AnnotatedBibliography

PrimarySources
AlliedControlCouncil
.1945.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.Web.18January2016.
Thisphotographfrom1945wasusedasawaytoillustratetheconditionsinthemid
1900sandallowsustounderstandmoreaboutwhatwashappeninginthattimeperiod.
ThisphotographisactuallyfromthetimeperiodandwasfoundontheofficialNATO
website,allowingustotrustinitscredibility.Thisphotoshowsusasnapshotofwhat
washappeningjustbeforeNATObeganandtheconditionsthatNATOeventuallyhadto
face.
Ballard,Francis.PersonalInterview.19January2016.
FrancisBallardwaspartofNATOsmilitaryforceandallowedustohaveabetter
understandingofthepurposeofNATOanditsmilitary.Hisfirsthandexperienceleads
ustobelievethatwhathesaysiscredibleandwasawellinformedsourceofinformation
whenitcomestohowNATOfunctions.UnderstandinghisexperiencesinNATO
allowedustogiveamuchbetterexplanationofactivitiesNATOisassociatedwith.
Churchill,Winston.TheSinewsofPeace.WestminsterCollege,Fulton,Missouri.5March
1946.Speech.
WinstonChurchillsspeechabouttheIronCurtaindefinitelygaveusadifferent
viewpointfromthattimeperiodandgaveusabetterunderstandingofhowsituationslike
thespreadofcommunismweredealtwithatthetime.Churchillhasfirsthandexperience
withdealingwiththeSovietUnionwhichhasinformedusoftheproblemsthatNATO
hadencounteredduringthesetimes.

EndofBerlinblockade
.May1949.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.Web.18January2016.
ThisphotographcapturesthefeelingsofthepeopleexperiencingtheBerlinblockade
whichwasanotherdifficultsituationinwhichNATOworkedtowardscountering.This
photowastakenduringthetimetheblockadewasendingwhichallowsforanaccurate
representationofwhatwashappeningatthetime.
JapanSurrenders
.1945.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.Web.18January2016.
Thefeelingsvisiblethroughthisphotographgiveusaninterestingperspectiveofthe
surrenderofJapan.Becausethisphotowastakenduringthetimeperiodinwhichpeople
foundoutaboutJapanssurrender,itallowsustotrulyunderstandthefeelingsgoing
throughthoseinvolvedwiththiswar.
Kratzke,William.PlanesStrikeTheTwinTowers.Photograph.
NewYorkGuides.
N.p.N.d.
Web.19January2016.
Thedramaticandsombermoodcapturedinthisphotographexhibitsafirsthandviewof
thestruggleandtragedyofthisdayinhistory.ThiswasalsothedaythatNATOwas
forcedtoinvokeArticle5oftheirtreaty,makingthisamemorabledayforNATOas
well.
Lugar,Richard.CouncilofForeignRegulations,Washington,D.C.,Maryland.4March2002.
PreparedRemarks.
TheseremarksbytheU.S.SenatoratthetimeshowsushisopinionsonwhatNATOis
andcouldbefortheworld.HegivessufficientreasoningforwhyhebelievesthatNATO
couldbeanassetfortheworld.
MeetingbetweenNATOSecretaryGeneralandtheMinistersofForeignAffairsofFinlandand

Sweden.Photograph.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.N.p.1December2015.Web.
18January2016.
NotonlydoesthisphotographshowcommunicationwithinNATO,itallowsusto
understandthatthemembersofNATOareabletobuildgoodrelationshipsthroughthe
organization.Thisphotographwastakenattheactualmeetingandaccuratelyportraysa
discussionbetweenmembersofNATO.
MeetingoftheNATOUkraineCouncil.Photograph.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.N.p.
2December2015.Web.18January2016.
ThisphotographgivesamorepersonalfirsthandviewofcommunicationswithinNATO
andshowsushowmembersofNATOinteractwitheachother.Itcomesfromthereal
meetingwithinNATOandshowsthemembersencounteringeachother.
MutualUnderstanding
.1952.
NATODeclassifiedSources
.Web.22Jan.2016.
Inthephotograph,officersatSHAPEarelearningthebasicsofotherlanguagestomake
communicationeasieraswellastoavoidmisunderstandingbetweenthemembers.
NATO.AdangerousworldremindspeoplewhyNATOisstillimportant.Onlinevideoclip.
YouTube.YouTube,23December2015.Web.18January2016.
ThewaythisvideocreatedbyNATOpresentedinformationgreatlyillustratesthe
dangerstheworldfacesthatNATOworkstoprevent.Itprovidesconsiderableevidence
thatNATOremainsnecessaryfortheworldtodayinordertoworkagainstproblemslike
terrorism.Itstickstofactsabouttheworldtodayandconveysthemessagethattheworld
stillneedsNATO.
NATOConferenceonTerminologyManagement.Photograph.
NorthAtlanticTreaty

