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Chapter 9 Solutions To Serway's College Physics
Chapter 9 Solutions To Serway's College Physics
SolidsandFluids
CLICKERQUESTIONS
QuestionH1.01a
Description:Exploringandinterrelatingweight,force,pressure,andbuoyancy.
Question
Ablockandabeakerofwaterareplacedsidebysideonascale(caseA).Theblockisthenplacedintothebeakerofwater,
whereitfloats(caseB).Howdothetwoscalereadingscompare?
1. ScaleAreadsmorethanscaleB.
2. ScaleAreadsthesameasscaleB.
3. ScaleAreadslessthanscaleB.
4. Notenoughinformation
Commentary
Purpose:Toexploreandinterrelateideasaboutweight,force,pressure,andbuoyancy.
Discussion:Considerthebeaker,water,andblockasonecompoundobjectorsystem.Inbothcases,thatsystemhasthe
samemassandthereforethesameweight.Sincethesystemisnotaccelerating,thenetforceonitmustbezero,sotheforce
thescaleexertsonthissystemmustbeequaltothetotalweight.Scalesmeasureforce.Theforcesarethesame,sothescale
readingsareidentical.
But,howdoestheweightofthefloatingblockincaseBaffectthescalereading?
Itisusefultolookatthebeaker.Therearethreeforcesonthebeaker:(1)gravitationpullingdown;
Page9.1
Chapter9
(2)waterpushingdown;and(3)scalepushingup.Sincethebeakerisatrest,theforceofthescalepushingupmustbalance
theforcesexerteddown.
Force#1isthesameforbothcases;itistheweightofthebeaker.
Force#2isdifferentforthetwocases.IncaseA,theforcepushingdownistheweightofthewater.IncaseB,theforce
pushingdownislargerthantheweightofthewater,becausethewaterlevelishigherinBthaninA,sothepressureonthe
bottomofthebeakerislarger.TheamounttheforceislargerinBisexactlyequaltotheweightoftheblock.Thatis,itisthe
weightofthedisplacedwater.
Therefore,tosupportthebeakerinB,thescalemustpushupwithaforceequaltothetotalweightofthewater,block,and
beaker,whichisexactlytheforceexertedbythescaleinA.
KeyPoints:
Somequestionsareeasiesttoanswerbyconsideringasetofobjectsasiftheywereonecompoundobjectorsystem.
Ascalemeasuresforce.Ifthesystemisnotacceleratingandinteractionswithitsenvironmentaresmall(e.g.,viathe
buoyancyofair),thenthescalereadingistheweightofthesystem.
Newtonslawsholdforabodyoffluidaswellasforasolidobject.
Whenthinkingaboutfluidsandforces,theconceptofpressureisoftenuseful.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstofthreerelatedquestions.Itisveryeasyifapproachedtherightway,butstudentscangetthemselvesquite
confused.Ifstudentsgivethestraightforward,correctanswer,werecommendchallengingthemtoexplainhowthefloating
blockcaninfluencethescalereading.Resolvingtheconfusionthisgenerallycauseswillstrengthentheirunderstandingof
severalrelatedconcepts.
ForstudentsalreadyfamiliarwiththeconceptofbuoyancyandwithArchimedesprinciple(perhapsfromhighschool),this
questioncanbeusedtointroduce,motivate,andprovidecontextfortheconceptofpressure.
Scalesmeasureforce,notweight.Ifthreecriteriaaremet,thatforceistheweight:(1)thesystemisnotaccelerating;(2)
buoyancyduetoairisnegligible;(3)theonlyexternalforcesonthesystemareduetogravitationandthescale.
QuestionH1.01b
Page9.2
Chapter9
Description:Exploringandinterrelatingweight,force,pressure,andbuoyancy.
Question
Ablockandabeakerofwaterareplacedsidebysideonascale(caseA).Theblockisthenplacedintothebeakerofwater,
whereitsinks(caseB).Howdothetwoscalereadingscompare?
1. ScaleAreadsmorethanscaleB.
2. ScaleAreadsthesameasscaleB.
3. ScaleAreadslessthanscaleB.
4. Notenoughinformation
Commentary
Purpose:Toexploreandinterrelateideasaboutweight,force,pressure,andbuoyancy.
Discussion:Aswiththepreviousquestion,thescalereadingsmustbethesamebecausethetotalmasssupportedbythescale,
andthereforethetotalweight,arethesameforbothcases.
Aswiththepreviousquestion,wewouldliketounderstandhowthescalereadingscanbethesame.Thescaleisonly
sensitivetothenormalforceexerteduponitbythebeakercontactingit.Howdoesitknowabouttheblock?
Itisusefultofocusonthebeakerandthinkabouttheforcesonit.Therearefour:(1)gravitationpullingdown;(2)block
pushingdown;(3)waterpushingdown;and(4)scalepushingup.Theforceofthescalemustbalancetheotherthreeforces
exerteddown.
Force#1isthesameinbothcases;itistheweightofthebeaker.
Force#2isdifferentforthetwocases.IncaseA,itisnotexertedonthebeaker.(However,aforcedownduetotheblockis
exerteddirectlyonthescale.)IncaseB,theblockispushingdownonthebeakerwithaforcesmallerthanitsweight,
becausepartofitsweightissupportedbybuoyancy.IncaseA,thefullweightoftheblockispushingdownonthescale.
Force#3isalsodifferentforthetwocases.IncaseA,aforceequaltotheweightofthewaterispushingdownonthebeaker,
butincaseB,theforcepushingdownislargerthantheweightofthewater,becausethewaterlevelishigherinBthanitisin
Page9.3
Chapter9
A,sothepressureatthebottomishighertoo.Theneteffectisthattheforceduetothewaterisincreasedbyexactlythe
amountthattheforceduetotheblockisdecreased.Theresultisthatthescalereadingsarethesame!
Notethattheremustbeathinlayerofwaterunderneaththeblock,eventhoughitistouchingthebottomofthebeaker.
Otherwise,therewouldbenobuoyantforce.
KeyPoints:
Whenanobjectisplacedinwater,whetheritfloatorsinks,thewaterlevelrises,whichcausesthepressureatthebottom
ofthewatertoincrease.
Anobjectinafluidexperiencesabuoyantforce,whetheritfloatorsinks.
Scalesmeasureforce,notweight.Ifthesystemisnotacceleratingandinteractionswithitsenvironmentaresmall(e.g.,
viathebuoyancyofair),thenthescalereadingistheweightofthesystem.
Oldforceideassuchasfreebodydiagramsareusefulforunderstandingfluids.Newideassuchaspressureand
buoyancyarealsouseful.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondofthreerelatedquestions.Itisverysimilartothefirst,butunderstandinghowthescalereadingcomesto
bethesame(byanalyzingtheforcesonthevariousbodies)introducesanewwrinkle:thefluidonlysupportspartofthe
weightoftheblock,andthepressureexertedontheinsidebottomofthebeakerbythewaterandblockisnotuniform.
Manystudentswillthinkthescalereadingsarethesamewithoutfullyappreciatingwhatthefussisallabout.Theymight
havetroubleunderstandingwhysomepeopleareconfused.
Studentswhothinkthescalereadingsaredifferentmightneedademonstrationtobeconvincedofthepredictedresult.
StudentsmightthinkthattheforceexertedbythewaterincaseBisactuallysmallerthanincaseA,perhapsbecausethe
effectiveareaofwaterincontactwiththebeakerissmaller.Theydonotrealizethattheremustbewaterbeneaththeblockin
orderfortheretobeabuoyantforce.Otherwise,wearetalkingaboutasuctioncup,forwhichthereisnowaterononeside,
andanenormousforceduetothewaterontheother.
QuestionH1.01c
Description:Honingunderstandingofbuoyancy.
Page9.4
Chapter9
Question
Twoblocks,AandB,havethesamesizeandshape.BlockAfloatsinwater,butblockBsinksinwater.
Whichblockhasthelargerbuoyantforceonit?
1. BlockAhasthelargerbuoyantforceonit.
2. BlockBhasthelargerbuoyantforceonit.
3. Neither;theyhavethesamebuoyantforceonthem.
4. Impossibletodeterminefromthegiveninformation
Commentary
Purpose:Todevelopyourunderstandingofbuoyancy.
Discussion:AccordingtoArchimedessPrinciple,thebuoyantforceonanobjectisequaltotheweightofthefluiddisplaced
bytheobject.Whethertheblockfloatsorsinksisirrelevant.
SinceblockBsinks,itdisplacesitsentirevolume,whereasblockAdisplacesonlypartofitsvolume.
Sincethetwoblockshavethesametotalvolume,blockBdisplacesthelargervolumeofwater,soitalsohasthelarger
buoyantforceonit.
IfblockBexperiencesalargerbuoyantforcebutsinks,itmusthavealargermass,andthereforealargerdensity.Thisisthe
onlywaytheycanhavethesamesizeandshapeyetbehaveastheydo.
