abandon [K'b<ndKn] vt. 1. 2. 3.

quit; discard; desert; give up

I have long since abandoned the notion that higher education is essential to either
success or happiness. The cruel man
abandoned his wife and child. Most importantly, relatives,
neighbours and his teachers should give the very kid as much love as possible to make him
feel least abandoned.

abide [K'baid] () ; (by); comply with; follow; observe

She can't abide that man. Law is not our master, but our servant; if we
abide by it, well be able to make it serve up.
Everyone must abide by the law.
abnormal [<b'nO:ml] a. strange; irregular; unnatural It's abnormal
for the boy to eat so much. The weather is abnormal this year.
He is mentally abnormal.
aboard [K'bO:d] prep. ad.
It's time to go aboard. //
abolish [K'bOliS] vt. terminate; remove; destroy; do away with It is
my profound hope that my work might prove to be a factor in helping to abolish future
wars. There are many bad customs
and laws that ought to be abolished. Abraham Lincoln
abolished slavery in the United States.
absence ['<bsKns] n. 1. 2. 3. inadequacy;
nonattendance; vacancy When I came back to Dublin, I was court-martialed in my
absence and sentenced to death in my absence, so I said they could shoot me in my
absence.
Please look after my house during my absence.

absorb [Kb'sO:b] n. 1. 2.... 3.... Dry sand absorbs

water. His business absorbs him. The clever boy absorbed

all the knowledge his teacher could give him.

absorption [Kb'sO:pSn] n. incorporation; fusion; concentration The

absorption of several small firms made this group even stronger.

abstract ['<bstr<kt] a. 1. 2. n. 1. 2. vt. 1.... 2.

complex; general; theoretical; digest Abstract liberty, like other mere
abstractions, is not to be found. We may talk
of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract.
He has some abstract notion of wanting to change the world.
absurd [Kb'sK:d] a. foolish; stupid; ridiculous; funnyThe fact that an
opinion has been widely held is no evidence whatever that it is not utterly absurd.
What an absurd suggestion!
! It was absurd of you to suggest such a thing. The
whole thing becomes utterly absurd when you think that no matter what problems man
overcomes, it is unlikely that he will ever be able to travel even to the nearest star.

abundance [K'bVndKns] n. plenty; sufficiency If you travel in the

sea, you will see an abundance of marine creatures.
There was an abundance of corn last year.
abundant [K'bVndKnt] a. 1. 2.(in) There is abundant
firewood in the forest. Most of them have received formal education
in university, where they acquired abundant knowledge and experience, which are quite
essential to their future career.
Meanwhile milk had been accepted by the
masses, because of its abundant nutrition.
abuse [K'bju:s] n. 1. 2. 3. vt. [K'bju:z]1. 2.
3.insult; mistreat; victimizeIt's easy to abuse one's power.
They talked about how the uses and abuses of figures to prove things in politics.


academic [,<kK'demik] a.1. 2. 3. n. of
or concerning academy Professor Wang Lin used to an academic visitor of University of
Cambridge. It's a matter of academic concern. The question is purely
academic. The new academic year is coming.
accelerate [Kk'selKreit] v. () It is evident that it can relieve the traffic
congestion in the streets, thus accelerating the flow of buses and cars.

acceleration [Kk,selK'reiSn] n. speeding; hastening; quickening Our

country has always in acceleration of economic growth since the 1980s. 20 80

acceptable [Kk'septKbl] a.The solution to this problem is acceptable.

Do you think the proposal is acceptable?

access ['<kses] n. 1. 2. 3. vt.

approach; admittance; passageWealth in modern societies is distributed according
to opportunity; and while opportunity depends partly upon talent and energy, it depends
still more upon birth, social position, access to education and inherited wealth; in a word,
upon property.
He is a man of easy access.
Citizens may have free access to the library.
accessory [Kk'sesKri] n. 1. 2.[ pl.] 3.
assistant; associate; aid He was just an accessory of a robbery, but he was
sentenced to death. He asked me to buy him some
accessories for a car.
accidental [,<ksi'dentl] a. casual; random; unintentional; natural
As accidental as my life may be, or as that random humor is, which governs it, I know
nothing, after all, so real or substantial as myself.
Our meeting was quite accidental.


accommodate [K'kOmKdeit] vt. 1. 2....3.The bank is
accommodating its customers more than it used to. The
cottage could accommodate up to five people. 5 The computer has
the ability to accommodate to individual differences in learning speed, and so I am the one
who can control the pace of my lessons.

accommodation [K,kOmK'deiSn] n. [ pl.] settlement; convenience; lodging

I have no method to make accommodation to my quests. Hotel
accommodation was scarce during the Olympic Games. It's a
great accommodation to me. This hospital has accommodation for 200
patients.
accordance [K'kO:dKns] n. assent; correspondence; agreement
Man is a rational animal who always loses his temper when he is called upon to act in
accordance with the dictates of reason. I
sold the house in accordance with your orders.
accordingly [K'kO:diNli] ad. 1. 2. I have told you the
circumstances, so you must act accordingly.
accumulate [K'kju:mjuleit] vt. vi. enlarge; multiply; mass;
pile up; mount up Universities are full of knowledge; the freshmen bring a little in and
the seniors take none away, and knowledge accumulates.
By investing wisely she accumulated a
fortune. Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not
cleaned regularly.
accuracy ['<kjKrKsi] n.()I can predict something with great accuracy.
It is impossible to say with any accuracy how many are affected.

accurate ['<kjKrKt] a. 1. 2.His report of the event was accurate

in every detail.

accuse [K'kju:z] vt. charge; blame; incriminate He was accused of

incompetence. The company stands accused of failing to safeguard the
public. Several of the accused were found guilty.

accustomed [K'kVstKmd] a. 1.(to)... 2. get used to; in

the habit of There are no conditions to which a man cannot become accustomed,
especially if he sees that all those around him live in the same way.

acknowledge [Kk'nOlidZ] vt. 1....2. 3....

admit; agree; thank Any person, who copies Professor Wang Lins vocabulary
book illegally, will be forced to acknowledge his or her piracy and will be subject to
punishment . To whatever side your turn, you are forced to acknowledge your own
ignorance and the boundless power of the Creator.
She is acknowledged as the best tennis-player in the world.
I passed her in the street but she didn't even acknowledge me when I
smiled. ..
acquaintance [K'kweintKns] n. 1. 2.friend; familiarityI
look upon every day to be lost, in which I do not make a new acquaintance.
I have a slight acquaintance with Japanese. He is
my acquaintance.
acquire [K'kwaiK] vt. 1. 2. The collector has acquired a fine collection of
impressionist paintings. To be fair, the serious way of lecture
allows us to acquire much information in class.

acquisition [,<kwi'ziSn] n. 1. 2. obtainment;

winning; attainment Acquisition of knowledge is getting more and more convenient.
The library's latest acquisitions were donated by a millionaire.

activate ['<ktiveit] vt. stimulate; initiate; arouseThe newly

designed system is activated by a computer.

activity [<k'tiviti] n. 1. 2. There has been a lot of activity in the
town today. The center provides facilities for a whole range of leisure
activities.
acute [K'kju:t] a. 1. 2. 3. 4.sharp; intelligent;
discerning; intense Being an acute observer, he usually sees the essence of things at
the first sight. We agreed with his
acute analysis of the political situation. This area has an
acute shortage of water.
adapt [K'd<pt] vt. 1. 2. vi. (to) alter; adjust; conform;
changeThe reasonable man adapts himself to the world; the unreasonable one persists
in trying to adapt the world to himself.
This machine has been specially adapted for underwater use.
She adapted herself quickly to the new climate. This novel
has been adapted for radio from the Russian original.

adaptation [,<d<p'teiSn] n. I bought my son an adaptation for children of a play by

Shakespeare.
additional [K'diSKnl] a. supplementary; extra; further Never
be the last to leave a company going downhill, your personal market value declines each
additional day you stay.
He had to pay some additional charges.
adhere [Kd'hiK] vt. (to)1. 2. 3. devoted; conform; stick
Paste is used to make one surface adhere to another.
We should adhere to our opinions.
adjacent [K'dZeisnt] a. (to)beside; bordering; neighboringWe work in
the same company, but his office is not adjacent to mine.
His house is adjacent to mine.
adjoin [K'dZOin] vt. ...join; unite; neighborThe playing field adjoins the

school. Our house adjoins theirs.

adjust [K'dZVst] vt. 1. 2.... vi. (to) adapt; shape;
tailorThis kind of desk can be adjusted to the height you need.
He adjusted himself very quickly to the heat of the country.

administer [Kd'ministK] vt. 1.... 2. 3. The

courts administer the law. The priest administered the last rites.

administrate [Kd,mini'streit] v. ;
administration [Kd,mini'streiSn] n. 1. 2. 3.
management; execution Bad administration, to be sure, can destroy good policy;
but good administration can never save bad policy.
The company developed rapidly under his administration.

admission [Kd'miSn] n. 1. 2. 3. admittance;

access; reception Concession is no humiliation, nor admission of error any disgrace.
He gained admission into this university.
adolescent [,<dK'lesnt] n. a.
adopt [K'dOpt] vt. 1. 2. 3.take in; take upAs they
had no children of their own, they adopted an orphan.
adoption [K'dOpSn] n.He was pleased by the adoption of a little girl.

advisable [Kd'vaizKbl] a. suitable; recommendable; judicious

I am not in favor of long engagements. They give people the opportunity of finding out
each others character before marriage, which I think is never advisable.

advocate ['<dvKkKt] vt. n. 1. 2. uphold;

support; defend; promote; advance:This judge is a strong advocate of prison reform.
He advocates reducing military spending.

aerial ['EKriKl] a. 1. 2. n. He showed me

some aerial photographs.
aerospace ['EKrKuspeis] n.The aerospace industry in our country has
developed greatly after liberation.
aesthetic [i:s'Tetik] a. 1. 2. of or concerning beauty
affect [K'fekt] v. , The climate affected his health. He was
much affected by the sad news. He affected not to hear me.
In other aspects, computer affects peoples daily life and do harm to people.

affection [K'fekSn] n. attachment; passion; zeal; love We

should never judge those whom we love. The affection that is not blind is no affection at all.
Every mother has affection for her children.
He is held in affection.
affiliate [K'filieit] vt. n. associate; unite; combine
The hospital is affiliated to Beijing University.
affirm [K'fK:m] vt. 1. 2. I affirm that what he said is true.
They affirmed that the girl did quite a bit of reading.

affirmative [K'fK:mKtiv] adj. positive; asserting; agreeingHe gave an

affirmative reply to my question.
agenda [K'dZendK] n.
aggravate ['<grKveit] vt. 1. 2.worsen; intensify; increase
His absence from the conference aggravated the situation.
The lack of rain aggravated the already serious shortage of food.

aggressive [K'gresiv] a. 1. 2. active;

combative; enterprisingHe is an aggressive man. America has a lot of
aggressive weapons now. A successful businessman must be
aggressive.

agitate ['<dZiteit] vi. (for, against) vt. 1. 2. He became

quite agitated when he was asked about his criminal past.
He was agitated about his wife's health.
agony ['<gKni] n. suffering; pain; disturbance The fiercest
agonies have shortest reign. He was in an agony of remorse.
I've suffered agonies with toothache.
agreeable [K'gri:Kbl] a. 1. 2. pleasing; mild; fair
Animals are such agreeable friends they ask no questions, they pass no criticism.
She has an agreeable voice.
Are you agreeable to the proposal?
airline ['EKlain] n. [ pl.] He is an airline pilot. Mr. Wang is a
staff of France airline.
airmail ['EKmeil] n.
alert [K'lK:t] a. vt. 1.... 2. n. 1.
2.wide awake; observant; warningWith the exception of the
instinct of self-preservation, the propensity for emulation is probably the strongest and
most alert and persistent of the economic motives proper.
Although he's over eighty his
mind is still remarkably alert.
alien ['eiliKn] a. 1. 2. 3. n. 1. 2.
unknown; unusual; exotic; foreign Their ideas are quite alien to our ways of
thinking. After being away for so long, he feels like an
alien in his own country now.
allege [K'ledZ] vt. state; testify; affirm; declare The police alleged
that the man was murdered but they have given no proof.
So they alleged, but have they any proof?
alleviate [K'li:vieit] vt. make less or easier to bearThe doctor gave
her an injection to alleviate her pain.
alliance [K'laiKns] n. association; combination They made an alliance

against the common enemy.

allied [K'laid] a.
allocate ['<lKkeit] vt. ... assign; set apart; allot That space has
been allocated for a new hospital.
allowance [K'lauKns] n. The scholarship includes an allowance of 80
dollars for books. She failed one of the exam papers, but we
ought to make allowance for the fact that she was ill.

alloy ['<lOi] n. vt. ...Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.

alongside [K,lON'said] ad. prep. 1. ...... 2. ...

He is the master of the boat moored alongside. The car
drew up alongside the road.
alter ['O:ltK] vt.He altered one of the rooms into a bedroom.

alteration [,O:ltK'reiSn] n. My coat needs alteration.

There have been a few alterations to the timetable.
alternate ['O:ltKneit] a. 1. 2. v. Meetings are
held on alternate Thursdays. Sunny weather alternated
with rain. We alternate in doing the housework.
alternative [O:l'tK:nKtiv] a. 1. 2. n. 1.
2. choice; option; substitute The more
alternative, the more difficult the choice. We have no alternative,
but to do it. Please find alternative means of transport.

altitude ['<ltitju:d] n. 1. 2.[pl.] 3. The airliner flew at an

altitude of 20,000ft. In these altitudes snow never melts.
At this altitude you often get strong winds.
aluminum [,<lju:'miniKm] n. (aluminium)Aluminum is a kind of light silvery metal.

She put some noodles in the aluminum saucepan.

amateur ['<mKtK] n. 1. 2. a. 1.
2. beginner; learner; freshman The tournament is open to
amateurs as well as professionals.
He is an amateur photographer.
amaze [K'meiz] vt. astonish; perplex; surprise; confuseHe amazed
me by his audacity. I was amazed to find her there.
What an amazing painting! ! It was amazing that he knew nothing
about the event.
ambassador [<m'b<sKdK] n. He was appointed
ambassador to the United States.
ambiguous [<m'bigjuKs] a. vague; obscure;
equivocalLife in business is made up of ambiguous victories and nebulous defeats
claims them all as victories.
ambition [<m'biSn] n. 1. 2. vigor; spirit; drive; passion
All ambitions are lawful except those which climb upward on the miseries or credulities
of mankind. In his youth he
had the ambition of being a pianist.
ambulance ['<mbjulKns] n.
amend [K'mend] vt. n. [pl.] revise; improve; mend; correct
The Parliament has decided to amend some legislation. The judge
advised him to amend his way of living. They decided to amend the
bill.
ampere ['<mpEK] n.
ample ['<mpl] a. 1. 2.We have ample time. The
house has an ample parlor.
amplify ['<mplifai] vt. 1. 2. increase; expand;
magnify; exaggerateThe influences of this incident were amplified.

amuse [K'mju:z] vt. 1. 2.... The boys amuse themselves

by drawing caricatures of their teacher.
analogue ['<nKlOg] n. (analog)
analogy [K'n<lKdZi] n. similarity; resemblance; comparison The
teacher drew an analogy between the human heart and a pump.

analytical [,<nK'litikl] a. logical; penetrating; well-organized Why

not try the analytical reasoning?
ancestor ['<nsestK] n. 1. 2. forefather; founder; forebear It is
indeed a desirable thing to be well descended, but the glory belongs to our ancestors.
He is sprung from noble ancestors.
anchor ['<NkK] n. 1. 2.vt. 1.2.... 3.
vi. 1. 2. Hope is his only anchor.
The ship was anchored off the shore. He anchored his hope in his
friend's help.
angle ['<Ngl] n. 1. 2. vt. 1.... 2.
Try looking at the affair from a different angle.
anniversary [,<ni'vK:sKri] n. holiday; yearly; ceremony How did you
celebrate your wedding anniversary? He gave me a necklace
as an anniversary gift.
announcer [K'naunsK] n. She is an announcer in TV broadcast.

annoy [K'nOi] vt.A fly kept annoying me. I was annoyed

at his intrusion.
annual ['<njuKl] a. n. 1. 2. How
much is his annual salary? Many garden plants are annuals.

anonymous [K'nOnimKs] a. 1. 2. 3.
nameless; unknown; undesignatedI received an anonymous letter the other day.


Antarctic [<n'tA:ktik] a. n.
antenna [<n'tenK] n. 1. 2. You should fix the television antenna before
receiving programs.
anticipate [<n'tisipeit] vt.1. 2.... look forward to
What we anticipate seldom occurs; what we least expected generally happens.
We anticipate that we will meet a certain amount of
resistance to our plan. In business, you've got to
anticipate how your competitors will act.
anxiety [<N'zaiKti] n. 1. 2.concern; care; troubleWe waited for
news with a growing sense of anxiety. The doctor's report
removed all their anxieties. The anxieties of the past week
had left her exhausted.
anyhow ['enihau] ad. 1. 2. 3.
I couldn't think of the name of that man anyhow.

anyway ['eniwei] ad. 1. 2. The

house was locked and I cannot get in anyway.
apartment [K'pA:tmKnt] n. He lives in this apartment building.

apparatus [,<pK'reitKs] n. 1. 2.appliances; device; equipment

The astronauts have special breathing apparatus.
apparent [K'p<rKnt] a. 1. 2. evident;
clear; perceptible; manifest Silence in company affords wisdom and apparent
intelligence to a stupid person. It was
apparent to all that he was guilty.
appeal [K'pi:l] n. 1. 2. 3. v. 1. 2.
3. 4.(t0) vt. ... ... ? He was
appealing for funds to build a new school. His lawyer decided to

take an appeal to a higher court.

appendix [K'pendiks] n. 1. 2. This dictionary has several appendices.
The doctor said the appendix is not important for us.

appetite ['<pitait] n. 1. 2. thirst; desire; longing The long walk gave

him a good appetite. She is suffering from lack of appetite.

applaud [K'plO:d] vi. vt. 1....... 2. cheer; praise; clap

Man often applauds an imitation, and hiss the real thing.
We all applaud you for your decision. He was loudly applauded.

appliance [K'plaiKns] n. instrument; device; machinery A modern

family cannot do without electrical appliances. There are many
household appliances in this shop.
applicable [K'plikKbl] a. 1. 2.
appraisal [K'preizl] n. assessment; evaluation; estimate After
careful discussion experts gave an appraisal of the ancient vase $60,000.
6
appreciable [K'pri:SKbl] a. considerable; recognizable; evident
There will be an appreciable increase of our salaries.
appreciate [K'pri:Sieit] vt. 1. 2.... 3. vi.
I really appreciate his complete absorption in his work. We
appreciate your helping us.
apprehension [,<pri'henSn] n. anxiety; alarm; uneasiness He lived in
complete apprehension the last year. We waited for their decision
with a great deal of apprehension.
appropriate [K'prKupriKt] a. vt. 1. 2.
suitable; befitting; fitting

Extreme remedies are very appropriate for extreme

diseases. The government has appropriated a large sum of

money for building hospitals. The minister was found to have

appropriated government money.
approval [K'pru:vKl] n. 1. 2.consent; support; permissionI hope
the arrangements meet with your approval. We can't start
building without the council's approval.
approximately [K'prOksimKtli] ad. roughly; practically; nearly The total
number of death in this crash approximately mounts to 5,000.
5000 The plane will be taking off in approximately five minutes.
apt [<pt] a. 1. 2. 3. intelligent;
inclined; appropriate This shoe is apt to slip. Iron is apt to rust.
He is a very apt student. It's apt to rain this afternoon.

arbitrary ['A:bitrKri] n. 1. 2. willful; at random;

inconsistent The choice of players for the team seems completely arbitrary.
Most presidents in this African country are arbitrary rulers.

architect ['A:kitekt] n. Everyone is the architect of his own

fortune.
arctic ['A:ktik] a. n. We can't stand this arctic weather.

arise [K'raiz] vi. 1. 2.(from)( ...) ( ...) 3. An

opportunity has arisen. Accidents often arise from carelessness.

arithmetic [K'riTmKtik] n. The little boy was not good at arithmetic.

arouse [K'rauz] vt. 1. 2.His sufferings aroused our sympathy.

Diana aroused them just before dawn.
array [K'rei] n. 1. 2. 3. 4. vt. 1.
2. Banners are arrayed on the wall. People are all in

holiday array.
articulate [A:'tikjulKt] a. 1. 2. vt. 1. 2.
well-spoken; fluent; lucid It seems that he is a very
articulate person. She's unusually articulate for a ten-year-old.
I'm a little deaf, please articulate your words
carefully.
ascend [K'send] vi. vt. rise; climb; mountWe watched the
mists ascending from the valley below.
ascertain [,<sK'tein] vt. find out; determine; discover I ascertain
that he was murdered. The detective was trying to ascertain exactly
who was at the party.
ash [<S] n. 1. 2.[pl.] Don't drop cigarette ash on the carpet.

ashore [K'SO:] ad. He managed to swim ashore. They

have been ashore for two hours.
aside [K'said] ad. The decision was set aside.
assemble [K'sembl] vi. vt. 1. 2. The students assembled
in the school garden.
assembly [K'sembli] n. 1. 2. 3. gathering;
association; conference In most communities it is illegal to cry fire in a crowded.
People have the rights of assembly and
expression.
assert [K'sK:t] vt. 1. 2. affirm; declare; maintain We
encouraged him to assert his view of the matter. She
asserted that he was innocent.
assignment [K'sainmKnt] n. 1. 2.He finished the
assignment completely. He is the best man who can finish the
assignment.
assimilate [K'simKleit] vt. 1. 2. vi. 1. 2. absorb;

digest; understandThe USA has assimilated people from many different countries.
Children in school are expected to assimilate what they have
been taught. Some foods are assimilated more easily
than others.
associate [K'sKuSieit] vt. 1.... 2. vi. (with)
n. a. relate; link; combine Do not tell me of the people
you associate with; let me observe it by your manners.
She associated happiness with having money. I don't
want to associate myself with them any more.
assume [K'sju:m] vt. 1. 2. 3. I assumed
you can speak French fluently. I made a mistake and I will assume
responsibility for it. The problem has assumed a new form.

assumption [K'sVmpSn] n. 1. 2. supposition; suspicion; accepting

The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.
Their assumptions of an air of confidence fooled nobody.

assurance [K'SuKrKns] n. 1. 2. ( ) 3.( )
promise; confidence; reassurance

Progress is the activity of today, and the

assurance of tomorrow. They were waiting with assurance

for me to discover the truth for myself.
astonish [K'stOniS] vt. shock; amaze; astound She astonished me with her
beautiful handwriting. I was astonished at the news of his
escape. The car rushed at the bridge at astonishing speed.

astronomy [K'strOnKmi] n. Astronomy is the scientific study of the sun, moon,

and stars and other heaven bodies.
athlete ['<Tli:t] n. sportsman; challenger; contestantMost first-class
footballers are natural athletes. Most first-class

footballers are natural athletes. She looks like an

athlete.
atmospheric [,<tmKs'ferik] a. What's the atmospheric pressure today?
The music is very atmospheric.
attach [K't<tS] vt. 1. 2. 3. 4.
connect; affiliate; fix onWe cannot all be great, but we can always attach ourselves
to something that is great.
This middle school is attached to a teachers' college.
attain [K'tein] vt. achieve; accomplish; succeed The true value of a
human being is determined primarily by the measure and the sense in which he has
attained liberation from the Self.
The country attained its independence in 1972. 1972
attendance [K'tendKns] n. 1. 2. 3. Attendance at
school is demanded by law. He didn't have perfect attendance this
year.
attendant [K'tendKnt] n. a. The president gave
the Prince and his attendants a farewell banquet.
attentive [K'tentiv] a.watchful; alert; intent; observant You should
be attentive to what your parents have said. He is attentive to
his little brother.
attitude ['<titju:d] n. 1. 2. We must maintain a firm attitude.
They sat around in easy attitude.
attribute ['<tribju:t] vt. (to)... n. assign; apply
to; characteristic I attribute the little I know to my not having been ashamed to ask for
information, and to my rule of conversing with all descriptions of men on those topics that
form their own peculiar professions and pursuits.
Politeness is an attribute
of a gentleman. The sword is an attribute of a fighter.
augment [O:g'ment] vt. magnify; intensify; amplify The output of

last month has been considerably augment. He augments his

income by teaching in the evenings.
aural ['O:rKl] a. You can use these tapes as aural material.

auto ['O:tKu] n. The auto industry has brought many people to Detroit.

automatic [,O:tK'm<tik] a. 1. 2. 3. n.
self-starting; self-regulatingAll the machines in this factory
are automatic. This heating system has an automatic
temperature control. We get an automatic increase in
pay every year.
auxiliary [O:g'ziliKri] a. 1. 2. helper; assistant; accessory
She is an auxiliary nurse. We have an auxiliary generator in case of
power cuts.
avail [K'veil] n. [ ] v. ();();()
help; benefit; aid We should avail us of every opportunity to achieve the desired
results. Such a statement will not avail.
This medicine is of no avail.
avert [K'vK:t] vt. 1. 2. turn away; avoid; look away
Preparedness averts peril. He managed to avert suspicion. She
averted her eyes from the terrible sight.
aviation [,eivi'eiSn] n. 1. 2. He devoted all his life to China's
aviation.
aware [K'wEK] a. We are fully aware of the gravity of the situation.
Are you aware that you are sitting on my hat?

awfully ['O:fli] ad.

awkward ['O:kwKd] a. 1. 2. 3. clumsy;
embarrassing; inconvenient No manners are finer than even the most awkward

manifestations of good will to others.