Organization
.N.p.20November2015.Web.18January2016.
Becausethisphotographwastakenfromtheperspectiveofanaudiencemember,it
providesadifferentviewofhowNATOexchangesinformationwithothers.Itshowsthe
firsthandexperienceofsomeoneinvolvedinameetingwithNATO.
NATODefenseCommittee
.1949.
NATODeclassifiedSources
.Web.22Jan.2016.
ThephotographwastakeninOctober5,1949.ItwasthefirstmeetingoftheNATO
DefenceCommittee.ThisphotoshowsexchangeofideaswithinthemembersofNATO.
NATOsdefensivestrategy
.October1958.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.Web.18January
2016.
UnlikethephotographsofNATOinmeetings,thisphotographallowsustoseethe
militarysideofNATO.Itportraysadifferentstory,onewhereNATOwasforcedto
deploytheirmilitaryandprovidesuswithabetterviewofthosetimes.
NATO.
MeetingsofNATOMinistersofForeignAffairsBrussels1&2December2015:View
oftheMeeting
.2015.
NATOPhotoGallery
.Web.28Jan.2016
AphotographtakenbyNATO,itishowameetinglookslike.Thearrangementofthe
seatsalloweachmemberofthealliancetoseeeachother.Thisarrangementgreatlyhelps
withcommunication.Itgivesasenseofunityamongthedifferentcountriesthatjoined
thealliance.Thisseatingarrangementalsoshowshoweveryonesvoiceisequallyheard
andvaluable.
NATOMemberCountries
.1953.
NATODeclassifiedSources
.Web.22Jan.2016

AphotographofNATOduringin1953.Atthetimethephotowastaken,therewereonly
fourteencountriesthatjoinedtheallianceofpromotingpeaceintheAtlanticOcean
region.
NATO."NATOinAfghanistanISAFMissionandtheReconstructionofAfghanistan."
YouTube
.YouTube,16Oct.2008.Web.28Jan.2016.
NATOsfirstinvolvementwithAfghanistanwaswhenittookcontroloftheInternational
SecurityAssistanceForce.After,NATOprovidedsecurityandhelpAfghanistanto
reuniteitspeople,government,andthewholecountry.
NATO.NATOMembers(animation).Onlinevideoclip.YouTube.YouTube,15May2015.
Web.18January2016.
BygivingaquicksummaryofNATOsmembersandtheirpurpose,thisvideoallowed
ustolearnmoreaboutthecountriesinvolvedwithNATO.Usingthisinformation,we
wereabletounderstandmoreabouttheinfluencethatNATOhasaroundtheworld.This
kindofinfluenceallowsformanyencountersthroughouttheworld.
NATO."NATOTrainsCollectiveDefence."
YouTube
.YouTube,21May2014.Web.28Jan.
2016.
AshortclipofViceAdmiralPhilipS.Davidson,heemphasizedoneofthemost
importantbeliefsofNATO.Statedinthearticle5oftheNorthAtlanticTreaty,An
attackononeisanattackonall.Thisshowsthepracticeofsomeoftheagreementsin
theNorthAtlanticTreaty.
NATOSecretaryGeneralattendsEuropeanForeignAffairsCouncil.Photograph.
North
AtlanticTreatyOrganization.
N.p.17November2015.Web.18January2016.

ThisphotographallowsustoseeNATOcommunicatingwiththemedia,exchanging
moreinformationoutsideofNATO.ItalsoshowsustheSecretaryGeneralofNATOas
hegoestoattendtoameetingwithotherNATOmembers.
NATOSecretaryGeneralmeetswiththeMinisterofForeignAffairsoftheNetherlands.
Photograph.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.N.p.17November2015.Web.18
January2016.
ByseeingNATOmembersdiningwithothersforameetingprovidesuswithamore
personalviewofhowNATOexchangesinformationwithotherpeople.Wegained
anotherperspectiveofNATOscommunicationswithothers.
NATOSummit.
1957.
NATODeclassifiedSources
.Web.22Jan.2016.
Illustratedinthephotograph,NATOofficialsarediscussingimportantmattersthat
involvesNATO.Theyareexploringideastoimprovethestrengthofthealliance.
NATOSummit,Paris.1957.NATODeclassifiedSources.Web.22Jan.2016.
AphotographfromtheParisSummitin1957,themembersaremakingdecisionsand
exploringonestablishingaScienceCommitteeandrelyingonnuclearweaponsfor
defense.TheyarealsodiscussingtheimportanceofNATOanditsprinciples.
NATO."TheBirthofNATO."
YouTube
.YouTube,8May2015.Web.28Jan.2016.
AnactualfootageofthesigningoftheNorthAtlanticTreaty,thisvideogavelightto
certaincorevaluesofNATO.Itwasinterestinghowoverthespanofabout50years,
NATOalliancegrewstrongerandnowplaysanimportantroleinkeepingincheckof
otherstrongalliancesfromabusingtheirpowers.
NorthAtlanticTreaty.4April1949,
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
,NATO,accessed19

