
Qu trnh tip theo ging nh bin dch m ngun C/C++:
Trong Linux: cc file .cc lin kt thnh file .o.
Trong Windows: cc file .cpp lien kt thnh file .obj.
Sau , tt c cc file trn s c lin kt (link) vi cc th vin cn
thit to thnh file .exe .
Chy cc ng dng m phng bng OMNeT++:
Th Tuyt T6-K48
63
n tt nghip
Ta thc hin nh hai lnh sau:

opp_nmakemake to ra Makefile.vc
to file chy ta g:
nmake -f Makefile.vc.
4.1.2. Gii thiu v Mobility
Mobility l frame work c xy dng trn OMNeT++ nhm h tr m
phng mng v tuyn v di ng. Phn li ca frame work h tr di ng ca cc nt,
qun l kt ni ng v m hnh knh v tuyn. Thm vo , phn li ny cn cung
cp cc module c bn m ta c th da vo m xy dng module ca mnh. Vi
khi nim ny ngi lp trnh d dng m phng c giao thc ca mnh da trn
Mobility frame work.
Frame work ny ch yu c dng m phng:
Mng v tuyn c nh.
Mng v tuyn di ng.
Mng tp trung v phn b.
Mng cm bin.
Mng v tuyn a knh.
Nhiu s m phng khc m cn h tr di ng v giao din v
tuyn.
Cc khi nim c bn ca Mobility FW:
Channel control :
H tr di ng v qun l kt ni ng. iu khin v duy tr cc kt ni
tim n gia cc host trong mng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
64
n tt nghip
Host: Cu trc ca mt host di ng c miu t nh hnh v di y.

Host l module kt hp gm c cc lp(chnh l cc module) c bn sau: lp
ng dng appl, lp mng Net, lp Nic. Trong module nic bao gm cc
module con l: Mac, decider, snrEval. Tng ng vi cc lp l cc module
c to ra trongth mc / template.
Hnh 4.3 Cu trc ca host di ng
Cu trc ny cng da trn mt phn ca tiu chun ISO/OSI. Tuy nhin host
cn c thm hai module na l: blackboard v mobility. Mobility cung cp thng tin
v v tr a l v iu khin s di chuyn ca host. Blackboard c s dng qua cc
lp giao tip. N cung cp thng tin qua mt hay nhiu lp v rt c ch khi ta nh gi
giao thc.
Ci t Mobility FW:
Ban u bn down Mobility FW trn trang web ca OMNeT++ v chng vo
th mc ci t OMNeT++. Sau bn lm theo cc bc sau:
Sa bin OMNETPP_ROOT trong file mkmk.cmd ch n th mc bn ci
OMNeT++.
Chy mkmk.cmd
Th Tuyt T6-K48
65
n tt nghip
Sau bn cn lien kt cc th vin ca Mobility bng cch vo cmd ch n

th mc Mobility chy lnh sau:
nmake /f Makefile.vc core_dir && nmake /f Makefile.vc contrib_dir &&
nmake /f Makefile.vc networks_dir
n y th bn c th s dng c Mobility v sn sng xy dng mt
chng trnh ca chnh mnh. Mobility FM cung cp cc module c bn tng ng vi
cc lp ca host. Module cung cp cc khai bo hm cn thit, cc hng dn c bn
to module ca chnh bn. Hoc bn c th tham kho cc module trong th mc
/core hoc /contric. Bn cng c th k tha cc Module ny.
Sau khi xy dng cc module cn thit cho m phng, bn cn copy file
Makefile.gen.vc vo th mc Yournetwork m bn to ra, thay i bin MOBFW ch
n ng dn ca mobility. V cui cng bn vn phi to file Omnetpp.ini thit
lp cc tham s u vo cho m phng.
Mobility ch cung cp cc module cn thit cho qu trnh m phng. Tuy nhin
nu bn cng c th to ra mt module mi m ph hp vi mc ch ca bn. Module
mi c to ra phi bao gm 3 file: a.cc,a.h, a.ned.
Module c bn
Module c bn s dng khi to nhiu giai on ca OMNeT++ cho nn cc
module ca MF khi to bng hai giai on. Trong trng hp bn s dng
Blackboard th bn phi public giai on 0 v subcribe giai on 1. iu ny
trnh trng hp vic miu t mt tham s trc khi tham s y c public
Trong cc file phn template c cha hm initialize(int) ca module n gin .
Bn khng c xa dng ny v n c coi nh l iu bt buc ca giai on khi
to module c bn.
Khi nim a ch
Chng ta s dng id() ca module nh a ch trong MF. Id() ca lp Nic
c dng nh a ch lp Mac v id() ca lp Net c dng nh a ch lp
Th Tuyt T6-K48
66
n tt nghip
mng v lp ng dng. ly c a ch ca cc module ny MF cung cp cc hm

