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FEM Zabaras 2DFElementCalculations
FEM Zabaras 2DFElementCalculations
FEM Zabaras 2DFElementCalculations
Nicholas Zabaras
Materials Process Design and Control Laboratory
Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
101 Rhodes Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853-3801
Jacobian matrix [ J ]
T
Jacobian matrix [ J ]
T
⎡ ∂y ∂x ⎤
− Determinant of the Jacobian
⎧d ξ ⎫ 1 ⎢ ∂η ∂η ⎥ ⎧ dx ⎫
⎨ ⎬= ⎢ ⎥⎨ ⎬ matrix
⎩dη ⎭ | J | ⎢ − ∂y ∂x ⎥ ⎩ dy ⎭ | J |= det [ J ] = det [ J ] =
T ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
−
⎢⎣ ∂ξ ∂ξ ⎥⎦ ∂ξ ∂η ∂η ∂ξ
∂ξ 1 ∂y ∂ξ 1 ∂x
= , =− ,
∂x | J | ∂η ∂y | J | ∂η
∂η 1 ∂y ∂η 1 ∂x
=− , =
∂x | J | ∂ξ ∂y | J | ∂ξ
dA =| J | d l
A
leads to:
⎛M l j (ξ ,η ) ⎞⎛ M
∂N l j (ξ ,η ) ⎞ ⎛ M
∂N l j (ξ ,η ) ⎞⎛ M
∂N l j (ξ ,η ) ⎞
∂N
| J |= det J = ⎜ ∑ x j ⎟⎜ ∑ y j ⎟ −⎜ ∑ xj ⎟⎜ ∑ y j ⎟
⎝ j =1 ∂ ξ ⎠⎝ j =1 ∂ η ⎠ ⎝ j =1 ∂ η ⎠⎝ j =1 ∂ξ ⎠
∂ξ 1 M l j (ξ ,η ) ∂ξ
∂N 1 M l j (ξ ,η ) ∂η
∂N 1 M l j (ξ ,η ) ∂η
∂N 1 M l j (ξ ,η )
∂N
= ∑ yj , =− ∑ xj , =− ∑ yj , = ∑ xj
∂x | J | j =1 ∂η ∂y | J | j =1 ∂η ∂x | J | j =1 ∂ξ ∂y | J | j =1 ∂η
T1−1 ?
M
l j (ξ ,η ) = 3 N
x = ∑ xj N l 2 (ξ ,η ) = 3 (1 − η )
l1 (ξ ,η ) + 3 N
j =1 2
T1 :
M
l j (ξ ,η ) = N
y = ∑ yj N l 3 (ξ ,η ) = 1 (1 + ξ )
l 2 (ξ ,η ) + N
j =1 2
⎡ 3⎤
⎢ 0 −
2⎥ 3
• Note that | J |= det ⎢
1
⎥ = >0⇒
4
the map T1 is invertable.
⎢ 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
T2−1 ?
M
l j (ξ ,η ) = 3 N
x = ∑ xj N l 4 (ξ ,η ) = 3 (1 + η )
l 3 (ξ ,η ) + 3 N
j =1 2
T2 :
M
l j (ξ ,η ) = N
y = ∑ yj N l 3 (ξ ,η ) = 1 (1 + ξ )
l 2 (ξ ,η ) + N
j =1 2
⎡ 3⎤
⎢0 2⎥ 3
• Note that | J |= det ⎢ ⎥ =− <0⇒ the map T2 is not invertable.
⎢1 0⎥
4
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
T3−1 ?
M
l j (ξ ,η ) = N
x = ∑ xj N l 3 (ξ ,η ) = 1 (3 + 3ξ + η + ξη )
l 2 (ξ ,η ) + 2 N
j =1 4
T3 :
M
l j (ξ ,η ) = 2 N
y = ∑ yj N l 4 (ξ ,η ) = 1 (3 + ξ + 3η + ξη )
l 3 (ξ ,η ) + N
j =1 4
⎡1 1 ⎤
⎢4 (3 + η ) (1 + ξ ) ⎥ 1 1
4 1
| J |= det ⎢ ⎥= + ξ+ η⇒ |J| cannot be zero inside the element so
⎢ 1 (1 + η ) 1 (3 + ξ ) ⎥ 2 8 8
the map T3 is invertable.
⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦
T4−1 ?