KeyPoints:
Thebuoyantforceonanobjectisequaltotheweightofthefluiddisplacedbytheobject.Itdoesnotdependonother
factors,suchaswhethertheobjectfloatsorsinks.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthethirdofthreerelatedquestions.Itusesadifferentsituation,butmakesagoodfollowuptothefirsttwointhatit
focusesattentionononespecificdifferencebetweenthefirsttwoquestions,helpingtoresolvelingeringconfusionand
solidifystudentsunderstanding.Itcanalsobeusedeffectivelyasastandalonequestion,ifdesired.
Manystudentswillbeoverlyfocusedonthestateofanobject:inthiscase,whethertheblocksinksorfloats.Manywillthink
thatthebuoyantforcemustbesmalleronthesinkingblock,andthatiswhyitsinks.Encouragethemtoconsiderother
Page9.5
Chapter9
reasonswhyonemightsink.
Studentsoftenassumethatthemassesofthetwoblocksarethesame.
Ademonstrationcanbeuseful,ifonlytoletstudentsseethatthemassesoftheobjectsaredefinitelynotthesame.
QuestionH1.02a
Description:Developingunderstandingofbuoyancy.
Question
Ametalblocksitsontopofafloatingwoodenblock.Ifthemetalblockisplacedonthebottomofthebeaker,whathappens
tothelevelofwaterinthebeaker?
1.
Theleveldecreases.
2.
Thelevelstaysthesame.
3.
Thelev elincreases.
4.
Notenoughinformation
Commentary
Purpose:ToexplorebuoyancyandArchimedesprinciple.
Discussion:Archimedesprinciplestatesthatthebuoyantforceonafloatingobjectisequalinmagnitudetotheweightof
displacedfluid.Thebuoyantforceonthetwoblockobjectinthefirstcasemustequaltheweightofthetwoblocks(sothe
netforceonthemiszero),sotheamountofwaterdisplacedmusthavethatsameweight.Thedisplacedwatermustgo
somewhere,sothewaterlevelinthebeakerrises.
Inthesecondcase,thefloatingwoodenblockwilldisplaceanamountofwaterwithweightequaltothewoodenblockalone.
Themetalblockatthebottomwilldisplaceavolumeofwaterequaltoitsvolume,butnomore:thenormalforceduetothe
beakersbottomhelpssupportit.Sincethedensityofwaterislessthanthedensityofthemetal(oritwouldntsink),this
meansthevolumeofwaterdisplacedwillweigh
Page9.6
Chapter9
lessthanthemetalblock.So,inthesecondcasethetwoblockswilldisplacelesstotalwaterthaninthefirstcase,andthe
waterlevelriseslessinthesecondcase.
KeyPoints:
Archimedesprinciplestatesthatthebuoyantforceonafloatingobjectisequalinmagnitudetotheweightofdisplaced
fluid.
Afloatingobjectdisplacesaweightoffluidequaltoitsownweight.
Asubmergedobjectdisplacesavolumeoffluidequaltoitsownvolume.
Itissometimeshelpfultothinkofacombinationofobjectsasasingleobject.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthefirstofthreerelatedquestionsthathelpstudentsdeveloparobustunderstandingofbuoyancy,weight,floating,
sinking,andfluiddisplacement.Thesituationslendthemselvestoalivedemonstration,usingapredict,observe,and
reconcilepattern.
Onepossiblesourceofconfusionwiththisquestionishowtheweightofthemetalblockinthefirstcasecandisplaceany
water,whentheblockisnotinthewater.Havingstudentsdrawfreebodydiagramsforeachblockcanbehelpfulfor
resolvingthis.
QuestionH1.02b
Description:Developingunderstandingofbuoyancy.
Question
Ametalblocksitsontopofafloatingwoodenblock.Ifthemetalblockissuspendedfromthebottomofthewoodenblock,
whathappenstothevolumeofthewoodenblockthatissubmergedinthewater?
1.
Thevolumedecreases.
Page9.7
Chapter9
2.
Thevolumestaysthesame.
3.
Thevolumeincreases.
4.
Notenoughinformation
Commentary
Purpose:ToexplorebuoyancyandArchimedesprinciple.
Discussion:Archimedesprinciplestatesthatthebuoyantforceonafloatingobjectisequalinmagnitudetotheweightof
displacedfluid.Inbothcases,thewaterissupportingthesameweightthecombinedweightofthetwoblockssothe
volumeofwaterdisplacedmustbethesame.
However,inthefirstcase,allthewaterisdisplacedbythewoodenblock,whileinthesecondsomeofthewaterisdisplaced
bythehangingmetalblockandtherestbythewoodenblock.Soforthesecondcase,moreofthewoodenblockwillbe
abovethewaterssurface,andthesubmergedvolumeofthewoodenblockhasdecreased.
KeyPoints:
Archimedesprinciplestatesthatthebuoyantforceonafloatingobjectisequalinmagnitudetotheweightofdisplaced
fluid.
Afloatingobjectdisplacesaweightoffluidequaltoitsownweight.
Itissometimeshelpfultothinkofacombinationofobjectsasasingleobject.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthesecondofthreerelatedquestionsthathelpstudentsdeveloparobustunderstandingofbuoyancy,weight,floating,
sinking,andfluiddisplacement.Thesituationslendthemselvestoalivedemonstration,usingapredict,observe,and
reconcilepattern.
Studentsmightwonderwhatthedifferencebetweenthetwocasesis:inonethesmallblockpushesdownonthebig,andin
theseconditpullsdown.Havingstudentsdrawafreebodydiagramforeachblockshouldhelpthemrealizethatthe
magnitudeofthatpullisless.
QuestionH1.02c
Description:Developingunderstandingofbuoyancy.
Page9.8
Chapter9
Question
Ametalblocksitsontopofafloatingwoodenblock.Ifthemetalblockissuspendedfromthebottomofthewoodenblock,
whathappenstothelevelofwaterinthebeaker?
1. Theleveldecreases.
2.
Thelevelstaysthesame.
3.
Thelevelincreases.
4.
Notenoughinformation
Commentary
Purpose:ToexplorebuoyancyandArchimedesprinciple.
Discussion:Archimedesprinciplestatesthatthebuoyantforceonafloatingobjectisequalinmagnitudetotheweightof
displacedfluid.Inbothcases,thewaterissupportingthesameweightthecombinedweightofthetwoblockssothetotal
volumeofwaterdisplacedmustbethesame.Thus,thewaterlevelinthebeakermustbethesameaswell.
KeyPoints:
Archimedesprinciplestatesthatthebuoyantforceonafloatingobjectisequalinmagnitudetotheweightofdisplaced
fluid.
Afloatingobjectdisplacesaweightoffluidequaltoitsownweight.
Itissometimeshelpfultothinkofacombinationofobjectsasasingleobject.
ForInstructorsOnly
Thisisthethirdofthreerelatedquestionsthathelpstudentsdeveloparobustunderstandingofbuoyancy,weight,floating,
sinking,andfluiddisplacement.Thesituationslendthemselvestoalivedemonstration,usingapredict,observe,and
reconcilepattern.
Thisquestionshouldberathereasyforstudentswhohavegraspedtheideasraisedintheprevioustwoquestions;itserves
primarilytoconfirmtheirunderstanding.
Page9.9
Chapter9
QUICKQUIZZES
1.
(c).Themassthatyouhaveofeachelementisasfollows:
2m 3
21.0 103 kg
6m 3
16.2 10 3 kg
(a).Atafixeddepth,thepressureinafluidisdirectlyproportionaltothedensityofthefluid.Sinceethylalcoholis
lessdensethanwater,thepressureissmallerthanPwhentheglassisfilledwithalcohol.
3.
(c).Forafixedpressure,theheightofthefluidinabarometerisinverselyproportionaltothedensityofthefluid.
Ofthefluidslistedintheselection,ethylalcoholistheleastdense.
4.
(b).Thebloodpressuremeasuredatthecalfwouldbelargerthanthatmeasuredatthearm.Ifweimaginethe
vascularsystemofthebodytobeavesselcontainingaliquid(blood),thepressureintheliquidwillincreasewith
depth.Thebloodatthecalfisdeeperintheliquidthanthatatthearmandisatahigherpressure.
Bloodpressuresarenormallytakenatthearmbecausethatisapproximatelythesameheightastheheart.Ifblood
pressuresatthecalfwereusedasastandard,adjustmentswouldneedtobemadefortheheightoftheperson,and
thebloodpressurewouldbedifferentifthepersonwerelyingdown.
5.
(c).Theleveloffloatingofashipisunaffectedbytheatmosphericpressure.Thebuoyantforceresultsfromthe
pressuredifferentialinthefluid.Onahighpressureday,thepressureatallpointsinthewaterishigherthanona
lowpressureday.Becausewaterisalmostincompressible,however,therateofchangeofpressurewithdepthis
thesame,resultinginnochangeinthebuoyantforce.
6.
(b).Sincebothleadandironaredenserthanwater,bothobjectswillbefullysubmergedand
(sincetheyhavethesamedimensions)willdisplaceequalvolumesofwater.Hence,thebuoyantforcesactingon
thetwoobjectswillbeequal.
7.
(a).Whenthereisamovingairstreamintheregionbetweentheballoons,thepressureinthisregionwillbeless
thanontheoppositesidesoftheballoonswheretheairisnotmoving.Thepressuredifferentialwillcausethe
balloonstomovetowardeachother.ThisisdemonstrationofBernoullisprincipleinaction.