c bn ly a ch: myApplAddr(), myNetwAddr() v myMacAddr() i vi cc lp
BasicApplLayer, BasicNetwLayer v BasicMacLayer tng ng. Hm netw2mac() ca
module Channel Control cung cp giao thc ARP n gin chuyn i a ch gia
lp mng v lp Mac. Tuy nhin bn cng c th nh ngha li hm getMacAddr() ca
lp BasicNetwLayer thc hin chc nng ny.
Quy c t tn
C mt s cc quy c t tn trong cc module file .ned v bn phi tun theo.
Tt c cc module ca host phi cha t Host hoc host trong tn ca module. V d:
BaseStationHost hoc MobileHost. Ngoi ra cn c mt s module ned bn khng th
thay i tn c nh channelcontrol, blackboard, net, phy, snrEval.
Module *Basic
MF cung cp cho mi lp mt module tng ng ly t lp module c bn. Bn
cng c th m rng cc module ny. Cu trc k tha module ca MF c th hin
nh hnh v.
Hnh 4.4 Cu trc k tha module trong MF
Khi nim bn tin :
Th Tuyt T6-K48
67
n tt nghip
cung cp cc chc nng c bn nh l ng gi(encapsulate) v d gi

(decapsulate) trong module *Basic chng ta cn thit phi c nhng header cho mi
lp tng ng. Nhng bn tin ny c nhng trng bt buc v quan trng cn thit
cho m phng. Bn ch c th m rng cc loi bn tin ny. Sau y l mt s loi bn
tin tng ng vi cc lp:
Bng 4.1 Cc loi bn tin tng ng ca cc lp
Th Tuyt T6-K48
68
n tt nghip
Blackboard
Khi bn mun nh gi hot ng mt giao thc, bn cn thit phi bit thng
tin v trng thi bn trong mt giao thc. Khi bn cn s dng Blackboard. S thay
i trng thi c publish trn Blackboard, v n gin bn ch cn ng k tham s
vi Blackboard v sau truy cp n tham s ny.
Ngoi ra Blackboard cn cho php bn trao i thong tin gia cc lp m khng
cn s dng bin con tr lin lc vng quanh gia cc module. V d lp vt l c
th cm nhn xem knh bn hay ri. Nu giao thc lp mng da trn cm nhn sng
mang th n cn thong tin ny t lp vt l. Blackboard l mt module m cc thong
tin tng ng c th publish trn n v sau c th truy cp bi bt k module no
m ng k vi n. BasicModule cung cp mi th cn thit tng tc vi lp
Blackboard.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
69
n tt nghip
Nu bn mun subcribe() mt tham s, bn bt buc phi lm iu ny giai

on 0 khi khi to module:
void YourClass::initialize(int stage) {
BaseClass::initialize(stage);
if (stage == 0){
SomeBBItem item;
catItem = bb->subscribe(this, &item, -1);
...
}
else if(stage == 1) {
...
Bin item ca lp SomeBBItem th hin cho tham s m bn mun ng k.

V d bn mun ng k thng tin v v tr ca host bn c th khai bo bin:
SomeBBItem catHostMove. Tip theo bn cn phi thc hin ng k bin
ny vi module Blackboard nh sau:
catItem = bb->subscribe(this, &item, -1);
catItem tr v kiu s nguyn, this l con tr n module m bn sau ny bn

mun ly thng tin v s thay i ca tham s item, -1 l phm vi ca tham s.
Hy ng k: unsubscribe()
Mun hy ng k bn lm nh sau:
bb->unsubscribe(this, catItem);
Ly thng tin ng k: bn s dng hm receiveBBItem:

void YourClass::receiveBBItem(int category, \
const BBItem *details, int scopeModuleId) {
// in case you want to handle messages here
Enter_Method_Silent();
// in case not you but your base class subscribed:
BaseClass::receiveBBItem(category, details,
scopeModuleId);
// react on the stuff that you subscribed
if(category == catItem) {
someBBItemPtr =
static_cast<const SomeBBItem *>(details);
// do something
Th Tuyt T6-K48
70
n tt nghip
Tham s u tin ca hm ny l category l s nguyn m hm ng k tr li ,

tham s th hai l i tng ca lp m bn ng k v tham s th ba l phm vi ca
tham s ny. Bn cng c th t hai macro Enter_Method or Enter_Method_Silent
u. iu ny cho php bn sp xp hoc hy bn tin. Bn cng nn thng bo cho lp
c s. By gi bt k s thay i no cua tham s ny, lp c s s thong bo cho bn.
Phn ny ch trnh by tm tt v Mobility, bn c th tham kho thm cch s
dng cc hm API trong th mc /doc sau khi ci t Mobility.
4.2. Gii thiu v PEGASIS

Mng cm bin bao gm nhng nt gii hn nng lng v truyn thng v
tuyn thu lm thng tin hu ch trong trng cm bin. Vic hp nht d liu cm
nhn c theo mt cch c hiu qu nng lng l vn then cht trong hot ng
ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Trong bi ton tp hp d liu, trong mi vng
truyn thng mi nt s c mt gi d liu truyn n trm c s. Nu mi nt
truyn trc tip d liu n trm c s th n s nhanh chng b tiu hao nng lng.
Giao thc LEACH khc phc bng cch to ra cc cm, trong mi cm s bu chn
mt nt ch tp hp d liu t cc nt thnh vin v truyn n n trm c s.
Bng cch ngu nhin la chn nt ch, LEACH t c s ci thin 8 ln so vi
cch truyn trc tip khi o t l nt cht. Mc d t c nhng ci thin ng k
nhng LEACH vn cn mt s gii hn sau:
Tiu tn lng mo u thit lp cc cm.
Truyn d liu trc tip t mi cm ch n trm c s xa.
S lng cc ln truyn khong cch xa s tng khi kch thc
mng tng v tiu hao tng nng lng ca mng.
Giao thc PEGASIS em a ra y c s ci thin ng k hn so vi
LEACH. PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems) l giao
thc da trn xy dng chui gn ti u. Tc l mi nt ch giao tip vi mt nt ln
Th Tuyt T6-K48
71
n tt nghip
cn gn n nht, v ln lt truyn d liu n trm c s, do n lm gim ti thiu