M
l j (ξ ,η ) =3 N
x = ∑ xj N l 3 (ξ ,η ) = 1 (4 + 4ξ − 2η − 2ξη )
l 2 (ξ ,η ) + N
j =1 4
T4 :
M
l j (ξ ,η ) = N
y = ∑ yj N l 4 (ξ ,η ) = 1 (3 − ξ + 3η − ξη )
l 3 (ξ ,η ) + 2 N
j =1 4
|J| is not >0 everywhere inside the element
⎡1 1 ⎤ so the map T3 is not invertable. The
⎢4 (4 − 2 η ) − (2 + 2 ξ ) ⎥ 1
4
| J |= det ⎢ ⎥ = (5 − 3ξ − 4η ) ⇒ marked region near node 3 -- above the
⎢ − 1 (1 + η ) 1
(3 − ξ ) ⎥
8
line ξ = 5 3 − 4 3 η -- is mapped outside the
⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦
element.
• All angles of quadrilateral elements need to be < π.
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
N. Zabaras (10/06/2009)
16
Finite element equations
• To solve our boundary value problem of interest
examined earlier, we need to compute the following
matrices and vectors ( 1 ≤ e ≤ E , 1 ≤ i, j ≤ N e ):
⎡ ⎛ ∂N e
∂N e
∂N e
∂N e
⎞ ⎤
kij = ∫ ⎢ k ⎜
e i
⎜ ∂x ∂x
j
+
∂
i
∂
j
⎟⎟ + bN i N j ⎥ dxdy
e e
fi e = ∫ fN ie dxdy
⎢ ⎝
Ωe ⎣
y y ⎠ ⎦⎥ Ωe
P =
e
ij ∫ i
e
pN N dse
j
γ ie = ∫ γ N ie ds
∂Ωe2 h
∂Ωe2 h
j =1
N
l j (ξ ,η ),
y = ∑ yj N
e
j =1
• This mapping Te : Ωl → Ωe , is completed defined by the
nodal coordinates ( x j , y j ) of element e.
g ( x, y ) = g ( x (ξ ,η ), y (ξ ,η )) ≡ g (ξ ,η )
,
∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x ∂ξ k =1 ∂ξ ∂η k =1 ∂η
where: ∂y N l k (ξ ,η )
∂N ∂y N l k (ξ ,η )
∂N
∂N ej ( x, y ) l j ∂ξ ∂ N
∂N l j ∂η = ∑ yk
e
, = ∑ yk
e
= + ∂η k =1 ∂η ∂η k =1 ∂η
∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y
∂ξ 1 M l k (ξ ,η ) ∂ξ
∂N 1 M l k (ξ ,η ) ∂η
∂N 1 M l k (ξ ,η ) ∂η
∂N 1 M l k (ξ ,η )
∂N
= ∑ yk , =− ∑ xk , =− ∑ yk , = ∑ xk
∂x | J | k =1 ∂η ∂y | J | k =1 ∂η ∂x | J | k =1 ∂ξ ∂y | J | k =1 ∂η
we conclude: ∂N ej ( x, y ) 1 ⎧⎪ ∂ N
lj M lj M
l k (ξ ,η ) ∂ N
∂N l k (ξ ,η ) ⎫⎪
∂N
= ⎨ ∑ yk − ∑ yk ⎬,
∂x | J | ⎪ ∂ξ j =1 ∂η ∂η k =1 ∂ξ
⎩ ⎭⎪
∂N ej ( x, y ) 1 ⎧⎪ ∂ N
lj M lj M
l k (ξ ,η ) ∂ N
∂N l k (ξ ,η ) ⎫⎪
∂N
= ⎨− ∑ xk + ∑ xk ⎬
∂y | J | ⎪ ∂ξ k =1 ∂η ∂η jk =1 ∂η ⎪⎭
⎩
j =1
g (ξ ,η ) | J | d ξ dη
∫ g ( x, y )dxdy = ∫ g ( x (ξ ,η ), y (ξ ,η )) | J | d ξ dη ≡ ∫
Ω l l
e Ω Ω l (ξ ,η )
G
l
• Our integrals are now in the domain of Ω
l (ξ ,η )d ξ dη
∫ g ( x, y )dxdy = ∫ g ( x (ξ ,η ), y (ξ ,η )) | J | d ξ dη ≡ ∫ G
Ω e
l
Ω l
Ω
• As in 1D, we use Gauss integration (to be discussed):
N
l l
∫ G (ξ ,η )d ξ dη ≈ ∑ G ( ξN
i ,ηi )
i
wi
l i =1 N
Ω Gaus s Gauss
int egration int egration
po int s weights
kj N ej ( x, y )
e
l j (ξ ,η )
= ∑ kj N
j =1 N j =1
k(x ,y )
j j
e =1
Ωe e =1
⎜ Ω
e
Γeq
⎟
Ke ⎜ { fΩe } { fΓe} ⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎡ ∂N1
e
∂N 2
e
∂N nen ⎤
e
⎢ ∂x ...