January2016,

http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm
TheNorthAtlanticTreatywhichessentiallybeganNATOisanofficialgovernment
documentthatexplainsthepurposebehindNATOandwhatkindofactionsittakes.It
gaveusamuchbetterunderstandingofwhatNATOtrulyisandhowitfunctionsasan
organization.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.NATO.N.d.Web.19January2016.
TheofficialNATOwebsiteprovideduswithmanypicturesandarticlestofully
understandwhatNATOiscurrentlyandwhatNATOdidinthepast.Itprovidedaccurate
informationaboutNATOtolearnfromandallowedustoeasilycomparethecurrent
conditionsofNATOandwhatitdidinthepast.
Parisagreements.
October1954.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.Web.18January2016.
Byusingthisphotograph,wewereabletoviewmembersofNATOworkingtogether
decadesagoafewyearsaftertheyfirstbegan.ItgivesusaperspectiveofNATOfrom
thepastandshowsuspartsofwhatNATOworkstowards.
Reagan,Ronald.SpeechtoReynoldsMetalCompanyEmployees.Richmond,Virginia.28
March1988.Speech.
PresidentReagansjokemadewithinthisspeechdisplaysamorelightheartedviewon
theColdWarasitbegantothaw.Reagansjokesshowhowthetensionbeganto
decreaseneartheendoftheColdWartothepointwherehecouldjokeabouttheSoviet
Union.ThisshowstheprogressionintheColdWarwhichwaswhenNATOhadoneof
itsmostimportantrolesinhistory.ItgivesafirsthandaccountofthestatusoftheCold
War.

SignatureofAgreementonStatusofInternationalMilitaryHeadquartersinRomania.
Photograph.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.N.p.2December2015.Web.18
January2016.
SeeingthisphotoallowsustoseehowtheofficialsofNATOinteractwitheachother
whenworkingtogetheronanagreement.Itgivesapeacefulviewonhowmeetings
betweenmembersofNATOgenerallyareandshowstherelationshipsmadethrough
NATO.
SignatureofWashingtonTreaty
.4April1949.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.Web.18
January2016.
ThisphotocomesfromwhentheNorthAtlanticTreatywasactuallysignedanditallows
ustoviewhowunderstandhowseriousitwastosignthistreaty.Notonlyareweableto
seethedocumentabouttobesigned,butwecanseetheaudiencewatchingitbesigned,
givinganinterestingperspectiveonthesigningofthistreaty.
SovietExpansion
.1948.
NATODeclassifiedSources
.Web.22Jan.2016.
AmapphotographofthespreadofcommunismnotonlyinEuropebutthroughoutthe
world.ThisphotographhelpedusunderstandtheimportanceoftheNorthAtlanticTreaty
Organizationanditscreation.
SovietMilitaryParade
.N.d.
NATODeclassifiedSources
.Web.22Jan.2016
Thisphotographgaveusanideaonhowpowerfulcommunismwasintermsofnumbers.
Theparadeshowcasedthepotentialthreatofcommunismtoothermilitarygroups.
SovietTroops
.N.d.
NATODeclassifiedSources
.Web.22Jan.2016.

Byusingthisphotograph,welearnedhowunifiedanddisciplinedthesoldiersof
communistis.Whichiswhyagroupofcountriesmustcreateanalliance(NATO)against
thecommunistforce.
Stoltenberg,Jens.NATOHeadquarters,Brussels,Belgium.18January2016.Comment.
ThiscommenthighlightsthehopesofNATOthoroughlyspreadingthroughoutitsown
countriesandgivesustheperspectiveofNATOsSecretaryGeneral.Itshowsthat
NATOalsoviewsthatitneedstocontinuebeingrelevantinitsmembercountries.
TheJoinFireslivefiringexercise.Photograph.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.N.p.26
November2015.Web.18January2016.
ThesituationinthisphotographgivesusanotherinterestingviewofNATOsmilitary.It
showsitsmilitarygoingthroughexerciseswitheachotherratherthanfightingandshows
theunitybetweenthemembersofNATO.
Theninepowers.
1954.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.Web.18January2016.
InthephotographitshowssomeofthemembercountriesofNATOinthemiddleof
discussingmatters.ItdepictsrepresentativesofseveralNATOmembercountriesfrom
aroundthebeginningofNATO.
Truman,Harry.DepartmentalAuditorium,WashingtonD.C.,Maryland.4April1949.Address.
HearingandunderstandingTrumansviewoftheNorthAtlanticTreatygivesusaspecial
perspectiveontheintentionsofNATO.ItshowsTrumansfaithinNATOandshowsus
howNATOwasviewedwhenitwasfirstbeginning.
WestGermanyjoinsNATO
.6May1955.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization.
Web.18January
2016.