nng lng s dng trong mt vng.
4.2.1. PEGASIS c bn
PEGASIS h tr ti thiu ha khong cch truyn trong mng, ti thiu ha
lng mo u qung b, ti thiu ha khi lng bn tin truyn n trm c s v
phn b nng lng ng u gia cc nt trong mng.
tng ca PEGASIS l to mt chui cc nt cm bin mi nt c th
nhn v truyn d liu ti nt bn cnh, vic truyn d liu t nt n nt, tp hp li
v sau cng truyn n trm c s. Cc nt ny s thay nhau truyn d liu n trm c
s, nng lng trung bnh c s dng bi mi nt c gim mi vng.
thc hin thut ton chng ta gi s tt c cc nt cm bin u c hiu bit
ton cc v mng v u c th s dng thut ton Greedy. Thut ton greedy thc
hin rt tt v vic xy dng chui c thc hin trc khi mt vng truyn d liu
bt u.
xy dng mt chui chng ta bt u t nt xa trm BS nht. Chng ta lm
iu ny m bo cc xa BS u c nt ln cn gn n, v trong thut ton greedy
khong cch gia cc nt s tng dn v cc nt nm trong chui s khng c thm
li. Hnh (4.5) ch ra th t lin kt, nt 0 ni vi nt 3, nt 3 ni vi nt 1, nt 1 ni
vi nt 2. Khi mt nt cht, cc nt s phi xy dng li chui v b qua nt cht y.
Hnh 4.5 Xy dng chui s dng thut ton Greedy
tp hp d liu mi vng, mi nt s nhn d liu t nt hng xm v hp

nht vi d liu n cm nhn c v truyn n nt hng xm tip theo trong chui.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
72
n tt nghip
Sau khi chui c thnh lp, bc tip theo l chn nt ch. Nt ch c

chn bng cch sau: vng th i th nt th i mod N (N l s nt trong mng ) s lm
ch. Nh vy nng lng s c san s gia cc nt. Khi mt nt cht, chui s c
cp nht li bng cch b qua nt trong chui. Nh hnh 4.6 khi nt 7 cht , nt 8 s
c gng lin lc vi nt 6.
Hnh 4.6 X l li khi mt nt trong chui cht.
4.2.2. PEGASIS ci tin

Trong gii thut PEGASIS c bn, chng ta thy rng mc d nng lng
c chia s cho cc nt nhng cc nt xa trm BS s b tiu th nng lng nhiu
hn v do nhanh chng cht i. Nh vy s nh hng n thi gian sng ca ton
mng. Sau y, ta a ra mt ci tin trong qu trnh chn nt ch lm tng thi
gian sng ca mng. Chng ta s khng cho cc nt xa trm BS v c nng lng
thp lm nt ch.
Chng ta chn nt ch nh sau:
Tt c cc nt s tnh ton t s Ri nh sau:
Th Tuyt T6-K48
73
n tt nghip

Ri=Pai/PTxi
Trong : Pai : nng lng ca nt i ti thi im hin ti.

PTxi : nng lng cn thit nt i truyn n trm c s.
Nt cui chui s bt u gi gi cha gi tr Ri ca n v pha
nt hng xm trong chui. Mi nt nhn gi ny s so snh gi tr hin ti
trong gi vi gi tr R ca n. Nu cao hn, n n gin s chuyn tip gi,
cn nu nh hn, n s bin i gi vi gi tr hin ti ca n v chuyn tip
n nt cnh n trong chui.
Nt c gi tr R cao nht s l nt ch. Nt ch s thng bo cho
cch thnh vin trong chui bit.
Vic bu chn nt ch c thc hin theo mt s vng no .
S vng la chn nt ch thay i thch ng theo mc nng lng hin ti
ca mi nt. Ti thi im bt u, mc nng lng ca mi nt khc nhau tng i
nh v cc nt vn c mc nng lng rt cao. Mt khi c la chn lm nt ch, nt
s gi vai tr ny trong mt s vng. Sau n khi to chu k la chn nt ch khc
v do lm gim s mo u lin kt vi nt ch. Khi mc nng lng ca cc nt
gim th s vng chn li nt ch cng gim v do trnh c mt nt tiu th
nng lng qu nhiu khi lm nt ch. Khi mc nng lng ca nt tr nn qu thp,
vic chn nt ch s din ra thng xuyn mi vng. K thut ny m bo cc nt
c nng lng cao v gn trm BS s c nhiu c hi lm nt ch hn. Vic chn nt
gn trm BS lm nt ch s gim tng chi ph truyn trong mng.
Sau khi chn nt ch. Nt ch s truyn th bi dc theo chui n nt cui
chui. Nt ny bt u cm nhn d liu v truyn n nt bn cnh n trong chui.
Nt ny s tp hp d liu ca n v d liu nhn c trong mt gi v truyn n nt
bn cnh n trong chui. C nh th, d liu c truyn n trm c s.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
74
n tt nghip
Nh vy v mt thut ton chng ta thy rng PEGASIS c nhng ci tin ng

