DATUMS

DATUM SYSTEM
Set of symbols and rules that communicates to the
drawing user how dimensional measurements are to be
made.

BENEFITS OF DATUM SYSTEM

-It aids in making repeatable dimensional
measurements.
-It aids in communicating part functional relationships.
-It aids in making the dimensional measurement as
intended by the designer.

IMPLIED DATUMS

IMPLIED DATUM
Definition
An implied datum is an assumed plane, axis or point
from which a dimensional measurement is made.

IMPLIED DATUM(CONTD)

DEMERITS OF IMPLIED DATUM

They do not clearly communicate to the drawing user
which surfaces should contact the inspection
equipment. (Sequence)
Each sequence would then produce different results
for the part measurements.

CONSEQUENCES
-Good parts are rejected
-Bad parts are accepted

DATUMS(PLANAR)

DATUM
DATUM FEATURE
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
SIMULATED DATUM
DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
DATUM SELECTION

DATUM
A datum is a theoretically exact plane, point or axis
from which a dimensional measurement is made.
A Datum is the true geometric counter part of a datum
feature
A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfect
boundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.

DATUM FEATURE
A datum feature is a part feature that exists on the
part and contacts a datum.

SIMULATED DATUM
A simulated datum is the plane established by the
inspection equipment.

DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR

A datum feature simulator is the inspection equipment

that includes the gage elements used to establish the
simulated datum.

DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL

The symbol used to specify a datum feature on a
drawing is called the datum feature symbol.

FOUR WAYS OF REPRESENTING PLANAR DATUMS

DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE

CONTROL FRAME
The drawing must communicate when and how the
datums should be used. This is typically done through
the use of feature control frames.

DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE CONTROL

FRAME

DATUM SELECTION
Datum features are selected on the basis of part
function and assembly requirements.
Datum features often orient (stabilize) and locate
the part in its assembly.

DATUM SELECTION

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME

A datum reference frame is a set of three mutually
perpendicular datum planes.
The datum reference frame provides direction as well
as an origin of dimensional measurements.

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

The planes of a datum
reference frame have
zero perpendicularity
tolerance to each other
by definition.
The 90angle between
datum planes are basic.

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

Primary datum: This establishes the orientation of the
part(stablise the part )to the datum reference frame.
The part contacts the datum plane with at least three
points of contact.
The primary datum restricts three degree of freedom

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

Secondary datum: This locates the part(restricts part
movement) within the datum reference frame.
Requires a minimum of two points of contact with the
secondary datum.
The Secondary datum restricts two additional degree
of freedom

DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)

Tertiary datum: This locates the part(restricts part
movement) within the datum reference frame.
Requires a minimum of one points of contact with the
secondary datum.
The tertiary datum restricts the last remaining degree
of freedom

Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Datums

THE 3-2-1 RULE

The 3-2-1 rule defines the minimum number of
points of contact required.
The 3-2-1 rule only applies on a part with all
planar datums.

INCLINED DATUM FEATURES

An inclined datum feature is a datum feature that is at
an angle other than 90, relative to the other datum
features.

COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES

COPLANAR SURFACES.

COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES.

-In this case, a datum feature symbol is attached to

a profile control.

-The profile control limits the flatness and

co planarity of the surfaces.

COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES(contd)

DATUM AXIS
&
DATUM CENTER PLANE

INTRODUCTION
Here Feature of Size
is used as a datum
features
When a diameter is
used as a datum
feature, It results in a
datum axis
When a planar is
used as a datum
feature, it results in a
datum center plane

Ways for representing an axis

as datum
Datum identification symbol can be touching the surface
of a diameter to specify axis as the datum

Ways for representing an axis as

datum (Contd.)
Datum identification symbol can be touching the
beginning of a leader line of FOS to specify an datum
axis

Ways for representing an axis

as datum (Contd.)
Datum identification symbol can be touching the feature
control frame to specify an axis or centre plane as
datum

Ways for representing a centre plane

as datum
Datum identification symbol can be inline with
dimension line to specify on axis or centre plane
as datum

Ways for representing a centre plane

as datum (Contd.)
Datum identification symbol can replace one side of the
dimension line and arrow head

Referencing FOS Datum

Features
When using
datum features on
drawings, the
material condition
for establishing
the datum axis or
center plane must
be
communicated.

