The stator of an induction motor consists of poles carrying supply current to induce a magnetic field

that penetrates the rotor. To optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, the windings are
distributed in slots around the stator, with the magnetic field having the same number of north and
south poles. Induction motors are most commonly run on single-phase or three-phase power, but
two-phase motors exist; in theory, induction motors can have any number of phases. Many singlephase motors having two windings can be viewed as two-phase motors, since a capacitor is used to
generate a second power phase 90 from the single-phase supply and feeds it to the second motor
winding. Single-phase motors require some mechanism to produce a rotating field on startup. Cage
induction motor rotor's conductor bars are typically skewed to reduce noise.

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungsten halogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodine lamp, is
an incandescent lamp that has a small amount of a halogen such as iodine or bromine added. The
combination of the halogen gas and the tungsten filament produces ahalogen cycle chemical
reaction which redeposits evaporated tungsten back onto the filament, increasing its life and
maintaining the clarity of the envelope. Because of this, a halogen lamp can be operated at a higher
temperature than a standard gas-filled lamp of similar power and operating life, producing light of a
higher luminous efficacy and color temperature. The small size of halogen lamps permits their use in
compact optical systems for projectors and illumination.

Introduction:
The halogen lamp is also known as a quartz halogen and tungsten
halogen lamp. It is an advanced form of incandescent lamp. The
filament is composed of ductile tungsten and located in a gas filled
bulb just like a standard tungsten bulb, however the gas in a
halogen bulb is at a higher pressure (7-8 ATM). The glass bulb is
made of fused quartz, high-silica glass or aluminosilicate. This bulb
is stronger than standard glass in order to contain the high pressure.
This lamp has been an industry standard for work lights and
film/television lighting due to compact size and high lumen output.
The halogen lamp is being replaced slowly by the white LED array
lamp, miniature HID and fluorescent lamps. Increased efficiency
halogens with 30+ lumens per watt may change sale decline in the
future.

HALOGEN LAMP CONSTRUCTION

A halogen lamp is an incandescent lamp with a tungsten filament contained within an inert gas and a
small amount of halogen. The tungsten filament together with the halogen gas produces what is
known as the halogen regenerative process, which allows the halogen lamp to operate at a higher
temperature and with more efficiency than a standard incandescent lamp.
The construction of a halogen lamp is similar to that of an incandescent; however some differences
can be noticed.
BELOW ARE THE MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF A HALOGEN LAMP.

1.

Gas: halogen gas usually bromine or iodine.

2.

Bulb: made of quartz to withstand high temperatures.

3.

Molybdenum Foil: used as a conductor to ensure the hermetic dealing of the lamp. It
enables the filament to operate at higher temperatures.

CONSTRUCTION OF HALOGEN LAMP

Contact - Metal part that establishes electric contact between the base of a light
bulb and the socket
Base - Metal end of a light bulb inserted into a socket to connect it to the electric circuit
Inert gas - Gas inserted in the bulb to slow down evaporation of the filament; iodine or
bromine are added as they combine with the tungsten at high temperatures.
Tungsten filament - Very thin metal wire emitting light rays when an electric current
passes though it.
OPERATING PRINCIPLE
If the lamp is turned on , tungsten particles evaporate from filament and attach on the
bulb wall . At the same time ,halogen is decomposed and becomes atomic halogen .
Atomic halogen is diffused on the bulb wall with free tungsten particle to become
transparent and volatile tungsten halide .
Due to the high temperature ( over 500 degree Fahrenheit) on the wall , tungsten
halide is volatilized and circulates back to filament
Effect of voltage on performance of Halogen Lamp

Tungsten halogen lamps behave in a similar manner to other incandescent lamps when
run on a different voltage.
Light output is reported as proportional to V3
The luminous efficacy proportional to voltage V1.3
Lifetime is that it is proportional to V-14
Increasing the applied voltage increases the rate of evaporation .
With a reduced voltage the evaporation is lower .
Halogen lamps are dimmed successfully .
Reference: http://seminarprojects.com/Thread-halogen-lamp-ppt#ixzz3OsftmKVZ

Halogen Lamps

A halogen lamp, also known as a tungstenhalogen, quartz-halogen or quartz iodinelamp , is an

incandescent lamp that has a smallamount of a halogen such as iodine or bromineadded. The
combination of the halogen gas andthe tungsten filament produces a halogen cycle chemical reaction
which redeposits evaporatedtungsten back onto the filament, increasing itslife and maintaining the
clarity of the envelope.Because of this, a halogen lamp can be operatedat a higher temperature than a
standard gas-filled lamp of similar power and operating life,producing light of a higher luminous
efficacyand color temperature. The small size of halogenlamps permits their use in compact
opticalsystems for projectors and illumination.