k hn so vi LEACH v thi gian sng. PEGASIS tit kim nng lng mt s giai
on. C th nh sau:
u tin, vic tp hp d liu cc b, khong cch m hu nh cc nt
trong mng truyn d liu nh hn nhiu so vi vic truyn d liu ca cc
nt thnh vin n nt ch trong cm ca LEACH.
Th hai, khi lng d liu nt ch trong PEGASIS nhn c nhiu
nht l hai bn tin trong khi ca LEACH l 20 (nu mng c 100 nt),
nhiu hn rt nhiu.
Th ba, ch c mt nt trong mng truyn d liu n trm c s trong
khi LEACH c 5% s nt truyn n trm c s.
Mc d c nhng ci tin ng k so vi LEACH, nhng PEGASIS vn tn ti mt s
hn ch nh sau:
Tr trong mng kh ln, c bit l nu kch thc mng ln th chui s
rt di v s lng bc nhy rt cao khi truyn d liu t cui chui n
trm c s.
Thm vo , cc nt trong chui phi bit cu hnh mng v iu ny
khng phi lun lun d dng i vi mng cm bin.
Xy ra hin tng tht c chai ti nt ch. Tc l d liu tp hp c
n nt ch th nt ch khng cn nng lng truyn n trm BS na.
Khc phc:
khc phc tr chng ta c th chia mng ra thnh nhiu khu vc con, mi
khu vc con ny s thit lp nn mt chui. Tng ng vi mi chui con s
c mt nt ch. Cc nt ch ny li c th lin kt vi nhau to thnh chui
cp cao hn v chui ny s li chn nt ch truyn n trm BS. M t
nh hnh (4.7) sau:
Th Tuyt T6-K48
75
n tt nghip
Hnh 4.7 Khc phc ca PEGASIS
4.3. M phng
4.3.1. M hnh nng lng
c im ca knh v tuyn
Trong knh v tuyn, qu trnh truyn sng in t c th c m hnh bng
quy lut hm gim cng sut khong cch gia b pht v b thu. Thm vo , nu
gia b pht v b thu khng truyn theo ng truyn thng m b cn tr bi chng
ngi vt th khi song in t s n b thu bng cc ng khc nhau ti thi im
khc nhau. iu ny gy ra hin tng phading a ng. Vn l ta s dng m
hnh no (m hnh ng truyn thng hay m hnh phading a ng) trong mng
cm bin. Ta bit cng sut thu c ti b thu s gim khi khong cch gia bn pht
v bn nhn tng ln. Theo Wendi th c hai m hnh ny u c s dng ty
thuc vo khong cch gia bn truyn v bn pht. Nu khong cch gia bn pht v
bn thu nh hn khong cch dcross-over th m hnh khng gian c s dng (suy hao
d2) v nu ngc li th m hnh 2 ng dn c s dng (suy hao d4).
Th Tuyt T6-K48
76
n tt nghip
im ct (cross-over) c nh ngha nh sau:

d crossover =
4 L hr ht
(4.1)
Trong :
L 1 : h s suy hao h thng khng lin quan n qu trnh truyn
hr: chiu cao ca nten bn nhn so vi mt t
ht: l chiu cao ca n ten pht so vi mt t
: l bc song ca tn hiu song mang
Nu khong cch truyn nh hn dcross-over th cng sut truyn suy hao c
tnh nh sau :
Pr (d ) =
Pt Gt Gr 2
(4d ) 2 L
(4.2)
Trong :
Pr(d) : cng sut nhn c khong cch d
Pt : cng sut bn truyn
Gt : h s khuch i ca anten bn truyn
Gr h s khuch i ca anten bn nhn
: l bc song ca tn hiu sng mang
L 1 : h s suy hao h thng khng lin quan n qu trnh truyn
d : khong cch gia bn truyn v bn nhn
Phng trnh ny m hnh s suy hao khi bn pht v bn thu c s thng tin
tm nhn thng (truyn thng khng c chng ngi vt), iu ny ch xy ra nu nh
bn pht v bn thu gn nhau(d<dcross-over). Nu khong cch d> dcross-over th ta c cng
thc sau :
Th Tuyt T6-K48
77
n tt nghip