At the formal party I felt very awkward and out of place.
The heavy ax was awkward to use.
axis ['<ksis] n. 1. 2. Does the earth rotate on an axis?

B
bachelor ['b<tSKlK] n. 1. 2. He is still a bachelor.
I have a bachelor degree.
background ['b<kgraund] n. 1. 2. 3. He has a
working-class background. He stayed in the background to escape from
the public attention.
backward ['b<kwKd] a. 1. 2. ad. [-(s)] 1. 2.
Although he is clever, he is backward in giving his views.
He looked backward over his shoulder.
bacon ['beikKn] n.
bacterium [b<k'tiKriKm] n. pl. bacteria [b<k'tiKriK] Many diseases are caused
by bacteria.
badge [b<dZ] n. 1. 2. 3. marker; symbol; identification He
was awarded a merit badge for his bravery in the battle.
Chains are a badge of slavery.
badminton ['b<dmintKn] n. I like to play badminton in my spare time.

bakery ['beikKri] n.
bald [bO:ld] a. 1. 2. 3. hairless;
smooth; naked Time is painted with a lock before, and bald behind, signifying thereby
that we must take time by the forelock, for when it is once passed there is no recalling it.

He took off the hat and revealed his bald head. We

planted some trees on the bald hill.

balloon [bK'lu:n] n. There are some color balloons.

ban [b<n] vt. 1. 2.(from) n. prohibit; forbid Any electronic
devices should be banned during takeoff and landing.
There is a ban on smoking in the theatre. The government has banned
the use of chemical weapons. With a computer, children can work
out problems quickly but what they have learned is just typing skills not mathematics skills,
so I think computer should be banned in class.

banana [bK'nA:nK] n. The banana is her favorite fruit.

bandage ['b<ndidZ] n. vt. The wound was bound up by bandage.

bankrupt ['b<NkrVpt] a. 1. 2. vt. n.

failed; broke; ruined

A beggar can never be bankrupt. I was

bankrupt and unable to pay his debts.

banner ['b<nK] n. 1. 2.The patriots fought under the banner of freedom.

barber ['bA:bK] n. I had my hair cut at the barber's yesterday.

barrel ['b<rKl] n. 1. 2. vi. He bought a barrel of beer.

barrier ['b<riK] n. 1. 2. 3. bar; obstacle; obstruction

There must be no barriers to freedom of inquiry. There is no place for dogma is science.
The horse took the barrier easily.
Heavy duties on imports and exports are a barrier to international trade.

baseball ['beisbO:l] n. Baseball is the national game of the USA.

basement ['beismKnt] n.
bat [b<t] n. 1. 2. v. ()(); ,Bats fly at night

and feed on insects. I want to buy a new tennis bat.

The cat batted the balloon with its paws. He batted the idea
around in his head.
battery ['b<tKri] n. 1.2. 3. Most torches
work on two batteries.
beforehand [bi'fO:h<nd] ad. He arrived at the meeting place beforehand.

behalf [bi'hA:f] n. interest; benefit; sake Eyes are the spokesmen on

behalf of love. On behalf of my colleagues and myself I thank you.

behave [bi'heiv] vi. 1. 2. vt. (oneself)

How is your new car behaving?
belief [bi'li:f] n. 1. 2.He has lost his belief in God.
beneficial [,beni'fiSl] a. useful; helpful; advantageous Happiness is
beneficial for the body, but it is grief that develops the powers of the mind.
Fresh air is beneficial to our health. It's a
beneficial result to us.
bet [bet] vt. 1....... 2. vi. n. 1. 2. Let's make a
bet on the next election. I bet it will rain tomorrow.

betray [bi'trei] vt. 1. 2., 3.()4.(), reveal;

uncover; disclose When we fail our pride supports us, when we succeed, it betrays us.
He betrayed his country.
The smoke from cooking betrayed the presence of the enemy.
beware [bi'wEK] v. be aware of; notice Beware of the fury of a patient
man. Beware of what you do with this dangerous substance.

bewilder [bi'wildK] vt. confound; puzzle; confuse I am totally

bewildered by the clues to the crossword puzzle. Big city

traffic bewilders me.

bias ['baiKs] n. vt. bent; preference; prejudice Our
university has a bias in favor of the sciences. He has a bias against
Japanese products. Her scientific bias showed itself in early childhood.

biography [bai'OgrKfi] n. He likes to read biographies of great men to promote

himself.
biology [bai'OlKdZi] n. We have a biology lesson tomorrow.
blank [bl<Nk] a. 1. 2. n.1.2.Many blank
spaces are still left in the suburbs. His memory was completely blank on
the subject. Write your name in the blank.

blast [blA:st] n. 1. 2.vt. roar; boom; bang

In one sense freedom is always in crisis, just as beauty as, and honor and truth all
those things which man has made for himself as a garment against the ever-present blasts
of the barbarian spirit.
A trumpeter sent out a warning
blast. Rock music blasted full from the parlor.
bleak [bli:k] a. 1. 2. 3.barren; desolate; dreary The
situation depicted by the author at the beginning of the passage is rather bleak.
The weather in early December was bleak and unpleasant.
The future of this firm will be very bleak indeed if we keep losing
money.
bleed [bli:d] vi. vt. ...All the young soldiers are ready to bleed for the
country.
blend [blend] v. n.1. 2. combine; mix; compound
Those cottages blend well with the landscape. The poem
blends the separate ingredients into a unity.
bloody ['blVdi] a. 1.[] 2. 3.

ad. [] vt. Hundreds of soldiers died in this bloody

battle.
blunder ['blVndK] n. vi. 1. 2.
stupid mistake; error; lapse Is man one of Gods blunder or is God one of mans
blunders? I've made an awful blunder.
The police blundered badly by arresting the wrong man.

blush [blVS] vi. /n. She blushed when he scolded her. The
student murmured the answer with a blush.
boiler ['bOilK] n. I happened to meet him in the boiler room.

bolt [bKult] n. 1. 2. vt. vi. We need an eye

bolt to fit this valve. The frightened boy bolted all the
doors and windows.
bond [bOnd] n. 1. 2. 3. 4. v.
attachment; tie; unionAn honest mans word is as good as his bond.
Common tastes form a bond between the two men.

bonus ['bKunKs] n. 1. 2.
boom [bu:m] n. 1. 2., v. 1.
2.roar; increase; swellBusiness is booming.
The oil market is enjoying a boom. It's a boom year this year.

booth [bu:D] n. 1. 2. There is a telephone

booth near the cinema.
bough [bau] n. The bough was loaded with fruit.
bounce [bauns] vi. n. The ball hit the wall
and bounced off it. I bounced the baby on my knee.

boycott ['bOikOt] vt./n. avoid; strike; resist Athletes from

several countries boycotted this Olympic Games.
brace [breis] vt. 1. 2. 3. n. support; uphold;
encourage The struts are firmly braced. The struts are firmly braced.

bracket ['br<kit] n. 1. 2. 3. vt. 1.... 2.

...Put your name in brackets at the top of each page.
The worker fixed a bracket on the wall.
brand [br<nd] n. vt. 1. 2.
He has his own brand of humor.

These frightful experiences are

branded on his memory.

breed [bri:d] n. vi. vt. 1. 2. 3. class;
race; produce; propagate Familiarity breeds contempt. I had bred a dozen
of chickens. 12
breeze [bri:z] n. vi. We are enjoying the cool breeze that comes from
the lake. She breezed along, smiling at everyone.
He ran for president and breezed in.
He breezed through the task.
brilliant ['briliKnt] a. 1. 2. bright; splendid; shining My
most brilliant achievement was my ability to be able to persuade my wife to marry me.
Stars are brilliant in the clear night sky.

brim [brim] n. 1. 2. vi. border; verge; boundary; margin

If you cannot inspire a woman with love of you, full her above the brim with love of
herself; all that runs over will be yours.
He filled the cup to the brim. He brimmed a cup
with wine.
brisk [brisk] a. 1. 2. 3. quick; lively;
activeHis brisk walking aroused our curiosity. A brisk walk

in cool weather is invigorating.

brittle ['britl] a. 1. 2. 3. 4.
breakable; fragile; crisp Glasses and lasses are brittle ware.
He has a brittle temper. Constant stress has made our nerves brittle.

brochure ['brKuSK] n. ,
brutal ['bru:tl] a. 1. 2. pitiless; harsh;
unmerciful A brutal murderer killed ten people. Many a rich
businessman reached the top by trampling on others in the most brutal way.

bubble ['bVbl] n. vi. well; boil; foam; erupt Truth is tough.

It will not break, like a bubble, at a touch; you may kick it about all day like a football, and
it will be round the full at evening.
One generation blows bubbles, and the next breaks
them. The gas bubbled to the surface of the
water. He bubbled questions.
budget ['bVdZit] n. vi. (for) vt. a.
expenditure; expenses; accounts The only good budget is a balanced budget.
The Chancellor of the Exchequer is expected to announce tax cuts in
this year's budget. A family on a budget can't
afford meat every day. With the limited budget, the
government is unable to invest much money in education.

buffet ['bVfit] n. 1. 2. vt.

We had a buffet supper last evening. The ship buffeted
through the big waves.
bug [bVg] n. 1. 2. 3. vt. 1. 2....
The police tested the room for bugs. Our test flight was to
discover the bugs in the new plane.

bulb [bVlb] n. Onions and lilies grow from bulbs.

bulk [bVlk] n. 1.(), (), () 2., 3.(), () vi.

vt. mass; quantity; extentI do not have a high opinion of
the bulk of mankind. I feel that the irrational forces in mans nature are so strong that the
rational forces have little chance of success against them.
Do they charge carriage
by bulk? The cake bulked up.
bull [bul] n. 1. 2. He
likes to throw the bull.
bulletin ['bulKtin] n. 1. 2. 3.
notice; release; announcement The medical association
publishes a bulletin each mouth. He posted a bulletin on the
board.
bump [bVmp] vi. 1.(against, into) 2. n. 1. 2. 3.
knock; bang; collide; crashHe who hesitates gets bumped from the rear.
I've bumped my knee on the wall. We bumped up and
down along the gravel path. He fell down with a bump.
She got a bump on her head.
bundle ['bVndl] n. vt. ... He sold a bundle of old magazines
to the second hand bookstore.
bureau ['bjuKrKu] n. He worked in a travel bureau.
bypass ['baipA:s] n. 1. 2. vt. 1.... 2.
...side routeIf we take the bypass, we will avoid the town center.

by-product ['bai,prOdKt] n.; ()

C
cabbage ['k<bidZ] n. I like to cook dishes with cabbage.

cabinet ['k<binKt] n. 1. 2.The question was discussed in cabinet.

cable ['keibl] n. 1. 2. 3. vt. ... A number of

cables are needed in this project. She cabled the good news about her
arrival in Chicago.
cafeteria [,k<fK'tiKriK] n.
calculate ['k<lkjuleit] vt. 1. 2. 3. The government has to
calculate the likely effects on revenues of a big drop in the oil price.
The scientists calculated when the spacecraft would reach
the moon. The new regulations are deliberately
calculated to make cheating impossible.
calendar ['k<lindK] n. timetable; schedule; diary; list Life is not dated
merely by years. Events are sometimes the best calendars.
He put the desk calendar on the shelf.
camel ['k<mKl] n. The merchant decided to use camels to carry his goods across
the desert.
canal [kK'n<l] n. Many oceangoing ships are sailing on the canal.

candidate ['k<ndidKt] n. 1. 2. 3. There are three candidates for

the vacancy.
cannon ['k<nKn] n.
canoe [kK'nu:] n. vi. We crossed the lake in a canoe.

canteen [k<n'ti:n] n. () ,
canvas ['k<nvKs] n. 1. 2.a coarse cloth; tentingLove is a
canvas furnished by nature and embroidered by imagination.
The artist showed me his canvases.
capacity [kK'p<siti] n. 1. 2. 3.The lift has a capacity of 15
persons. 15

capitalism ['k<pitKlizKm] n.
capsule ['k<psju:l] n. 1. 2. The capsule is filled with small
soluble cases. This capsule is used for animals.

captive ['k<ptiv] a. n. restrained; bound; restricted You are

not free until you have been made captive by supreme.
She was held captive for almost a month. He remained a captive to
her beauty.
carbon ['kA:bKn] n. The stick of carbon is often used in an electric arc lamp.
I make a carbon copy of my documents.
career [kK'riK] n. His early career was not a great success.

carrier ['k<riK] n. 1. 2. 3. He used to be a mail

carrier.
cartoon [kA:'tu:n] n. 1. 2.joke; ridicule; satireChildren usually like
cartoons.
cassette [kK'set] n. He bought a new cassette recorder.

casual ['k<ZuKl] a. 1. 2. 3. 4.
accidental; spontaneous; irregular As casual sheer reading-matter, I still find the
English dictionary the most interesting books in our language.
She is casual about winning the prize.
A casual newspaper reader wouldn't like articles on politics everyday.

casualty ['k<ZuKlti] n. 1. 2.
catalog ['k<tKlO:g] n. 1.2. vt. ... You
can look for the book in the library catalog. Can you
catalog all these books?
category ['k<tigKri] n.

caution ['kO:Sn] n. 1. 2. vt. ... heed; attention;

warning Of all forms of caution, caution in love is perhaps most fatal to true happiness.
He told us to proceed with
caution. I must caution you against the danger.
cautious ['kO:SKs] a. He is cautious in his choice of words.
She is cautious of telling secrets.
cellar ['selK] n. 1. 2. The plumber went down to the cellar to fix the
leaky pipe.
cement [si'ment] n. 1. 2. vt. 1. 2. The floor has been
cemented over. Our object is to further cement trade relations.

census ['sensKs] n. official counting of all the people The population

of China is nearly 1.3 billion according to the latest census.
13 The census is taken one time every four years in our country.

centigrade ['sentigreid] a.
centimetre ['senti,mi:tK] n. The boy is 150 centimetres tall. 150
He is 5 centimetres taller than her. 5
certainty ['sK:tnti] n. 1. 2. I can't say with any certainty
where I shall be next week. We have no certainty of success.

challenge ['tS<lKndZ] n. 1. 2. 3. vt. 1. 2....

3.......defy; question; claimIf scientific discovery has not been an
unalloyed blessing, if it has conferred on mankind the power not only to create but also to
annihilate, it has at the same time provided humanity with a supreme challenge and a
supreme testing.
This career offers a challenge.
They had challenged and beaten the best team in the world.
Friends allow us to savor our success and our joys, comfort us in our challenging

moments, and provide a mirror for us to learn more about ourselves.

Many professors
encourage students to question and challenge their ideas.

channel ['tS<nl] n. 1. 2.[ pl.] 3. 4.Ships must follow

the channel into the port.
chaos ['keiOs] n. confusion; disorder; discord The burglar left the house
in chaos. After the failure of the electricity supplies the city was in
chaos.
characteristic [,k<rKktK'ristik] a. n. Sympathy is the feeling
characteristic of mankind. Ambition is a characteristic of all
successful businessmen.
characterize ['k<rKktKraiz] vt. 1. ... ... 2.
designate; define; describe The rolling hills characterized this part of England.
Your work is characterized by lack of attention to details.
He may be characterized as a man of hobbies.

charity ['tS<riti] n. 1. 2.[ pl.] 3. kindness;

tolerance; compassion A bone to the dog is not charity. Charity is the bone shared with
the dog, when you are just as hungry as the dog.
She regards his moral faults with charity. She was
always very generous in her charity.
chart [tSA:t] n. 1. 2. vt. Can you read the
weather chart? The pilot charted the plane's course.

charter ['tSA:tK] n. 1. 2. 3.(), vt.

a. hiring of a bus (or ship)The company chartered 10 cars
for the celebration of it foundation. 10 The holidaymakers chartered a boat to go fishing. The company was granted a

charter trade in the occupied territory.

chemical ['kemikl] a. n. My major is the subject of chemical engineering.
We are doing a chemical experiment.
chemist ['kemist] n. 1. 2. I bought aspirin at the chemist's on the
corner. The famous chemist won the Nobel Prize.

cherish ['tSeriS] vt. 1. 2. 3. value;

esteem; love People who dont cherish their elderly have forgotten where they came
and where they go. One of our cherished
privileges is the right of free speech. Never cherish a
serpent in your bosom.
chestnut ['tSesnVt] n.These chestnuts are of bright reddish-brown.

chew [tSu:] v. & n. You must chew your food well before you swallow it.
I'll think about it while I have a chew.
childish ['tSaildiS] a. The little girl spoke in a high childish voice.

chill [tSil] vt. 1. 2. The night air chilled his

bones. The sight sent a chill to her heart. There
was a chill in the air this morning.
chin [tSin] n. He was so fat that he had a double chin.
choke [tSKuk] v. 1. 2.smother; gasp; drown An old woman
was found choked to death. She choked with emotion.

chorus ['kO:rKs] n. 1. 2. 3. 4.vt.

The papers all chorused the praises of the President.

chronic ['krOnik] a. 1.() 2. 3. persistent;

constant; habitual The country has a chronic unemployment problem.

My brother has chronic bronchitis. There is a chronic

unemployment problem in America.
circuit ['sK:kit] n. 1. 2. The rocket did one circuit of the earth and
returned to base.
circular ['sK:kjulK] a. 1. 2. n. The full moon has
a circular form. Stop giving me circular explanations and tell me what really
happened.
circulate ['sK:kjuleit] v. 1. 2.Blood circulates
through the body. The news of her death circulated quickly.
Please open a window to allow the air to circulate.
circumference [sK:'kVmfKrKns] n. The circumference of the earth is
almost 25,000 miles.
circus ['sK:kKs] n. 1. 2. 3. The children are trying to
persuade their mother to allow them to go to the circus.
cite [sait] vt. 1. 2. 3. summon; quote; mention The
devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. He was cited for
contempt of court. It's no use citing the Bible to somebody who
doesn't believe in God. The soldier was cited by the king
for his bravery.
civil ['sivKl] a. 1. 2. 3. 4.
Man is a civil creature. It was a civil case so there was no question of
him being sent to prison.
civilian [si'viliKn] n. People are indignant by their shooting of innocent
civilians.
civilize ['sivilaiz] vt. Many a rough man has been civilized by his wife.

clap [kl<p] vi. vt. n. He gave me a clap on the back and

invited me for a drink. She clapped her hands in delight.

clarity ['kl<rKti] n.
clash [kl<S] vi. 1. 2. 3. n.1. 2. 3.
collision; encounter; impact; conflictHate is always a clash between
our spirit and someone elses body. A border clash
between the two armies started the war. The enemy armies
clashed near the border. The color of the curtains clashed with the
color of the carpet. She clashed the pan down on the stone
floor.
classical ['kl<sikl] a. I prefer classical music to pop music.
Classical scientific ideas about light were changed by Einstein.
He is regarded as one of the classical composers in this century.

classification [,kl<sifi'keiSn] n. 1. 2. arrangement; ordering; order

Which classification does this book belong to?
classify ['kl<sifai] vt. ... ... The books in the library are classified by
subject. Would you classify her novels as serious literature or
other? ?
claw [klO:] n. v. A hen's claw has three toes.
Cats have sharp claws. The editor got his claws into the opposition in a
vicious editorial. Anxiety clawed him.

client ['klaiKnt] n. If a lawyer has plenty of clients, he grows rich.

cliff [klif] n. The man committed suicide by jumping off the cliff.

climate ['klaimKt] n. 1. 2. weather; atmosphere In a happy

marriage, it is the wife who provides the climate, the husband the landscape.
Britain has a temperate climate.
climax ['klaim<ks] n. The climax of the celebration

was a firework display. The music approached a climax.

cling ['kliN] ?;? (to) adhere; stick; hold fastThe rich who are
unhappy are worse off than the poor who are unhappy; for the poor, at least, cling to the
hopeful illusion that more money would solve their problems but the rich know better.

clip [klip] n. 1.(), , 2., 3., 4., () vt. 1.(

), 2., 3., The bus driver clipped our tickets to show we
had used them. We clipped our visit by a
week. She wore a diamond clip on her new dress.

clockwise ['klOkwaiz] ad.& a.

clue [klu:] n. sign; proof; evidenceAppearances are not held to be a clue
to the truth.
clumsy ['klVmzi] a. 1. 2. inexpert; awkward; unskillful
A clumsy artist is always wearing others glasses. It's not
easy walking in these clumsy shoes.
cluster ['klVstK] n. 1. 2. vi. vt.
You can see stars in clusters in the night sky. The men
clustered together round the fire and sang songs.
coarse [kO:s] a. 1. 2. 3. rough; crude; unrefined His coarse
manners shocked everyone.
code [kKud] n. 1. 2. vt. ... I can break the code of this box.
The Highway Code has been carried.
coherent [kK'hiKrKnt] a. 1. 2. consistent; compatible;
cooperativeThe sentences in a paragraph should be coherent.

coil [kOil] n. 1. 2. v. He passed me a coil of thread.

She coiled her hair at the back of her head. The snake coiled
itself around the tree.
coincide [,kKuin'said] vi. 1. 2. 3.
coincidence [kKu'insidKns] n. 1. 2. agreement;
incident; chanceWe are in coincidence in habits. What a coincidence!
! By coincidence, we arrived here at the same time.
collaborate [kK'l<bKreit] vi.
collective [kK'lektiv] a. n. massed; cooperative; gathering
Patriotism is a lively sense of collective responsibility. In
a system of collective bargaining, the workers as a group negotiate with the managers of
the company.
collide [kK'laid] vi. 1. 2.
collision [kK'liZn] n. 1. 2.impact; conflict; encounter Football is not a
contact sport. It is a collision sport. Dancing is a good example of a contact sport.
The liner is reported to have been in collision
with an oil tanker. Five persons died during the collision
between two buses. 5
colonel ['kK:nl] n. The colonel ordered their soldiers to gather on the deck.

colonial [kK'lKuniKl] a. The new house he bought was colonial architecture.

combat ['kOmb<t] n. vt. ... ... battle; warfare; fight

Virtue is a state of war, and to live in it we have always to combat with ourselves.
The ship is combating the wind and
waves. He is an expert in unarmed combat.
comedy ['kOmKdi] n. 1. 2. drama; entertainment; sensation
Comedy, we may say, is society protecting itself. He
prefers comedies to tragedies. There is not much comedy in
modern war.

commemorate [kK'memKreit] vt. honor; celebrateWe commemorate the

founding of our nation with a public holiday. Christmas
commemorates the birth of Christ. A monument was built to
commemorate the victory.
commence [kK'mens] v. start; originate; begin; enter upon When a couple of
young people strongly devoted to each other, commence to eat onions, it is safe to
pronounce them engaged. The
second term commences in March.
commend [kK'mend] vt. 1. 2.praise; entrust; promote; laudHis work
was highly commended. Approve not of him who commends all you say.

comment ['kOment] n. 1. 2. vt. He made several favorable

comments about their candidate. The minister refused
to comment on the rumors of his resignation.
commercial [kK'mK:Sl] a. 1. 2. n. New York is a
big commercial city.
commission [kK'miSn] n. 1. 2. 3. vt. commitment;
authorization; duty Advertising agency, eighty-five percent confusion and fifteen
percent commission. He has secured
two commissions to design buildings for a local authority.

commit [kK'mit] vt. 1.2.(oneself) 3.(to)

...... 4....She committed herself to philanthropy.
The girl was committed to the care of an aunt. He would
not commit himself in any way.
commonplace ['kOmKnpleis] a. n. usual;
conventional; common He is not at all exceptional; in fact, hes really rather
commonplace.
commonsense ['kOmKn'sens] n.

commonwealth ['kOmKnwelT] n. 1.[the C-] 2.

communicate [kK'mju:nikeit] vi. 1. 2. vt. 1. 2.He
has communicated his wishes to me. I can't communicate with
them; the radio doesn't work. The door communicates with my
room. As soon as a child becomes old enough to communicate with
other children, he begins having friends, who sometimes influence him more rapidly than
families do.
communication [kK,mju:ni'keiSn] n. 1. 2.[pl.]
I am in communication with him on this subject. Radio and
television are important means of communication.
commute [kK'mju:t] vi. vt. 1.2.
n.
compact ['kOmp<kt] a. 1. 2. vt. ... n.
compressed; impenetrableStamp the soil down so that it compacts.
He received a compact package.
comparable ['kOmpKrKbl] a. (with, to)1. 2.corresponding; alike;
equivalentThe quality of the commodity in this store is comparable to that in the other
stores. A comparable car would cost far more
abroad. His handwriting is not bad, but it's hardly comparable with
yours.
comparative [kKm'p<rKtiv] a. He majored in comparative literature.

compartment [kKm'pA:tmKnt] n. 1. 2. The firstclass compartments are in the front of the train. This is a case with
separate compartments for shoes, jewelry, etc.
compatible [kKm'p<tKbl] a. 1. 2. harmonious; cooperative;
harmonious This printer is compatible with most microcomputers.

compel [kKm'pel] vt. enforce; constrain; forceThe heavy rain compelled

us to stay indoors. His cleverness and skill compel our admiration.

compensate ['kOmpKnseit] v. make up; counterbalance; repay; return

True tragedy may be defined as a dramatic work in which the outward failure of the
principal personage is compensated for by the dignity and greatness of his character.
Nothing can
compensate for the loss of one's health. Because of these unique
advantages offered by CAI (computer aid Instruction), nothing can compensate for the
freedom to be my own master in learning, the pleasure of keeping my knowledge up-todate, and curiosity about more unknown fields. CAI

compensation [,kOmpen'seiSn] n. 1. 2. Compensation of

injured workers has cost the company a lot. My job is hard,
but it has its compensation.
compete [kKm'pi:t] vi. We have limited funds and several competing claims.
We should compete for our survival.
While the small family has a unique advantage, it cannot compete with the large family.

competent ['kOmpitKnt] a. qualified; adequate; effective He is

not competent to look after young children. We know you are
competent in doing this job. Is Mary competent as a teacher?

competitive [kKm'petKtiv] a. 1. 2., 3.

competing; opposing; rival; aggressive No longer is our firm competitive in world
market. Our prices are competitive.
America is a competitive society.
compile [kKm'pail] vt.
complaint [kKm'pleint] n. 1. 2. 3. objection; accusation; illness

If you receive a customer complaint letter, give him or her what he or she wants.
You have no cause for complaint. I
have a complaint of the chest.
complement ['kOmplimKnt] n. 1. 2. 3. vt.
... supplement; addition; counterpart Guilt always hurries towards its
complement, punishment; only there does its satisfaction lie.
This wine complements the food perfectly.
A wine is a complement to a good meal.
completion [kKm'pli:Sn] n. Completion of the building work is taking
longer than expected. The film is on the point of completion.
You may move into the house on completion.
complicated ['kOmplikeitid] a. complex; confused; sophisticated I
never blame failures there are too many complicated situations in life, but I am
absolutely merciless toward lack of effort.

complication [,kOmpli'keiSn] n. 1. 2. I have enough

complication in my life. A further complication was his refusal to
travel by air. Complications set in, and the patient died.

compliment ['kOmplimKnt] n. 1. 2.[pl.] vt.

tribute; approval; flattery

Whenever a mans friends begin to compliment him

about looking young, he may be sure that they think he is growing old.
Your presence is a great compliment.
He complimented us with tickets for the football game.
He complimented her on her new dress without even looking at it.
She smiled when he paid her a compliment. Things in
classroom always go like this: teachers ask students to give their own different answers to
the questions, but when students do speak up, they seldom get compliments for unique
answers.


comply [kKm'plai] vi. (with)conform; agree; obeyHe that complies
against his will is of his own opinion still. Everyone should
comply with the law.
compose [kKm'pKuz] vt. 1. 2.... 3.He
was composing at the piano at the age of seven. 7 Water is composed
of hydrogen and oxygen.
comprehend [,kOmpri'hend] v. If you can use a word correctly and effectively
you comprehend it.
comprehension [,kOmpri'henSn] n. 1.2.
comprehensive [,kOmpri'hensiv] a. She has a comprehensive grasp of
the subject. The reporter has made a comprehensive report.

compress ['kOmpres] vt. condense; concentrate; reduce To write or to

speak is almost inevitably to lie a little. It is an attempt to clothe an intangible form; to
compress an immeasurable into a mold.
The film compresses several years
into half an hour.
comprise [kKm'praiz] vt. 1.... 2.A cricket team is comprised
of eleven players. 11 This month's figures are comprised in the
total.
compromise ['kOmprKmaiz] n. vi. vt.
concession; reconciliation All life is essentially the contributions that come from
compromise. Progress has been made towards a political
compromise between the two nations. They refused to
compromise their principles by doing a deal with the terrorists.

compulsory [kKm'pVlsKri] a. obligatory; required;

necessaryBodily exercise, when compulsory, does no harm to the body; but knowledge

which is acquired under compulsion obtains no hold on the mind.