Page9.10
Chapter9
ANSWERSTOMULTIPLECHOICEQUESTIONS
1.
24.8kg and
choice(a)isthecorrectresponse.
2.
Onaverage,thesupportforceeachnailexertsonthebodyis
F1
66.0kg 9.80 m s2
mg
1 208
1 208
0.535N
sotheaveragepressureexertedonthebodybyeachnailis
Pav
F1
0.535N
5.35 105 Pa
Anail
1.00 10 6 m 2
end
and(d)isthecorrectchoice.
3.
A
0.050m 2
F1 1 F2
0.70m 2
A2
1.2 103 N
86N
making(c)thecorrectanswer.
4.
AccordingtoArchimedessprinciple,thebuoyantforceexertedonthebulletbythemercuryisequaltotheweight
ofavolumeofmercurythatisthesameasthesubmergedvolumeofthebullet.Ifthebulletistofloat,thisbuoyant
forcemustequalthetotalweightofthebullet.Thus,forafloatingbullet,
and
Vsubmerged
Vbullet
lead
mercury
11.3 103 kg m 3
0.831
13.6 103 kg m 3
sothecorrectresponseis(d).
5.
Page9.11
Chapter9
9.80 m s2 754ft
1m
3.281ft
2.35 10 6 Pa
and(c)isthecorrectresponse.
6.
Weassumethattheairinsidethewellsealedhousehasessentiallyzerospeedandthethicknessoftheroofis
negligiblesotheairjustabovetheroofandthatjustbelowtheroofisatthesamealtitude.Then,Bernoullis
equationgivesthedifferenceinpressurejustbelowandjustabovetheroof(withthepressurebelowbeingthe
greatest)as
P1 P2
1
v2 v12 air g y2 y1
2 air 2
or
1
1
P
1.29 kg m 3 95 mi h
2
2.237 mi h
0 0 1.2 10 3 Pa
andthecorrectchoiceis(a).
7.
v2 1 v1
0.100m 2
A2
1.00 m s
6.25 m s
so(d)isthecorrectanswer.
8.
Allofthesephenomenaaretheresultofadifferenceinpressureonoppositesidesofanobjectduetoafluid
movingatdifferentspeedsonthetwosides.Thus,thecorrectresponsetothisquestionischoice(e).Bernoullis
equationcanbeusedinthediscussionofeachofthesephenomena.
9.
Theboat,evenafteritsinks,experiencesabuoyantforce,B,equaltotheweightofwhateverwateritisdisplacing.
Thisforcewillsupportpartoftheweight,w,oftheboat.Thenormalforceexertedontheboatbythebottomofthe
lakewillbe n w B w willsupportthebalanceoftheboatsweight.Thecorrectresponseis(c).
10.
Page9.12
Chapter9
theuppersurfaceforthethreevessels.Thus,thepressurePatthebottomofeachvesselisthesameand(c)isthe
correctchoice.
11.
Sincethepipeishorizontal,eachpartofitisatthesameverticallevelorhasthesameycoordinate.Thus,from
Bernoullisequation (P
perunitvolume (P
12.
1
2
1
2
v2 gy constant) ,weseethatthesumofthepressureandthekineticenergy
v2 ) mustalsobeconstantthroughoutthepipe,making(e)thecorrectchoice.
Oncethewaterdropletsleavethenozzle,theyareprojectileswithinitialspeed v0 y vi andhavingspeed
v f v y 0 attheirmaximumaltitude,h.Fromthekinematicsequation v2 v2 2 a (y) themaximum
y
0y
y
heightreachedis h vi2 2 g .Thus,ifwewanttoquadruplethemaximumheight (h 4h) weneedtodouble
thespeedofthewaterleavingthenozzle (vi 2vi ) .Usingtheequationofcontinuity, A vi Avi ,itisseenthat
ifI=2i,itisnecessarytohave Ai (vi vi ) A A 2 Thissaysthattheareaneedstobedecreasedbyafactor
of2,andthecorrectchoiceis(d).
ANSWERSTOEVENNUMBEREDCONCEPTUALQUESTIONS
2.
P P0
10 5 Pa 0
~
g
1 kg m 3 101 m s2
10 4 m
or
h ~ 10km
Becauseboththedensityoftheair, ,andtheaccelerationofgravity,g,decreasewithaltitude,theactual
thicknessoftheatmospherewillbegreaterthanourestimate.
4.
Bothmusthavethesamestrength.Theforceonthebackofeachdamistheaveragepressureofthewatertimesthe
areaofthedam.Ifbothreservoirsareequallydeep,theforceisthesame.
6.
Theexternalpressureexertedonthechestbythewatermakesitdifficulttoexpandthechestcavityandtakea
breathwhileunderwater.Thus,asnorkelwillnotworkindeepwater.
8.
Afandrivenbythemotorremovesairandhencedecreasesthepressureinsidethecleaner.Thegreaterairpressure
outsidethecleanerpushesairinthroughthenozzletowardthisregionoflowerpressure.Thisinwardrushofair
pushesorcarriesthedirtalongwithit.
Page9.13
Chapter9
10.
Thewaterlevelonthesideoftheglassstaysthesame.Thefloatingicecubedisplacesitsownweightofliquid
water,andsodoestheliquidwaterintowhichitmelts.
12.
Thehigherthedensityofafluid,thehigheranobjectwillfloatinit.Thus,anobjectwillfloatlowerinlowdensity
alcohol.
14.
Abreezefromanydirectionspeedsuptogooverthemound,andtheairpressuredropsatthisopening.Airthen
flowsthroughtheburrowfromthelowertotheupperentrance.
PROBLEMSOLUTIONS
9.1
Theelasticlimitisthemaximumstress, F A whereFisthetensioninthewire,thatthewirecanwithstandand
stillreturntoitsoriginallengthwhenreleased.Thus,ifthewireistoexperienceatensionequaltotheweightofthe
performerwithoutexceedingtheelasticlimit,theminimumcrosssectionalareais
Amin
2
Dmin
F
mg
4
elasticlimit
elasticlimit
andtheminimumacceptablediameteris
Dmin
9.2
(a)
4mg
elasticlimit
4 70kg 9.8 m s2
5.0 108 Pa
1.3 10 3 m 1.3mm
Inordertopunchaholeinthesteelplate,the
superheromustpunchoutaplugwithcross
sectionalarea, Acs ,equaltothatofhisfistand
aheighttequaltothethicknessofthesteelplate.Thearea Ashear ofthefacethatisshearedastheplugis
removedisthecylindricalsurfacewithradiusrandheighttasshowninthesketch.SinceAcs=r2,then
r
A cs and
Ashear 2 r t 2 t
Acs
2 2.00cm
1.00 102 cm 2
70.9cm 2
Iftheultimateshearstrengthofsteel(i.e.,themaximumshearstressitcanwithstandbeforeshearing)is,
2.50 108 Pa 2.50 108 N m 2 theminimumforcerequiredtopunchoutthisplugis
Page9.14
Chapter9
1 m 2
F Ashear stress 70.9cm 2
2.50
4
2
10 cm
(b)
108
6
1.77 10 N
m2
ByNewtonsthirdlaw,thewallwouldexertaforceofequalmagnitudeintheoppositedirectiononthe
superhero,whowouldbethrownbackwardataveryhighrecoilspeed.
9.3
Twocrosssectionalareasintheplank,withonedirectlyabovetherailandoneattheouterendoftheplank,
2
separatedbydistance h 2.00m andeachwitharea, A 2.00cm 15.0cm 30.0cm moveadistance
x 5.00 10 2 m paralleltoeachother.Theforcecausingthisshearingeffectintheplankistheweightofthe
man F mg appliedperpendiculartothelengthoftheplankatitsouterend.SincetheshearmodulusSisgiven
by
S
shearstress
F A
Fh
shearstrain
x h
x A
wehave
9.4
5.00
30.0cm 2 1m 2 10 4 cm 2
1.05 10 7 Pa
Asaliquid,thewateroccupiedsomevolume Vl .Asice,thewaterwouldoccupyvolume1.090Vlifitwerenot
compressedandforcedtooccupytheoriginalvolume.Considerthepressurechangerequiredtosqueezeiceback
intovolume Vl .Then, V0 1.09Vl and V 0.090Vl ,so
V
N 0.090 Vl
P B
2.00 10 9 2
1.65 108 Pa 1600atm
m
1.09 V l
V0
9.5
9.6
4 90kg 9.80 m s2
1.0
10 2 m
50m
1.6m
2
3.5 108 Pa
From Y F L0 A ( L ) thetensionneededtostretchthewireby0.10mmis
Page9.15
Chapter9
Y A L
L0
Y d2
4 L0
22N
ThetensioninthewireexertsaforceofmagnitudeFonthetoothineachdirectionalongthelengthofthewireasshown
intheabovesketch.Theresultantforceexertedonthetoothhasanxcomponentof
Rx Fx F cos 30 F cos 30 0 ,andaycomponentof Ry Fy F sin 30 F sin 30 F 22N .
Thus,theresultantforceis
ur
R 22Ndirecteddownthepageinthediagram .