Pt Gt Gr ht2 hr2
Pr (d ) =
d4
(4.3)
Trong :
Pr(d) : cng sut nhn c khong cch d
Pt : cng sut bn truyn
hr: chiu cao ca nten bn nhn so vi mt t
ht: l chiu cao ca n ten pht so vi mt t
d : khong cch gia bn truyn v bn nhn
Gt : h s khuych i ca anten bn truyn
Gr h s khuych i ca anten bn nhn
Trong trng hp ny tn hiu nhn c theo c hai hng, hng trc tip v
hng phn x. V c mt hay nhiu ng truyn m tn hiu n, nn tn hiu s suy
gim theo d4.
V d :
Cho Gt=Gr=1, ht=hr=1.5m, h thng khng suy hao L=1, f=914 MHZ
Suy ra : =3*108 /914*106 =0.328m, thay gi tr ny vo hai biu thc trn
Ta c:
P
4 t2
d : d < 86.2m
6.82 10
Pr =
Pt
2.25 4 : d 86.2m
d
(4.4)
Trong phn ny, chng ta s xem xt mt m hnh n gin s p dng trong

phn m phng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
78
n tt nghip
Hnh 4.8 M hnh nng lng n gin
Nh tho lun trn s suy gim cng sut trong qu trnh truyn ph thuc
vo khong cch gia bn pht v bn thu, nu khong cch tng i ngn, ta c th
p dng m hnh t l nghch vi d2, v ngc li nu khong cch di ta p dng m
hnh t l vi d4. B iu khin cng sut c th o ngc s suy hao ny bng cch
thit lp khuch i cng sut m bo mc cng sut no ti bn nhn, do
truyn mt bn tin di l bit, khong cch d ta c:
ETx (l , d ) = ETx elec (l ) + ETx amp (l , d )
(4.5)
lE elec + l friss amp d 2 : d < d crossover

ETx (l , d ) =
lE elec + l two ray ampd 4 : d d crossover
(4.6)
Bn nhn:
E Rx (l ) = E Rx elec (l )
E Rx (l ) = lE elec
(4.7)
(4.8)
Trong nng lng in t, Eelec ph thuc vo cc h s nh: m ha s, iu

ch, lc tn hiu trc khi c gi n b khuych i.Thm vo vic s dng k
thut tri ph nng lng in t phi tnh n c nng lng tri ph tn hiu khi
Th Tuyt T6-K48
79
n tt nghip
truyn v tng quan d liu vi m tri ph khi nhn. Cc nh nghin cu thit k

chip thu pht baseband h tr thng tin tri ph a ngi dng v hot ng 165mW
ch truyn v 46.5 mW ch nhn, theo windy, ngi ta tp hp nng
lng tiu th trn 1 bit d liu b thu pht l Eelec=50nJ/bit i vi b thu pht tc
1Mpbs. iu ny c ngha l phn in t s tiu tn 50mW khi hot ng (thu hoc
pht d liu).
Hai tham s: friss-amp v two-ray-amp ty thuc vo nhy my thu yu cu, v
nhiu tp m my thu, do cng sut truyn cn phi iu chnh cng sut my thu
ln hn mt mc ngng PR-thresh. Chng ta c th lm ngc li t ngng ca cng
sut my thu tnh ton cng sut truyn ti thiu. Nu tc truyn l Rb th cng
sut truyn Pt s bng nng lng truyn trn bit ETx-amp(1,d) nhn vi tc :
Pt= ETx-amp(1,d)*Rb.
(4.9)
Khi ta c :

R d2
Pt = fruss amp b 4
two ray amp Rb d
: d < d crossover
:
d d crossover
(4.10)
S dng m hnh knh truyn trn chng ta s c :

friss amp Rb Gt Gr 2
:
Pr =
(4 )2
2 2
:
tw0 ray amp Rb Gt Gr ht hr
d < d crossover
(4.11)
d d crossover
V
friss amp
(4 )
P
= r thresh 2
Rb Gt Gr
two ray amp =
(4.12)
Pr thresh
(4.13)
Rb Gt Gr ht2 hr2
Do cng sut truyn Pt s l hm ca ngng cng sut bn thu v khong

cch d
Th Tuyt T6-K48
80
n tt nghip
1 Pr thresh d 2
Pt =
4
2 Pr thresh d
Vi 1 =
:
:
(4 )2
Gt G r
d < d crossover
(4.14)
d d crossover
; 2 =
1
(4.15)
Gt Gt ht2 hr2
Chng ta c th xc nh mc ngng my thu s dng vic nh gi nhiu

my thu. Nu nhiu sn nhit l 99dBm v tp m nhiu my thu l 17dB2 v chng ta
yu cu t s tn hiu trn nhiu t nht l 30dB nhn tn hiu k nhiu, th cng sut
nhn ti thiu l :
PR-thresh > 30 + (-82)=-52 dBm
(4.16)
Do cng sut nhn c t nht phi l -52dBm hay 6.3 nW nhn thnh
cng gi. Thay cc gi tr vo (Gt=Gr=1, ht=hr=1.5m, L=1, f=914 MHZ, =0.328m,
Rb=1Mbps). Ta c:
friss amp = 10 pJ / bit / m 2
(4.17)
two ray amp = 0.0013 pJ / bit / m 4 (4.18)
Chng ta s s dng m hnh v tuyn n gin kiu th nht nh sau:

Truyn bn tin k bit khong cch d s dng m hnh v tuyn.
ETx-elec : nng lng/bit truyn
ERx-elec: nng lng /bit nhn
amp : h s ca b khuch i
Phng trnh bn truyn:
ETx (k , d ) = ETx elec (k ) + ETx amp (k , d )
ETx (k , d ) = E elec k + amp k d 2
Phng trnh bn nhn:

Th Tuyt T6-K48
81
n tt nghip

E Rx (k ) = E Rx elec (k )
E Rx (k ) = E elec k
Vic nhn bn tin cng tiu tn nng lng kh cao cho nn chng ta cng cn
ti thiu s ln truyn v nhn mi nt.
4.3.2. Gi thit v thit lp thng s ban u cho qu trnh m phng
Chng ta c mt s cc gi thit ban u nh sau:
Cc nt trong mng u bit v topology ca mng

Tt c cc nt trong ton mng u c th truyn d liu trc tip
n trm c s (Sink).
S nt trong mng N=100 nt.
Phm vi m phng mng (50m x 50m), trm BS t v tr
(25m,150m).
Nu phm vi m phng mng l 100m x 100m , trm BS t v tr
(50m,300m).
Nng lng ban u iniPower =0.25J ; 0.5J
Nng lng tiu tn khi x l mt bit : Eelec=50nJ/bit
H s khuch i: friss amp = 10 pJ / bit / m 2
Chiu di mi bn tin DATA k=2000 bit.
Chng ta s m phng trn Mobility Framework. Cc nt trong mng c phn
b v tr mt cch ngu nhin. Qu trnh m phng gm cc bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Tm nt xa trm BS nht
Bc 2: Thit lp chui
Bc 3: Chn nt ch
Th Tuyt T6-K48
82
n tt nghip
Bc 4: Truyn d liu v x l li khi nt cht

Chng ta s i ln lt tng bc nh trn.
Bc 1: Tm nt xa nht
Ban u BS s a ra lnh xy dng mng thng qua bn tin
INITIATE_CONFIGURE_NETWORK. Sau
BS
broadcast
bn
tin
BROADCASTING_POSITION cho ton b nt trong mng tnh ton khong cch

t cc nt n BS. Bn tin BROADCASTING_POSITION:
cplusplus {{#include "NetwPkt_m.h"}};
class NetwPkt;
message BSP extends NetwPkt {
fields:
int posX;
int posY;
}
Tham s posX v posY cha ta ca trm BS. Chng ta c th ly c v tr

hin ti ca BS thng qua vic ng k bin HostCoor vi Blackboard
posX = (int)(HostCoor.x)
posY = (int)(HostCoor.y)
Hnh (4.9) l giao din ca Mobility khi m phng, miu t qu trnh broadcast
ca trm c s (BS) n cc nt trong mng, host[0] trong hnh chnh l trm c s.
ng nt t l ng truyn v tuyn ca bn tin. Channel control iu khin vic
di ng ca cc host v tnh ton khong cch giao thoa gia cc nt. Trong phn m
phng ny ta gi s cc nt cm bin khng di ng.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
83
n tt nghip
Hnh 4.9 Trm BS gi broadcast n cho cc nt trong mng
Cc nt nhn c bn tin ny s tnh ton khong cch n BS nh thng s

ta
cha
trong
bn
tin.
sau
gi
reply
li
bng
bn
tin
REPLY_BROADCASTING_POSITION:
class NetwPkt;
message RBSP extends NetwPkt {
fields:
double distance;
};
Trong : Tham s distance s cha khong cch ca cc nt n BS. Sau khi

BS nhn c bn tin ny, BS s so snh cc gi tr distance v tm ra MaxDistance,
tc l s tm ra nt xa nht so vi BS.
Bc 2: Thit lp chui
Sau khi tm c nt xa nht, BS gi thng bo n nt thng qua bn tin
MAX_DISTANCE (hnh 4.10).
Th Tuyt T6-K48
84
n tt nghip
Nt xa nht ny chnh l nt gc ca chui. Nt ny nhn c bn tin

MAX_DISTANCE s bt u tm nt khc gn n nht v cho vo chui. N s dng
bn
tin
FIND_NODE_INTO_CHAIN
cc
trng
ging
nh
bn
tin
BROADCASTING_POSITION ca BS .
Hnh 4.10 Trm BS gi bn tin Max Distance n nt xa nht
Cc nt xung quanh nhn c bn tin ny v gi bn tin p tr li

REPLY_FIND_NODE_INTO_CHAIN. Nt ny cn c vo cc gi tr distance trong
cc bn tin la chn ra nt gn mnh nht c a ch MinAddr v khong cch Min.
Sau n gi bn tin mi gi vo chui INVITE_INTO_CHAIN nh sau:
class NetwPkt;
message InvitePkt extends NetwPkt {
fields:
int vitri;
int index;
};
Th Tuyt T6-K48
85
n tt nghip
Hnh 4.11 Nt xa nht chui gi bn tin Invite mi nt gn nht vo chui
C nh vy, sau khi nt ny vo chui th li tip tc mi gi cc nt cn li trong

chui vo chui.
Hnh 4.12 Cc nt kt ni vo nhau to thnh chui

Th Tuyt T6-K48
86
n tt nghip
Ch : Ta nn khai bo thm mt bin vaoChuoi kiu bool nh du khi mt nt

vo chui ri. iu ny s rt thun li v cc nt mt khi vo chui ri s khng
tnh ton khong cch khi nhn c bn tin FIND_NODE_INTO_CHAIN.
Hnh 4.13 Chui sau khi thit lp xong.
Sau khi tt c cc nt u vo chui, nt cui cng vo chui s gi bn tin