Is military service compulsory in your country?
Is English a compulsory subject?
compute [kKm'pju:t] v. Scientists have computed the probable course of the
rocket. He computed his losses at USD5,000.
5000
conceal [kKn'si:l] vt. cover; hide; screen Adversity reveals genius;
fortune conceals it. It is wrong for a man to conceal things from
his wife. He concealed himself behind the tree.
conceive [kKn'si:v] vt. 1. 2.vi. 1.(of) 2. imagine;
believe; visualize; envision As long as I can conceive something better than myself I
cannot be easy unless I am striving to bring it into existence or clearing the way for it.
I can't
conceive of your allowing the child to travel alone.
concentrate ['kOnsKntreit] vi. 1. 2. vt. 1. 2. n.
I can't concentrate on my work when I'm tired. The
crowds concentrated round the palace.
concerning [kKn'sK:niN] prep.
concession [kKn'seSn] n. 1. 2. 3. granting; giving in;
yieldingThe concessions of the weak are the concessions of fear.
We will make some concession in price.
concise [kKn'sais] a. brief; condensed; short The Concise Oxford
Dictionary (COD) is a good assistant to English learners.

concrete ['kONkri:t] a. n. particular; definite; detailedThis post

is made of concrete. Have you any concrete thoughts on how to deal
with this difficulty?
condemn [kKn'dem] vt. 1. 2.......blame; criticize; accuseI wonder
how anyone can have the face to condemn others when he reflects upon his own thought.

 We condemned him for his bad

conduct. The criminal was condemned to death. The
captured ship and her cargo were condemned.
condense [kKn'dens] 1. 2. compress; contract;
abridge Steam condenses into water when cooling down.
conditional [kKn'diSKnl] a. , subject to; tentative The operation is
conditional to the formulation.
conductivity [,kOndVk'tiviti] n. ,,
conductor [kKn'dVktK] n. 1. 2. 3. She is a
bus conductor.
confer [kKn'fK:] vi. vt. (on) award; present; discuss; converse
The Queen conferred knighthood on several distinguished men.
The Queen conferred knighthood on several distinguished men.

conference ['kOnfKrKns] n. 1. 2. He is in conference and cannot

come to the telephone. You will see him at the press conference.

confess [kKn'fes] v. 1. 2. assert; utter; acknowledge I am not

ashamed to confess that I am ignorant of what I do not know.
He
confident ['kOnfidKnt] a. 1. 2. He felt at ease and
confident about the future. We are confident of victory.

confidential [,kOnfi'denSl] a. 1. 2.3.

intimate; private; secret He was an author whose works were so little known as to
be almost confidential. Don't be too
confidential with strangers. He told me the confidential information.

confine [kKn'fain] vt. 1. 2. n.[pl.] imprison; restrain;

enslave The world owes all its onward impulses to men ill at ease. The happy man
inevitably confines himself within ancient limits.
I wish the speaker would confine himself to the subject.
The thief was confined in a prison.
confirm [kKn'fK:m] vt. 1. 2. 3. The news confirmed my
resolution. He looked around to confirm that he was alone.

conflict ['kOnflikt] n. 1. 2. vi. clash; opposition;

contrast A marriage without conflicts is almost as inconceivable as a nation without
crisis. The long drawn-out conflict between
the employers and workers led to the strike last week.

conform [kKn'fO:m] vi. (to, with)1. 2. comply; accord;

submitA society cant exist only by moral thoughts, it needs also deeds which conform
to this moral thoughts. She refused to conform
to the normal social conventions. The building does not conform to
safety regulations.
confront [kKn'frVnt] vt. 1. 2. 3. meet;
oppose; counterHe who confronts the paradoxical exposes himself to reality.
They confronted the prisoner with his accusers.
Confronted by an angry crowd the police retreated. A
soldier often has to confront danger.
confuse [kKn'fju:z] vt. 1.... 2.... 3. They asked so
many questions that they confused me. Please don't
confuse Australia with Austria.
congratulate [kKn'gr<tSuleit] vt. (on, upon)... n. 1.[pl.] 2. I
congratulated myself on my narrow escape.
congratulation [kKn,gr<tSu'leiSn] n. 1.[pl.] 2.
conjunction [kKn'dZVNkSn] n. 1. 2. The conjunction of

workmanship and artistry in making jewelry decides the value of the jewelry.

connection [kK'nekSn] connexionn. 1. 2. 3.[pl.]

What is the connection between the two ideas?
conquest ['kONkwest] n. They succeeded in the conquest of the city.

conscience ['kOnSKns] n. moral; morals; shameA brave man risks his life, but
not his conscience. She gave him back the money she'd
stolen for the sake of her conscience.
conscientious [,kOnSi'enSKs] a. She is a conscientious teacher.
We should be conscientious to our work.
conscious ['kOnSKs] a. 1. 2. 3. He was very
conscious of his shortcomings. He was badly hurt, but he still
remained conscious.
consciousness ['kOnSKsnKs] n. When will the patient regain his
consciousness? This experience helped to change her social
consciousness. They often complain that the development
of cities will gradually deprive the dwellers of the closeness to nature, of the freedom on
land, and even of the consciousness of seasons.

consensus [kKn'sensKs] n. agreement; unanimity; accord

For a non-profit-seeking organization, success often lies in consensus.

conservation [,kOnsK'veiSn] n. inaction; stability;

protection A state without the means of some change is without the means of its
conservation. Most people have come to
accept the need for conservation of natural resources.
Who discovered the conservation of energy?
conservative [kKn'sK:vKtiv] a. 1. 2. n.

He was very conservative in the estimate.

considerable [kKn'sidKrKbl] a. The mayor is a considerable official.
He bought the house at considerable expense.
considerate [kKn'sidKrKt] a. sympathetic; thoughtful A child that
lives with sharing learns to be considerate.
consideration [kKn,sidK'reiSn] n. 1. 2.
consistent [kKn'sistKnt] a. 1. 2. compatible; rational;
matching Consistency is contrary to nature, contrary to life. The only completely
consistent people are the dead.
What you're saying now is not consistent with what you said last week.
I left as early as it was consistent with politeness.
The last five years have seen a consistent improvement in the country's economy.

consolidate [kKn'sOlideit] v. 1. 2.(...) unite; compress; pack;
fuse All the debts have been consolidated. He bribes his leader to
consolidate his position. The two companies consolidated last
year.
conspicuous [kKn'spikjuKs] a. outstanding; eminent; strikingIf youre
walking along a badly-lit road at night you should wear conspicuous clothes.
A traffic sign should be conspicuous. Lincoln is a
conspicuous example of a poor boy who succeeded.
constituent [kKn'stitjuKnt] n. 1. 2. a. Analyze the
sentence into its constituent parts. Do you know the
constituents of the mixture?
constitute ['kOnstitju:t] vt. 1. 2. Twelve months
constitute one year. Laws are constituted to protect individual rights and
properties.
constitution [,kOnsti'tju:Sn] n. 1. 2. 3.basic laws; physical
conditions Why is woman persistently regarded as a mystery? It is not that she has

labored to conceal the organic and psychological facts of her constitution, but that men
have showed no interest in exploring them.
The constitution of a primitive society is not
necessarily simple. He has a good constitution.
construct [kKn'strVkt] vt.This factory was constructed by our company.

consultant [kKn'sVltKnt] n. 1. 2.
consumption [kKn'sVmpSn] n. 1. 2. Consumption of
cotton increased even after it rose in price. There's too
great a consumption of alcohol in China.
contact ['kOnt<kt] n. 1. 2. 3. vt. ...
...For further information, contact your local agent.
Have the children been in contact with disease? We
made contact with the ship by radio. I've got a useful
contact in the post office.
contaminate [kOn't<mineit] v. pollute; dirty; infect; foul The river was
contaminated with waste. Don't be contaminated by bureaucratism.

contempt [kKn'tempt] n. scorn; hatred; malice I feel nothing but

contempt for people who treat children so cruelly.
contend [kKn'tend] vi. 1. 2. vt. contest; fight; struggle
Several teams are contending for the price.
context ['kOntekst] n. 1., 2.,
continual [kKn'tinjuKl] a. 1., 2., Are you tired of this
continual rain?
continuous [kKn'tinjuKs] a. , The brain needs a continuous supply
of blood.
contract ['kOntr<kt] n. , v. 1., 2., vt. 1.(), ()2.
() Marriage is, first of all, a contract which must be governed by justice.

The city contracted for a library with their firm.

contradict [,kOntrK'dikt] vt. 1. , ... 2...., ... oppose;

confront; disagree Assertion is not argument, to contradict the statement of an
opponent is not proof that you are innocent.
Don't contradict your father. The report contradicts what we heard
yesterday.
contrary ['kOntrKri] a. (to), n. [the~] , My sister's taste in
dresses is contrary to my own. The players on the
contrary side now took their places.
contribute [kKn'tribju:t] vi. 1., 2.(to), 3. vt. , Each
worker contributed one dollar to the Red Cross. She asked
him to contribute a biweekly article on European affairs.
Honesty and hard work contribute to success and happiness.
contribution [,kOntri'bju:Sn] n. 1., 2., 3.() gift;
grant; donation The editor is short of contribution for the May issue.
He has made an important contribution to the company's success.
All contribution, however small, will be greatly appreciated.
If they continue to work in a way their health permits, old people can
still make a great contribution to the society.

contrive [kKn'traiv] vt. 1., 2. 3., devise; invent; create; concoct

Their sudden outburst was obviously genuine; it couldnt have been contrived.
The prisoner contrived a way to escape.
Can you contrive to be here early?
controversial [,kOntrK'vK:Sl] a. , Many of the new taxes are
controversial.
convenience [kKn'vi:niKns] n. 1., 2., It's a great convenience
to live in town. We find our folding table a great convenience.

On the contrary, some people are attracted by the convenience

of the city. Those who welcome the Internet hold that it
brings us great convenience and efficiency.
With respect to convenience, it is difficult to say which one is better.
Cities provide convenience and civilized lifestyle, but they also bring about a
series of problems, such as pollution, traffic jam, and crime, etc.

convention [kKn'venSn] n. 1., 2., 3.(), ()

conventional [kKn'venSKnl] a. 1. , , 2. ,
established; prevailing; prejudicedShe is so conventional in her views.
He often speaks a few conventional remarks.
conversely [kKn'vK:sli] ad. ( ) reversed; on the contrary Young people
everywhere share a kind of experience that none of the elders ever have had or will have.
Conversely, the older generation will never see repeated in the lives of young people their
own unprecedented experiences of sequentially emerging change.

conversion [kKn'vK:Sn] n. 1., 2., Conversion to gas central heating

will save you a lot of money. When he saw how the theory
increased unemployment, he underwent quite a conversion.

convert ['kOnvK:t] v. 1.(), () 2.()() Coal can be converted

to gas. My mother has converted to Catholicism.
convey [kKn'vei] vt. 1., , 2.,
convict ['kOnvikt] vt. ()..., ... n. The criminal was convicted of
murder. The escaped convict has been caught by the police again.

conviction [kKn'vikSn] n. 1. , 2. , 3. , belief; faith;

confidence Rich men without convictions are more dangerous in modern society than

poor woman without chastity. I

speak in the full conviction that I will win. I have the conviction that he is right.
They have no previous convictions.
convince [kKn'vins] vt. , , He convinced me of his sincerity.

cooperate [kKu'OpKreit] vi. , , We want to cooperate with you greatly.

coordinate [,kKu'O:dKnKt] vt. , n. a. , coequal; equal; like

We must coordinate our efforts to help the flood victims.
This is a coordinate clause.
cope [kKup] vi. (with)(), () No one can cope with him in Chemistry.
I don't know how she copes with looking after her family and doing
a full-time job.
cord [kO:d] n. 1.() 2.[pl.] He tied the package with a cord.

cordial ['kO:diKl] a. , friendly; genial; amiable; sincereThe hostess

wore a cordial smile on her face. His friends gave him a cordial welcome.

core [kO:] n. 1. 2., He ate the plum, and threw the core away.
The core of our appeal is freedom of speech. He is
American to the core.
correspond [,kOri'spOnd] vi. 1.(with) , 2.(to) , 3. match;
parallel; conform Two illusions fostered by higher education are that what is taught
corresponds to what is learned, and that it will somehow pay off in money.

correspondence [,kOri'spOndKns] n. 1., 2., 3., ,

correspondent [,kOri'spOndKnt] n. . They are our Hong Kong correspondents.
He is a poor correspondent.
corresponding [,kOri'spOndiN] a. 1., 2.,

corrode [kK'rKud] vi. vt. , rot; destroy; decayThe metal has corroded
because of rust. This acid may corrode iron. Iron corrodes
easily.
corrupt [kK'rVpt] a. , , vt. , degraded; decreased;
weakenedHeaven is above all yet there sits a judge that no king can corrupts.

cosmic ['kOzmik] a. 1. , 2. , vast; universal

Physics is governed by cosmic laws.
couch [kautS] n. 1. 2.() vt. His black leather couch looks
expensive.
counsel ['kaunsl] n. 1. , 2. , vt. , advise; caution;
recommendation I have but one counsel for you be your own master.
Each side of a case in court has its own counsel.

counter ['kauntK] n. 1. , 2. 3. vt. , ad. ,

board; shelf; table The vanity of others runs counter to our taste only when it runs
counter to our vanity. There was
an enormous cat crouching on the counter.
counterpart ['kauntKpA:t] n. , person or thing
corresponding toThe sales director phoned her counterpart in the other firm.

courtesy ['kK:tKsi] n. 1. 2.()civility; friendlinessThere can

be no defense like elaborate courtesy. They showed us every
courtesy. There is always enough time for courtesy.

crab [kr<b] n.
cradle ['kreidl] n. 1. 2., vt. , The sea is thought to have been
the cradle of life.
craft [krA:ft] vt. 1., 2., , 3. ,, He graduated from a

school of crafts and arts. By crafts the gambler tricked them out of
all their money.
crane [krein] n. 1. 2. vt. () We used a crane to lift the huge box into
the backyard. Jane craned her neck to look for her
mother in the crowd.
crash [kr<S] vi. 1., , 2.() 3., vt. 1., 2., n. 1.
, , 2., The plane crashed, killing all its passengers and crew.

crawl [krO:l] vi./n. 1., 2.()The heavy traffic crawled through

the narrow tunnel.
cricket ['krikit] n. 1. 2.
cripple ['kripl] n. , () vt. 1., 2., lame
person; the disabled Ill news has wings, and with the wind does go. Comforts a cripple
and comes very slow.
crisis ['kraisis] n. 1. , 2. , urgency; embarrassment
True love is born of despair and nurtured by one crisis after another.
In times of crisis it's good to have a friend to turn to.
Her fever passed its crisis. Relation between the two countries
has reached a crisis point.
crisp [krisp] a. 1., () 2. 3.(), 4., ()
n. [pl.] brittle; breakable; fragileThe snow was crisp under foot.
I like the delicious salad of crisp lettuce and tomatoes.

criterion [krai'tiKriKn] (pl. criteria [krai'tiKriK]) n. ( ) , basis;

standard; measureSuccess in making money is not always a good criterion for success
in life.
critical ['kritikl] a. 1., , 2., observant; faultfinding;
crucial If we cannot love unconditionally, love is already in a critical condition.
The inquiry was critical of her work.

In the current critical climate her work is not popular.

Why are you always so critical?
crucial ['kru:Sl] a. , indispensable; vital; necessary We have
entered a crucial era.
crude [kru:d] a. 1., 2., 3., It was crude of him to
say that.
crust [krVst] n. 1.( ), 2., The crust on the snow was thick
enough for us to walk on it.
crystal ['kristl] n. 1. , 2. , a. , ( ) clear;
transparentA word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanging, it is the skin of a living
thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and
time in which it is used.
This set of crystal wine cups is very expensive.

cucumber ['kju:kKmbK] n. Have some cucumber. I like to eat cucumber

sandwiches.
cue [kju:] n. 1., 2. vt. , signal; hint; suggestion; indication You
can finish the assignment in the light of the cues given.
cultivate ['kVltiveit] vt. 1., , 2., , plant; encourage; educate
To cultivate oneself in disposition is not for the others, but for strengthening his own
capacity in life. To dispel loneliness and kill
the time, they can cultivate some other hobbies such as growing flowers, collecting stamps
and learning to paint.
It seems that the aim of school education is to achieve the tameness of students for
society rather than the unique minds for the individuals.

cunning ['kVniN] n. (), () tricky; skillful; dishonest Nothing does more

hurt in a state than that cunning men pass for wise.
He is as cunning as a fox. She showed her cunning in the way she

avoided answering the question.

curiosity [,kjuKri'Ositi] n. 1.()2., , Curiosity is part of the children's
nature. I had to explain the reasons to satisfy his curiosity.
As we know, out textbooks remain unchanged for ages while the up-to-date
software on various subjects is easily available anywhere, say, on the Internet, thus stirring
up my curiosity about more knowledge.

currency ['kVrKnsi] n. 1. , 2. , Government has decreed a paper

currency. Most countries have a decimal currency.
The word has attained general currency.
curriculum [kK'rikjulKm] pl. curricula [kK'rikjulK]n. , ()
cushion ['kuSKn] n. , He lay on the floor with a cushion under his head.

customary ['kVstKmKri] a. , , usual; habitual; conventional

Is it customary to tip waiters in your country? It's
customary to give people gifts on their birthdays.
cycle ['saikl] n. 1., 2., vi. 1., 2.This is the cycle
of economic booms and slumps. He goes to work by cycle.

cylinder ['silindK] n. 1., 2., () The cylinder is a crucial part of the

washing machine.
D
dairy ['dEKri] n. , a.
dam [d<m] n. , vt. ()The village was swept away when the dam burst.

daring ['dEKriN] a.
darling ['dA:liN] n. 1.[] 2., a., She is a little
darling.
datum ['deitKm] n. (sing.)

daylight ['deilait] n. , He was up at daylight.

dazzle ['d<zl] vt. 1., ()2., n. 1. 2. dim
the vision; daze; blind She was dazzled by her sudden success.
His eyes dazzled before the strong light.
deadline ['dedlain] n.
deafen ['defn] vt.
dealer ['di:lK] n. 1. 2.He bought a used car from a car dealer.

debate [di'beit] v. , After a long debate the bill was passed.

He debated carefully before he decided. This is a question
that they have often debated.
decade ['dekeid] n. , Several decades have elapsed since I graduated from
the college. Prices have risen steadily during the past decade.

deceit [di'si:t] n. , , trick; insincerity; dishonesty It is discouraging to

think how many people are shocked by honesty and how few by deceit.
He is full of deceit. His
deceit is disgusting; he took everybody in! !
decent ['di:snt] a. 1. , , 2., 3., ,
mannerly; virtuous; proper Our task is not to create an idyllic environment peopled
by the poor. Our task is to create a decent environment peopled by the proud.
It was decent of her
to help the homeless.
decided [di'saidid] a. ,
decisive [di'saisiv] a. 1. 2., , The injury to their key player
could be a decisive factor in the game. Be
decisive, tell them exactly what you think should be done.

decline [di'klain] n. , , vi. 1., 2., 3., vt. ,

refuse; decrease; sinkThe decline of literature indicates the decline of a nation; the
two keep pace in their downward tendency.
I wish prices would decline. The wall declined slightly on account of
the earthquake. He spent his declining years in the country.
Divorcing ourselves from the masses and from reality only results in the nations falling
behind and power decline. Television is having such
a vast effect on national habits that it has caused a serious decline in the film attendance,
and many cinemas have had to close down.

decompose [,di:kKm'pKuz] v.There is a decomposing corpse of a deer.

decorate ['dekKreit] vt. , We decorated the house for Christmas.

Several soldiers were decorated for bravery.
decrease ['di:kris] v. , n. , () They are making further efforts to
decrease military spending. His interest in this subject
gradually decreases. There has been a steady decrease in
population in this city.
dedicate ['dedikeit] vt. 1. ( ) 2.(to) ( ) , ( )
consign; bless;

evoteIn old age, there is no greater comfort than realizing that he had dedicated all his
vigor and vitality to an immortal cause when he was young.
The ancient Greek dedicated many
shrines to Aphrodite. She dedicated her life to science.

deduce [di'dju:s] vt. , ,

deem [di:m] vt. ,
assume; consider; believe
She was deemed the winner.
I deem it proper to refuse.
deepen ['di:pKn] vt. vi. The night deepened.
deer [diK] n. The deer escaped to the deep forest. The white-

lipped deer are rare in this area.

defect ['di:fekt] n. , , vi. , fault; drawback The fundamental
defect of fathers is that they want their children to be a credit to them.
A defect in the fuel lines prevented the missile from blasting off.

deficit ['defisit] n. shortage; lack; deficiency A recent survey

revealed that Americans suffered from an epidemic of sleep deficit.
The company had a deficit of 5000 dollars.
define [di'fain] vt. 1. ; 2. When boundaries between countries
are not clearly defined, there is usually trouble.
The powers of a judge are defined by law.
definition [,defi'niSn] n.1.;2.()() To give a definition of a word is
more difficult than to give an illustration of its use.
The photo lacks definition.
deform [di'fO:m] vt. disfigure; deface; damage Sitting badly for long
periods of time can deform your spine. His leg was
deformed in an accident.
deformation [,difO:'meiSn] n.
defy [di'fai] vt. 1. 2.3. challenge; oppose; dare
Death defies the doctor. Her beauty defies description.
The pine trees defy severe cold.
degenerate [di'dZenKrKt] vi. a. n. corrupt;
worse; immoral Aging is accompanied by a slow degeneration of his mental faculties.

delegation [,deli'geiSn] n.
deliberate [di'libKrKt] a. 1., 2., v. , resolute;
determined; purposeful The only time to lose your temper is when its deliberate.
He entered the room with deliberate steps.
He told us a deliberate lie.

delicate ['delikKt] a. 1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
feeble; sensitive; susceptible Pride is seldom delicate; it will please itself with very
mean advantages. Her delicate health needs
great care. The international situation is very delicate at present.
The scientist needs some delicate instruments.

delivery [di'livKri] n. 1., 2., 3. 4., The

next postal delivery is at 4 o'clock.
demonstrate ['demKnstreit] vt. 1., 2., 3., vi. ()
Please demonstrate how the machine works. She demonstrated
that 2 and 2 are four. 2 2
denial [di'naiKl] n. 1. 2., rejection; opposition; refusal Never think
that Gods delays denials. Hold on; hold fast; hold out. Patience is genius.
The prisoner repeated denials of the
charges against him. The government has issued a denial of an
election in May.
denote [di'nKut] vt. 1. 2., ... mean; signify; represent Wisdom
denotes the pursuing of the best end by the best means.
This word denotes a certain kind of animal. A smile often denotes
pleasure and friendship.
dense [dens] a. 1., , 2.I can't see anything in this dense mist.
One or two of the students in my class are a bit dense.

density ['densiti] n. 1., 2.solidity; thickness; impenetrability There are

people who bear their pains with a better grace when they think of greater sufferings on
the part of other people, and so, in a densitys chair, they keep their minds upon hospitals.