9.7
9.8
(a)
stress L0
4.4 10 3 m 4.4mm
(b)
2.45 10 3 m = 2.5mm
A Y
4.00 10 4 m 2 20 1010 Pa
Whentheloadisacceleratingupward,Newtonssecondlawgives
F mg ma y
F m g ay
[1]
Page9.16
Chapter9
Thus,theincreaseintheelongationhasbeen
increase L L initial 3.20mm 2.45mm 0.75mm
(c)
8.8 10 4 N
Then,Equation[1]abovegivesthemassofthemaximumloadas
mmax
9.9
Fmax
8.8 10 4 N
6.9 103 kg
ga
9.8 3.0 m s2
Fromthedefiningequationfortheshearmodulus,wefindthedisplacement, x ,as
h F A
S
5.0 10 3 m 20N 10 4 cm 2
h F
S A
2.4 10 5 m 0.024mm
9.10
Theshearmodulusisgivenby
shear stress
stress
shear strain
x h
Hence,thestressis
5.0m
x
stress S
1.5 1010 Pa
7.5 106 Pa
h
10 103 m
9.11
Thetensionandcrosssectionalareaareconstantthroughtheentirelengthoftherod,andthetotalelongationisthe
sumofthatofthealuminumsectionandthatofthecoppersection.
F L0 Al
AYAl
F L0 Cu
AYCu
Page9.17
L0 Cu
F L0 Al
A YAl
YCu
Chapter9
where A r 2 with r 0.20cm 2.0 10 3 m .Thus,
Lrod
9.12
5.8 103 N
2
2.0 10 3 m
1.3m
2.6m
10
7.0 10 Pa 11 1010 Pa
1.9 10 2 m 1.9cm
Theaccelerationoftheforearmhasmagnitude
v
t
80
km 103 m
1h
h 1km
3 600s
4.4 103 m s2
3
5.0 10 s
Thecompressionforceexertedonthearmis F ma andthecompressionalstressonthebonematerialis
Stress
A
2.4cm 2 10 4 m 2 1cm 2
5.5 10 7 Pa
Sincethestressislessthantheallowedmaximum,thearmshouldsurvive.
9.13
Theaveragedensityofeitherofthetwooriginalworldswas
M
M
3M
V
4 R 3 3
4 R 3
Theaveragedensityofthecombinedworldis
M total
V
4
3
2M
3
4 R
42 2 M
32
R3
32 M
9 R3
so
128
32 M 4 R3
4.74
9 R3
3M
0
27
9.14
(a)
or
4.74 0
Themassofgoldinthecoinis
Page9.18
Chapter9
mAu
# karats mtotal
24
22
11
m
7.988 10 3 kg 7.322 10 3 kg
24 total
12
andthemassofcopperis
mCu
(b)
1
1
mtotal
7.988 10 3 kg 6.657 10 4 kg
12
12
Thevolumeofthegoldpresentis
VAu
mAu
7.322 10 3 kg
3.79 10 7 m 3
Au
19.3 103 kg m 3
andthevolumeofthecopperis
VCu
(c)
TheaveragedensityoftheBritishsovereigncoinis
av
9.15
(a)
mCu
6.657 10 4 kg
7.46 10 8 m 3
Cu
8.92 103 kg m 3
mtotal
mtotal
7.988 10 3 kg
1.76 10 4 kg m 3
Vtotal
VAu VCu
3.79 10 7 m 3 7.46 10 8 m 3
Thetotalnormalforceexertedonthebottomacrobatsshoesbythefloorequalsthetotalweightoftheacro
batsinthetower.Thatis
n mtotal g 75.0 68.0 62.0 55.0 kg
(b)
n
Atotal
9.80 m s2
n
2.55 103 N
2 Ashoe
2 425cm 2 1m 2 10 4 cm 2
sole
2.55 10 3 N
3.00 10 4 Pa
(c) Iftheacrobatsarerearrangedsodifferentonesareatthebottomofthetower,thetotalweightsupported,and
hencethetotalnormalforcen,willbeunchanged.However,thetotalarea Atotal 2 Ashoe sole ,andhencethe
pressure,willchangeunlessalltheacrobatswearthesamesizeshoes.
Page9.19
Chapter9
9.16
Weshallassumethateachchairlegsupportsonefourthofthetotalweightsothenormalforceeachlegexertson
theflooris n mg 4 .Thepressureofeachlegontheflooristhen
Pleg
9.17
(a)
95.0kg 9.80 m s2
n
mg 4
2.96 106 Pa
2
Aleg
r2
4 0.500 10 2 m
Iftheparticlesinthenucleusarecloselypackedwithnegligiblespacebetweenthem,theaveragenuclear
densityshouldbeapproximatelythatofaprotonorneutron.Thatis
nucleus
(b)
mproton
Vproton
mproton
4 r 3
3 1.67 10 27 kg
4 1
10 15 m
4 1017 kg m 3
9.18
LettheweightofthecarbeW.Then,eachtiresupports W 4 ,andthegaugepressureis
F
W
A
4A
Thus, W 4 A P 4 0.024m 2
9.19
2.0 105 Pa
1.9 10 4 N .
ThevolumeofconcreteinapillarofheighthandcrosssectionalareaAis V Ah ,anditsweightis
Fg Ah 5.0 10 4 N m 3 .Thepressureatthebaseofthepillaristhen
Fg
A
Ah 5.0 10 4 N m3
A
h 5.0 10 4 N m 3
Page9.20
Chapter9
hmax
9.20
Pmax
1.7 10 7 Pa
3.4 10 2 m
4
3
5.0 10 N m
5.0 10 4 N m 3
AssumingthespringobeysHookeslaw,theincreaseinforceonthepistonrequiredtocompressthespringan
additionalamount x is F F F0 P P0 A k x .Thegaugepressureatdepthhbeneaththe
surfaceofafluidis P P0 gh ,sowehave, ghA k x ortherequireddepthis h k x gA ,If
3
3
k 1 250 N m , A r 2 with r 1.20 10 2 m ,with 1.00 10 kg m ,andthefluidiswater(
9.21
1 250 N m 7.50 10 3 m
(a)
(b)
Theinwardforcethewaterwillexertonthewindowis
9.80 m s2 27.5m
35.0 10 2 m
F PA P r 2 3.71 10 5 Pa
9.22
2.11m
3.71 10 5 Pa
3.57 10 4 N
Inmovingfromthehearttothehead,oneismovinghigherinthebloodcolumnso h 0 andwefind
Pgauge
gauge head
heart
or
gauge head
Page9.21
9.80 m s2 0.500m
Chapter9
(b)
Ingoingfromhearttofeet,onemovesdeeperinthebloodcolumn,so h 0 and
Pgauge
gauge feet
heart
9.80 m s2 1.30m
or
gauge feet
9.23
3
3
Thedensityofthesolutionis 1.02 water 1.02 10 kg m .Thegaugepressureofthefluidatthelevel
9.24
(a)
Pgauge
1.33 103 Pa
1.02 103 kg m 3 9.80 m s2
0.133m
willbe
(b)
V0 P
Bwater
0.053 8m 3
(c)
m
m
1 030kg
1.09 103 kg m 3
V
V0 V
1.00
0.053 8 m 3
Consideringthesmallfractionalchangeinvolume(about5%)andenormouschangeinpressure
generated,weconcludethatitisagoodapproximationtothinkofwaterasincompressible.
9.25
Wefirstfindtheabsolutepressureattheinterfacebetweenoilandwater.
P1 P0 oil ghoil
Page9.22
Chapter9
Thisisthepressureatthetopofthewater.Tofindtheabsolutepressureatthebottom,weuse,P2=P1+waterghwater,
or
P2 1.03 10 5 Pa 103 kg m 3
9.26
9.80 m s2 0.200m
1.05 10 5 Pa
Ifweassumeavacuumexistsinsidethetubeabovethewinecolumn,thepressureatthebaseofthetube(thatis,at
thelevelofthewineintheopencontainer)isPatmo=0+gh=gh.Thus,
Patmo
1.013 10 5 Pa
g
984 kg m 3 9.80 m s2
10.5m
Somealcoholandwaterwillevaporate,degradingthevacuumabovethecolumn.
9.27
F
AMaster Fbrake Abrake
Pascalsprinciple, F1 A1 F2 A2 ,or pedal cylinder
,gives
cylinder
Abrakecylinder
6.4cm 2
44N 156N
Fpedal
1.8cm 2
Amastercylinder
Fbrake
Thisisthenormalforceexertedonthebrakeshoe.Thefrictionalforceis
f k n 0.50 156N 78N
andthetorqueis f rdrum 78N 0.34m 27N m .
9.28
First,usePascalsprinciple,F1/A1=F2/A2,tofindtheforce
piston1willexertonthehandlewhena500lbforce
pushesdownwardonpiston2.