REQUEST_CHOSING_HEADER n cho trm BS. BS s bt u khi to qu trnh
chn nt ch bng cch gi n nt gc ca chui, chnh l nt c khong cch xa BS
nht.
Bc 3: Chn nt ch
Nt xa nht bt u tnh ton t l: Ratio=curPower/distance
Vi curPower l nng lng hin ti ca nt v cho vo bn tin truyn dc theo
chui, ti cc nt: khi nhn c bn tin cng tnh ton gi tr ny v sau gi so
snh gi tr Ratio ca n v ca bn tin nhn c. Nu nh hn n n gin s
foreward i cn ngc li s thay th bng Ratio ca mnh v li truyn i. Nt c gi
Th Tuyt T6-K48
87
n tt nghip
tr Ratio cao nht s c chn lm nt ch. Nt ch s thng bo cho cc nt khc

bit v tr ca cc nt v n l nt ch.
Bc 4: Truyn d liu v x l li khi mt nt cht
Nt ch bt u gi TOKEN n nt gc chui bt u mt vng truyn d
liu, sau nh thut ton nu trn, cc nt s ln lt tch hp d liu ca n v
truyn n nt ch. Sau nt ch s tp hp d liu ca n v hai bn tin t hai pha
truyn v v truyn n Sink. Mi bn tin c kch thc k=2000 bit.
Ti cc nt mi khi nhn c bn tin s tnh ton nng lng nhn v truyn
theo cng thc cp m hnh m phng.
Phng trnh tnh ton nng lng khi truyn bn tin:
ETx (k , d ) = ETx elec (k ) + ETx amp (k , d )
ETx (k , d ) = E elec k + amp k d 2
Phng trnh tnh ton nng lng khi nhn bn tin:

E Rx (k ) = E Rx elec (k )
E Rx (k ) = E elec k
Sau mi ln nhn gi tin, cc nt s kim tra xem cn nng lng truyn

v nhn khng? Nu khng nng lng th n s khng truyn gi i v cng s
khng nhn gi tin. Lc ny mt nt coi nh l cht, cc nt khc da vo thi gian
timeout, khng thy nt gi d liu n s thng bo n nt ch cp nht li
chui. Chui mi s b qua nt cht. Sau nt ch li gi TOKEN bt u thu
thp d liu.
Khi nt cht, nt ch c nhim v gi thng bo n BS, BS m s nt cht v
sau BS a ra kt qu.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
88
n tt nghip
4.3.3. Kt qu m phng
Sau y ta s a ra kt qu m phng ca ba giao thc: truyn tin trc tip,
LEACH, PEGASIS. Trong bng (4.10) l kt qu khi m phng, phn m ng vi
kch thc mng l (50m,50m), phn cn li l kt qu m phng ng vi mng c
kch thc (100m, 100m).
Trong bng (4.2) ta thy, cc nt bt u cht ng lot sau khi 20% nt cht.
Bi v khong cch gia cc nt lc ny ln hn rt nhiu, vic la chn nt ch din
ra thng xuyn mi vng v cc nt cng nhanh chng tiu hao nng lng hn.
Bng 4.2 S vng khi 1%, 20%, 50%, v 100% nt cht
Hnh (4.14) v (4.15) ch ra s vng khi 1% , 20%, 50% v 100% nt cht vi

kch thc m phng mng l (50m,50m) v (100m,100m). T kt qu ta nhn thy
rng, s vng PEGASIS t c gp 2 ln so vi LEACH vi kch thc mng l
(50m,50m).
Th Tuyt T6-K48
89
n tt nghip
Hnh 4.14 Kt qu khi m phng mng c kch thc

(50m,50m) vi nng lng ban u ca nt l 0.25 J
Hnh 4.15 Kt qu m phng khi kch thc mng

l (100m.100m) vi nng lng ca nt ban u l 0.5J
Nng lng ban u ca nt trong hnh (4.9) l 0.25J v hnh (4.10) l 0.5J .
Mc nng lng tng gp i dn n s vng cng tng gp i . Vi kch thc
mng (100m,100m) th s vng khi thc hin PEGASIS gp ba so vi LEACH.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
90
n tt nghip
4.4. Kt lun v hng nghin cu tip theo