The density of population in this city is very high.

dentist ['dentist] n. The dentist was cleaning and taking out teeth.

I was fitted an artificial tooth by the dentist.

dependence [di'pendKns] n. ,, Are the Hawaiian Islands a dependence of
the USA? This kind of dependence on computer can also lead to
the dependence on their parents in life.
dependent [di'pendKnt] a. (on, upon)1., 2....The child is dependent
on his parents for support.
depict [di'pikt] vt. , picture; design; portrayThe drawing depicts her sitting
on a sofa. This painting depicts the birth of Venus.
The book depicts him as a rather unpleasant character.

deposit [di'pOzit] n. 1., 2. 3., , vt. 1., 2., 3.

drop; place The mark of the historic is the indifference with which it picks up an
individual and deposits him in a trend, like a house playfully moved in a tornado.
He deposited
the case in the left luggage office.
deposition [,depK'ziSn] n.
depress [di'pres] vt. 1., 2., 3., The thought of having
to take the exam again depressed me. The threat of war has
depressed business activity. Depress this button to rewind the tape.

deprive [di'praiv] vt. (of), lose; rob Poverty often deprives a man of all
spirit and virtue; it is hard for an empty bag to stand upright.
What will a student do if he were deprived of his books?

deputy ['dipju:ti] n. 1., 2., appointee; delegate I acting as

deputy till the headmaster returns. I must find someone to act
as a deputy for me during my absence. He is the
deputy mayor of the city.
derive [di'raiv] vt. 1., 2....() vi. (from),

descent [di'sent] n. 1., 2., 3., falling; slope; originThe man

of thirty who loves for the first time is usually the embodiment of cautious discretion. He
does not fall in love with a violent descent, but rather lets himself gently down, continually
testing the rope. 30 
There was a descent of temperature after rain. The descent
down the mountain took nearly two hours.
designate ['dezigneit] vt. 1., 2., ...indicate; appoint The green
marks on this drawing designate emergency doors. She was
designated sportswoman of the year. The town has been
designated a development area. The chairman has designated that
boy as his successor.
desirable [di'zaiKrKbl] a. 1., 2., satisfactory; helpful;
profitable Property is the fruit of labor property is desirable is a positive good
in the world. It isn't really desirable to
have him working here.
desolate ['desKlKt] a. 1., 2., vt. 1., 2.
, deserted; bare; barren; bleak; sad The house looked out over a bleak
and desolate landscape.
despair [di'spEK] n. 1. 2. ( ) v. (of) , depression;
discouragement; gloom He who has never hoped can never despair.
He gave up the attempt in despair. Trying to keep this garden
in order is the despair of my life.
despatch [di'sp<tS] vt. , , n. 1.(), 2.() 3.,
She did the job with great despatch.
desperate ['despKrKt] a. 1. , 2. , 3. ,
hopeless; sad; despairing If the failures of this world could realize how desperate
half the present-day geniuses once felt, they would take heart and try again.

despise [di'spaiz] vt. , feel contempt for; scorn; disdain It is easy to

despise what you cannot get. I despise his refusing to

accept responsibility. A dish of strawberries and cream is not to be
despised.
despite [di'spait] prep. , He came to the meeting despite his illness.
Demand for these books is high, despite their high price.

dessert [di'zK:t] n. (), I like to have ice cream for dessert.

destination [,desti'neiSn] n. 1., 2., objective; goal; aim No wind

blows in favor of a ship without a destination. The parcel was
sent to the wrong destination. We eventually arrived at our destination.

destruction [di'strVkSn] n. , , It will cause pollution and the destruction of

our seas and oceans.
destructive [di'strVktiv] a. (), () Are all small children so destructive?
? The destructive force of the storm is huge.
detail ['di:teil] n. 1. , 2. , vt. , The full details of the
agreement haven't been made public. He told us the accident in detail.
Could you detail all your expenses on this form?

detain [di'tein] vt. 1., 2., hold; keep; delay; restrain The police
detained him for questioning.
detector [di'tektK] n.
deteriorate [di'tiKriKreit] vi. , decline; corrupt; corrode; disintegrate The
situation is deteriorating.
deviate ['di:vieit] vi. (from),
device [di'vais] n. 1., , 2.,
devise [di'vaiz] vt. , , design; invent Too often we forget that genius,
too, depends upon the data within its reach, that even Archimedes could not have devised

Edisons inventions. 
The government devised a scheme for redeveloping the city center.

diagnose ['daiKgnKuz] vt. , analyze; investigate; inquire The doctor

diagnosed measles.
dialect ['daiKlekt] n. , Do you speak Sichuan dialect?
dictate ['dikteit] v. 1., 2., n. , , He was dictating a letter to
his secretary. I will not be dictated to.
dictator [dik'teitK] n. tyrant; oppressor; absolute ruler God is no
dictator. He leaves us the freedom to master ourselves.

diet ['daiKt] n. 1. 2.(), vi. , food;

menu Diet cures more than the doctor. Proper diet and
exercise are both important for health. The doctor put
me on a very strict diet.
differ ['difK] vi. 1., 2.() Although our looks differ, we are both
attractive. We differ about moral standards.

differentiate [,difK'renSieit] vi. (between) , vt. 1. , 2. ,

adapt; modify; alter; change

Refereeing by journalists facilitates differentiating

amateurs and professionals.

diffuse [di'fju:s] v.1., () 2., a. 1.(), 2.,
dispersed; scattered This light radiates diffuse illumination.
Fashion trends diffuse themselves rapidly around the globe.
The light was diffused by the leaves.
digest ['daidZest] vt. 1. 2., n. consume; absorb; understandTo eat
is human, to digest is divine. This rich food doesn't digest easily.
It took me some time to digest what I had heard.

digital ['didZitl] a. , Most of the computers we are using are digital

computers.
dignity ['digniti] n. 1., 2., nobility; respect; regardPerhaps the only
true dignity of man is his capacity to despise himself.
There was something impressive about Julia's quiet dignity.
The real dignity of a man lies in what he is, not in what he has.

dilemma [di'lemK] n. (), difficult choice; difficult situation She

was in a dilemma over staying in her tiny room or moving to a bigger one.

dim [dim] a. 1., 2., 3.() v. (), ()

The light was too dim for me to read easily.

She is rather dim

about the importance of keeping records. The light of a candle is

dimmed by sunlight.
dimension [di'menSn] n. 1., 2., () 3.[pl.] , , size;
measurement Mans mind stretched to a new idea never goes back to its original
dimension. Time is sometimes called the
fourth dimension. There is another dimension to this problem
which you haven't considered.
diminish [di'miniS] vi. , , vt. , , decrease; decline; reduce
Absence diminishes little passions and increases great ones, just as the wind blows out
a candle and fans a fire. His
illness diminished his health. He likes to diminish the skills of others.
As he turned the knob, the sound diminished.
dip [dip] vt. , vi. , n. , He dipped his pen in the ink. The
boat dipped into the waves. The land dips gently to the south.

diploma [di'plKumK] n. , , graduation certificate; credentials

Dont hang your diplomas in your office unless youre an M. D.

He obtained a diploma in architecture. The

diploma is very important for him to get the job.
diplomatic [,diplK'm<tik] a. 1., 2., tactful; political; artful
The reason for having diplomatic relations is not to confer a compliment, but to secure
a convenience. They can't be prosecuted for
this offencethey have diplomatic immunity.
He tried to be diplomatic when he refused their invitation.

directory [di'rektKri] n. , , ()The telephone directory gives

people's names, addresses, and telephone numbers.
disable [dis'eibl] vt. , cripple; weaken; damage He was disabled from
walking by the accident. The soldier disabled by wounds in his leg is
buried in sadness. Old age disabled him for hard
labour.
disadvantage [,disKd'vA:ntidZ] n. If you don't speak good English, you'll
be at a big disadvantage when you try to get a job.
One of the main disadvantages of this system is that it uses very large amounts
of fuel. There are some diasvantages brought about by
raising pets. But the disadvantage of this solution lies in the fact that too
much land that could be used for farming or housing will inevitably be occupied by more
and more roads.

disagree [,disK'gri:] vi. I disagree with you on this point.

The climate disagrees with me. These two reports of the accident
disagree with each other.
disaster [di'zA:stK] n. 1. 2. They had led the country into economic
disaster.
disastrous [di'zA:strKs] a. 1. 2. ruinous; harmful;
unfavorable Buying this house was a disastrous step; its going to have a main road

built behind it. The new system has had a

disastrous effect on productivity.
disc [disk] n. 1. 2., , Have you recorded the data in disc?

discard ['diskA:d] vt. , reject; expel; protest; cast aside If in the last few
years you havent discarded a major opinion or acquired a new one, investigate and see if
you are not growing old.
He discarded his winter clothing. History discarded
him. You've got to discard before you can pick up another card.

discern [di'sK:n] vt. 1., 2., make out; perceive; detect The
beginning of all war may be discerned not only by the first act of hostility, but by counsels
and preparations foregoing.
He was just able to discern the road from the dark. I
soon discerned that the man was lying.
discharge ['distSA:dZ] vt. 1...., , 2., , 3.(), () vi. ,
, n. 1., 2., , unload; remove; emit; dismiss A
principal fruit of friendship is the ease and discharge of the fullness and swelling of the
heart. The judge discharged the prisoner.
They discharged their arrows at the enemy. How long will the
discharge of the cargo take?
disclose [dis'klKuz] vt. , , I have no intention of disclosing their names.
The authorities finally disclosed the truth to the press.
The report disclosed that he had served in prison.
discount ['diskaunt] n. () vt. 1.... 2.(), , deduct;
reduce; diminishWestern sources in the talks discounted the harsh Eastern reaction.
The discount was very huge.
We give 10 percent discount for cash.
discriminate [di'skrimineit] vi. 1(between), 2.(against), Can

you discriminate good books from bad? People should not be

discriminated against.
disgust [dis'gVst] n. , vt. , He returned downstairs in disgust.
His behavior filled her with disgust.
dishonour [dis'OnK] n., His behaviours have brought dishonour
onto his family. He was a dishonour to his regiment.

dislike [dis'laik] vt.& n. , If you behave like that, you'll get yourself disliked.
He dislikes dogs.
dismay [dis'mei] n. 1., 2., vt. 1., 2., frighten;
alarm; dread My guess is that well over 80% of the human race goes through life
without having a single original thought. Whenever a new one appears the average man
shows signs of dismay and resentment.
To my dismay, he made the same
mistakes. It dismayed us that the project had been
canceled.
dismiss [diz'mis] vt. 1., 2...., , 3., 4., If you
are late again, you will be dismissed. He dismissed the unpleasant
subject and talked about something else.
disorder [dis'O:dK] n. 1., 2., 3.(), The room is in
dreadful disorder. Anxiety may disorder the stomach.
dispatch [di'sp<tS] vt. , , n. 1.(), 2.() 3.,
transmit; express; sendAmerican warships have been dispatched to the area.
A messenger was dispatched to take the news to the soldiers at the front.
We soon dispatched the chocolate cake.
She did the job with great dispatch.
disperse [di'spK:s] vi. 1., 2., vt. 1., 2., separate;
scatter; break up The wind dispersed the cloud from the sky. The
police dispersed the crowd.

displace [dis'pleis] vt. 1., 2...., remove; dislodge; mislay

He displaced a bone in his knee while playing football.
Moderates have displaced the extremists on the committee.
Weeds tend to displace other plants. The indigenous
population was soon displaced by the settlers.
displacement [dis'pleismKnt] n.
display [di'splei] vt. 1., 2., The bestsellers were sold out before they
were displayed. His paintings are on display at the exhibition.

displease [dis'pli:z] vt.Her husband's failure to notice her new hairstyle

displeased her very much.
disposal [di'spKuzl] n. 1., 2., discarding; transfer I am at your
disposal. He has a large number of reference books at his disposal.
We placed everything at his disposal.
dispose [di'spKuz] vt. 1., 2., vi. (of)1., , 2.,
Hardship disposes man to meet adversity. He doesn't know how to
dispose of his spare time.
disregard [,disri'gA:d] vt. , n. , neglect; omission; oversight
Courage is not an absence of fear, but the ability to overcome or fear.
He disregarded his doctor's advice. Disregarding
all the difficulties, we arrived here in time. The
official has shown a total disregard for the needs of the poor.

dissatisfy [di's<tisfai] vi.

dissolve [di'zOlv] vi. 1. , 2., vt. 1., 2., melt;
disintegrate; destroy If we were all given by magic the power to read each others
thoughts, I suppose the first effect would be to dissolve all friendships.
The parliament was dissolved.
Ice dissolved in the warm weather.

distillation [,disti'leiSn] n.
distinct [di'stiNkt] a. 1., 2., 3., Those two ideas
are quite distinct from each other. There is a distinct possibility that
she'll be your teacher next term.
distinction [di'stiNkSn] n. 1., 2., 3., 4., difference;
excellence; feature Success seems to be that which forms the distinction between
confidence and conceit. We should make a distinction
between right and wrong. He passed the examination with distinction.

distort [di'stO:t] vt. 1., 2., vi. twist; deform Get your facts,
and then you can distort them as you please. You
have distorted my motives. The government was accused of having
systematically distorted the protester's case.
distract [di'str<kt] vt. (), mislead; confuse The reason why we are
so pleased to find out other peoples secrets is that it distracts public attention from our
own. 
distress [di'stres] n. 1. , , 2., 3. , vt. , ,
worry; grief; troubleHis wild behavior was a great distress to his mother.
The lifeboat went out to a ship in distress.
What are you looking so distressed for?
disturb [di'stK:b] vt. 1., 2., 3., He put his oars in the water
and disturbed the smooth surface of the lake.
ditch [ditS] n. , The frog jumped into the ditch.
diverse [dai'vK:s] a. 1., 2. various; distinct; altered Diverse
paths lead diverse folk the right way to Rome. The program
deals with subjects as diverse as pop music and Beijing Opera.
They are the people from diverse cultures.
diversion [dai'vK:Sn] n. 1. , 2., 3.() Chess is his
favorite diversion. I think your last argument was a diversion to

make us forget the main point.

dizzy ['dizi] a. 1., 2.()confuse; unsteadyLove intrudes most
easily when one is weak when one is dizzy with success or is in a dilemma or is lone.
The room
was so hot that she felt dizzy. We were dizzy by the strong wind.

doctrine ['dOktrin] n. , , dogma; teaching; conviction The wisest man

preaches no doctrines; he has no scheme; he sees no rafter, not even a cobweb, against
the heaven. It is clear sky.
Christian and Muslim doctrines are very different.

documentary [,dOkjK'mentKri] n. a.1., 2.,

dome [dKum] n. , The dome of St. Paul Cathedral is well known in the world.

domestic [dK'mestik] a. 1. , 2.(), 3. The newspaper

provides more foreign news than domestic news. He has
had many domestic troubles. Within 30 minutes in front of the TV set, I am
promptly informed about things ranging from important domestic events, the latest
developments in industry and agriculture to the current international situation.

dominant ['dOminKnt] a. 1., , 2., ruling; prevailing;

predominantShes the dominant child of the group. Peace was the
dominant theme of the conference. The right hand is dominant in
most people.
dominate ['dOmineit] vt. 1.... 2., , 3., vi. ,
He has authority, but he doesn't try to dominate others.
She dominated the meeting by sheer force of character.
The teacher dominates the 50-minute period and the students are refrained from airing
their opinions no matter whether they agree or disagree with what the teacher says.

Some
professors prefer to control discussion, while others prefer to guide the class without
dominating it.
donkey ['dONki] n. He is as stubborn as a donkey.
doom [du:m] vt. , n. , fate; destination; destiny A society that
gives to one class all the opportunities for leisure, and to another all the burdens of work,
dooms, both classes to spiritual sterility.
People sent the criminal to his doom.
Everyone is doomed to die.
doorway ['dO:wei] n. She stood in the doorway, unable to decide whether
to go in.
dorm ['dO:m] n. =dormitory
dormitory ['dO:mitri] n. ()
dose [dKus] n. (), , Take one dose of this cough syrup three times a day.
In the accident, the workers received a heavy dose of
radiation.
doubtful ['dautfKl] a. 1., 2., Because of a long drought, the
farmers are doubtful about the prospect of a good yield.

dove [dVv] n. 1. 2.,

downward ['daunwKd] a. , ad. [-(s)] ,
doze [dKuz] n. He dozed off during the sermon. I had a
quick doze on the train.
dragon ['dr<gKn] n. Dragons are described as monsters in most western countries.

dramatic [drK'm<tik] a. 1., 2., 3., n. [-s]

, tense; moving; exciting; sensational Has anyone ever seen a
dramatic critic in the daytime? Of course not. They come out after dark, up to no good.
The play is a dramatic

representation of a real event. Her opening words were dramatic.

drastic ['dr<stik] a. 1., 2., extreme; radical; outlandish; strong

Drastic measures have to be taken to restore order.
drift [drift] vi. 1., 2., n. 1., 2., 3., A tiny fishing
boat was drifting slowly along. The road was edged with snow
drifts.
drunk [drVNk] a. 1.() 2.Several drunks lay on the floor.

dubious ['dju:biKs] a. 1. , , 2. , doubtful;

indecisive; uncertain The police feel dubious of his motive. I feel
dubious about his honesty. I remain dubious about her motives.

dull [dVl] a. 1., 2.(), () 3.(), 4.,

5. This student is very dull. It's impossible to cut a pineapple
with such a dull knife. And the life in cities is never dull,
for you could be near your friends and will never be cut off by weather conditions.

dumb [dVm] a. 1. 2.(), We were struck dumb with horror

and grief.
duplicate ['dju:plikKt] n. , a. , vt. 1., 2.
reproduce; copy; repeat

The director asked me to duplicate 20 copies of the

document. 20 He gave me a duplicate key of his house.

This research merely duplicates work already done elsewhere.

durable ['djuKrKbl] a. , enduring; lasting; long-wearing The next thing

most like living ones own life over again, seems to be recollection of that life; and to make
that recollection as durable as possible the putting it down in writing.
This pair of

shoes is durable.
duration [dju'reiSn] n. , Well, I'm stuck here for the duration.
He finished the work of three years' duration.
dusk [dVsk] n. , The lights go on at dusk. He usually goes out
for a walk at dusk.
dwelling ['dweliN] n.
dye [dai] n. vt. ...The wounded soldier's blood dyed the ground red.
A good dye will not fade.
dying ['daiiN] a.
dynamic [dai'n<mik] a. 1., 2.() 3., n.1. 2.[s] energetic; active; restlessHe has a dynamic personality.
We are looking for dynamic persons to be salesmen.
dynamical [dai'n<mik] a. 1.()()
2.()
He is a man of a dynamic personality. There is a dynamic atmosphere
everywhere. a dynamic population
dynasty ['dinKsti] n. , The Qing Dynasty ended in 1911. 1911 How
many dynasties are there in China's history?
E
eastward ['i:stwKd] a.& ad.The hospital is on the eastward slope of the hill.
He walked eastward.
eclipse [i'klips] n. 1.() 2. (), vt. 1., ()
2., , obscure; shadow Cats are to dogs what modern people
are to the people we used to have. Cats are slimmer, cleaner, more attractive, disloyal, and
lazy. Its easy to understand why the cat has eclipsed the dog as modern Americas favorite
pet. People like pets to possess the same qualities they do.

It was reported that there would be an

annular eclipse tomorrow. The moon is partly eclipsed. Our

happiness was soon eclipsed by the terrible news.

ecology [i:'kOlKdZi] n. 1. 2. He started to study ecology and decided to

devote his whole life to the science.
economy [i'kOnKmi] n. 1. 2. Most of the
countries in the region have unstable economies. We are
trying to make a few economies.
edible ['edibl] a. , digestible; nutritious; eatable This food is
scarcely edible. This food is scarcely edible. These
are edible wild berries.
editorial [,edi'tO:riKl] a. 1., , 2., n. (),
I work in an editorial office. I have made a lot of editorial changes in
their book.
effective [i'fektiv] a. 1., , 2. 3., When
does the new system become effective? Their efforts to improve the
production have been very effective. That's rather an effective
use of color.
efficiency [i'fiSnsi] n. , , Their labor efficiency is very high.
We must improve our efficiency as soon as possible.
efficient [i'fiSnt] a. , He's efficient at his job. This is a highly
efficient new heating system. With their help, human beings life
become much more convenient and efficient.
elaborate [i'l<bKrKt] a. 1., 2. vi. vt. 1. 2.detailed;
laborious; ornamentedThey made an elaborate plan. The curtains
had an elaborate pattern of flowers. What you've told me of your
plan sounds most interesting; would you care to elaborate?

elastic [i'l<stik] n. , a. 1., 2., plastic; flexible

Our plans are fairly elastic. Rubber is elastic. He has

an elastic temperament.
electrician [i,lek'triSn] n. ,
electrify [i'lektrifai] vt.The athlete has an electrifying burst of speed.
They are electrifying the battery.
electron [i'lektrOn] n.
electronics [,ilek'trOniks] n.
elegant ['eligKnt] a. 1., , 2., The lady wears an elegant
dark suit.
element ['elimKnt] n. 1. 2. , , 3.[pl.] , , 4.[pl.]
Honesty, industry and kindness are elements of a good life.

elementary [,eli'mentKri] a. 1. 2., , The question is elementary.

My son is studying at an elementary school.
elevate ['eliveit] vt. 1. ... , , 2. , 3. ,
Reading good books elevates your mind.

elevation [,eli'veiSn] n. We climbed to the top of the small elevation,

from which we could look at the town. The house is at
an elevation of 1000 meters. 1000 This drawing shows what the front
elevation of the house will look like when it is built.
elevator ['eliveitK] n. , I took the elevator to the eighteenth floor.

eliminate [i'limineit] vt. 1., , 2. Their team was eliminated in the first
round. This new process has eliminated the need for checking the
products by hand. As you begin to eliminate your need
for perfection in all areas of your life, youll begin to discover the perfection in life itself.

elite [ei'li:t] n. 1.[ ] ? ? 2.[ ] ( )?

nobility; celebritiesMany scientific elites came to the US during the World War II.

eloquent ['elKkwKnt] a. 1. , , 2. articulate;

expressive The spokesman is very eloquent on such a big occasion.
These ruins are an eloquent reminder of the horrors of war.

embark [im'bA:k] vi. 1.()2.(on, upon), (on) set out; begin;

start He embarked on a new career. The ship embarked passengers
and food at a Spanish port.
embarrass [im'b<rKs] vt. , , She was embarrassed when they
asked her age. I don't like making speeches in public; it's so
embarrassing. He was embarrassed by many debts.

embassy ['embKsi] n. 1. 2. He works at the American Embassy in

Moscow.
embody [im'bOdi] vt. 1., , 2., , materialize; integrate;
establish To me he embodies all the qualities of a teacher.
The new car embodies many improvements.
The country's constitution embodies the ideals of freedom and equality.
She embodies her principles in her behavior.
embrace [im'breis] vt. 1., 2., 3., n. , clasp in the arms;
include; embody Created by life, in definite circumstances, to act on definite things,
how can science embrace life, of which it is merely an emanation or aspect?
We
embraced each other. She eagerly embraced the offer of a trip to Europe.

emerge [i'mK:dZ] vi. 1.(from) , 2.( ) , , ( ) The sun

emerged from behind the clouds. It has emerged that he stole the
money. Large scale industry emerged only gradually as
technology evolved. However, new educational
trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades.


emergency [i'mK:dZKnsi] n. , , outburst; appearance
Coward is one who in a perilous emergency thinks with his legs.
Ring the bell in an emergency. The rioting grew worse and
the government declared a state of emergency.
emission [i'miSn] n.ejection; eruption; radiation The emission of
light from the sun is strong.
emotion [i'mKuSn] n. , , Love, joy, hate, fear and grief are all emotions.
He appealed to our emotions rather than to our reason.
Chopin aroused very complicated emotions in her.

emphasis ['emfKsis] n. , Our English course places great emphasis on

conversational skills.
emphasize ['emfKsaiz] vt. , , ... He emphasized the importance of
careful driving. I would like to emphasize that we are ready to meet
the management at any time.
empirical [im'pirikl] a. ( ) , , speculative;
hypothetical; experimental Empirical studies show that this medicine is extremely
effective.
enable [i'neibl] vt. , , The collapse of the strike enabled the company
to resume normal bus services.
enclose [in'klKuz] vt. 1., 2...., He enclosed the land with a hedge.
Enclosed please find a money order.
enclosure [in'klKuZK] n. 1.(), 2.() concentration;
building They put an enclosure around the garden. She keeps
a horse in that enclosure. They are opposed to the enclosure of
common land. There are several enclosures in the envelope.

encounter [in'kauntK] n. , , confront; come across; conflict If we

encountered a man of rare intellect, we should ask him what books he read.
I encountered an old friend at Rome.
One rainy night the policeman had a chance encounter with a gang of smugglers.

encouragement [in'kVridZmKnt] n. ,,The students shout encouragement in

that game. The teacher's words were a great encouragement to
him. Encouragement and confidence are priceless gifts that can
help change a persons life.
encyclopaedia [in,saiklK'pi:diK] n.( encyclopedia)

I have a set of

encyclopaedia of music. The boy likes to read the children's

encyclopaedia.
endanger [in'deindZK] vt. expose to danger; put into hazard In its last
analysis, it is not freedom of thought which endangers Jewish values, but the freedom
which some people arrogate to themselves not to think at all.
We should do our best to save
endangered species.
endeavour [in'devK] ( endeavor)vt./ n. , , attempt; aim; try Please
make every endeavor to be early. To endeavour to work upon the vulgar with
fine sense, is like attempting to hew blocks with a razor.

ending ['endiN] n. , ,
endurance [in'djuKrKns] n. , (), ()persistence; sufferance; undergoing
Sorrow and silence are strong, and patient endurance is godlike.
He showed remarkable endurance throughout his illness.
His treatment of her was beyond endurance.
The soldiers eventually completed the endurance tests.
endure [in'djuK] vt. , vi. 1., , 2., I cannot endure listening
to that any longer. The secret endured.
energetic [,enK'dZetik] a. , His son is an energetic child.