∂x ⎥⎥
⎡⎣ B ⎤⎦ = ⎢ e
e ∂x ⎡ KE K EF ⎤ ⎡ d E ⎤ ⎡ f E + rE ⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎡⎣ N e ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ N1e N 2e ... N nen
e
⎤⎦
⎢ ∂N1 ∂N 2e ∂N nen ⎥
e
⎢K K F ⎦ ⎣ d F ⎦ ⎣ f F ⎥⎦
⎥
⎢ ∂y
⎣ ∂y
...
∂y ⎥⎦ ⎣ FE
⎡ ∂N1e ∂N 2e ∂N 3e ⎤
⎢ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎥⎥ 1 ⎡ y2e − y3e y3e − y11 y1e − y2e ⎤
⎡⎣ B ⎤⎦ = ⎢ e
e
= ⎢ e ⎥ 2
N ⎢ ∂N1 ∂N 2e ∂N 3e ⎥ 2 Ae ⎣ x3 − x2
e
x1e − x3e x2e − x1e ⎦
cons tan t
⎢ ∂y ∂y ∂y ⎥⎦
matrix
⎣
1
2 Ae = ( x2e y3e − x3e y2e ) − ( x1e y3e − x3e y1e ) + ( x1e y2e − x2e y1e )
∫e ⎡⎣ B ⎤⎦ [ D ] ⎡⎣ B ⎤⎦ d Ω = ⎡⎣ B ⎤⎦ k ⎡⎣ B ⎤⎦ A
T T
⎡⎣ K e ⎤⎦ = e e e e e e
1 ⎡ −0.5 1 −0.5⎤
• For e=1: ⎡⎣ B1 ⎤⎦ = ⎢
2 ⎣ −2 0 2 ⎥⎦
1 2 3
⎡ 5.3125 −0.625 −4.6875⎤ 1
K 1 = B1 B1kA1 = ⎢ −0.625 −0.625 ⎥ 2
T
1.25
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −4.6875 −0.625 5.3125 ⎥⎦ 3
⎡ ∂N1e ∂N 2e ∂N 3e ⎤
⎢ ∂x ∂x ∂x ⎥⎥ 1 ⎡ y2e − y3e y3e − y11 y1e − y2e ⎤ 1
B =
N
e
⎢ = ⎢ e ⎥
cons tan t ⎢ ∂N1e ∂N 2e ∂N 3e ⎥ 2 Ae ⎣ x3 − x2
e
x1e − x3e x2e − x1e ⎦
matrix ⎢ ∂y ∂y ∂y ⎥⎦
⎣
2 Ae = ( x2e y3e − x3e y2e ) − ( x1e y3e − x3e y1e ) + ( x1e y2e − x2e y1e )
Ke = ∫ B e [ D e ]B e d Ω = B e BkAe
T T
Ωe
⎡ 0 0.5 −0.5⎤
• For e=2: B2 = ⎢
⎣ −2 2 0 ⎥⎦
2 4 3
⎡ 10 −10 0 ⎤ 2
⎡⎣ K 2 ⎤⎦ = ⎡⎣ B ⎤⎦ ⎡⎣ B 2 ⎤⎦ kA2 = ⎢ −10 10.625 −0.625⎥
2 T
4
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −0.625 0.625 ⎥⎦ 3
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
N. Zabaras (10/06/2009)
28
Example problem : Assembled stiffness
• Assembling the 2 stiffness matrices gives:
N1e =
1
( x2e y3e − x3e y2e + ( y2e − y3e ) x + ( x3e − x2e ) y )
1
e
2A 2
1
N 2e = e ( x3e y1e − x1e y3e + ( y3e − y1e ) x + ( x1e − x3e ) y )
2A
1
N 3e = e ( x1e y2e − x2e y1e + ( y1e − y2e ) x + ( x2e − x1e ) y ) 1
2A
⎡1⎤ This expression
2 Ae = ( x2e y3e − x3e y2e ) − ( x1e y3e − x3e y1e ) + ( x1e y2e − x2e y1e ) { f } = f ∫ {N }
e e T
dΩ =
fAe ⎢ ⎥
1 can be proved for
3 ⎢⎥
Ω
Ωe
⎢⎣1⎥⎦ constant f!