A
d12 4
d12
F1 1 F2
F
2
A2
d22 4
d22
0.25in 2 500lb
1.5in 2
F2
14lb
Now,consideranaxisperpendiculartothepage,passingthroughtheleftendofthejackhandle.=0yields
Page9.23
Chapter9
14lb 2 .0in F 12in 0 ,
9.29
F 2.3lb
Whenheldunderwater,theballwillhavethreeforcesactingonit:adownwardgravitationalforce,mg;anupward
buoyantforce,B=waterV=4waterr3/3;andanappliedforce,F.Iftheballistobeinequilibrium,wehave(taking
upwardaspositive) Fy F B mg 0 ,or
4 r 3
4 r 3
g m water
3
3
F mg B mg water
giving
4 0.250m
9.80 m s2
74.9N
ur
sotherequiredappliedforceis. F 74.9Ndirecteddownward
9.30
(a)
Tofloat,thebuoyantforceactingonthepersonmustequaltheweightofthatperson,ortheweightofthe
waterdisplacedbythepersonmustequalthepersonsownweight.Thus,
Afterinhaling,
Vsubmerged
Vtotal
945 kg m 3
0.768 76.8%
1 230 kg m 3
leaving.23.2%abovesurface.
Afterexhaling,
Vsubmerged
Vtotal
1 020 kg m 3
0.829 82.9%
1 230 kg m 3
Page9.24
or
Vsubmerged
Vtotal
body
sea
Chapter9
leaving.17.1%abovesurface.
(b)
Ingeneral,sinkerswouldbeexpectedtobethinnerwithheavierbones,whereasfloaterswouldhave
lighterbonesandmorefat.
9.31
Theboatsinksuntiltheweightoftheadditionalwaterdisplacedequalstheweightofthetruck.Thus,
wtruck water V g
kg
m
103 3 4.00m 6.00m 4.00 10 2 m 9.80 2
s
m
or
wtruck 9.41 103 N 9.41kN
9.32
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Sincethesystemisinequilibrium, Fy B w wr 0 .
B w gVsubmerged w g d A
1 025 kg m 3
964N
From B w wr 0 ,
(e)
(f)
(g)
mr
w g
r
Vr
t A
9.80 m s2
foam
356N
0.090 m 4.00m 2
101 kg m 3
Bmax w gVr w g t A
1 025 kg m 3
3.62 10 3 N
Page9.25
Chapter9
mmax
9.33
(a)
Bmax wr
3.62 103 N 356N
333kg
g
9.80 m s2
wVb msteel
m
0.310kg
w steel 1.00 103 kg m 3
408 kg m 3
Vb
Vb
5.24 10 4 m 3
(b) Ifthetotalweightoftheblock+steelsystemisreduced,byhavingmsteel0.310kg,asmallerbuoyantforce
isneededtoallowthesystemtofloatinequilibrium.Thus,theblockwilldisplaceasmallervolumeofwater
andwillbeonlypartiallysubmergedinthewater.
Theblockisfullysubmergedwhenmsteel=0.310kg.Themassofthesteelobjectcanincreaseslightlyabove
thisvaluewithoutcausingitandtheblocktosinktothebottom.Asthemassofthesteelobjectisgradually
increasedabove0.310kg,thesteelobjectbeginstosubmerge,displacingadditionalwater,andprovidinga
slightincreaseinthebuoyantforce.Withadensityofabouteighttimesthatofwater,thesteelobjectwillbe
abletodisplaceapproximately0.310kg/8=0.039kgofadditionalwaterbeforeitbecomesfullysubmerged.
Atthispoint,thesteelobjectwillhaveamassofabout0.349kgandwillbeunabletodisplaceanyadditional
water.Anyfurtherincreaseinthemassoftheobjectcausesitandtheblocktosinktothebottom.In
conclusion,theblock+steelsystemwillsinkifmstee0.350kg.
9.34
(a)
(b)
Sincetheballoonisfullysubmergedinair,Vsubmerged=Vb=325m3,and
Page9.26
Chapter9
(c)
9.80 m s2 325m 3
4.11 10 3 N
325m 3 9.80 m s2
1.33 103 N
SinceFy=may0,aywillbepositive(upward),andtheballoonrises.
(d)
mload
(e)
wload
1.33 103 N
136kg
g
9.80 m s2
Ifmload136kg,thenthenetforceactingontheballoon+ loadsystemisupwardand
theballoonanditsloadwillaccelerateupward.
(f)
Thedensityofthesurroundingair,temperature,andpressurealldecreaseastheballoonrises.Becauseof
theseeffects,thebuoyantforcewilldecreaseuntilatsomeheighttheballoonwillcometoequilibriumandgo
nohigher.
9.35
(a)
(b)
(c)
4 r 3
1.29 kg m 3
3
9.80 m s2
103 N
4
3.00m 3
1.28kNupward
Theballoonexpandsasitrisesbecausetheexternalpressure(atmosphericpressure)decreaseswith
increasingaltitude.
9.36
(a)
Takingupwardaspositive, Fy B mg ma y ,or ma y w gV mg .
(b)
Sincem=V,wehave V a y w g V V g ,or
Page9.27
Chapter9
a y w 1 g
(c)
ay
(d)
2
From y v0 y t a y t 2 with0y=0,wefind
2 y
ay
2 8.00m
0.467 m s2
5.85s
4 3
600 air gVballoon 600 air g
r
3
balloon
4
3
1.29 kg m 3 9.80 m s2
0.50m 4.0 10 3 N 4.0kN
600
(b)
(c)
AtmosphericpressureatthishighaltitudeismuchlowerthanatEarthssurface,sotheballoonsexpanded
andeventuallyburst.
9.38
Note:Wedeliberatelyviolatetherulesofsignificantfiguresinthisproblemtoillustrateapoint.
(a)
Theabsolutepressureatthelevelofthetopoftheblockis
Ptop P0 water ghtop
kg
m
1.0130 105 Pa 10 3 3 9.80 2
s
m
5.00 10 2 m
1.0179 105 Pa
andthatatthelevelofthebottomoftheblockis
Pbottom P0 water ghbottom
kg
m
1.0130 10 5 Pa 10 3 3 9.80 2
s
m
1.0297 105 Pa
Page9.28
17.0 10 2 m
Chapter9
Thus,thedownwardforceexertedonthetopbythewateris
1017.9N
andtheupwardforcethewaterexertsonthebottomoftheblockis
1029.7N
(b) Thescalereadingequalsthetension,T,inthecordsupportingtheblock.Sincetheblockisinequilibrium,
Fy T Fbot Ftop mg 0 ,or
FromArchimedessprinciple,thebuoyantforceontheblockequalstheweightofthedisplacedwater.Thus,
B water Vblock g
2
103 kg m 3 0.100m 0.120m
9.80 m s2
11.8N
Constantvelocitymeansthatthesubmersibleisinequilibriumunderthegravitationalforce,theupwardbuoyant
force,andtheupwardresistanceforce:
Fy ma y 0
kg 4
1 100N
m 1.03 103 3
1.50m 3 9.80 m s2 1.20 10 4 kg
m 3
or
Page9.29
Chapter9
m 2.67 103 kg
9.40
Vblock
Thus,
m
5.00kg
7.69 10 3 m 3
wood
650 kg m 3
Theelongationofthespringisthen
9.41
(a)
Fspring
k
26.4N
0.165m 16.5cm
160 N m
Thebuoyantforceisthedifferencebetweentheweightinairandtheapparentweightwhenimmersedinthe
alcohol,orB=300N200N=100N.But,fromArchimedessprinciple,thisisalsotheweightofthe
displacedalcohol,soB=(alcoholV)g.Sincethesampleisfullysubmerged,thevolumeofthedisplaced
alcohol
isthesameasthevolumeofthesample.Thisvolumeis
(b)
alcohol g
100N
700 kg m3 9.80 m s2
1.46 10 2 m 3
Themassofthesampleis
weightinair
300N
30.6kg
g
9.80 m s2
anditsdensityis
Page9.30
Chapter9
9.42
m
30.6kg
2.10 103 kg m 3
V
1.46 10 2 m 3
Thedifferencebetweentheweightinairandtheapparentweightwhenimmersedisthebuoyantforceexertedon
theobjectbythefluid.
(a)
Themassoftheobjectis
weightinair
300N
30.6kg
g
9.80 m s2
Thebuoyantforcewhenimmersedinwateristheweightofavolumeofwaterequaltothevolumeofthe
object,orBw=(wV)g.Thus,thevolumeoftheobjectis
Bw
300N 265N
3.57 10 3 m 3
3
w g
10 kg m3 9.80 m s2
anditsdensityis
object
(b)
m
30.6kg
8.57 103 kg m 3
V
3.57 10 3 m 3
ThebuoyantforcewhenimmersedinoilisequaltotheweightofavolumeV=3.5710.3m3ofoil.Hence
Boil=(oilV)g,orthedensityoftheoilis
oil
9.43
Boil
300N 275N
Vg
3.57 10 3 m 3 9.80 m s2
714 kg m 3
Thevolumeoftheironblockis
V
miron
2 .00kg
2 .54 10 4 m 3
iron
7.86 103 kg m 3
andthebuoyantforceexertedontheironbytheoilis
Page9.31
Chapter9
ApplyingFy=0totheironblockgivesthesupportforceexertedbytheupperscale(andhencethereadingonthat
scale)as
Fupper miron g B 19.6N 2.28N 17.3N
FromNewtonsthirdlaw,theironexertsforceBdownwardontheoil(andhencethebeaker).ApplyingFy=0to
thesystemconsistingofthebeakerandtheoilgives
Flower B moil mbeaker g 0
Thesupportforceexertedbythelowerscale(andthelowerscalereading)isthen
Flower B moil m beaker g 2.28N 2.00 1.00 kg
9.44
(a)
9.80 m s2
Thecrosssectionalareaofthehoseis A r 2 d 2 4 2.74cm
4 ,andthevolumeflowrate
(volumeperunittime)isA=25.0L/1.50min.Thus,
1 min 103 cm 3
25.0 L
25.0L 1.50min
4
2
A
1m
47.1 cm s
0.471 m s
102 cm
(b)
d
d22 4
A2
2
2
A1
4
d1
1
1
3
1
9
or
A
v2 1 v1 9 0.471 m s 4.24 m s
A2
9.45
(a)
ThevolumeflowrateisA,andthemassflowrateis
Av 1.0 g cm 3 2.0cm 2 40 cm s 80 g s
Page9.32
A2
A1
9
31.7N
Chapter9
(b)
Fromtheequationofcontinuity,thespeedinthecapillariesis
Aaorta
2 .0cm 2
40 cm s
vaorta
3.0 103 cm 2
Acapillaries
vcapiliaries
2
or vcapiliaries 2.7 10 cm s 0.27 mm s .