I like to take some energetic exercise at weekend.

enforce [in'fO:s] vt. 1. , , 2., 2. impose by force; compel; exert

Peace, like war, can succeed only where there is a will to it, and where there is
available power to enforce it.
Policemen and judges enforce the law. Have you any statistics that
would enforce your argument?
engineering [,endZi'niKriN] n. (),
enhance [in'hA:ns] vt. , , heighten; intensify; magnifyThose clothes do
nothing to enhance her appearance. He made many efforts to
enhance his reputation.
enjoyment [in'dZOimKnt] n.I didn't get much enjoyment out of that novel.

enlarge [in'lA:dZ] v. 1., , 2. I needn't enlarge upon this matter; you all
know my views.
enlighten [in'laitn] vt. , inform; teach; illuminate Whatever we may do to
enlighten ourselves or others, guard against checking or chilling a single earnest
sentiment. Can you
enlighten me on this subject? She was anxious to enlighten
me about the events that led up to the dispute. So
one thing is clear enough: for the sake of our students prospects, teachers should also be
called on to respect students and add more attention to enlightening the individuality of
the students.

enormous [i'nO:mKs] a. , , Long ago enormous animals lived on the

earth. Sometimes, a little fatal breakdown of the system,
or a disastrous error could bring us an enormous amount of danger and loss.

enquiry [in'kwaiKri] n. 1., 2.

enroll [in'rKul] vi. (in, on), vt. , employ; hire; file; register We
enrolled him as a member of our society.
ensure [in'SuK] vt. , , If you want to ensure that you catch the plane, take a
taxi. This medicine will ensure you a good night's
sleep.
entertain [,entK'tein] vt. 1., 2...., vi. , I like to entertain
friends with music and refreshments at home. The child
entertained himself with his building blocks. By contrast, the classroom
lesson organized in an enjoyable, entertaining atmosphere usually offers students more
than what they have expected.
entertainment [,entK'teinmKnt] n. 1., , 2., , He fell into
the water, much to the entertainment of the onlookers. There are
few entertainments in that town. This hotel is famous for its
entertainment. Smoking is just a personal hobby and entertainment.

enthusiasm [in'Tju:zi<zKm] n. 1. , 2. , zeal; passion;

eagerness I prefer the errors of enthusiasm to the indifference of wisdom.
We were received with enthusiasm. A crack of
joke may inspire students interest and enthusiasm and then what they learn leaves on
them an impression not easily forgotten.

entitle [in'taitl] vt. 1...., ... 2.()authorize; qualify; allow I

figure that everyone is entitled to just so much happiness in life. Some get it in the
beginning and some in the middle and others at the end. And then there are those that
have it spread thin all through the years.
The new book is
entitled Love Story.
entry ['entri] n. 1. (), 2. 3., , 4., ,
This dictionary has over 30,000 entries. 3 How many entries are

there for the high jump?

environment [in'vaiKrKnmKnt] n. , , Children need a happy home
environment. The house itself is not particularly to my mind, but
I like its environment. Over the last
generation, they have worked hard to restore our national treasures and to find a way to
conduct our economy that is more in harmony with the environment.

envy ['envi] vt. , n. 1. , 2. , jealous; rivalry;

opposition Beggars do not envy millionaires, though of course they will envy other
beggars who are more successful.
He was filled with envy at my success. They envy him his
good fortune.
epidemic [,epi'demik] n. 1. 2., a. , infection; contagion;
plagueHe was infected an epidemic. I have an influenza epidemic.
There has recently been an epidemic of crime in our major cities.
Football hooliganism is now reaching epidemic proportions.

episode ['episKud] n. 1.() 2.(), ,

happening; occurrence; eventLove is the history of a womans life; it is an episode
in mans. The episode of this film sounds good.
That's an episode in my life Id rather forget!
! One of the funniest episodes in the book occurs in chapter 6. 6

epoch ['i:pOk] n. , era; period; ageThe epoch of individuality is concluded

and it is the duty of reformers to initiate the association.
The teaching method marked a now
epoch in education. Einstein's theory marked a new epoch in
physics.
equation [i'kweiZn] n. (), The equation of wealth with happiness can be

dangerous. x + y =7 is an equation. x + y =7
equivalent [i'kwivKlKnt] a. , , n. , , of equal
value; similar; comparable In truth, politeness is artificial good humor, it covers the
natural want of it, and ends by rendering habitual a substitute nearly equivalent to the real
virtue.
He changed his pounds for the equivalent amount in dollars.
Changing his job like that is equivalent to giving him the sack.

erase [i'reiz] vt. , , He erases pencil marks. She couldn't

erase the incident from her memory.
erosion [i'rKuZn] n. 1., , 2., The erosion of the coastline by the sea
was ignored by people. They had to face the steady erosion of
the president's credibility.
erroneous [i'rKuniKs] a. , We should not be infected by erroneous ideas.
The result of your report is an erroneous conclusion.

erupt [i'rVpt] vi. 1.( ) , ( ) 2.( ) ,

explode; eject; emitIts many years since the volcano last erupted.

essential [i'senSl] a. 1., , 2., , n. [ pl.] 1.

, 2. Her most essential quality is kindness. Food is
essential to life. In considering this problem, you should grasp its
essentials. Limit your expenditure to what is essential.

establishment [i'st<bliSmKnt] n. 1. , , 2. , 3. The

establishment of that school took five years. He keeps a large
establishment.
estate [i'steit] n. 1.(), 2., , 3.(),
, property; heritage; landNext to the writer of real estate advertisements,

the autobiographer is the most suspect of prose artists.

The old man left an estate of two million dollars when he died.
He has a beautiful estate near London.
esthetic [i:s'Tetik] a. 1., 2.,
estimate ['estimKt] n. 1., 2., vt. , He is highly estimated
among his colleagues. They estimated the number of visitors at 10
million. 1000 My estimate of the length of the room was 10 feet.
10 It is estimated that this trend will continue in the years to come.

eternal [i'tK:nl] a. 1., 2., 3., endless;

everlasting; perpetual Genius is eternal patience. The idea that the
world is eternal is now seldom advanced.
evaluate [i'v<ljueit] vt. , appraise; judge; assessI cant evaluate his ability
without seeing his work.
evaluation [i,v<lju'eiSn] n.
evaporate [i'v<pKreit] vi. 1., 2., vt. , The water soon
evaporated in the sunshine. Heat evaporates water into steam.

evenly ['i:vnli] ad. smoothly; impartially; squarely He is breathing

evenly, which shows that he has got over his excitement.

eventually [i'ventSuKli] ad. , It was a long journey, but we eventually arrived.

everlasting [,evK'lA:stiN] a.endless; immortal; permanentThe youth

of the soul is everlasting, and eternity is youth. He
believes in life everlasting after death.
evident ['evidKnt] a. , obvious; apparentIt was evident that the policy
was a failure.
evolution [,i:vK'lu:Sn] n. , , growth; development; unfoldingEvolution is

not the force but a process, not a cause but a law.

Do you know about the evolution of a seed into a plant?
In politics Britain has preferred evolution to revolution.
exaggerate [ig'z<dZKreit] v. , overestimate; lie; overstate We exaggerate
misfortune and happiness alike. We are never either so wretched or so happy as we say we
are. The seriousness
of the situation has been much exaggerated by the press. He has
an exaggerated idea of his own importance.
exceed [ik'si:d] vt. , His knowledge of history exceeds mine.
The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with
other to recruit students before they have completed their studies.

exceedingly [ik'si:diNli] ad. , remarkably; very; greatly It is seldom very

hard to do ones duty when one knows what it is, but it is often exceedingly difficult to find
this out. We
found out that he was exceedingly fond of fishing. My teacher asked
me to answer an exceedingly difficult question.
exception [ik'sepSn] n. exclusion; difference; deviation Experience shows that
exceptions are as true as rules. Most children like sweets, but
there are some exceptions. He took great exception
to what I said. There is always an exception to any rule.
excess ['ekses] n. 1., , 2., a. , , Usury is
interest in excess of a legal rate. The fat boy went on a diet to
get rid of his excess weight.
excessive [ik'sesiv] a. , , extreme; disproportionate It is not
money, as is sometimes said, but the love of money the excessive, selfish, covetous
love of money, that is the root of all evil.
Excessive rainfall had made the harvest
impossible.

exclaim [ik'skleim] v. , , shout; yell; proclaim; shriekWhen my sonnet

was rejected, I exclaimed, Damn the age; I will write for antiquity.
! The newspapers exclaimed against the
government's action. She exclaimed at the beautiful view.

exclude [ik'sklu:d] vt. ..., No one was excluded from sentry duty.
We cannot exclude the possibility that he killed his wife.

exclusive [ik'sklu:siv] a. 1., 2., 3., 4.(of)...,

... n. He moves in exclusive social circles and belongs to the most
exclusive clubs. Dictionarymaking has not been his exclusive employment. The matter
will be given our exclusive attention. This company has exclusive
rights for the sale of Ford cars in the city.
excursion [ik'skK:Sn] n. , ramble; tour; journey Many excursions have
been arranged by Holiday Company. We shall make an
excursion to Hangzhou this weekend.
execute ['eksikju:t] vt. 1., 2., , The nurse executed the doctor's
orders. Congress makes the laws; the President executes them.
They executed the king.
executive [ig'zekjutiv] n. 1. , , 2.() a. ,
managing; governing; administrativeThe business system is blessed with a built-in
corrective, namely, that one executives mistakes become his competitors assets.
He is a man of great executive
ability.
exemplify [ig'zemplifai] vt. 1.()...()2., show by example;
illustrate; demonstrateThe third paragraph exemplifies the abuse of this device.
2
exert [ig'zK:t] vt. 1.(), ()2., , use; force; impose In the world, a

man who would make his way, must exert and bestir himself day and night.
He exerted all his influence to make them accept his plan.
Her husband exerted a lot of pressure on her to succeed.

exhaust [ig'zO:st] vt. 1. 2., , 3. n. 1., , 2.

(), tire; weary; wear outWe read of industrial vapors, automobile and
jet plane exhausts that contaminate the air. We never hear of the millions of human
exhausts expelling tobacco smoke.
She did not cry out; her tears were exhausted.

exhibit [ig'zibit] vt. 1., 2., , n. , Many unearthed

cultural relics were exhibited at the museum.
exit ['eksit] n. 1., , 2., v. , passage; outlet; escapeAll
the world is a stage, and all the men and women merely players; they have their exits and
entrances. There are four
emergency exits in the department store. At the roundabout,
take the third exit.
expand [ik'sp<nd] v. 1., , 2 .Metals expand when they are heated.
Our foreign trade has expanded during recent years.
The petals of many flowers expand in the sunshine.
expansion [ik'sp<nSn] n. 1. , , 2. Metals undergo expansion when
heated. This book is an expansion of the play he wrote before.

expectation [,ekspek'teiSn] n. 1., 2.[pl.] , She ate a light lunch in

expectation of a good dinner. He has great expectations
from his uncle.
expedition [,ekspi'diSn] n. 1.(), , 2., , 3.,
excursion; voyage; journeyThe search for a scapegoat is the easiest of all
hunting expeditions. They planned to organize a

scientific expedition. The mail is conveyed with expedition.

expel [ik'spel] vt. 1...., ... 2., , 3., send out or away
One love expels another. He was expelled from the school.
The bullet was expelled from the gun.
expend [ik'spend] vt. , , I had expended much time on the work but they
told me it's useless. The soldiers
expended all their ammunition in that fight.
expenditure [ik'spenditSK] n. 1. , , 2.( ) , ,
investment; payment; expenseExpenditure on armaments is increasing.
The expenditure of money on weapons is very large.
expertise [,ekspK:'ti:z] n. (),
expire [ik'spaiK] vi. 1. , ( ) 2. , come to end; terminate; run out
Take vacations and long weekends. Never let vacation time expire.
My passport is due to expire in two months.
explicit [ik'splisit] a. 1., , 2., , expressed;
understandable; plain His attitude toward the whole thing was quite explicit.

exploit ['eksplOit] vt. 1. 2., , n. [ pl.] , , utilize; employ;

take advantage of I will not make age an issue of this campaign. I am not going to
exploit for political purpose my opponents youth and inexperience.
People should read the related
regulations before they exploit natural resources.

exploration [,eksplK'reiSn] n.They decided to make a full exploration of

the accident. Despite the fact that many of my fellow students
like other ways of learning, I never give up any opportunity to sit at my computer for the
exploration of the ocean of knowledge.

explore [ik'splO:] v. 1., , 2., , The experts are exploring

every part of the island. Some people suggest that we
should not help the adventurers, because any kind of help would ruin their pleasure of
exploring. I longed
to explore much further into those areas.
explosion [ik'splKuZn] n. 1., 2., The explosion was heard a mile away.
The explosion of oil prices caused an economical crisis.

explosive [ik'splKusiv] a. 1., 2. n. Gunpowder is an

explosive. Hydrogen is highly explosive. Politics can be an
explosive subject.
expose [ik'spKuz] vt. 1., 2.(to)...(), 3., You
shouldn't expose the soldiers to unnecessary risks. The
reporter was killed because he tried to expose a plot.
The photographs exposed the absurdity of the undertaking.
exposure [ik'spKuZK] n. 1., 2., 3. disclosure; betrayal; unfolding
The greatest crime committed in American cities may not be murder, rape or robbery,
but rather the wholesale and constant exposure of children to noise, ugliness and garbage
in the street.
Exposure of the body to strong sunlight can be harmful.
The exposure of the plot against the President probably saved his life.
How many exposures have you left?
extension [ik'stenSn] n. 1., , 2., , 3.,
He built an extension onto his house. He asked for an
extension of his visa.
extensive [ik'stensiv] a. 1., 2., The device had undergone
extensive testing. He selected an extensive reading course this
term.
extent [ik'stent] n. 1., , 2., , From the roof we were able to see

the full extent of the park. I was amazed at the extent of his
knowledge.
external [ik'stK:nl] a. , , exterior; covering Everybody acts not
only under external compulsions but also in accordance with inner necessity.
All his injuries are external. This
news program only covers external events.
extinct [ik'stiNt] a. 1. , 2.(), (), ()
ended; vanished; abolition

I am sorry to say that there is too much point to the

wisecrack that life is extinct on other planets because their scientists were more advanced
than ours. ,
Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years.
extinguish [ik'stiNwiS] vt. 1. , 2. , We have to extinguish the
memory of the defeat. Smoking is forbidden. Please extinguish
your cigarettes. Nothing could extinguish his faith in human
nature.
extraction [ik'str<kSn] n.
extraordinary [ik'strO:dnri] a. , , He married a girl of extraordinary
beauty.
extravagant [ik'str<vKgKnt] a. 1., 2., , () wasteful;
openhanded; lavish Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.
He makes the most extravagant claims for his
new system.
eyebrow ['aibrau] n. There were a lot of eyebrows raised at the news of minister's
dismissal.
eyesight ['aisait] n. The house is within eyesight. He has poor
eyesight.
F
fabric ['f<brik] n. 1., , 2., , The whole fabric of the society was
changed by the war. The cost of repairing the fabric of the church

was very high.

facilitate [fK'siliteit] vt. (), aid; simplify; make easy It would
facilitate matters if you were more cooperative. Let good
advertisements facilitate communication between business people and the public, and help
keep the business world moving.
faculty ['f<klti] n. 1., , 2., , 3.aptitude; personnel; fellows
As the faculty of writing has been chiefly a masculine endowment, the reproach of
making the world miserable has always been thrown upon the woman.
This boy has a faculty of making
friends easily. There will be a meeting for the English faculty this
afternoon.
failure ['feiljK] n. 1. 2.()3., 4., I shall have another
chance in the event of failure. Production in the factories
stopped because of frequent power failures. The play was a dead
failure.
famine ['f<min] n. starvation; hunger He is one of those wise philanthropists
who, in a time of famine, would vote for nothing but a supply of toothpicks.
Thousands of people died of famine.

fantastic [f<n't<stik] a. 1., , 2., 3.,

4., strange; grotesque; queer My daughter likes to describe her
fantastic dreams to me. We watched a fantastic play
yesterday evening.
fascinate ['f<sineit] vt. , charm; enchant; attract I like work; it
fascinates me; I can sit and look it for hours.
Anything to do with old myths and legends fascinates me.
The students were fascinated by his ideas. The serpent
fascinated its prey.
fatal ['feitl] a. 1., , 2., inevitable; mortal; deadly

It is most important in this world to be pushing, but it is fatal to seem to.

This was his fatal defect; he was of feeble will.
His illness was fatal to our plan.
father-in-law ['fA:DKr-in-lO:] n.
fatigue [fK'ti:g] n. , v. ()weariness; exhaustion; faintness Those who
expect to reap the blessings of freedom must undergo the fatigue of supporting it.
Finally, her mind gave in to fatigue and she fell asleep.
I am utterly fatigued. The patient fatigues
easily.
favourable ['feivKrKbl] a. 1. ? 2.? desirable; commending;
approving Why do men seek honor? Surely in order to confirm the favorable opinion
they have formed of themselves.
Most people were favorable to the idea. The conditions are favorable
for opening a new business.
fearful ['fiKfKl] a. 1., 2., A fearful person is a weak person.
They were fearful that the river would flood.
feasible ['fi:zKbl] a. , , achievable; attainable; workable Its not
feasible to follow your proposals.
federal ['fedKrKl] a. (), In the USA foreign policy is decided by the
federal government and federal laws are made by Congress.

fee [fi:] n. , The doctor's fee was higher than we expected.

feeble ['fi:bl] a. 1., , 2., fragile; strengthless; ineffective

Superstition is the religion of feeble minds. A sick person is often
feeble. A feeble attempt is liable to fail.
feedback ['fi:db<k] n. ,
fellowship ['felKuSip] n. 1., , 2., , 3.(), ()
He was granted a fellowship. They offered him the hand of

fellowship when he was in difficulties.

feminine ['femKnin] a. 1., 2.female; womanlike; irrational The
great question that has never been answered and which I have not yet been able to
answer, despite my thirty years of research into the feminine soul, is What does a woman
want? 30 ?
Jewelry and lace are mostly feminine belongings.
fertile ['fK:tail] a. 1., 2., 3.() productive;
plentiful Now man is not as fertile as in the past. Fertile soil
yields good crops.
fertilizer ['fK:tKlaizK] n. Crushed bones make one of the best fertilizers.

festival ['festivl] n. 1.() 2., Christmas is a festival of the Christian

Church. This city has a music festival every summer.

feudal ['fju:dl] a. ,, The feudal barons were cruel

to the people. The way some landlords treat their tenants today still
seems feudal.
fibre ['faibK] []fiber n. () Scientists are recommending that people eat
more fibre. He is a man of real fibre. I love
my country with every fibre of my being.
fiction ['fikSn] n. fabrication; romance; storyTruth, fact, is the life of all things;
falsity, fiction, or whatever it may call itself, is certain to be the death.
I like to read science fiction.
His account of the crime was a complete fiction.

filter ['filtK] n. , , vt. vi. 1.()2.(), soak

through; penetrate; purify; separateYou need to filter the drinking water.
The sunlight filtered through the curtains. The teacher gave each
of us a piece of filter paper before doing the experiment.


finance ['fain<ns] n. 1., 2.[ pl.] , , vt. ..., ...
commerce; economics; funding It wasnt too long ago that you could finance a
pretty good war for what six months of peace costs today.
The repairs to the school will be
financed by the educational department. The politician was
appointed as the Minister of Finance. Unless we can get more
finance, we'll have to close the store.
finding ['faindiN] n. 1.[ pl.] () 2.()
finite ['fainait] a.1. 2.
fireman ['faiKmKn] n. Being a fireman sometimes may be dangerous.

fireplace ['faiKpleis] n. She felt warm only when she sat before the fireplace.

firework ['faiKwK:k] n.
fishery ['fiSKri] n.
fitting ['fitiN] n. 1.[ pl.] (), , 2.[ pl.] , , 3., a.
,
fixed [fikst] a.
fixture ['fikstSK] n. 1.[ pl.] ( ) 2. ( ) The price
includes all fixtures and fittings.
flap [fl<p] n. 1.()2., , () 3., vt.
, vi. 1., 2.()() swing; glow; wave The sails were
flapping gently in the wind. A flap from the tail of the whale upset the boat.
The wind flapped the sails. The curtains were flapping
at the open window.
flare [flEK] vi. 1.(), () 2., () n. , The
skirt flares out at the hem. Her nostrils flared angrily.
The fire flared up as I put more logs onto it.

flatten ['fl<tn] vt.

flatter ['fl<tK] vt. 1...., 2., , 3.(), ()
He flattered her about her cooking. This photograph flatters
you. I feel greatly flattered by your invitation to address the meeting.

flavour ['fleivK] n. 1. ? ? 2. ? vt. ... ? taste; savor

Variety is the very spice of life, that gives it all its flavor.
I don't like the flavor of onion. This bread has plenty of flavor.

flaw [flO:] n. , ,
fault; stain
The absence of flaw in beauty is itself a flaw.
The flaw in this vase makes it less valuable.
Your argument has a fatal flaw.
flexible ['fleksKbl] a. 1., 2., This tube is flexible but tough.
We need a foreign policy that is more flexible.

flourish ['flVriS] vi. , , vt. () prosper; thrive; increase The

sciences are of sociable disposition, and flourish best in the neighborhood of each other.
There were two or three palm trees flourishing in the
promenade garden. She rushed in flourishing a
document. The doctor showed us about his hospital
with much flourish.
fluctuate ['flVktSueit] vi. , , vibrate; wave; hesitateThe price fluctuates
between $5 and $6.
fluid ['flu:id] n. , a. , liquor; vapor; solutionThe opinions which
we hold of one another, our relations with friends and kinsfolk are in no sense permanent,
save in appearance, but are as eternally fluid as the sea itself.
Air, whether in the gaseous
or liquid state, is a fluid.
flush [flVS] n. , vi. 1. 2.(), vt. 1., 2.(), 3.

 a. 1.(with) , 2.(), She shows a flush of joy at his

coming. Mary flushed crimson with embarrassment.

flyover ['flaiKuvK] n.;

foodstuff ['fu:dstVf] n. Rice is our essential foodstuff in life.
Nowadays, the foodstuffs in our life are more various.

footstep ['futstep] n. , There are many footsteps in the snow.

forecast ['fO:kA:st] vt. , prediction; forethought; foresight Our present

addiction to pollsters and forecasters is a symptom of our chronic uncertainty about the
future. Even when the forecasts prove wrong, we still go on asking for them.

They tried to forecast the result of the football match.

The weather forecast says it will be sunny tomorrow.
forefinger ['fO:fiNgK] n.
foregoing [fO:'gKuiN] adj.
foremost ['fO:mKust] a. , Do you know who is the foremost writer in the
English language?
foresee [fO:'si:] vt. , foretell; predict; prophesyHe who foresees calamities
suffers them twice over. Do you foresee any problems with
the new system? He foresaw that his journey would be
delayed by bad weather.
forge [fO:dZ] vt. 1.(), 2., hammer out; beat into shape;
fabricate The power of quotation is as dreadful a weapon as any which the human
intellectual can forge.
They forged their manager's signature on the cheque. The
ship forged ahead under a favorable wind.
formal ['fO:ml] a. 1., , 2., Business letters must

always be formal, but we should write in a natural way to friends.