Referencing FOS Datum

Features (contd)
The feature control frame indicates both the
material condition (MMC, LMC, or RFS) and the
datum sequence (primary, secondary, or
tertiary).

Referencing FOS Datum

Features (contd)
Whenever a FOS datum feature is referenced in
a feature control frame, without showing any
modifier, it is automatically referenced in the
RFS condition.

Datum axis RFS Primary

Datum axis RFS Primary

(contd)

When a FOS is used as a datum feature and referenced

as a primary datum RFS
Devices that are adjustable in size-such as a precision
chuck, collets, or centering device are used as the datum
feature simulator.
The datum feature simulator holds the part securely on
the datum feature.

Datum Center plane RFS Primary

Datum Center plane RFS Primary

(Contd)
When a FOS is used as a datum feature and
referenced as a primary datum RFS, the
following applies:
An adjustable gage element is needed to simulate the
true geometric counterpart of a datum feature
The part is oriented by the gage
The part is held securely in the gage

Datum Axis RFS Secondary

Datum Axis RFS Secondary

(Contd)
When referencing the datums with the face primary and
the diameter secondary (RFS)
The part will have a minimum of three-point contact with
the primary datum plane.
The secondary datum feature simulator will be
adjustable in size.
The datum axis is perpendicular to the primary datum
plane.
A second and third datum plane will be associated with
the datum axis.

Datum Axis RFS Secondary, Datum

Center plane RFS Tertiary

Datum Axis RFS Secondary,

Datum Center plane RFS Tertiary
(Contd)
When referencing the datums with the face primary,
diameter secondary (RFS), and slot tertiary (RFS).
The part will have a minimum of three points of contact
with the primary datum plane.
A datum axis perpendicular to the primary datum plane
will exist.
A datum center plane that will pass through the datum
axis and be perpendicular to the primary datum plane
will exist

Datum Axis from Coaxial Diameters,

RFS Primary

Datum Axis from Coaxial Diameters,

RFS Primary (Contd)
When coaxial diameters are used to establish a
datum axis, they are called coaxial datum
features
The datum axis is simulated by contacting the
high points of both datum features
simultaneously.
Coaxial diameters are often used when both
datum features have an equal role in locating
the part in its assembly.
A single datum axis from two coaxial diameters
is normally used as a primary datum.

FOS datum feature referenced at

MMC

FOS datum feature referenced at

MMC (Contd)
The gauging equipment that serves as the datum
feature simulator is a fixed size
The datum axis or center plane is the axis or
center plane of the gage element
The size of the true geometric counterpart of the
datum feature is determined by the specified
MMC limit of size or, in certain cases, its MMC
virtual condition

FOS datum feature referenced at

MMC (Contd)
Referencing a FOS datum at MMC has two
effects on the part gaging :
The gage is fixed in size
The part may be loose (shift) in the gage

Datum shift

Datum shift (Contd)

Datum shift can result in an additional tolerance
for geometric tolerance
Datum shift is only permissible when an MMC
modifier is shown in the datum portion of the
feature control frame
Datum shift results when the AME of the datum
feature departs from MMC
The amount of datum shift is equal to the
amount the datum feature departs from MMC
The maximum allowable datum shift is the
difference between the gage size (for datum)
and the LMC of the datum feature

Datum axis MMC primary

Datum axis MMC primary (Contd)

When diameter is designated as a datum feature
and referenced in a feature control frame as
primary at MMC
A fixed-gage element may be used as the datum
feature simulator
The size of fixed-gage element is equal to the
MMC (WBC) of the datum feature
Depending upon the actual mating size of the
datum feature, a datum shift may be available