ThisphotographmarksanothermilestoneinthehistoryofNATO.Notonlydoesthis
showtheexpansionofNATO,italsoshowstheprogressNATOhadbeenmakingin
battlingtheinfluenceofcommunism.Thisphotographwastakenduringtheactualtime
ofjoining.
SecondarySources
50thAnniversaryoftheNorthAtlanticTreaty.
HarryTrumanLibraryandMuseum.
NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration.N.d.Web.19January2016.
ThisinformationtalksaboutthebeginningofNATO.Italsostatesthetwelveoriginal
signatoriesoftheNorthAtlanticTreaty.Thisisasecondarysourcebecausethewaythe
informationwasgiven,itwasexplainingNATOfromasecondpointview.
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization(NATO),1949.
U.S.DepartmentofStateOfficeof
theHistorian.
TheOfficeoftheHistorian.N.d.Web.19January2016.
Thiswebsiteofferedmoreinformationaboutthesituationsfacingnumerouscountries
involvingNATO.Thissourceissecondarybecauseitwasfromapointofviewof
historianswhousedhistoricalgovernmentdocumentsasareferenceforinformation.
"OperationsandMissions:PastandPresent."
NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization
.
NATO,17Nov.2015.Web.2Jan.2016.
TheinformationgatheredfromthisarticleismainlyemphasizingoneofNATOsbeliefs
thatNATOiscommittedtopeacefulresolutionsofdisputesfoundinArticle1ofthe
NorthAtlanticTreaty.Itistoldinasecondpointofview.
Raz,Guy."ExaminingNATO'sPast,PresentAndFuture."
NPR
.NPR,20May2012.
Web.31Dec.2015

AnoverviewwithargumentsinvolvingNATOsrelevancesinceitsmainpurposefor
existinghasalreadybeenserved.ItalsohasacollectionoftherecordedvoicesofNATO
leaders.Itisasecondarysourcebecauseofthesecondpointofview.
NBCNews.Reagan'sJokeLeadToRedAlert|Flashback|NBCNews.Onlinevideoclip.
YouTube.YouTube,22August2014.Web.27January2016.
ThisclipfromanNBCNewssegmentprovideduswithalookintohowtheSoviets
interactedwiththeUnitedStatesandthetensionbetweenthetwonations.Thiswas
duringthetimeoftheColdWarwhenNATOwasstilltakingactionagainstcommunistic
influence.Thevideocountsasasecondarysourcebecauseofitisinformationgathered
fromthisparticularevent,usingprimarysourcessuchastherecordingofReagansjoke.
TheBerlinAirlift,19481949.
U.S.DepartmentofStateOfficeoftheHistorian.
TheOfficeof
theHistorian.N.d.Web.19January2016.
Usingthiswebsite,welearnedmoreinformationabouttheBerlinAirliftandNATOs
rolewithinit.ThiseventwasthebeginningofNATOsaccomplishmentsinworld
affairs.Thiswebsiteuseshistoricaldocumentsforinformation,thusmakingita
secondarysource.
Vandiver,John."NATOMinistersSettoGiveMilitaryChiefPowertoActMore
Quickly."
Military.com
.StarsandStripes,24June2015.Web.18Jan.2016.
AnarticlewrittenbyJohnVandiver,ittalksaboutNATOsactionsinmilitaryandhow
NATOmakesdecisionsbyconsultingothercountries.Thishelpedwiththediscussionof
encounterandexchangeofNATO.SinceitisnotwrittenbyNATOitisasecondary
source.

Vandiver,John.PoliticsofDeploymentPoseChallengeforNATOsNewSpearhead
Force.
Military.com.
StarandStripes,2July2015.Web.18Jan.2016.
AnarticlewrittenbyJohnVandiver,itmainlycoversanexampleofhowNATOs
militaryoperates.Thisshowshowimportantcooperationandanopenmindtoideasare
toNATO.ItisasecondarysourcebecauseitissomeonetalkingaboutNATO.