9.46
(a)
Fromtheequationofcontinuity,theflowspeedinthesecondpipeis
A
10.0cm 2
v2 1 v1
2.75 m s 11.0 m s
2.50cm 2
A2
(b)
UsingBernoullisequationandchoosingy=0alongthecenterlineofthepipesgives
P2 P1
1
1
2
2
v12 v22 1.20 10 5 Pa
1.65 103 kg m 3 2.75 m s 11.0 m s
2
2
or P2 2.64 10 4 Pa .
9.47
FromBernoullisequation,choosingaty=0thelevelofthesyringeandneedle,sotheflowspeedintheneedle,
P2
1
2
v22 P1
v2
v12
1
2
v12 is
2 P1 P2
Inthissituation,
P1 P2 P1 Patmo P1 gauge
F
2 .00N
8.00 10 4 Pa
A1
2 .50 10 5 m 2
Thus,assuming0,
v2
9.48
2 8.00 10 4 Pa
1.00
103
kg m 3
12.6 m s
WeapplyBernoullisequation,ignoringtheverysmallchangeinverticalposition,toobtain
Page9.33
Chapter9
P1 P2
9.49
(a)
v22
v12
2 v 2 v 2
1
1
3
1.29 kg m 3 15 10 2 m s
2
3
v12
2
,or
4.4 10 2 Pa
Assumingtheairplaneisinlevelflight,thenetlift(thedifferenceintheupwardanddownwardforces
exertedonthewingsbytheairflowingoverthem)mustequaltheweightoftheplane,or
(Plower Pupper ) Awings mg
surface
surface
.Thisyields
8.66 10 4 kg 9.80 m s2
mg
Plower Pupper A
90.0m 2
surface
surface
wings
(b)
9.43 103 Pa
Neglectingthesmalldifferenceinaltitudebetweentheupperandlowersurfacesofthewingsandapplying
Bernoullisequationyields
Plower
1
1
2
2
air vlower
Pupper air vupper
2
2
so
vupper
(c)
2
vlower
2 Plower Pupper
air
225 m s 2
2 9.43 103 Pa
1.29 kg
m3
255 m s
Thedensityofairdecreaseswithincreasingheight,resultinginasmallerpressuredifference.Beyondthe
maximumoperationalaltitude,thepressuredifferencecannolongersupporttheaircraft.
9.50
Forlevelflight,thenetlift(differencebetweentheupwardanddownwardforcesexertedonthewingsurfacesby
airflowingoverthem)mustequaltheweightoftheaircraft,or
(Plower Pupper ) A Mg
surface
surface
.Thisgivestheair
pressureattheuppersurfaceas
Pupper Plower
surface
9.51
(a)
surface
Mg
A
Sincethepistolisfiredhorizontally,theemergingwaterstreamhasinitialvelocitycomponentsof( 0x=
Page9.34
Chapter9
nozzle,0y=0)Then,y=0yt+ayt2/2,withay=g,givesthetimeofflightas
(b)
2 y
ay
2 1.50m
9.80 m s2
0.553s
Withax=0,and0x=nozzle,thehorizontalrangeoftheemergentstreamisx=nozzletwheretisthetimeof
flightfromabove.Thus,thespeedofthewateremergingfromthenozzleis
vnozzle
(c)
x
8.00m
14.5 m s
t
0.553s
Fromtheequationofcontinuity,A11=A22,thespeedofthewaterinthelargercylinderis1=(A2/A1)2=
(A2/A1)nozzle,or
r22
r
v1
vnozzle 2
2
r1
r1
1.00mm
vnozzle
10.0mm
14.5 m s
0.145 m s
(d)
Thepressureatthenozzleisatmosphericpressure,orP2=1.013105m/s.
(e)
Withthetwocylindershorizontal,y1=y2andgravitytermsfromBernoullisequationcanbeneglected,
leaving P1 w v12 2 P2 w v22 2 sotheneededpressureinthelargercylinderis
P1 P2
w 2
1.00 103 kg m 3
2
2
v2 v12 1.013 10 5 Pa
14.5 m s 0.145 m s
2
2
or
P1 2.06 105 Pa
(f)
TocreateanoverpressureofP=2.06105Pa=1.05105Painthelargercylinder,theforcethatmustbe
exertedonthepistonis
9.52
(a)
FromBernoullisequation,
Page9.35
33.0N
Chapter9
P1
w v12
v2
w gy1 P2 w 2 w gy2
2
2
or
Figure9.29
P1 P2
g y2 y1
w
v22 v12 2
andusingthegivendatavalues,weobtain
1.75 105 Pa 1.20 10 5 Pa
9.80 m s2
1.00 103 kg m 3
v22 v12 2
2.50m
and
[1]
A
r12
v2 1 v1
v1
2
A2
r2
3.00cm
v2
1.50cm
v1
r1
r2
or
v1
2=41
2
2 2
SubstitutingEquation[2]into[1]gives 16 1 v1 61.0 m s ,or
v1
61.0 m 2 s2
2.02 m s
15
(b)
Equation[2]abovenowyields2=4(2.02m/s)=8.08m/s.
(c)
Thevolumeflowratethroughthepipeis:flowrate=A11=A22.
Lookingatthelowerpoint:
Page9.36
[2]
Chapter9
2 2.02 m s
5.71 10 3 m 3 s
First,considerthepathfromtheviewpointofprojectilemotiontofindthespeedatwhichthe
wateremergesfromthetank.From y v0 y t
2 y
ay
2 1.00m
9.80 m s2
1
2
a y t 2 with0y=0,wefindthetimeofflightas
0.452s
Fromthehorizontalmotion,thespeedofthewatercomingoutoftheholeis
v2 v0 x
x
0.600m
1.33 m s
t
0.452s
WenowuseBernoullisequation,withpoint1atthetopofthetankandpoint2atthelevelofthehole.WithP1=
P2=Patmoand,10.Thisgives
g y1
1 2
v g y2
2 2
or
1.33 m s
v2
h y1 y2 2
2g
2 9.80 m s2
2
9.54
(a)
9.00 10 2 m 9.00cm
ApplyBernoullisequationwithpoint1attheopentopofthetankandpoint2attheopeningofthehole.