There is only a formal likeness between the two brothers, for
their natures are very different. He is very formal with
everyone; he never joins in a laugh.
formation [fO:'meiSn] n. 1., 2., 3., Her front teeth were
irregular in formation. School life has a great influence on the formation
of a child's character. There are several kinds of cloud
formations.
formula ['fO:mjulK] formulae ['fO:mjuli:] pl. n. 1., 2., 3. What
is the formula for water It's the formula for converting gallons into
liters.
formulate ['fO:mjuleit] vt. 1.(), ()2.()form;
set down; express The contract was formulated in difficult legal language.
He formulated his thought clearly. The
contract was formulated in difficult legal language.
forthcoming [,fO:T'kVmiN] a. 1., 2.,
fortnight ['fO:tnait] n. , two weeks When a man knows he is to be
hanged in a fortnight, it concentrates his mind wonderfully.
I see them about once a fortnight.
forum ['fO:rKm] n. , , () The letters page serves as a
useful forum for the exchange of readers' views. There
was a forum where meetings were held.
fossil ['fOsl] n. 1. 2., He found a piece of fossil of an ancient bird.
Coal is a fossil fuel.
foundation [faun'deiSn] n. 1.[pl.] 2. , , 3. 4. , ,
base; basis; establishment The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the
foundation of morals and legislation. The foundation
of this university took place over 100 years ago. He laid the
foundation of his success by study and hard work.

fraction ['fr<kSn] n. 1., 2.section; portion; divisionCould you move a

fraction closer? The door opened a fraction. One forth is a
proper fraction.
fracture ['fr<ktSK] v. ( ) , ( ) n. , , He had several injuries,
including three fractures. Her leg fractured in two places.
His son suffered from a fractured pelvis.
fragment ['fr<gmKnt] n. , , v. () piece; scrap; remnant She
dropped the vase on the floor and it broke into fragments. The
chair fragmented under his weight. The interruption fragmented his
argument.
fragrant ['freigrKnt] a.perfumed; sweet-scented Certainly virtue is like
precious odors, most fragrant when they are incensed or crushed.
The air in the garden was warm and fragrant.
framework ['freimwK:k] n. 1., 2., , 3., It's a bridge
of steel framework. All the cases can be considered within the
framework of the existing rules.
frequency ['fri:kwKnsi] n. 1., 2., regularity; recurrenceThe drop
of rain makes a hole in the stone, not by violence, but by the frequency of falling.
Accidents on that highway are happening with increasing
frequency.
friction ['frikSn] n. 1., 2.() Friction against the rock, combined with the
weight of the climber, caused his rope to break.
My daughter and son always have frictions.
frontier ['frVntiK] n. 1. , 2.[the~] , 3.[ pl.] ,
boundary; verge; country

There exists limitless opportunity in every industry.

Where there is an open mind, there will always be a frontier.

Sweden has frontiers with Norway and Finland.
The frontiers of medical knowledge are being pushed forwards as time goes
on.

frozen ['frKuzKn] freeze

fruitful ['fru:tfKl] a. , productive; fertile; profitableThe most fruitful
and natural play of the mind is in conversation. The apple
tree is seldom fruitful. Working is just one of the many useful and fruitful
activities you do that enables you to live a good life and give your family their needs.

frustrate [frV'streit] vt. 1. , 2., defeat; prevent; disappoint

Bad weather has frustrated plans to launch the spacecraft today.
The terrible weather frustrated our hopes of going out.
I'm feeling rather frustrated in my present job; I need a change.

fry [frai] vt. , , Shall I fry the fish for dinner? The eggs
are frying in the pan.
fulfil [ful'fil] vt. 1., , 2.,
function ['fVNkSn] n. 1., , 2.()3., vi.
, , The function of an adjective is to describe or add to the meaning of a
noun. The minister has to attend all kinds of functions.
The machine won't function properly if you don't oil it well.

fundamental [,fVndK'mentl] a. , , n. [pl.] , There is a
fundamental difference in attitude between these two politicians.
A knowledge of economics is fundamental to any understanding of this problem.
If you two are going to marry, I advise that you need to
know the fundamentals of cooking.
funeral ['fju:nKrKl] n. , gloomy; burialSuccess is a public affair. Failure is a
private funeral. They held a state funeral in honour of the
statesman. The funeral made its way slowly through the streets.

furious ['fjuKriKs] a. 1., 2., enraged; angry; indignant She

was absolutely furious. After receiving the insulting letter, he became furious.
There was a furious knock at the door.
furnace ['fK:nis] n. , This room is like a furnace.
furthermore [,fK:DK'mO:] ad. , The house isn't big enough for me, and
furthermore, it's too far from the town.
fuss [fVs] n. , , vi. 1. , 2.( ) ,
trouble; complaint; bother; disturbanceDon't make so much fuss over losing a pen.
There is sure to be a fuss when my parents find the window
is broken. She fusses too much about her health.

G
gage [geidZ] (=gauge)
galaxy ['g<lKksi] n. 1. 2.[the G-] , 3. () A galaxy of
film stars attended the premiere.
gallery ['g<lKri] n. 1., 2., () 3., show saloon; art
studioTo a person uninstructed in natural history, his country or sea-side stroll is a walk
through a gallery filled with wonderful works of art
His pictures were showed in the gallery.
gallon ['g<lKn] n. He added 2 gallons of fuel to his car. 2
gallop ['g<lKp] vi. 1.(), 2., vt. () n. 1.(),
2., He rode off at a gallop. He galloped the horse
along the track.
gamble ['g<mbl] vi. 1.(on), 2.(on, in), vt. , ... n. 1. 2.,
play for money One of the healthiest ways to gamble is with a spade and a
package of garden seeds. He
spends all his time gambling in the casino. He gambled all his
winnings on the last race. The company took a gamble
by cutting the price of their products.
garbage ['gA:bidZ] n. 1., 2. 3.()Please put the garbage in

the dustbin. She threw the leftovers in the garbage.

gasoline ['g<sKli:n] (gasoline) n. Our gasoline has been used up.
gasp [gA:sp] vi. , , vt. () n. , , pant; labor;
gulpI gasped in astonishment at the magicians skill.
I gasped with surprise at the unexpected news. He
gasped out the message.
gathering ['g<DKriN] n.
gauge [geidZ] n. 1. 2.(), () 3.(), vt. 1.,
2., We must gauge the diameter of wire first. It was
difficult to gauge how people would respond. It's a rain gauge.

gear [giK] n. 1., , () 2.(), , vt. ,

regulate; harness; match; adjust Our effort is geared to a higher level of
production. Most cars have four forward gears.
The plumber stowed all his gear in a canvas bag.
Education should be geared to the children's needs and abilities.

geese [gi:s] n. goose ,

generalize ['dZenrKlaiz] v. , , theorize; hypothesize; derive Every
science begins by accumulating observations, and presently generalizes these empirically.

generate ['dZenKreit] vt. 1., ()2., produce; breed; yield

War. There is no solution for it. There is never a conqueror. The winner generates such
hatred that he is ultimately defeated.
This hatred was generated by racial prejudice.

genius ['dZi:niKs] n. 1., 2.talent; exceptionalGenius is one percent

inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
She has a genius for finding mistakes in my work.

genuine ['dZenjuin] a. 1., 2., real; original; sincere; actual

Genuine poetry can communicate before it is understood.
Is this bracelet genuine gold? He has a genuine desire to help us.

geographical [,dZiK'gr<fikl] (=geographic) a.()The professor will give a

lecture of geographical features. They are getting to know the
geographical house.
geology [dZi'OlKdZi] n. 1. 2.I've studied geology in my college.

geometry [dZi'OmKtri] n. ()I feel that geometry is a difficult subject.

germ [dZK:m] n. 1., , 2.(), Disinfectant kills germs.

gesture ['dZestSK] n. 1., 2.(), v. () sign;

indication; signalize The invitation was meant as a friendly gesture.
A speaker often makes gestures with his hands or arms to stress something he is saying.
The doctor gestured me to take off my coat.
She gestured her disappointment by laying her hand on her forehead.

gifted ['giftid] a.
gigantic [dZai'g<ntik] a. , The company has made gigantic losses this
year, and will probably be out of business.
glare [glEK] vi. 1.(at) 2., n. 1. 2., 3.,
The sun glared on the sea.

They stood there, glaring at

each other. The windows were tinted to reduce the glare.

glide [glaid] n. , , The figure skater glided gracefully over the ice.
Youth glided past without our awareness.
glimpse [glimps] n. , I glimpsed at her among the crowd before she

disappeared from sight. I only caught a glimpse of

him sitting in the car, so I can't tell exactly what he looked like.
A glimpse of her face will tell you that she is innocent.

glitter ['glitK] vi. , n. 1., 2., sparkle; shimmer; shine

All that glitters is not gold. The diamond ring on her finger
glittered in the light. He stared at me with a cruel glitter
in his eyes.
global ['glKubl] a. 1., 2., overall; comprehensive; complete
Global scoring is applied to the grading of the students essays.

gloomy ['glu:mi] a. 1., 2., 3., , dim;

clouded; sad; depressed Love is the flame of life, without it, everything in life becomes
gloomy. She is always in that gloomy
mood. It's a gloomy day.
glorify ['glO:rifai] vt.()give glory to; exalt; revere; praiseThis ancient
epic glorified heros deeds in battle. The newspapers
glorified their heroic deeds. The setting sun glorified the scene.

glue [glu:] n. , vt. , This glue sticks fast. He glued a stamp

onto the envelope. The kids glued their eyes to the TV set, watching a
cartoon.
gossip ['gOsip] n. 1. 2. vi. , talk idly; tell tales;
chat Gossip is what no one claims to like but everybody enjoys.
I never talk about gossip. There has
been much gossip in political circles. She loves to gossip to her
neighbors.
grab [gr<b] vt. 1., 2. 3.() vi. (at)(), () n. , He grabbed
my collar and pulled me towards him. When I gave him the

chance, he grabbed it at once. Let's grab a sandwich and go

to see the film.
graceful ['greisfKl] a. 1., 2.elegant; beautifulGolf is an awkward
set of bodily contortions designed to produce a graceful result.
His refusal was worded in such a graceful way that we could not be
offended. She runs up the stairs with a light
graceful step.
gracious ['greiSKs] a. 1. , 2. , , int. ( )
polite; courteous If a man be gracious and courteous to strangers, it shows he is a
citizen of the world. He is gracious to his
inferiors.
gradual ['gr<dZuKl] a. 1., 2., There has been a gradual
increase in the number of people owning cars.
gramme [gr<m] (=gram) n.
graph [grA:f] n. , ,
grasp [grA:sp] n. &v. 1., 2., I grasped the main point of the speech.
You must grasp this opportunity. I kept her hands in my
grasp. She has a good grasp of the English language.
grateful ['greitfKl] n. , He was grateful for all you did.
Your kindness is grateful. Rather than being content and grateful for
what we have, we are focused on what is wrong with something and our need to fix it.

gratitude ['gr<titju:d] n. , appreciation; acknowledgementGratitude is the

sign of noble souls. She showed me her gratitude by inviting me to
dinner.
grease [gri:s] n. 1.() 2., vt. , ... fat; oil; lubricant
The wheel that squeaks the loudest is the one that gets the grease.
The engine was covered in grease. He puts grease on his hair

to make it shiny. If you grease the lock it will turn more easily.

greedy ['gri:di] a. 1., 2., 3. avid; selfish; miserly; tightfistedBeing neither jealous nor greedy, being without desires, and remaining the same
under all circumstances that is nobility.
He looked at the shop window with greedy eyes.
The greedy little boy ate all the candy at the party.

greenhouse ['gri:nhaus] n. They planted many flowers in their greenhouse.

grieve [gri:v] vi. (for, over), vt. , ... regret; sorrow; mourn
What the eye doesnt see, the heart doesnt grieve over. It grieves me to
see him in such bad health.
grip [grip] n. 1., 2., vt. 1., 2....() The
frightened child gripped his mother's arm. The brake
doesn't grip properly. We'll come to grips with the problem very soon.

groan [grKun] vi. 1., 2. n. 1., 2. moan;

murmur; cryHow alike are the groans of love to those of the dying.
The girl groaned in pain. The old chair gave a groan when the
fat man sat down on it.
grocer ['grKusK] n.
grocery ['grKusKri] n.He brought the box of groceries in from the car.
He brought the box of groceries in from the car.

gross [grKus] a. 1., 2., 3., 4. vt. ...()

coarse; whole; entire Gratitude is a fruit of great cultivation; you do not find it
among gross people. You can tell from his
gross language that the man was uneducated.

The gross national product had increased 5 percent last year.

grown-up ['grKunVp] a. I have a grown-up son who lives abroad.

The grown-ups applauded after the children had finished their performance.

guarantee [,g<rKn'ti:] vt. , n. , promise; assure; insure Even if

you aim at humility, there is no guarantee that you have attained the state you will not be
proud of the feat. This radio has a twoyear guarantee. South winds in winter are a guarantee of rain in these
parts. We cannot guarantee the punctual arrival of trains
in fogy weather. I guarantee that you'll enjoy yourself.

guilt [gilt] n. His face showed guilt though he said he had done nothing
wrong.
guilty ['gilti] a.The man was proved guilty of murder.

gum [gVm] n. 1. 2. 3. He likes chewing gum. His pocket

was all gummed up with candy.
gunpowder ['gVnpaudK] n. The rebels were short of gunpowder.

gym [dZim] = gymnasiumn. , We go to play badminton in the nearest

gym every Sunday. A new gymnasium has been built
on our campus.
H
habitual [hK'bitSuKl] a. in the habit of; accustomed; customary
There is no more miserable human being than one in whom nothing is habitual but
indecision. His habitual place at the table was
occupied by a stranger. My girlfriend and I are
habitual cinema-goers.

haircut ['hEKkVt] n.You ought to have a haircut. That's a nice haircut.

halt [hO:lt] n. , , v. (), () cease; pause; stop; terminate To

follow, without halt, one aim. Theres the secret of success.
The soldiers halted for a rest. He tried to bring that debate to a
halt. The car came to a halt just in time to prevent an accident.

ham [h<m] n. I had a ham sandwich as lunch.

hamburger ['h<mbK:gK] n. 1. 2.Don't always eat hamburgers for meals, or
else you'll get malnourished.
hamper ['h<mpK] vt. , , n. () embarrass; hinder Our
progress was hampered by the bad weather.
handbook ['h<ndbuk] n. , We bought a tourist handbook before going
travelling.
handful ['h<ndful] n. 1. 2., , We invited twenty people, but only a
handful of them came. 20 That child is quite a handful.

handicap ['h<ndik<p] n. 1.( ) 2. , vt. ,

disabled; restricted; crippled

They are all handicapped men.

Deafness can be a serious handicap. He was handicapped by lack of

education.
handy ['h<ndi] a. 1. 2. , 3. nearby; at handy; convenient
Our flat is very handy for the schools. The shops are quite
handy. A few more traveller's cheques may come in handy on the holiday.

hardware ['hA:dwEK] n. 1. 2.I know nothing about computer hardware.

hare [hEK] n. They went hunting for hares.

harmony ['hA:mKni] n. , , agreement; consistency; symmetryNo family

harmony, no social stability. There was not much harmony in

international affairs during those years. His tastes are in harmony
with mine.
harness ['hA:nis] n. , vt. 1., 2.() restrain; control; govern
People must understand that science is inherently neither a potential for good nor for
evil. It is a potential to be harnessed by man to do his bidding.
The farmer harnessed the horse.
The cashier died in harness.
hasty ['heisti] a. 1., 2., , His hasty temper made him
offensive.
hatch [h<tS] vt. 1., 2., , vi. (out)(), n. 1.() 2.(
) 3. Chicks are hatching from the eggs. Three of the
chickens hatched today.
hateful ['heitfKl] a.The sight of food was hateful to the seasick girl.

haul [hO:l] vt. 1.(), 2.(), n. 1., , 2.()

They hauled the boat up the beach.

hawk [hO:k] n. 1., 2.() vt. , Hawks will not pick

other hawks' eyes out.
hazard ['h<zKd] n. , vt. 1.()2.... risk; venture; danger
There are hazards in anything one does, but there are greater hazards in doing nothing.
The car had its hazard warning lights on.
He hazarded all his money in the attempt to save the business.

heading ['hediN] n.
headline ['hedlain] n. 1. 2.[pl.]
headquarters [hed'kwO:tKz] n. 1.(), 2., station; office;
center Seek rotational assignments, especially if one will put you in a key operational
role or close to the seat of power in corporate.

Are their any orders coming from the headquarters?

heal [hi:l] vt. 1., , 2.(), vi. , ,

The medicine and rest will soon heal your wound.

Time heals most troubles.

hearing ['hiKriN] n. 1., 2. 3.() , ()
heartily ['hA:tili] ad. ,,I am heartily grateful to your help.

hearty ['hA:ti] a. They gave him a hearty welcome.

heating ['hi:tiN] n.
heavily ['hevili] ad. The truck was heavily loaded. The
crime lies heavily on his conscience.
hedge [hedZ] n. 1.() 2., vt. vi. Will the hedge
keep the sheep out of the field?
hemisphere ['hemisfiK] n. 1. 2. The Western Hemisphere refers to
North and South America.
henceforth [hens'fO:T] ad. , The man said that he would work hard
henceforth.
heritage ['heritidZ] n. , , estate; legacy The disappointment of
manhood succeeds to the delusion of youth; let us hope that the heritage of old age is not
despair. These beautiful old
palaces are part of our national heritage. If we
tear down the old buildings, we are ruining the cultural heritage and the traditional value
as well.
heroin ['herKuin] n. ,
heroine ['herKuin] n. 1. 2.She was chosen to play the heroine in this film.

hesitation [,hezi'teiSn] n. ,,,,She agreed without hesitation.

There is no room for hesitation.

highland ['hail<nd] n. ,
highlight ['hailait] vt. , , n. , stress; emphasize
The highlights of the match will be shown on TV tonight.

highly ['haili] ad. 1., , 2. Your boss speaks very highly of your
work. His paintings are highly original.
hijack ['haidZ<k] = highjackv. & n. () kidnap The plane was
hijacked while on a flight to Delphi. They planned to hijack a
plane.
hillside ['hilsaid] n.( ) The hillside is covered by grass and flowers in
summer. He possesses a huge house on the hillside.

hind [haind] adj.The hind leg of this horse was broken.

hinder ['hindK] vt. , Heavy snow hindered the construction work.
The crowd hindered him from leaving.
hinge [hindZ] n. The door opens easily because the hinges were oiled.

historian [hi'stO:riKn] n. , Historians advise that we should never

forget the past.
historic [hi'stOrik] a. , This battle is of historic meaning.

hitherto [,hiDK'tu:] ad. , This is a fact hitherto unknown.

hoist [hOist] vt. , , n. 1. 2., , raise; lift; elevateHoist

sail when the wind is fair. The sailors hoisted the flags in the morning.
He hoisted the package over his shoulder. We need a hoist to
lift the concrete blocks.
holder ['hKuldK] n. 1., 2., The holder of the office of chairman is
responsible for arranging meetings.

honourable ['OnKrKbl] a. 1., 2.,

horizon [hK'raizn] n. 1. 2.[pl.] , The sun appeared above the horizon.

horizontal [,hOri'zOntl] a. , First, draw a horizontal line.

horrible ['hOrKbl] a. 1., , 2., , What
horrible weather! ! Everything is in a horrible muddle.
horsepower ['hO:spauK] n.
hose [hKuz] n. (), vt. ()This fire hose is about
sixty feet long. 60
hospitality [,hOspi't<liti] n. (), The host's hospitality left us a very
good impression.
hostage ['hOstidZ] n. person held as a pledgeHe that has a wife and children,
has given hostages to fortune. He kept the pilot as a
hostage. The company took the cars as hostage.
hostile ['hOstail] a. 1., , 2. unfriendly; war-like Four
newspapers are more to be feared than a thousand bayonets.
The new government was hostile to them.
housewife ['hauswaif] n. Many women chose to be a housewife after marriage.

hug [hVg] vt. 1.() 2., vi. , n. , The child

was hugging her doll. The president hugged himself with pleasure
over the quick withdrawal from the gulf war.
She gave her daughter a big hug.
humble ['hVmbl] a. 1., 2.(), 3., vt. ,
lowly; submissive; gentle; quiet A humble man argues for his fault, while a
brave man makes his faults known to all.
He is a very humble person.
humid ['hju:mid] adj.Foods are easily to be mouldy in humid days.

humorous ['hju:mKrKs] a. , Her husband is a humorous man.

humour ['hju:mK] n. 1., 2.,

hydrogen ['haidrKdZKn] n. Water contains hydrogen and oxygen.
hypothesis [hai'pOTKsis] n. , , supposition; speculation; assumption A
proper hypothesis is helpful for successful reasoning.
hysterical [hi'sterikl] a. ,
I
ideal [ai'diKl] a. 1., 2., n. 1. 2.() It is an ideal
day for a picnic. He is looking for a wife but he hasn't found his
ideal mate.
identical [ai'dentikl] a. 1.(to, with), 2. twin; indistinguishable; alike
We can never find two men who hold identical views on the same one thing.
This is the identical hotel we stayed at last year.
Your appearance is identical to hers.
identify [ai'dentifai] vt. 1., 2.(with)... vi. (with) classify; analyze;
catalogue Any man over thirty identifies his youth with the worst fault he thinks he is
capable of. Can you identify
your umbrella among this lot? She identified that the man
was her attacker. One cannot identify happiness with wealth.

idiom ['idiKm] n. 1., 2.(),

ignite [ig'nait] vt. , vi. kindle; light; burnHe struck a match and ignited
the fuse.
ignorance ['ignKrKns] n. , unawareness; unconsciousness Not ignorance,
but the ignorance of ignorance, is the death of knowledge.
I regret my ignorance on the subject. Ignorance
of the law is no excuse.
ignore [ig'nO:] vt. , ,

illiterate [i'litKrKt] a. n.uneducated; unenlightened; ignorantThe boy is a

computer illiterate. You must be an illiterate if you've never heard of
Marx.
illuminate [i'lu:mineit] vt. 1. , 2., light; inform; interpret; enlighten
The man of science, like the artist, may easily have more facts than he can use. Both
seek the one fact out of a million that will illuminate their idea. Both find that it is rarely to
be had without research.
A sudden smile illuminated
her face.
illustrate ['ilKstreit] vt. 1., 2....Our textbook is very well illustrated.

imaginary [i'm<dZinKri] a. , , visionary; dreamlike; unreal We

do not content ourselves with the life we have in ourselves and in our own being; we desire
to live an imaginary life in the mind of others, and for this purpose we endeavor to shine.

All the characters in this book are imaginary.

imagination [i,m<dZi'neiSn] n. 1., 2., 3. These plans

reveal a complete failure of imagination. You didn't really see a
ghost, it's only imagination.
imaginative [i'm<dZinKtiv] a. , The story is imaginative.
He is an imaginative writer.
imitation [,imi'teiSn] n. 1. 2., 3. simulation; reproduction; duplication
Imitation is the sincerest of flattery. That's not an original
Rembrandt, it's an imitation. The house was built in imitation of
a Roman villa.
immense [i'mens] a. , extensive; large; limitless; infiniteWhat we know
is nothing, what we do not know is immense.
The performance was immense.

immerse [i'mK:s] vt. 1. 2.(in), submerge; soak; sink I was

completely immersed in the program when the door bell rang.
Please immerse the plant in water for a few minutes.
He immersed himself totally in his work.
immigrant ['imigrKnt] n. , California has many immigrants from other states.
This country has assimilated immigrants from most of the
countries of Europe.
immune [i'mju:n] a. 1., 2.(to) 3.(from), free;
secure (from a disease) Im immune to smallpox as a result of vaccination.
He seems to be immune to criticism. The criminal was
told he would be immune if he helped the police.

impact ['imp<kt] v. 1., 2., Take care, though, with whom you choose to
have close relationships for they can have a tremendous impact on your self-esteem and
life path.
impair [im'pEK] vt. , , weaken; lessen; enfeeble Loud noise can impair
your hearing. His illness has impaired his efficiency.
impartial [im'pA:Sl] a. fair; unbiased; disinterested I cannot
undertake to be impartial as between the fire brigade and the fire.
People in the city held the impartial judge in high regard.

impatient [im'peiSnt] a. 1., 2., He was impatient of any

interruption. I am impatient for his arrival.
imperialism [im'piKriKlizKm] n.
impetus ['impitKs] n. 1., , 2. impulse; rashness; abruptly His
participation gave an impetus to the movement.
implement ['implimKnt] vt. , , n. , , device; fulfill; realize
Our prompt reaction facilitates the implementation of the policy.
What implements are needed for gardening? The government

is implementing a new policy to help the unemployed.

implication [,impli'keiSn] n. 1., , 2., hypothesis; link; assumption
implicit [im'plisit] a. 1., 2.(in), 3., certain;
definite; exposed I have implicit faith in your abilities.
imply [im'plai] vt. , ...His silence implied agreement.
I don't wish to imply that you are wrong. I think freedom does imply
responsibility.
impose [im'pKuz] vt. 1.(on)... 2.(), () compel; force upon
When one has had to work so hard to get money, why should he impose on himself the
further hardship of trying to save it?
The judge imposed a fine of ten dollars on him. 10
Don't try to impose your wishes on us. Don't impose
yourself on people who don't want you.
impress ['impres] vt. 1...., 2., She impressed me as a scholar.

impression [im'preSn] n. 1., 2., What were your first impressions of

Beijing? I am surprised you got an unfavorable impression of him.
Every scene on the screen keeps me up-to-date and some of them
will leave an enduring impression on my life.

impressive [im'presiv] a. moving; inspiring; striking There is no

dignity quite so impressive, and independence quite so important, as living within your
means. It's an impressive
ceremony. His collection of paintings is the most impressive.

improper [im'prOpK] a. Laughing and joking are considered improper

behaviors at a funeral. You will make a mistake by using
the improper tool.
impulse ['impVls] n. 1., 2., 3.urge; motive; desire There

is one thing more important than knowing self; it is governing self. There is one thing better
than crushing impulse, it is using impulse.
He bought the house on an impulse.
impurity [im'pjuKrKti] n.There are some impurities in food.
Workers are removing impurities from silver.
inaccessible [,in<k'sesKbl] a. unapproachable; distant; remote
His busy schedule made him completely inaccessible to his students.
His busy schedule made him completely inaccessible to his students.
The scientist discovered the plant in the most
inaccessible reaches of the jungle.
inadequate [in'<dikwKt] a. His income is inadequate to meet the
expense. His explanation is inadequate.
incapable [in'keipKbl] a. The children seem to be totally incapable of
working quietly by themselves. As a lawyer she's
totally incapable.
incidence ['insidKns] n.
incident ['insidKnt] n. 1. 2., episode; occurrence; event If only we
could realize that the better the marriage is, the worse we will sometimes feel, then we
might prevent incidents that occur in any marriage from leading to separation and divorce.