• For e=1: ⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 2 ⎤ 1
1
×
{ f 1} = 3 ⎢⎢1⎥⎥ = 3 ⎢⎢1⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢2⎥⎥
fA 6 1
2
⎡ 2 ⎤ ⎡2⎤ 1
⎢⎣1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ 3 ⎢ 2 + 1⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
• For e=2: ⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡1⎤ 2 { f } = ⎡⎣ L ⎤⎦ { f } + ⎡⎣ L ⎤⎦ { f } = ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
1 T 1 2 T 2
⎢ 2 + 1⎥ ⎢ 3 ⎥
2
3
2
×
{ f 2 } = 3 ⎢⎢1⎥⎥ = 3 ⎢⎢1⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢1⎥⎥
fA 6 0.5
4
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦ ⎣1 ⎦ 4
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎡⎣ N 2 ⎤⎦ | y =1 = ⎢ 2 ( x32 y12 − x12 y32 + ( y32 − y12 ) x + ( x12 − x32 ) y ) ⎥ = ⎢ 0.5 x ⎥
T 1
⎢2A ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ −0.5 x + 1⎥⎦
⎢ 2 ( x1 y2 − x2 y1 + ( y1 − y2 ) x + ( x2 − x1 ) y ) ⎥
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
⎣2A ⎦ y =1
⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ 2
• Thus: { fΓe } = −∫0 ⎢⎢ 0.5 x ⎥⎥ 20dx = ⎢⎢−20⎥⎥
2
4
⎢⎣ −0.5 x + 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −20 ⎥⎦
3
19
• Partitioning this system gives: T 4 =−
10.625
= −1.788
⎡ 0 ⎤
• `Reaction fluxes’:⎡⎢ 5.3125 −0.625 −4.6875 0 ⎤⎢ ⎥ ⎡ r1 + 2 ⎤ ⎡ r1 ⎤ ⎡ −2 ⎤
⎢ r ⎥ = ⎢ 14.88 ⎥
−10 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ r +3 ⎥ ⇒
0
−0.625 11.25 −0.625
⎢ ⎥⎢ 0 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −4.6875 −0.625 5.9375 −0.625⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣3⎢ r − 17 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ r3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣18.1175⎥⎦
⎣ −1.788 ⎦
⎡ 0 ⎤
⎡ ⎤ −
{q 2 } ≡ ⎢ qx2 ⎥ = −k ⎣⎡ B 2 ⎦⎤ {d 2 } = −5 ⎡⎢−2 2 2 ⎤⎥ ⎢⎢ −1.788⎥⎥ = ⎡⎢17.88⎤⎥
2
q 0 0.5 0.5 4.47
⎣ y⎦ ⎣ ⎦⎢ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
[B ]e
⎡∂N l e4 ∂η ⎤ ⎡T1 ⎤
e
⎡ ∂T e ⎤ l1e ∂ξ l1e
∂N∂η l e2
∂N ∂ξ ∂η l e2
∂N ∂Nl 3e ∂ξ ∂ N
l 3e ∂η ∂Nl e4 ∂ξ ∂ N
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ∂ξ + + + + ⎥⎢ e⎥
∂x ∂η ∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x ∂ξ ∂x ∂η ∂x ⎥ ⎢T2 ⎥
⎢ ∂x ⎥ = ⎢
⎢ ∂T e ⎥ ⎢ l e ⎥⎢ e⎥
l1e ∂η
∂ξ ∂ N l e2 ∂ξ ∂ N
l e2 ∂η l 3e ∂ξ ∂ N
l 3e ∂η l e
l e
∂ N 4 ∂ξ ∂ N 4 ∂η ⎥ ⎢T3 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ∂ N1 +
∂N
+
∂N
+ +