1
Then,P1=P2=Patmoandweassume10.Thisgives 2 v22 g y2 g y1 ,or
v2
(b)
2 g y1 y2
2 9.80 m s2
16.0m
17.7 m s
Theareaoftheholeisfoundfrom
A2
flow rate
2 .50 10 3 m 3 min 1min
2 .35 10 6 m 2
60s
v2
17.7 m s
Thediameteristhen
Page9.37
Chapter9
4 A2
d2
9.55
4 2.35 10 6 m 2
1.73 10 3 m 1.73mm
First,determinetheflowspeedinsidethelargerportionsfrom
v1
flow rate
1.80 10 4 m 3 s
0.367 m s
2
A1
2.50 10 2 m 4
TheabsolutepressureinsidethelargesectionontheleftisP1=P0+gh1,whereh1istheheightofthewaterinthe
leftmoststandpipe.TheabsolutepressureintheconstrictionisP2=P1+gh2,so
P1 P2 g h1 h2 g 5.00cm
TheflowspeedinsidetheconstrictionisfoundfromBernoullisequationwithy1=y2.Thisgives
v22 v12
v2
2
P P2 v12 2 g h1 h2
1
0.367 m s 2
Thecrosssectionalareaoftheconstrictionisthen
A2
flow rate
1.80 10 4 m 3 s
1.71 10 4 m 2 ,
v2
1.06 m s
andthediameteris
4 A2
d2
9.56
(a)
4 1.71 10 4 m 2
1.47 10 2 m 1.47cm
Forminimumpressure,weassumetheflowisveryslow.Then,Bernoullisequationgives
1 2
P 2 v gy
river
= P v 2 gy
2
Page9.38
rim
Chapter9
Priver min
Priver min
kg
m
1.013 10 5 Pa 10 3 3 9.80 2 2096m 564m
s
m
Priver min
or
(b)
Thevolumeflowrateisflowrate=A=(d2/4).Thus,thevelocityinthepipeis
(c)
4 flow rate
d2
4 4500 m 3 d
0.150m
1d
2.95 m s
86 400s
Weimaginethepressurebeingappliedtostationarywateratriverlevel,soBernoullisequationbecomes
1 2
Priver 0 1atm g yrim yriver vrim
2
or
1 2
1
kg
m
vrim Priver min 103 2.95
s
2
2
m
9.57
(a)
2
2
Forupwardflightofawaterdropprojectilefromgeyserventtofountaintop, v y v0 y 2 a y y ,withy
=0,wheny=ymax,gives
v0 y
0 2 a y y max
2 9.8 m s2
40.0m
Page9.39
28.0 m s
Chapter9
(b) Becauseofthelowdensityofairandthesmallchangeinaltitude,atmosphericpressureatthefountaintop
willbeconsideredequaltothatatthegeyservent.Bernoullisequation,withtop=0,thengives
1 2
v
0 g ytop yvent
2 vent
or
vvent
(c)
2 g ytop yvent
2 9.80 m s2
40.0m
28.0 m s
Betweenthechamberandthegeyservent,Bernoullisequationwithchamber0yields
P 0 g y chamber
Patm
1 2
v
g yvent
2 vent
or
1 2
P Patm vvent
g yvent ychamber
2
103
2
kg 28.0 m s
m
9.80 2
s
m
2
175m
2.11MPa
or
(a)
Sincethetubeishorizontal,y1=y2andthegravity
termsinBernoullisequationcancel,leaving
P1
1 2
1
v P2 v22
2 1
2
Figure9.30(a)
or
v22 v12
2 P1 P2
2 1.20 103 Pa
7.00 102 kg m 3
Page9.40
Chapter9
and
v22 v12 3.43 m 2 s2
[1]
Fromthecontinuityequation,A11=A22,wefind
A
r
v2 1 v1 1
A2
r2
2.40cm
v1
1.20cm
v1
or
v2 4v1
[2]
Thevolumeflowrateis
2 1.91 m s
8.64 10 4 m 3 s
FromFy=TmgFy=0,thebalancereadingisfoundtobeT=mg+FywhereFyistheverticalcomponentof
thesurfacetensionforce.Sincethisisatwosidedsurface,thesurfacetensionforceisF=(2L)anditsvertical
componentisF=(2L)coswhereisthecontactangle.Thus,T=mg+2Lcos.
T 0.40N when 0
mg 2 L 0.40N
[1]
mg 2 L 0.39N
[2]
SubtractingEquation[2]from[1]gives
9.60
0.40N 0.39N
0.40N 0.39N
8.3 10 2 N m
4L
4 3.0 10 2 m
Becausetherearetwoedges(theinsideandoutsideofthering),wehave
Page9.41
Chapter9
9.61
h gr
2 cos
5.6 10 2 N m
2 0.058 N m cos 0
2 cos
5.6m
gr
1 050 kg m 2 9.80 m s2 2.0 10 6 m
L
0.10 10 3 m
0.50 m s
8.6N
Fromthedefinitionofthecoefficientofviscosity,=FL/A,therequiredforceis
9.65
F
1.61 10 2 N
=
7.32 10 2 N m
4 r 4 1.75 10 2 m
Fromthedefinitionofthecoefficientofviscosity,=FL/A,therequiredforceis
9.64
F
2 (circumference)
Theheightthebloodcanriseisgivenby
9.63
Ltotal
Fromh=2cos/gr,thesurfacetensionis
9.62
L
1.5 10 3 m
P1 P2 R 4
8 L
andP2=Patminthiscase.Thus,thedesiredgaugepressureis
Page9.42
0.30 m s
0.12N
Chapter9
P1 Patm
8 L flow rate
R4
0.50 10 2 m
or
P1 Patm 2.1 106 Pa 2.1MPa
9.66
FromPoiseuilleslaw,theflowrateinthearteryis
P R 4
flow rate
8 L
400Pa 2 .6 10 3 m
8 2 .7 10 3 N s m 2 8.4 10 2 m
3.2 10 5 m 3 s
Thus,theflowspeedis
9.67
flow rate
3.2 10 5 m 3 s
1.5 m s
2
A
2.6 10 3 m
Ifaparticleisstillinsuspensionafter1hour,itsterminalvelocitymustbelessthan
vt max
cm 1h
1m
5.0
1.4 10 5 m s .
h 3 600s 100cm
Thus,from1=2r2g(f)/9,wefindthemaximumradiusoftheparticle:
rmax
9.68
9 vt max
2 g f
9 1.00 10 3 N s m 2
1.4
10 5 m s
2.8 10 6 m 2.8 m
FromPoiseuilleslaw,theexcesspressurerequiredtoproduceagivenvolumeflowrateoffluidwithviscosity
throughatubeofradiusRandlengthLis
Page9.43
Chapter9
8 L V t
R4
Ifthemassflowrateis(m/t)=1.0103kg/s,thevolumeflowrateofthewateris
V
m t
1.0 10 3 kg s
1.0 10 6 m 3 s
t
1.0 103 kg m 3
andtherequiredexcesspressureis
9.69
3
0.15 10 m
1.5 105 Pa
WiththeIVbagelevated1.0mabovetheneedle,thepressuredifferenceacrosstheneedleis
P gh 1.0 103 kg m 3
9.8 m s2 1.0m
9.8 10 3 Pa
andthedesiredflowrateis
500cm 3 1m 3 106 cm 3
V
t
30min 60s 1min
2.8 10 7 m 3 s
Poiseuilleslawthengivestherequireddiameteroftheneedleas
8L V t
D 2R 2
14
3
9.8 10 Pa
or
D 4.1 10 4 m 0.41mm
9.70
WewriteBernoullisequationas
Pout
1 2
1 2
vout gyout Pin vin
gyin
2
2
Page9.44
14
Chapter9
or
1 2
2
vout vin
g yout yin
2
Approximatingthespeedofthefluidinsidethetankasin0,wefind
1
2
Pgauge 1.00 103 kg m 3 30.0 m s 9.80 m s 2
2
0.500m
or
Pgauge 4.55 10 5 Pa 455kPa
9.71
TheReynoldsnumberis
RN
2 .7 10 3 N s m 2
Inthisregion(RN>3000),theflowisturbulent.
9.72
FromthedefinitionoftheReynoldsnumber,themaximumflowspeedforstreamlined(orlaminar)flowinthis
pipeis
vmax
9.73
RN max
d
1.0 10 3 N s m 2 2 000
1 000 kg m3 2.5 10 2 m
0.080 m s 8.0 cm s
Theobserveddiffusionrateis8.01014kg/15s=5.31015kg/s.Then,fromFickslaw,thedifferencein
concentrationlevelsisfoundtobe
C2 C1
9.74
diffusion rate L
DA
1.8 10 3 kg m 3
FickslawgivesthediffusioncoefficientasD=diffusionrate/A.(C/L),whereC/Listheconcentrationgradient.
Page9.45
Chapter9
Thus,
9.75
9.5 10 10 m 2 s
Stokesslawgivestheviscosityoftheairas
9.76
5.7 10 15 kg s
2.0 10 4 m 2 3.0 10 2 kg m 4
F
3.0 10 13 N
1.4 10 5 N s m 2
6 r v
6 2 .5 10 6 m 4.5 10 4 m s
Using1=2r2g(f)/9,thedensityofthedropletisfoundtobe=f+9t/2r2g.Thus,ifr=d/2=0.500
103mt=1.10102m/sandwhenfallingthrough20Cwater(=1.00103N.s/m2)thedensityoftheoilis
1 000
9.77
(a)
9 1.00 10 3 N s m 2 1.10 10 2 m s
kg
1.02 103 kg m 3
2
m3
4
2
2 5.00 10 m 9.80 m s
Bothironandaluminumaredenserthanwater,sobothblockswillbefullysubmerged.Sincethetwoblocks
havethesamevolume,theydisplaceequalamountsofwaterandthebuoyantforcesactingonthetwoblocks
areequal.
(b)
Sincetheblockisheldinequilibrium,theforcediagramattherightshowsthat
Fy 0 T mg B
ur
Thebuoyantforce B isthesameforthetwoblocks,sothespringscale
ur
reading T islargestfortheironblock,whichhasahigherdensity,and
henceweight,thanthealuminumblock.
(c)
Thebuoyantforceineachcaseis
0.20m3 9.8 m s2
2.0 10 3 N
Fortheironblock:
0.20m3 9.8 m s2
or
Page9.46
Chapter9
0.20m3 9.8 m s2
or
Taluminum 5.2 103 N 2.0 103 N 3.3 103 N
9.78
Ingoingfromtheoceansurfacetoadepthof2.40km,theincreaseinpressureis
P P P0 gh 1.025 103 kg m 2
2.41 10 7 Pa
Thefractionalchangeinvolumeofthesteelballisgivenbythedefiningequationforbulkmodulus,
P=B(V/V),as
V
P
2.41 107 Pa
1.51 10 4
V
Bsteel
16.0 1010 Pa
9.79
(a)
FromArchimedessprinciple,thegranitecontinentwill
sinkdownintotheperidotitelayeruntiltheweight
fthedisplacedperidotiteequalstheweightofthecontinent.