Datum centre plane MMC primary

Datum centre plane MMC primary

(Contd)

When FOS datum feature is referenced at feature

control frame as primary at MMC
A fixed gauge element is used as datum feature
simulator
Size of fixed gauge element is equal to MMC (in
certain cases worst-case boundary) of the datum
feature
The datum center plane is the center plane of the
datum feature simulator
Depending upon the actual mating size of the
datum feature, a datum shift may be available

Datum axis MMC secondary

Datum axis MMC secondary (Contd)

When referencing the datums with the face
primary and the diameter secondary (MMC), the
following conditions apply
The part will have a minimum of three-point
contact with the primary datum plane
The datum feature simulator will be a fixed
size (WBC)
The datum axis is the axis of the datum
feature simulator
Depending upon the datum feature actual
mating size, a datum shift may be available

Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,

Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)

Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,

Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
(Contd)
When referencing the datums with the face
primary, diameter secondary (MMC), and slot
tertiary (MMC), the following conditions apply:
The part will have a minimum of three points of
contact with the primary datum plane
The datum feature simulators will be fixed size
gage elements.
The datum axis is the axis of the datum feature
simulator

Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,

Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
(Contd)
The datum axis is perpendicular to the primary
datum plane
Depending upon the datum feature's actual
mating size, a datum shift may be available.
Second and third datum planes are to be
associated with the datum axis
The tertiary datum center plane is the center
plane of the tertiary datum feature simulator

Datum sequence

Panel-A

Datum sequence (contd)

Panel A
An adjustable gauge is required.
No datum shift is permissible on datum
feature A
The part is oriented in the gage by datum
feature A
Datum feature B will have a minimum of one
point contact with its datum feature simulator
The orientation of the holes will be relative to
datum axis A

Panel B

Datum feature
simulator for
datum plane B

 Panel B
Datum feature B will have 3- point contact with
its datum plane
The part is oriented in the gauge by datum
feature B
The orientation of holes will be relative to datum
plane B
An adjustable gauge is required and no datum
shift is permissible on datum feature A

Panel C

Virtual
condition=10.2

Panel C
When simulating datum A, fixed gauge is
allowed and the gauge allows datum shift
Datum feature B will have 3-point contact with
its datum plane
The part is oriented in the gauge by datum
feature B
The orientation of the hole will be relative to
datum plane B

DATUM TARGETS
Datum targets are symbols that describe the shape,
size and location of gauge elements that used to
establish datum planes or axes.
Datum targets are shown on the part surfaces on a
drawing, but they actually do not exist on a part.
Datum targets can be specified to simulate a point,
line or area contact on a part.
The use of datum targets allows a stable and
repeatable relationship for a part with its gauge.
Datum targets should be specified on parts where it is
not practical (or possible) to use an entire surface as a
datum feature.

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS

A datum target application uses two of symbols:
1.A datum target identification symbol
2.Symbols that denote which type of
gauge elements are to be used.
The leader line from the symbol specifies whether the
datum target exists on the surface shown or on the
hidden surface side of the part.
Three symbols used to denote the type of gauge
element in a datum target application are the symbols
for a target point, a target line, and a target area.

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

A datum target point is specified by an X shaped
symbol, consisting of a pair of lines intersecting at
90.
Basic dimensions should used be used to locate
datum target points relative each other and the other
datums on the part.

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target point

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target line

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

Datum target areas

DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)

DATUM TARGETS APPLICATIONS

Although there are only three datum target symbols,
they can be used in a variety of ways and on a
number of different types of parts.
When using datum targets to establish a complete
datum reference frame, three requirements should be
met:
1.Basic dimensions should be used to define and locate the
datum targets.
2.The datum reference frame must restrain the part in all six
degree of freedom.
3.The part dimensioning must ensure that the part will rest in
the gauge in only one orientation and location.

Creating a partial reference frame from

offset surfaces(contd)

Creating a partial datum reference

frame from irregular surfaces

For the figure, sketch the simulated datums for the datum target