Trong chng ny a ra kt qu m phng ca PEGASIS. Kt qu cho
thy PEGASIS khc phc c nhc im ca LEACH bng cch loi b lng mo
u ca thng tin cc cm ng, ti thiu ha khong cch truyn v nhn gia cc nt
trong mng, v ch s dng mt ln truyn d liu hp nht trn mi vng n trm c
s. Cc nt thay nhau truyn d liu hp nht n trm c s lm cn bng nng lng
tiu tn trong mng v tng kh nng chng li li khi cc nt cht v tr ngu nhin.
Vic phn b nng lng trong mng ti lm tng thi gian sng v cht lng
ca mng. Vic m phng cho thy giao thc PEGASIS tt hn LEACH v thm ch
ci thin hn khi kch thc mng tng.
Tuy nhin, mt vn ni tri trong PEGASIS l tr truyn, nt ch phi i
nhn c bn tin d liu hp nht ca cc nt sau mi truyn n trm c s. Hn
na thng xy ra hin tng nt c chai ti nt ch. Hng nghin cu tip theo cn
khc phc c cc nhc im ny.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
91
KT LUN
Khi nim mng cm bin tng i cn l lm i vi nhiu ngi lm vic
trong lnh vc vin thng. n ny em trnh by mt cch tng quan nht v mng
cm bin. Vi tnh nng u vit v ng dng a dng m khng phi mng no cng
c, trong tng lai khng xa mng cm bin s c pht trin rng ri v nhanh
chng. Em hy vng vi n ny, s gp phn vo vic nghin cu v lnh vc cn
tng i mi m ny Vit Nam.
Trong phm vi n tt nghip ny, em nghin cu c nhng nt khi
qut nht v mng cm ng v m phng c mt giao thc nh tuyn thng c
dng trong mng. Do kin thc cn hn ch, nn n tt nghip ca em khng th
trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong nhn c s ph bnh, ng gp ca cc thy
trong b mn cng nh trong khoa n ca em c hon thin.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n TS. Trn Ngc Lan - B mn K thut
thng tin - Khoa in T Vin Thng Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni nhit
tnh gip em trong thi gian va qua.
H Ni, Thng 5 Nm 2008
Sinh vin thc hin
Th Tuyt
Th Tuyt T6-K48
92
Ti liu tham kho

[1]. Holger Karl Andreas Willig, Protocols and Architectures for Wireless
Sensor Networks, Wiley, 2005.
[2]. S. Linsay, PEGASIS: power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information
Systems, Computer Systems Reasearch Department The Aerospace Corporation
P.O. Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009-2957.
[3]. Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless
Sensor Networks, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State
University, Ames, Iowa 50011.
[4]. Armin Veichtlbauer, Peter Dorfinger Salzburg, Modeling of Energy
Efficient Wireless Communication, Research Forschungsgesellschaft mbH,
Advanced Networking Center Salzburg, Austria.
[5]. I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su*, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, Wireless
sensor networks: a survey, Broadband and Wireless Networking Laboratory,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of
Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA, Received 12 December 2001; accepted
20 December 2001
[6]. http://ceng.usc.edu/~anrg/SensorNetBib.html truy nhp cui cng ngy
10/5/2008.
Th Tuyt T6-K48
93

Nghien Cuu Va Mo Phong Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen Pegasis Trong Mang Cam Bien

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Nghien Cuu Va Mo Phong Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen Pegasis Trong Mang Cam Bien

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nghien Cuu Va Mo Phong Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen Pegasis Trong Mang Cam Bien

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

KHOA IN T - VIN THNG

NGHIN CU V M PHNG GIAO THC NH TUYN

Sinh vin thc hin:

Ging vin hng dn:

TS. TRN NGC LAN

TS. TRNG TUN

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

H v tn sinh vin: ..... S hiu sinh vin:

2. Cc s liu v d liu ban u:

3. Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:

4. Cc bn v, th ( ghi r cc loi v kch thc bn v ):

5. H tn ging vin hng dn: ..

Sinh vin hon thnh v np n tt nghip ngy

--------------------------------------------------BN NHN XT N TT NGHIP

Nhn xt ca cn b phn bin:

Cui cng, em xin cm n gia nh v bn b lun to iu kin thun li, ng

Chng 3: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin. Chng ny phn loi cc giao

Chapter 3: Routing in WSN: summarizing recent routing protocols for sensor

3.3.1. c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng .............................39

DANH SCH HNH V

Hnh 4.3 Cu trc ca host di ng...............................................................................65

DANH SCH BNG BIU

DANH SCH CC T VIT TT

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1. Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

1.2. Cu trc mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.1 Cu trc mng cm bin

D liu c nh tuyn li n cc sink bi mt cu trc a im nh hnh v

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

mt thit b thc s v d nh my tnh xch tay m tng tc vi mng cm bin, hoc

Hnh 1.2 Cu to nt cm bin.

Cc n v cm bin (sensing units) bao gm cm bin v b chuyn i tng

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Mt trong s cc phn quan trng nht ca mt nt mng cm bin l b ngun.

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

ln ti 20 nt/m3. Do s lng cc nt cm bin rt ln nn cn phi thit lp

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

liu i. V th s tiu th nng lng c chia ra lm 3 vng: cm nhn (sensing),

Hnh 1.3 Kin trc giao thc mng cm bin

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Mt phng qun l : Cn bng v sp xp nhim v cm bin gia cc nt trong

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

1.2.3. Hai cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin

Hnh 1.4 Cu trc phng ca mng cm bin

1.2.3.2. Cu trc tng

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Hnh 1.5 Cu trc tng ca mng cm bin

Hnh 1.6 Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

Mng cm bin xy dng theo cu trc tng hot ng hiu qu hn cu trc

, trong W l rng bng tn ca knh chia s. Do khi kch c mng tng

ln th thng lng ca mi nt s gim v 0.

Chng 1 Tng quan v mng cm bin

tuyn tnh vi s lng cc cm, vi iu kin l s lng cc cm tng t nht phi