Thus,atequilibrium,
g At g p Ad
g
or g t p d .
(b) Ifthecontinentsinks5.0kmbelowthesurfaceoftheperidotite,thend=5.0,andtheresultofpart(a)gives
thefirstapproximationofthethicknessofthecontinentas
p
3.3 103 kg m 3
5.0km 5.9km
d
2.8 103 kg m 3
9.80
(a)
StartingwithP=P0+gh,wechoosethereferencelevelattheleveloftheheart,soP0=PH.Thepressureat
Page9.47
Chapter9
thefeet,adepthhHbelowthereferencelevelinthepoolofbloodinthebodyisPF=PH+ghH.Thepressure
differencebetweenfeetandheartisthen
PF=PH+ghH.
(b)
Usingtheresultofpart(a),
PF PH 1.06 103 kg m 3
9.81
9.80 m s2 1.20m
1.25 10 4 Pa
2
2
Thecrosssectionalareaoftheaortais A1 d1 4 andthatofasinglecapillaryis Ac d2 4 Ifthe
circulatorysystemhasNsuchcapillaries,thetotalcrosssectionalareacarryingbloodfromtheaortais
A2 NAc
N d22
4
Fromtheequationofcontinuity,
v
v d12
N d22
A2 1 A1 ,or
1
,
4
4
v2
v2
whichgives
v d
N 1 1
v2 d2
9.82
(a)
1.0 m s
1.0
10 2 m
0.50 10 2 m
s
10 10 6 m
2.5 10 7
Weimaginethatasuperheroiscapableofproducingaperfectvacuumabovethewaterinthestraw.Then
P=P0+gh,withthereferencelevelatthewatersurfaceinsidethestrawandPbeingatmosphericpressure
onthewaterinthecupoutsidethestraw,givesthemaximumheightofthewaterinthestrawas
hmax
9.83
Patm 0
Patm
1.013 105 N m 2
water g
water g
1.00 103 kg m 3 9.80 m s2
(b)
ThemoonhasnoatmospheresoPatm=0,whichyields.hmax=0.
(a)
P 160mmofH 2 O H2 O g 160mm
Page9.48
10.3m
Chapter9
kg
m
103 3 9.80 2 0.160m
s
m
1.57kPa
1atm
P 1.57 103 Pa
1.013 105 Pa
1.55 10 2 atm
103 kg m 3
160mm 11.8mmofHg
hH2O
13.6 103 kg m 3
Hg
hHg
9.84
(b)
Thefluidlevelinthetapshouldrise.
(c)
Blockageofflowofthecerebrospinalfluid.
f 0
L h
9.85
ConsiderthediagramandapplyBernoullisequationto
pointsAandB,takingy=0atthelevelofpointB,
andrecognizingthatA0.Thisgives
PA 0 w g h L sin
1
PB w vB2 0
2
RecognizethatPA=PB=Patmsincebothpoints
areopentotheatmosphere.Thus,weobtain
Page9.49
0 g r 2 L ,whichreducesto
Chapter9
vB
2 g h L sin
13.3 m s
Nowtheproblemreducestooneofprojectilemotionwith
v0 y v B sin 30.0 6.64 m s
Atthetopofthearc,y=0,andy=ymax.
ymax
0 ,or
ymax 2.25mabovethelevelofpointB .
9.86
Whentheballooncomesintoequilibrium,theweightofthedisplacedairequalstheweightofthefilledballoon
plustheweightofstringthatisabovegroundlevel.IfmsandLarethetotalmassandlengthofthestring,themass
ofstringthatisabovegroundlevelis(h/L)ms.Thus,
h
air gVballoon mballoon g helium gVballoon ms g
L
whichreducesto
air helium Vballoon mballoon
L
ms
Thisyields
9.87
3 0.25kg
0.050kg
2.0m
1.9m
Whentheballoonfloats,theweightofthedisplacedairequalsthecombinedweightsofthefilledballoonandits
load.Thus,
Page9.50
Chapter9
Vballoon
mballoon mload
600kg 4 000kg
4.14 103 m 3
air helium
1.29 0.179 kg m 3
9.88
(a)
ConsiderthepressureatpointsAandBinpart(b)ofthefigurebyapplyingP=P0+fgh.Lookingattheleft
tubegives PA Patm water g L h ,andlookingatthetubeontheright, PB Patm oil gL .
PascalsprinciplesaysthatPB=PA.Therefore, Patm oil gL Patm water g L h ,giving
750 kg m 3
h 1 oil L 1
5.00cm 1.25cm
water
1 000 kg m 3
(b)
Considerpart(c)ofthediagramshowingthesituationwhentheairflowoverthelefttubeequalizesthefluid
levelsinthetwotubes.First,applyBernoullisequationtopointsAandB.Thisgives
PA
1
1
v2 air g y A PB air vB2 air g yB
2 air A
2
PB PA
[1]
1
v2
2 air
NowuseP=P0+fghtofindthepressureatpointsCandD,bothattheleveloftheoilwaterinterfaceinthe
Page9.51
Chapter9
righttube.Fromthelefttube, PC PA water gL ,andfromtherighttube, PD PB oil gL .
PascalsprinciplesaysthatPD=Pc,andequatingthesetwogives
PB oil gL PA water gL or PB PA water oil gL
[2]
CombiningEquations[1]and[2]yields
2 water oil gL
air
9.89
5.00 10 2 m
1.29
13.8 m s
Whiletheballissubmerged,thebuoyantforceactingonitisB=(wV)g.Theupwardaccelerationoftheballwhile
underwateris
Fy
ay
4 3
B mg
w
r 1 g
m
m 3
1 000 kg m 3 4
3
0.10m 1
3
1.0kg
9.80 m s2
31 m s2
Thus,whentheballreachesthesurface,thesquareofitsspeedis
125 m s and
2
2
2
accelerationof a y g 9.80 m s .Then, v y v0 y 2 a y y givesthemaximumheightabovethe
surfaceas
ymax
9.90
0 125 m 2 s2
6.4m
2 9.80 m s2
Sincetheblockisfloating,thetotalbuoyantforce
mustequaltheweightoftheblock.Thus,
Page9.52
Chapter9
oil
960 930
x wood
4.00cm
4.00cm 1.71cm
1 000 930
water oil
9.91
Awaterdropletemergingfromoneoftheholes
becomesaprojectilewith0y=0and0x=0.The
timeforthisdroplettofalldistancehtotheflooris
foundfrom y v0 y t
1
2
a y t 2 tobe
2h
g
Thehorizontalrangeis
R vt v
2h
.
g
Ifthetwostreamshittheflooratthesamespot,
itisnecessarythatR1=R2,or
v1
2 h1
2 h2
v2
g
g
Withh1=5.00cmandh2=12.0cm,thisreducesto
v1 v2
h2
12.0cm
v2
or
h1
5.00cm
v1 v2 2 .40
Page9.53
[1]
Chapter9
ApplyBernoullisequationtopoints1(thelowerhole)and3(thesurfaceofthewater).Thepressureis
atmosphericpressureatbothpointsand,ifthetankislargeincomparisontothesizeoftheholes, 30.Thus,we
obtain
Patm
1 2
v gh1 Patm 0 gh3 or v2 2 g h h .
1
3
1
2 1
[2]
Similarly,applyingBernoullisequationtopoint2(theupperhole)andpoint3gives
Patm
1 2
v gh2 Patm 0 gh3 or v2 2 g h h .
2
3
2
2 2
[3]
SquareEquation[1]andsubstitutefromEquations[2]and[3]toobtain
2 g h3 h1 2 .40 2 g h3 h2
Solvingforh3yields
h3
17.0cm ,
1.40
1.40
sothesurfaceofthewaterinthetankis17.0cmabovefloorlevel.
9.92
WhenthesectionofwalkwaymovesdownwarddistanceL,thecableisstretcheddistanceLandthecolumnis
compresseddistanceL.Thetensionforcerequiredtostretchthecableandthecompressionforcerequiredto
compressthecolumnthisdistanceis
Fcable
Ysteel Acable L
Lcable
Fcolumn
and
YAl Acolumn L
Lcolumn
Combined,theseforcessupporttheweightofthewalkwaysection:
or
8 500N
Lcable
Lcolumn
giving
Page9.54
Chapter9
8 500N
Ysteel Acable
Y A
Al column
Lcable
Lcolumn
Thecrosssectionalareaofthecableis
Acable
1.27 10 2 m
D2
4
4
andtheareaofaluminuminthecrosssectionofthecolumnis
Acable
2
2
2
2
0.162 4m 0.161 4m
2
2
Douter
Dinner
Douter
Dinner
4
4
4
4
Thus,thedownwarddisplacementofthewalkwaywillbe
L
8 500N
2
2
20 1010 Pa 1.27 10 2 m 2 7.0 1010 Pa 0.162 4m 0.161 4m
4 5.75m
4 3.25m
or
L 8.6 10 4 m 0.86mm
Page9.55