⎣ ∂y ⎦ ⎢⎣ ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y ∂ξ ∂y ∂η ∂y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣T4e ⎥⎦
⎡ ∂y e ∂x e ⎤
⎢ − ⎥
This comes from an ⎧dξ ⎫ 1 ⎢ ∂η ∂η ⎥ ⎧ dx ⎫
⎨ ⎬= e ⎨ ⎬
earlier derivation: ⎩dη ⎭ | J | ⎢ ∂y e e ⎥ dy
∂x ⎩ ⎭
⎢− ⎥
⎣ ∂ξ ∂ξ ⎦
MAE 4700 – FE Analysis for Mechanical & Aerospace Design
N. Zabaras (10/06/2009)
36
Example problem using 4-node quadrilateral elements
∂y e ⎤ ⎡ ∂ N
l1e l e4 ⎤
e e
⎡ ∂y e l2
∂N ∂Nl3 ∂N
⎢ − ⎥⎢ ⎥
∂ η ∂ξ ⎥ ⎢ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ⎥
⎡ Be ⎤ = 1 ⎢
⎣ ⎦ | Je |⎢ ⎢ e e⎥
∂x e ∂x e ⎥ ⎢ ∂ N l1 ∂N
e
l2 ∂N
e
l3 l
∂N 4 ⎥
⎢− ⎥
⎣ ∂η ∂ξ ⎢ ∂η ⎥⎦
⎦ ⎣ ∂η ∂η ∂η
4
Inverse of l j (ξ ,η ),
x e = ∑ x ej N
the Jacobian [ J e
]
j =1
• The Jacobian matrix can be computed from:y e = 4
l j (ξ ,η ),
∑ yj N
e
j =1
⎡ e e e e ⎤ ⎡ xe y1e ⎤
⎡ ∂x e
∂y e⎤ l
∂ N1 l
∂N 2 l
∂N3 l
∂N 4 ⎢ 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ e ⎥
∂ξ ∂ξ ⎥ ⎢ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ∂ξ ⎥ ⎢ x2 y2 ⎥
e
⎡J e ⎤ = ⎢ =
⎣ ⎦
N ⎢ ∂x e e⎥ ⎢ e ⎥⎢ e ⎥
∂y l e
l e
l e
l
∂ N 4 ⎥ ⎢ x3 y3e ⎥
Jacobian ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ∂ N1 ∂N 2 ∂N3
matrix of
element e
⎣ ∂η ∂η ⎦ ⎢⎣ ∂η ∂η ∂η ∂η ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x4e ⎥
y4e ⎦
⎡1 + ξ ⎤
⎢3 −η 1 ⎥ 1 ⎡η − 1 1 − η 1 + η −η − 1⎤
⎡B ⎤ = ⎢
1
⎥ ⎢
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 8 4 ξ − 1 −ξ − 1 1 + ξ 1 − ξ ⎥⎦
0⎥ ⎣
⎢⎣η − 3 ⎥⎦
T 1 1 T
⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ D1 ⎤ ⎡ B1 ⎤ | J 1 | d ξ dη ⇒
• The element stiffness is: ⎣ K ⎦ = Ω∫ ⎣ B ⎦ ⎣ D ⎦ ⎣ B ⎦ d Ω = −∫1 −∫1 ⎣ B ⎦ N
1 ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
k[ I ]
N =2 N =2
⎡ K1 ⎤ = ∑
int int
⎛ ⎡ 1 ⎤T ⎡ 1 ⎤ 1 ⎞
ξ η = ±
1
±
1
),(Wi ,W j ) = (1,1)
∑ k⎜ B B | J | ⎟ W W , ( , ) ( ,
⎣ ⎦ i =1 j =1 ⎝
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎠ξ =ξ ,η =η
i j i j
3 3
i j
Ω e
−1 −1 −1 −1 ⎢ N
l 3e ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢le ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣N 4 ⎦
⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫ ⎡0.8979 ⎤
⎨ q ( , − )⎬ =
⎩ 3 3 ⎭ ⎢⎣3.5916 ⎥⎦
⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫ ⎡ −2.2965⎤
⎨q ( , ) ⎬ = ⎢
⎩ 3 3 ⎭ ⎣ 19.793 ⎥⎦
⎧ 1 1 1 ⎫ ⎡ 4.9482 ⎤
⎨q (− , ) ⎬ = ⎢ ⎥
⎩ 3 3 ⎭ ⎣19.793 ⎦
⎢ 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎡5.8042 ⎤
q ( − , − ) =
⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3.5916 ⎥⎦