The serious incident along the border increased our fears of the war.

incidentally [,insi'dentKli] ad. , by the way; accidentally Some

people, and incidentally that includes Arthur, just wont look after themselves properly.

incline ['inklain] v. 1.() 2.(), n. , tend; bend; slant; slope

Universities incline wits to sophistry and affection. I'm inclined
to tiredness in winter.
inclusive [in'klu:siv] a. 1. , 2.()

comprehensive; full; generalThe price is $800, inclusive of tax. 800 ,

incorporate [in'kO:pKrKt] vt. 1., , 2...., include; combine; add to

Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the new plan.
Many of your suggestions have been incorporated in the new plan.
We had to incorporate for a company for tax reasons.
The new car design incorporates all the latest safety features.

incredible [in'kredKbl] a. 1. , 2. , ,
unbelievable; ridiculous; impossible

Most quarrels are inevitable at the time;

incredible afterwards. That's the most

incredible coincidence I've ever heard of! ! He has an
incredible house! !
incur [in'kK:] vt. , induce; subject; contractThere are occasions when it
is undoubtedly better to incur loss than to make gain. The
hunter incurred great danger in killing the wolf.
independent [,indi'pendKnt] a. 1., , 2., 3.,
She is so independent that she refused all pecuniary aid.

index ['indeks] n. ( indices ['indisi:z]) 1. 2., 3., vt. ..., ...

The index is arranged in alphabetical order. Do you
know the price index in the city? The book will be indexed in
the next edition so as to make it more useful.
indicative [in'dikKtiv] a. 1.(of) , , 2. , n.
characteristic; symbolic; suggestive Is a large head indicative of high intelligence?
Their failure to act is indicative of their lack of interest in the
problem.
indifferent [in'difrKnt] a. 1., , 2., () mediocre;
disinterested; detached The worst sin towards our fellow creatures is not to hate them,

but to be indifferent to them; thats the essence of inhumanity.

I was so excited to see snow that I was
indifferent to the cold. His manner was cold and indifferent.
I'm an indifferent cook.
indignant [in'dignKnt] a. , , upset; angry; furious No one is such a
liar as the indignant man. He is indignant at the false accusation.

indignation [,indig'neiSn] n. , , They felt strong indignation against their

teacher. I expressed my indignation at being unfairly
dismissed.
indispensable [,indi'spensKbl] a. (to, for), necessary; imperative; vital;
required To be without some of the things you want is an indispensable part of
happiness. Air, food and water are
indispensable to life. A good dictionary is indispensable for
learning a foreign language. Although it is indispensable to human
beings, it also brings a lot of inconvenience to us.

individual [,indi'vidZuKl] a. 1., , 2. n. , A teacher can't

give individual attention to each pupil if his class is large.
She has her own individual way of walking.
indoors [,in'dO:z] ad.
induce [in'dju:s] vt. 1., 2., convince; influence; urgeNothing induces
me to read a novel except when I have to make money by writing about it. I detest them.
We couldn't
induce the old lady to travel by air. Too much food induces
sleepiness.
induction [in'dVkSn] n.
industrious [in'dVstriKs] a. intent; involved; active It is enough to be
industrious. So are the ants. What are you industrious about?

? The Chinese are industrious people.

inertia [i'nK:SK] n. 1., 2.
inevitable [in'evitKbl] a. , () An argument was inevitable because
they disliked each other so much. It is inevitable for
urbanization to bring us some sacrifice like the alienation of ourselves from nature.

infant ['infKnt] n. , a. , , My sister's infant is very lovely.

infectious [in'fekSKs] a. 1. , 2. transferable; diseased;

catching The flu is highly infectious. He expressed infectious
enthusiasm to his voters.
infer [in'fK:] vt. , It is possible to infer two completely opposite conclusions
from this set of facts. Can I infer that you think I'm
not telling the truth?
inferior [in'fiKriK] a. 1., 2. n. , secondary; minor; subordinate
Inferiors revolt in order that they may be equal, and equals that they may be superior.
Such is the state of mind which creates revolutions.
They regarded their servants as their inferiors in every
way.

These people occupy an inferior position in local society. He's

so clever, he makes me feel inferior.
infinite ['infinKt] a. , , Teaching little children takes infinite
patience. The number of positive numbers is infinite.

infinity [in'finiti] n.
inflation [in'fleiSn] n. 1. 2.( ) expansion; extension; boom
Inflation: when nobody has enough money because everybody has too much.
The government is determined to bring down inflation.

influential [,influ'enSKl] a. , Our newspaper is an influential newspaper

in this city.
infrared [infrK'red] a.
ingenious [in'dZi:niKs] a. 1.(), (), 2.(),
original; intelligent; skillfulThis book shows that he is an ingenious author.

ingredient [in'gri:diKnt] n. 1.( ) , , ( ) 2.( ) ,

constituent; component; integral Success can be only one ingredient in happiness,
and is too dearly purchased if all the other ingredients have been sacrificed.
There is a list of
ingredients on the side of the packet.
inhabit [in'h<bit] vt. , ()settle; live; resideOnly birds inhabit on the
island. Fish inhabit the sea. Only a few people inhabited
the island.
inhabitant [in'h<bitKnt] n. , He lives in a city with 100,000 inhabitants.

inherent [in'hiKrKnt] a. (in), , innate; internal; implicit I am

not in the least disturbed when people regard my legs intently. I know they are doing so in
pursuance of their inherent artistic instinct.
He has an inherent distrust of foreigners.
There is an inherent weakness in the design.
inherit [in'herit] vt. succeed to; acquire; receive; obtainBlessed are the young,
for they shall inherit the national debt. The oldest son will
inherit the title. She inherited all her mother's beauty.

initial [i'niSl] a. , n. [ pl.] () After she'd overcome her initial

shyness, she became very friendly. Please write
down your initials on each page of the paper.
initiate [i'niSiKt] vt. 1., , 2. 3.(), ... n.

open; start; beginHe initiated a plan to build a bridge over the river.

initiative [i'niSKtiv] n. 1., 2., 3. originality; creativity

Initiative is doing the right thing without being told.
It's only the initiative of the investigation. It is hoped that the
government's initiative will bring the strike to an end.
The child displayed great initiative in going to fetch the police.
inject [in'dZekt] vt. 1.(), ... 2., , His medicine is a drug that
can be injected or taken by mouth. The nurse injected penicillin into
her arm.
injure ['indZK] vt. , , She was injured badly in the accident.
He injured his left hand in a fire.
injury ['indZKri] n. 1., 2.He suffered serious injuries to the arms and legs.

inland ['inlKnd] a. , ad. (), () Beijing is an inland

city.
inlet ['inlet] n. 1., 2., Here is just the fuel inlet.
inn [in] n. , , It was raining; they had to stay in the inn the whole day.

inner ['inK] a. 1., 2. She went into the inner room to change her
dress.
innocent ['inKsnt] a. 1.(of), , 2., 3., ,
blameless; natural; virtuous The passions should be purged; all may become
innocent if they are well directed and moderated.
I'm inclined to believe him innocent. He was
charged with murder but found innocent later. Don't be so
innocent as to believe everything you hear.
However, the only son or daughter from broken families, though innocent, will suffer the
unhappiness and misfortune their parents have left.


innovation [,inK'veiSn] n. 1., 2., making changes; modification;
reforms Given this optimistic approach to technological innovation, the American
worker took readily to that special kind of nonverbal thinking required in mechanical
technology.
It was a period of innovation. After being led by him, one
innovation after another are showing.
innumerable [i'nju:mKrKbl] a. , The stars in the night sky are
innumerable.
inquire [in'kwaiK] v. , I inquired of him about their work.
We inquired the way of a boy.
insert ['insK:t] vt. , imbed; include; includeInsert your fingers between the
layers and press them apart. She inserted the key into the
lock.
insight ['insait] n. , , penetration; shrewdness Human brings
insight and tolerance. Irony brings a deeper and less friendly understanding.
The book is filled with remarkable insights.
I've got an insight into the problem.
inspect [in'spekt] vt. , It was strange that nobody inspected my ticket before I
got on the train.
inspector [in'spektK] n. A ticket inspector got on the train.
inspiration [,inspK'reiSn] n. 1. 2.() motivation; stimulus; incentive
Inspiration is a trick that poets have invented to give themselves importance.
Many poets and artists have drawn their inspiration from
nature. His wife was a constant inspiration to him.

inspire [in'spaiK] vt. 1., 2....His best music was inspired by the memory
of his mother. The sight inspired him with nostalgia.

instability [,instK'biliti] n.
install [in'stO:l] vt. 1. , , 2. , place; put into; equip; furnish
There is no stigma attached to recognizing a bad decision in time to install a better
one. The workers are installing
a heating system. She installed her air-conditioner without help.

installation [,instK'leiSn] n. 1., , 2., , 3.,

instance ['instKns] n. , , This is only one instance out of many.
He came at our instance.
instantaneous [,instKn'teiniKs] a. , momentary; spontaneous Death was
instantaneous.
instantly ['instKntli] ad. It's an instantly recognizable face.
Please tell me instantly he arrives.
instinct ['instiNkt] n. 1., 2., intuition; inborn abilityBirds learn to fly
by instinct.
institute ['institju:t] n. , , vt. , He graduated from a famous
foreign language institute. The police instituted an inquiry into
the cause of the accident.
institution [,insti'tju:Sn] n. 1.( ) 2. , 3. , ,
system; convention; organization; association

Individualities may form

communities, but it is institutions alone that can create a nation.

Marriage is an institution in most societies.

instruct [in'strVkt] vt. 1., , 2., I have been instructed by my agent

that you still owe me 100 pounds. 100 His uncle instructed
him in French.
instructor [in'strVktK] n.Our instructor told us to keep the room locked.
Our driving instructor is very kind.
insufficient [,insK'fiSnt] a.

insulate ['insjuleit] vt. 1., , 2., () isolate; shield

Automobiles insulate man not only from the environment but from human contact as
well.
insulator ['insjuleitK] n.
intact [in't<kt] a. , , unaltered; perfect; unbrokenThe
vase remained intact in the earthquake.
integral ['intigrKl] a. , complete; indivisible; unbroken The
arms and legs are integral parts of human body; they are integral to human body.

integrate ['intigreit] v. (into, with)(), () unify; combine; ally The

building is well integrated with the landscape.
integrity [in'tegriti] n. 1., , 2., , uprightness; honor; sincerity
Integrity of word and deed ought to be the very corner stone of all human dealings.
You can trust him; he is a man of complete integrity.
Our integrity as a nation is threatened by these separatist forces.

intellectual [,intK'lektSuKl] a. , n. scholar; mental; learned

These views were common among intellectuals. The
argument was too intellectual for me; I couldn't follow a word of it.

intelligence [in'telidZKns] n. 1., , 2., His intelligence quotient is

very high. You should use your intelligence.
intense [in'tens] a. 1., , 2., 3., I did not go to
the cinema because of the intense cold. My work is so intense that I
even have no time to take a rest.
intensity [in'tensiti] n. 1., 2.strain; pressure; excitementLoves highest
intensity doesnt necessarily mean its highest quality.
The poem showed great intensity of feeling. The pain increased
in intensity.

intensive [in'tensiv] a. 1., , 2.Do you have an intensive

reading of English this term? Intensive efforts are being
made to resolve the dispute.
intention [in'tenSn] n. , , deliberation; purpose; aim When a man
speaks or acts with good intention, then happiness follows him like his shadow that never
leaves him. They have no
intention of getting married at present. Have you heard of her
intention to resign?
interact [,intK'r<kt] vi. ,
intercourse ['intKkO:s] n. 1. 2., ,
A friendly intercourse has been opened
between the two countries.
interfere [,intK'fiK] vi. (with, in)1., 2., intervene; oppose; get in the way
I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.
Don't interfere with my business. I'll go tomorrow if nothing
interferes.
interference [,intK'fiKrKns] n. 1., 2., I resented his interference in my
affairs. The television station apologized for the interference, which
was due to bad weather conditions.

interior [in'tiKriK] n. 1. 2.[the~] a. 1. 2., inner; inside; center

Laughter. An interior convulsion, producing a distortion of the features and
accompanied by inarticulate.
The interior of the building is magnificent and luxurious. Xi'an is
a city in the interior of China. They are engaged in interior trade.

intermediate [,intK'mi:diKt] a. 1. 2.mean; medium; neutralThe pupa is

an intermediate stage of development; it is intermediate between the egg and the
butterfly. I've passed the intermediate level exam
of Japanese.

intermittent [,intK'mitnt] adj. rhythmical; periodic This is an

intermittent recorder. They saw the intermittent flashes from a
lighthouse. He has intermittent bursts of interest.

internal [in'tK:nl] a. 1. , 2. , 3. inside; inward; interior

Intelligent endowments, internal drive, diligent working attitude and indomitable spirit
all are prerequisites of success of scientific research.
He worked in internal trade.

interpret [in'tK:prit] vi. , vt. , , Poetry helps to interpret life.

Would you please interpret for me? We interpreted
his silence as a refusal.
interpreter [in'tK:pritK] n.I will be your interpreter in this month.

interrupt [,intK'rVpt] vt. 1. , 2. , vi. , Don't interrupt me,

children. Traffic was interrupted by a dense fog.
interval ['intKvl] n. 1. , 2. ( ) The proper intervals should be
maintained between vehicles. There is an hour's interval to the
next train.
intervene [,intK'vi:n] vi. 1., 2., interrupt; intrude; step in He was
very happy in the years which intervened between his retirement and death.
I was alone during intervening years. I
will come if nothing intervenes. I intervened on her behalf to try to
get the decision changed.
intimate ['intimKt] a. 1., 2., vt. , n. , private;
secret; close Those who love reading have received one of the greatest gifts God can
offer. They can become acquainted with, friends of and even intimate with all the great
minds the world has created and will create through the written word.

 She is my intimate friend. He should listen to his intimate

feelings. They intimated us that an agreement would be worked
out soon.
intricate ['intrikKt] a. , complex; twisted; sophisticated The
situation seems to be intricate. This is a novel with an intricate plot.
I was unable to find out the intricate windings of the labyrinth.

introduction [,intrK'dVkSn] n. 1. 2., 3., beginning; prefaceOne

change always leaves the way open for the introduction of others.
He gave us a brief introduction about his company.
The government saw the introduction of new technology as vital.

intuition [,intju:'iSn] n. instinct; perception Nobody tells me where to find you.

It was sheer intuition.
invade [in'veid] v. , , I object to our privacy being invaded.
The town was invaded by reporters.
invalid ['invKlid] a. 1.(), 2., n. ()
, disabled; patient; wrongThe contract was declared invalid.
He never fully recovered, and had to spend the rest of his life as an invalid.
The girl spent all her spare time to take after her invalid
mother. This ticket has passed its
expiration date, and so it is now invalid.
invasion [in'veiZn] n. , , attack; aggression An invasion of armies can
be resisted; an invasion of ideas cannot be resisted.
Reading my diary is an inexcusable invasion of privacy.

invest [in'vest] vt. 1. 2.()3., vi. (in)capital; risk; at stake;

ventureIt is very much easier for a rich man to invest and grow richer than for the poor
man to begin investing at all. I

won't invest my money in his company. Everyone should

invest some time in community service. I've decided to
invest in a new car.
investigate [in'vestigeit] v. , The police are investigating the murder.

involve [in'vOlv] vt. 1. , 2. , 3. Painting the room involved

moving out the piano. How should we involve ourselves in school
life?
ion ['aiKn] n.[
irregularity [i,regju'l<riti] n.
irrespective [,iri'spektiv] a. (of) , regardless; separated; distinct
Anybody can take part in the competition, irrespective of age.

irritate ['iriteit] vt. 1., 2.(), provoke; bother; disturb

An epigram is a half-truth so stated as to irritate the person who believes the other half.
His letter irritated me a little.
Wool irritates my skin.
isolate ['aisKleit] vt. , close off; separate; insulateSpeech is civilization
itself. The word, even the most contradictious word, preserves contact it is silence
which isolates.
isotope ['aisKtKup] n.

J
jail [dZeil] n. , vt. , goal; cell; confineThere are not enough jails,
not enough policemen, not enough courts to enforce a law not supported by the people.

jam [dZ<m] n. 1. 2., 3. vt. 1...., , 2. 3.() vi. 1.

2.crowd; throng; pack; compress Natives who beat drums to drive off evil
spirits are objects of scorn to smart American motorists who blow horns to break up traffic.

He spread some apple jam on the bread. Traffic jams in the town
happen everyday. The holiday traffic is jamming the roads.
The government tried to jam the guerrillas' telecommunication.


jar [dZA:] n. , v. 1.(), ()2., How much is a jar of
peanut butter The iron gate jarred when he opened it.
Their opinion jarred with ours.
jargon ['dZA:gKn] n. ,
jaw [dZO:] n. , On hearing the news, his jaw dropped.

jazz [dZ<z] n.
jealous ['dZelKs] a. 1., 2. envious; resentful He that is not
jealous is not in love. They may feel jealous of his success.

jet [dZet] n. 1., 2., 3., vi. He left

on the jet plane. He cut his wrist so badly that jets of blood spurted out.

jewellry ['dZu:Klri] n. (=jewelry)()

jog [dZOg] n. 1. 2.()() He goes jogging every night.
The wagon jogged along on the rough road. You jogged
my elbow and spoiled what I was drawing.
jolly ['dZOli] a. , , ad. , vt. , Your mother is a jolly, easygoing woman. He is a jolly good man. It's
time we jolly them up.
journal ['dZK:nl] n. 1., , 2., He subscribed to a journal this year.

junction ['dZVNkSn] n. , (), reunion; crossroads; joint The

accident happened at one of the country's busiest railway junctions.
They decided to effect a junction of two armies.
junior ['dZu:niK] a. 1., 2., n. 1. 2., 3.
() He is studying at a junior middle school.
jury ['dZuKri] n. 1. 2.()council; committee; boardA jury
consists of twelve persons chosen to decide who has the better way. 12
The jury found the prisoner not guilty.
justify ['dZVstifai] vt. ...(), ... plead; explain; prove Work isnt
to make money; you work to justify life. Can you
justify your action? Nothing can justify your cheating on an
exam. The policeman was justified in shooting the
criminal in self-defence.
K
keen [ki:n] a. 1.(on), 2., 3., 4., sharp;
intelligent; intense; observant A desire to be observed, considered, esteemed, praised,
beloved, and admired by his fellows is one of the earliest as well as the keenest
dispositions discovered in the heart of man.
That is a keen football match.
The razor has a very keen edge.

kerosene ['kerKsi:n] n.There was a kerosene lamp on the table.

kettle ['ketl] n. A watched kettle never boils.
keyboard ['ki:bO:d] n.
kidnap ['kidn<p] vt. ,
kidney ['kidni] n. , Each man has a pair of kidneys.
kilo ['ki:lKu] n. ,
kilowatt ['kilKwOt] n.()
kindergarten ['kindKgA:tn] n. There are many children in the kindergarten.
It is noisy in the kindergarten.
kneel [ni:l] vi. She knelt down to pray.
knit [nit] vt. 1. , 2., 3., () vi. 1., 2.()
She often knits while watching TV.

knob [nOb] n. 1.(), 2.() 3. lump; handle

The knob of this door is dirty. You may turn the right knob on the TV
to switch it on.
knot [nOt] n. 1.() 2.() 3.() vt. ..., ... loop;
inter-twist; inter-lace Please tie the two ropes together with a secure knot.
There is a knot in the board. He knotted a towel
about his neck.
L
label ['leibl] n. 1., 2. vt. 1. 2....tag; markerDont rely too
much on fables, for too often they are fables.
Have you attached labels to the luggage? He has been given a label
of playboy by his friends.
lag [l<g] vi. , n. , ()linger; delay; retardTruth always lags
behind, limping along the arm of Time. Interest
lags in such matters. There was a long lag in forwarding mail to
us.
landing ['l<ndiN] n.
landlady ['l<ndleidi] n.
landlord ['l<ndlO:d] n. , , () It's a nice pub, except for the landlord.

lane [lein] n. 1.(), 2., , 3., That lane will take you to his
house.
lantern ['l<ntKn] n. , The Chinese palace lanterns are famous for their delicacy.

largely ['lA:dZli] ad. , chiefly; principally; mainly; roughly Journalism

largely consists in saying Lord Jones Dead to people who never knew that Lords Jones
was alive. His
successes were largely due to luck. His eight sons largely inherited his
fortune.
lark [lA:k] n. He only said it for a lark. She rose with the lark.

laser ['leizK] n. Lasers can be used to perform operations nowadays.


lateral ['l<tKrKl] adj. sidelong; side by side A lateral move that hurt
my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively
high profile career.

latitude ['l<titju:d] n. 1. 2.[pl.] 3.(), distance north

or south of the equator Nothing makes the earth seem so spacious as to have friends
at a distance; they make latitudes and longitudes.
The latitude of the island is 30 degrees north.
The new law allows firms a lot less latitude than before in fixing the price of their
goods.
laundry ['lO:ndri] n. 1., 2., ironing; washing; clothes
Give me a laundry list and Ill set it to music. Has
the laundry come back yet?
lavatory ['l<vKtri] n. ,
layer ['leiK] n. , story; zone; stripeThe surface of American society is covered
with a layer of democratic paint, but from time to time one can see the old aristocratic
colors breaking through.
There are several layers of meaning. Her husband is a brick
layer.
layout ['leiaut] n. arrangement; design; organization A
magazines attractive new page layout is very important.
leading ['lediN] a. 1., 2., ,
leaflet ['li:flit] n. , , v. (...)() I pick up a leaflet
about the care of teeth. They distributed leaflets to customers.

leak [li:k] v. 1.( ) , ( ) 2. , n. 1. , 2., 3.( )

drip; flow; split A small leak will sink a great ship. There
is a leak in the roof. Can you smell a gas leak? Who
leaked the news to the press?
leakage ['li:kidZ] n.
learned ['lK:nid] a. 1., 2.
learning ['lK:niN] n. ,
legal ['li:gl] a. 1.() 2., He is the only legal heir of the rich man.

legend ['ledZKnd] n. 1., 2. fold; myth; story Silence makes

legend. The musician made the legend into a beautiful ballad.
He is a legend in his lifetime for his scientific discoveries.

lemon ['lemKn] n. 1.()2., There is a lemon tree in our garden.

lessen ['lesn] vt. vi. diminish; decrease; reduce Love lessens a womans
delicacy and increases mans. The pain was already
lessening.

lesser ['lesK] a. This is the lesser evil of the two. He

is stubborn, and so is she, but to a lesser degree.
lest [lest] conj. , They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard.

lever ['li:vK] n. 1., 2., vt. (), tool; lifting arm; lifter
Intelligence and wisdom is the lever propping up the society.
Move this lever to change gear. This latest incident may be the lever
needed to change government policy.
liability [,laiK'biliti] n. 1. 2.[pl.] , 3., () obligation;
responsibility; debt Dont admit liability for the accident. Taking
extra vitamins may reduce your liability to colds. If
your liabilities exceed your assets, you may go bankrupt.
The judge exempted them from all liability in these matters.

liable ['laiKbl] a. 1.(to), 2.(for), 3.(to)..., ...,

... answerable; subject; responsible Under the influence either of poverty or
of wealth workmen and their work are equally liable to degenerate.
Every man is liable to error. He was not liable
for his son's debts.
liberal ['libKrKl] a. 1., 2., 3.() 4.,
unselfish; generous; plentiful The only sure weapon against bad ideas is
better ideas. The source of better ideas is wisdom. The surest path to wisdom is a liberal
education.
He returned from abroad with very liberal ideas.
He is liberal with his money. There was a liberal
supply of drinks at the party.
licence ['laisns] n. 1., 2.,
lick [lik] vt. 1., 2., 3.(), () n. 1. 2., The kitty
licked up the milk.
lighten ['laitn] vt. Her heart lightened when she heard the news.
A solitary candle lightened the darkness of the room.
lighter ['laitK] n.He asked me if I had a cigarette lighter with me.

lightly ['laitli] ad. He pressed lightly on the handle. You

shouldn't take the matter lightly.
likelihood ['laiklihud] n. , possibility; probability In a likelihood the
meeting will be cancelled.
likely ['laikli] a. 1., 2. ad. I'm likely to be very busy tomorrow.
They'll very likely ask for an increase in the budget.
likewise ['laikwaiz] ad. 1., 2., Watch him and do likewise.

lime [laim] n. He added some water into the lime.

limestone ['laimstKun] n. We may burn limestone to obtain lime.


limitation [,limi'teiSn] n. 1. , 2.[ pl.] restriction; prevention; restraint
Genius may have its limitation, but stupidity is not thus handicapped.
The government has imposed limitation on imports.

limited ['limitid] a.
linger ['liNgK] vi. 1.( ) , 2.(on) , go
reluctantly; go slowly Winter lingered so long in the lap of Spring that it occasioned a
great deal of talk. He lingered
outside the school after everybody else had gone home. The
beautiful melody is lingering in my mind.
link [liNk] v. , n. , , The road links all the new towns.
Is there a link between smoking and lung disease?

literally ['litKrKli] n. 1., , 2., 3.

literary ['litKrKri] a. 1.() 2., bookish; learned He had a literary
taste and was well read in science.
litre ['li:tK] n.
liver ['livK] n. The doctor says it's just a touch of liver.
living-room ['liviN-ru:m] n. ,
loaf [lKuf] n. () vi. , He bought a loaf of bread. We
loafed for hours in the park. Don't loaf away your time.

lobby ['lObi] n. 1.(), 2. v. ()()

The anti-nuclear lobby is becoming stronger. I waited for
her in the lobby of theatre yesterday.
locality [lKu'k<liti] n. , There are several supermarkets in the locality.

locate [lKu'keit] vt. 1., 2...., find; discover; settleA crisis is

an international incident that lasts long enough for us to locate it on the map.
The company wished to locate its new factory beside the
river. After he retires he's going to locate in California.

location [lKu'keiSn] n. 1., 2.() The town is a good location for a

young doctor.
locker ['lOkK] n. )
locomotive [,lKukK'mKutiv] n. He is a locomotive engineer. The
steam locomotives were superseded by diesel units.
lodging ['lOdZiN] n. Where can we find lodgings for the night?

logic ['lOdZik] n. (), I didn't follow her logic. There's no

logic in spending money on things you don't need.
longing ['lONiN] n.appetite; desire; lust; wish With pleasure drugged, he
almost longed for woe.

longitude ['lOndZitju:d] n. The town is at longitude 24 degrees east.

loosely ['lu:sli] ad.

loudspeaker [laud'spi:kK] n. , The police addressed the crowd through a
loudspeaker on their car.
lounge [laundZ] n., vt. 1. 2. She is
waiting for me in the departure lounge. Don't lounge around all day: do
something! !
loyalty ['lOiKlti] n. faithfulness; devotion; obedience Loyalty is what we
seek in friendship. Once he took the vow his loyalty never
wavered.
lubricate ['lu:brikeit] vt. grease; oil The engine should be lubricated before
being ignited.
lunar ['lu:nK] a. , It was reported that there would be a lunar eclipse
tomorrow evening.
luxury ['lVkSKri] n.1., 2.indulgence; excess; enjoymentPessimism is
a luxury that a Jew can never allow himself. She has
lived in luxury all her life. A long hot bath can be pure luxury.

M
macroscopic [,m<krK'skOpik] a.
magnet ['m<gnit] n.1., 2.() Forbidden City is a great magnet
for foreign tourists.
magnetic [m<g'netik] a. 1., 2., influential; charming;
attractive Listening is a magnetic and strange thing, a creative force. The friends who
listen to us are the ones we move toward, and we want to sit in their radius. When we are
listened to, it creates us, makes us unfold and expand.

The loop becomes magnetic when the current is switched on.

She has a magnetic personality.
magnetism ['m<gnitizKm] n. He persuaded them to join him by the
sheer magnetism of his personality.
magnificent [m<g'nifisnt] a. 1., 2., 3.What a magnificent
future! ! These magnificent palaces impressed the foreigners deeply.

magnify ['m<gnifai] vt. 1. , 2. , enlarge; amplify; exaggerate

Mystery magnifies danger as the fog the sun. The
microscope magnified the object 100 times. 100
magnitude ['m<gnitju:d] n.1., 2., The magnitude of the epidemic
was frightening. You haven't realized the magnitude of
her achievement.
mainland ['meinl<nd] n.There are many interested animals in the mainland.

maintenance ['meintKnKns] n.1., 2. 3., preservation; support;

sustaining Hes taking classes in car maintenance. He's taking

classes in car maintenance. He had to work hard for the maintenance of
his family.
make-up ['meik-Vp] n.
male [meil] a. (), n., , This flower is a male flower.
The male is physically stronger than the female. The male
hunts for food while his mate guards the nest.
malfunction [,m<l'fVNkSn] n.
maltreat [,m<l'tri:t] v.
manifest ['m<nifest] a. , , vt. 1. , , 2. ,
display; exhibit; reveal; expose

No amount of manifest absurdity could deter

those who wanted to believe from believing.

His generosity manifests itself in times of need. It
manifested itself to all of us.
manipulate [mK'nipjuleit] vt. 1., , 2.(), handle; shape; plan;
manage We must not try to life; rather we must find out what life demands of us, and
train ourselves to fulfill these demands. It is a long and humble business.

manly ['m<nli] a.He looks very manly in his uniform.

manual ['m<njuKl] a. , n., by hand; handout To read the

Bible as literature is like reading Moby Dick as a whaling manual or the Gettysburg Address
for its punctuation.
Making small models requires manual skill. A maintenance
manual gives diagrams and instructions for repairing your car.

manuscript ['m<njuskript] n.1., , 2. composition; writing; original

Manuscript is something submitted in haste and returned at leisure.
I read his novel in manuscript.
marginal ['mA:dZinl] a. 1., , 2. 3.(),
rimming; edging; vergingThere are lots of marginal notes in this book.

marine [mK'ri:n] n. a. 1. ( ) , , 2. 3. ,
maritime; oceanic He is a marine painter. The rocks are covered by
marine plants.
married ['m<rid] a. ,
marvellous ['mA:vKlKs] a. , , Their performance was marvellous.

mask [mA:sk] n.1., , 2., vt. 1., 2., disguise;

protection; hidePride is the mask of ones own faults. They did
so under the mask of charity. Her smile masked true feelings.

massive ['m<siv] a. 1., , 2., huge; heavy; extensive;

large So massive was the effort to found the Roman nation.

The soldier suffered a massive hemorrhage and died soon after.

masterpiece ['mA:stKpi:s] n. perfection; model; standard When love and skill

work together, expect a masterpiece. This
book is his masterpiece.
materialism [mK'tiKriKlizKm] n.
mathematical [,m<TK'm<tikl] a. () He is a mathematical genius.
It's a mathematical certainty.
mature [mK'tjuK] a. 1., 2. 3., 4.(), v.
(), () ripen; evolve; grow Love is quiet understanding and the mature
acceptance of imperfection. His character has
greatly matured in the years. She matured her novel by constant
revision.
maximum ['m<ksimKm] a. , , n., , supreme;
highest; greatest Marriage is popular because it combines the maximum of temptation
with the maximum of opportunity.
This hall holds a maximum of seventy people.
The maximum temperature in July may be 36. 36
The maximum load for this lorry is one ton.
means [mi:nz] n.1., , 2.,
meantime ['mi:ntaim] n. , You buy the fruits, in the meantime I'll cook
breakfast.
measurable ['meZKrKbl] a.
mechanic [mi'k<nik] n.1., 2.[-s] , 3.[pl.] (), ,
That young man is a motor mechanic. He has natural
ability, but has yet to learn the mechanics of his chosen work.
He failed in the examination of mechanics.
mechanical [mi'k<nikl] a. 1., 2., 3., He
was asked the same question so many times that the answer became mechanical.
We need a mechanical digger to level the
ground.
mechanics [mi'k<niks] n.
media ['mi:diK] n.,
melon ['melKn] n., He picked a melon from the field.
membership ['membKSip] n.1.(), 2., I must renew
my membership of the sailing club. We are trying to
increase our membership.
memorial [mi'mO:riKl] a. , n., , monument; ceremony;
celebration Our sweetest memorial is the first kiss of love.
He was often seen at funerals and memorials.
merchandise ['mK:tSKndaiz] n.[ ] , vt. , goods; commodity
Some merchandise is displayed in the shop window. Their
merchandise is of high quality.
merciful ['mK:sifKl] adj. The merciful king saved him from death.


mercury ['mK:kjuri] n., The mercury is rising. He has no mercury in
him.
merit ['merit] n.1., , 2., , vt. , be worth; warrant;
justify; credit; value Friendship is really the most sacred, which merits only special
worship but also eternal praise.
There is little merit in passing the examination if you cheated.

mess [mes] n.1., 2., vt. , , mixture; combination;

compound The local economy is now in a mess. Who messed up
my papers? Stop messing about my work! !
Success is relative. It is what we can make of the mess we have made of things.

metric ['metrik] a. , Most countries adopt metric system.

mice [mais] n. [pl.]
microcomputer ['maikrKkKmp'ju:tK] n.
microphone ['maikrKfKun] n. , , The lecturer speaks through a
microphone.
microprocessor ['maikrKprKu'sesK] n.
microscopic [,maikrK'skOpik] a.We can't see microscopic creature with
naked eyes. The doctor had a microscopic examination of traces of
blood.
microwave ['maikrKuweiv] n.
midst [midst] n., ,
migrate [mai'greit] vi. 1.(), 2.(), move; emigrate;
immigrate These birds migrate to North Africa in winter. Some
tribes migrate with their cattle in search of fresh grass.

milky ['milki] a. I like my coffee milky.
millimetre ['milimi:tK] n.
miniature ['minKtSK] a. , n.1., 2., tiny; smallscale; diminutiveA day is the miniature of eternity. He showed me the
miniature of the mansion. He owns a detailed miniature of the
Titanic. She is just like her mother in miniature.
I drank a miniature bottle of brandy last night.
minimize ['minimaiz] vt. 1.() 2., ... lessen;
reduce; decreaseTo minimize the risk of burglary, install a good alarm system.

minimum ['minimKm] a. , n., 20p is the minimum fare on

buses. 20 Repairing your car will cost a minimum of 100 dollars.
100 The class needs a minimum of 6 pupils to continue.

ministry ['ministri] n.() The army, navy and airforce are all controlled by the

Ministry of Defense.
minor ['mainK] a. 1., 2. n.1. 2. vi. (in)() I
made minor alterations to the article. She acted as a minor
role in the play.
minority [mai'nOriti] n.1., 2. Only a minority of British households do
not have a car. A small minority voted against the motion.
There are 55 minorities in our country. 55
minus ['mainKs] prep. () n.1. 2. a. , Let's consider the pluses and
minuses of moving house. I got B minus in the test.
B-Seven minus three equals four.
miracle ['mirKkl] n. , () marvel; wonder Miracles sometimes
occur, but one has to work terrible hard for them.
Her life was saved by a miracle. He understands his part to a
miracle.
mischief ['mistSif] n.1., , 2., 3., , evil; damage;
trouble It is difficult to say who do you the most mischief enemy with the worst
intentions or friends with the best.
The wind played mischief with my papers. I try to keep the
boy out of mischief.
miserable ['mizrKbl] a. 1., , 2.()There are still many
people whose living conditions are miserable. The play was
a miserable failure.
misfortune [,mis'fO:tSu:n] n.1. , , , 2. , , ill luck;
difficulty; disaster No misfortune can be as great as the loss of time.
He had the misfortune to fall ill on the day of the examination.

missile ['misail] n.1., 2. weapon; shot; bulletin If it is your time love

will track you down like a cruise missile. If you say No! I dont want it right now. Thats
when youll get it for me. !
The huge ship was sunk by a homing missile.
Demonstrators attacked the police, using sticks and assorted missiles.

missing ['misiN] a. , ,
mission ['miSn] n.1., , 2., commission; charge It is mans
mission to learn to understand. He has been on confidential missions to
Berlin. An official mission was sent to settle the dispute.

mist [mist] n. v. (), () drizzle; fog; rain Our desire leads the
colors of the rainbow to the mere mists and vapors of life.
Everything was covered in mist. She could hardly recognize her son
through the mist of tears that filled her eyes.
misunderstand [,mis,VndK'st<nd] vt. , They pretend to misunderstand my
complaint.
moan [mKun] vi. 1., 2.(about), vt. n.1., 2.,

groan; grumble; bemoan Nothing begins and nothing ends that is not paid with
moan; For we are born in others pain, and perish in our own.
Each time she moved her leg, she let
out a moan. He moaned about his misfortunes to anyone
who would listen. Pop stars are always moaning about
being mobbed by their fans.
mobile ['mKubail] a. 1. , , 2. , 3. , n.
unstationary; movable; motorized They are mobile artilleries. She
is much more mobile now that she has a car.
mobilise ['mKubilaiz] vt.(=mobilize) 1. 2., vi.
mode [mKud] n., , The country girl was not used to their lavish mode of
living. The spacecraft was in its recovery mode.
Living separately from parents after marriage is all the mode today.

moderate ['mOdKrKt] a. 1., 2., 3., v. (), (),

() n. reasonably; slightly; temperately Half the vices which the
world condemns most loudly have seeds of good in them and require moderate use rather
than total abstinence.
He usually drives at a moderate speed. The wind was strong all
day, but it moderated after sunset. He moderated on a
weekly panel show. The moderates have plenty to be anxious about.
When we take part in one or another kind of physical exercise,
whether it be violent sports such as running, playing football or moderate sports like
swimming, jogging, our blood circulation is quickened so that more oxygen is taken in and
more waste matter is excreted through sweating.

modest ['mOdist] a. 1., 2., , 3. She is very

modest about her success. Young girls must be modest in speech,
dress and behavior. I bought the house at a
modest price.
modesty ['mOdisti] n.
modification [,mOdifi'keiSn] n.
modify ['mOdifai] vt. 1., 2.() alter; correct; adjust In science the
important thing is to modify and change ones ideas as science advance.
The union has been forced to slightly modify its
position. The policy was agreed by the committee, but only in a
modified form.
moist [mOist] a. , The clothes are still moist. Dry them in the sun.
The moist season has set in.
moisture ['mOistSK] n., humidity; wetness Power and liberty are like heat
and moisture; where they are well mixed, everything prospers; where they are single, they
are destructive.
The kitchen's stone floor was shining with moisture.

molecule ['mOlikju:l] n. We can see many molecules flying in the air when a
sunbeam penetrated the dark room.

monetary ['mVnitri] a. , , The monetary system of some countries used

to be based on gold.
monopoly [mK'nOpKli] n.1., 2., , patent; trust; pool
Liberty and monopoly cannot live together. The telecommunication
service is a government monopoly. He seems to think he has a monopoly of
brains.
monotonous [mK'nOtKnKs] a. , I do not like my monotonous work.
I only heard a monotonous voice of the singer.
Suppose there were only one style of literature,
people would not appreciate so abundant poetry and novels and our world would become
so monotonous.

monstrous ['mOnstrKs] a. enormous; outrageous; flagrant The tree

planted by the magician quickly grew to a monstrous height.

monument ['mOnjumKnt] n.1., 2. milestone; memorial Peace

has its victories no less than war, but it doesnt have as many monuments to unveil.
They dedicated a monument in memory of
those who died in the great earthquake.
mood [mu:d] n.1., 2.() She's too tired and in no mood for dancing.

moral ['mOrKl] a., n. 1.[pl.] , , 2. noble; reliable;

uprightEverythings got a moral, if only you can find it.
He lived a moral life after marriage. A baby isn't born
with a moral sense. You may draw your own moral from it.

morality [mK'r<liti] n.1., () 2., 3., death;

extinction; destruction Morality is what the majority then and there happen to like and
immorality is what they dislike.
Have standards of morality improved? They are
discussing the morality of abortion.
moreover [mO:'rKuvK] ad. , , The composition is a not well written, and
moreover, there are many spelling mistakes in it.
mortgage ['mO:gidZ] n., vt. give sb. a claim on as a security We
are not free to use today, or to promise tomorrow, because we are already mortgaged to
yesterday. I can buy the house only
if a mortgage for 2000 dollars is available.
He will have to mortgage his land for a loan.
mosaic [mKu'zeiik] n. It's a rich mosaic of meadows, rivers and woods.

moss [mOs] n., A rolling stone gathers no moss.

motive ['mKutiv] n., , motivation; incentive; purposeWe would often be

ashamed of our best actions if the world only knew the motives behind them.
I don't understand what his motive is.
His sole motive is to make more money.
motorway ['mKutKwei] n.
mould [mKuld] (=mold) n.1., 2., , 3.(), , vt. 1.,
, 2., ..., ...form; model; castThe metal in the mould
hardened into shape. The car body is moulded in the factory.
Bread tends to mould in damp weather.
The author molded a new philosophy of life.
mountainous ['mauntinKs] a.Our country is very mountainous.
It seemed that the mountainous waves would turn the ship over.

mouthful ['mauTful] n.
multiple ['mVltipl] a. , , n.A multiple crash can often be seen
on that motorway. He is the person with multiple injuries.

multiplication [,mVltipli'keiSn] n. My son began to study multiplication

when he was six. The multiplication of students has made our
school too small.
multiply ['mVltiplai] v. 1.(), () 2., () duplicate; reproduce; increase
He who multiplies riches multiplies cares. Four multiplied by seven is
twenty-eight. 7 4 28Rabbits multiply quickly. We must multiply our
efforts to clear up the mystery.
multitude ['mVltitju:d] n.1., 2.[the~] , abundance; crowd; gathering
Success covers a multitude of blunders. A multitude of people
gathered at the gate of the exhibition hall. The multitude may
laugh at his music, but we know better.
municipal [mju:'nisipl] a. , civic; of a town or city In order to win the bid
for the Olympic Games of 2008, the municipal government of Beijing has launched a
campaign to improve the environment of the city. 2008
I study in a municipal college. She works in a
municipal library.
muscular ['mVskjulK] a. 1., 2.()() He's big and muscular.

mushroom ['mVSrum] n. vi. ()Some mushrooms are poisonous.

I gathered many mushrooms after rain. New blocks of flats and
offices have mushroomed all over the city.
mute [mju:t] a. 1., 2., 3.() vt. (), ()
tongueless; dumb; speechless He always remains mute on the subject of social
system. He's a deaf mute and cannot tell anyone secret.

mutter ['mVtK] n., She kept on muttering to herself.

Actors often mutter to themselves when rehearsing their lines.


mutton ['mVtn] n. People like to have mutton in the winter.
mystery ['mistKri] n. ( ), ( ) undiscoverability; unanswerability
Happiness is a mystery like religion, and should never be rationalized.
Why he went there is a mystery to me.
The place continues to fascinate visitors, cloaked in its mystery.

N
naive [nai'i:v] a. 1., 2.innocent; unsophisticated This girl is very
naive at the first sight.
namely ['neimli] ad. , specifically; particularly; i.e. Love is as love does.
Love is an act of will namely, both an intention and an action.
Only one person can do the job, namely you.

nap [n<p] vi. (), Father always takes a nap in the afternoon.
Every afternoon the baby takes a nap for 2 hours.
narrate [nK'reit] v. ,,relate; depict; describeAs narrated in the novel,
the hero was a good-for-nothing.
nasty ['nA:sti] a. 1., 2., 3., , 4.,
unclean; dirty; impureDiplomacy is to do and say the nastiest thing in the
nicest way. What a nasty man! !
He is a person with a nasty mind.
naught [nO:t] n. All his work came to naught when the fire destroyed the
house he was building.
naughty ['nO:ti] a. 1., 2.You naughty boy! I've told you not to play in
the street. !
naval ['neivl] a. The naval officer asked him to stay away from the base.

navigation [,n<vi'geiSn] n.1.(), (), ()2., Navigation is difficult

on this river because of the hidden rocks. The
compass is an instrument of navigation.
navy ['neivi] n. Britain has always had a large navy, called the Royal Navy.

necessitate [ni'sesiteit] vt. , It's an unpopular measure, but the situation

necessitates it. Your proposal will necessitate
borrowing more money.
necessity [ni'sesiti] n.1. 2.(), () The doctor asked us to call him
during the night except in case of necessity.
negative ['negKtiv] a. 1. 2., 3., n.1.(), 2.
denying; unaffirmative; disallowing Eternity is a negative clothed with a positive
name. I have a negative opinion on the value of this idea.

negligible ['neglidZKbl] a. , insignificant; trivial; petty The

details are negligible as far as I know.

negotiate [ni'gKu:Sieit] vt. 1. , 2. , vi. , arrange;

bargain; transact Let us never negotiate out of feat, but let us never fear to negotiate.
We've decided to negotiate with the employers
about our wage claim. The company has negotiated a new
contract with its staff.
neighbourhood ['neibKhud] n.1., 2., You'll find the hotel in the
neighbourhood. The whole neighbourhood praises him.

nephew ['nevju:] n., My nephew is a naughty boy.

network ['netwK:k] n.1. 2., 3.(), The company
has a network of shops all over the country. Do you know the
three USA television networks?
neutral ['nju:trKl] a. 1., 2.noncombatant; unconcernedGone
are those pleasant nineteenth-century days when a country could remain neutral and at
peace just by saying it wanted to. 19
That country remained neutral in the war.
He has a rather neutral character. When you start the engine, be sure
the car is in neutral.
neutron ['nju:trOn] n.
nevertheless [,nevKDK'les] ad. , , The experiment failed. It was,
nevertheless, worth making.
nickel ['nikl] n.1. 2.(), Can you give me a dime for two
nickels?
nickname ['nikneim] n., vt. ... Jess is just my nickname - my real name
is Jessica. They nicknamed him Lofty because he was so
tall.
niece [ni:s] n., My niece always clings to me whenever she is at my home.

nitrogen ['naitrKdZKn] n. Nitrogen forms most of the Earth's air.

nominal ['nOminl] a. 1., 2.(), 3. The

chairman is only the nominal ruler of the country. She
charged only a nominal fee for her work.
nominate ['nOmineit] vt. , propose as a candidateI nominate Tom to make
the tea. I nominate her to present us at the meeting.
She had been nominated as candidate for the presidency. The
board nominated him as the new director.
nonetheless [,nOnDK'les] ad.(=nevertheless) , ,
nonsense ['nOnsns] n.1., 2. It was sheer nonsense to trust
them. What he said is nonsense.
normalization [,nO:mKlai'zeiSn] n.
northeast [nO:T'i:st] n.(), a. , , ad. His house
is in the northeast of this city. The northeast wind was blowing
hard at that time.

northward [nO:T'wKd] ad.

northwest [nO:T'west] n.(), a. , , ad. There is
a large hilly area in the northwest. The city is located in the
northwest part of Canada. The tourists drove northwest.

notable ['nKutKbl] a. , , n., leader; personalityHe is a

notable in his country. He is a notable artist.
noteworthy ['nKutwK:Di] a. ,
noticeable ['nKutisKbl] a. observable; appreciable; obviousThere's been
a noticeable improvement in her handwriting. The scar on her
forehead is hardly noticeable.
notify ['nKutifai] vt. , , declare; announce; inform Have the authorities
been notified? She notified us of the meeting. We'll notify
her to draw up a contract.
notion ['nKuSn] n.1., 2., , () conception; idea; thought Your
earliest notions of love came not only from your own relationship with your parents but also
from your impressions of their marriage.
We had a notion that he was telling a lie.
He didn't have a slightest notion of what I meant.
notorious [nKu'tO:riKs] a. , ill-famed; infamous It is notorious
that the memory strengthens as you lay burdens upon it, and becomes trustworthy as you
trust it. Hitler is a
notorious killer.
notwithstanding [,nOtwiT'st<ndiN] ad. Notwithstanding her naughtiness, I love my
little girl. He tried to prevent the marriage but it still
took place notwithstanding. He went,
notwithstanding he was ordered to stay.
nought [nO:t] n. Put two noughts after a seven to make seven hundred. 7
700
nourish ['nVriS] vt. 1., , 2.(), () feed; supply; sustain
I forget the greater part of what I read, but all the same it nourishes my mind.
Milk is all we need to nourish a small baby.

novelty ['nOvlti] n.1. 2., , 3. new; unique;

unusual It is nature of man to be greed for novelty. The novelty of
his surroundings soon wore off.
nowhere ['nKuwEK] ad. The book was nowhere to be found.
That kind of talk will get you nowhere.
nucleus ['nju:kliKs] n.1.() 2. These 1,000 books will form the nucleus of the
new school library.
nuisance ['nju:sns] n. (), annoyance; offense; trouble
The liberty of the individual must be thus far limited; he must not make himself a
nuisance to the other people. The
noise was so loud that it was a nuisance to the neighbors.

numb [nVm] a. 1., 2. vt. 1., 2. The

shock left me numb. His leg was numbed by the intense pain.
numerous ['nju:mKrKs] a. , , That kind of bird has become more numerous
around here lately. There are numerous reasons why I hold
this opinion.
nursery ['nK:sKri] n.1., 2. She sent her little son to a nursery when she
was working.
nutrition [nju:'triSn] n.nourishment; dietThe health of children is subject to the
nutrition they take in. Our bodies need adequate nutrition.
This food provides all the nutrition your dog needs.
Human beings are omnivorous animals, but vegetables and fruits do not contain
all the nutrition we should take to live a healthy life.

O
oath [KuT] n.1., 2., affirmation; declaration; promiseIt is not the
oath that makes us believe the man, but the man the oath.
Repeat the oath after me. The judge reminded the witness that she
was under oath.
obedience [K'bi:diKns] n. willingness; submission; compliance The
commanding officer expected unquestioning obedience from his men.

obedient [K'bi:diKnt] a. , And many of the parents and teachers are always
ready to award high marks to those who are obedient and likable.
The dog is obedient to its master's orders.
objective [Kb'dZektiv] n., a. , goal; purpose; actual After
many years I have reached the firm conclusion that it is impossible for any objective
newspaper man to be a friend of a President.
Try to be more objective about it. We
have succeeded in our main objectives.
obligation [,Obli'geiSn] n., conscience; burden; responsibility To try to
honor your obligation will reveal immediately how much value you have.
The company has to fulfill the terms of its obligation.

obscure [Kb'skjuK] a. 1., 2., vt. , shadow;

disguise; veil Truth sometimes may be obscure, but it can never die out.
The path grew more obscure in the fading light.
The poem is obscure to those unlearned in the classics.

observation [,ObzK'veiSn] n.1. , 2. , 3.[ pl.] , 4.

The thief escaped observation.

He was taken into hospital for

observation.
obsolete ['ObsKli:t] adj. outdated; old; out of fashion The advent of
this device made obsolete the use of washing-machine.

obstacle ['ObstKkl] n.(), barrier; restriction; hindrance Victory is not the

end but a phase to the end. It is no more than the removal of obstacles.
Lack of education is an obstacle of success.
The obstacles to bridging the gap remain objective and subjective.
,
obstinate ['ObstinKt] a. self-willed; strong-minded; stubborn Vanity
dies hard; in some obstinate cases it outlives the man.
This child is obstinate and rebellious.
occasional [K'keiZKnl] a. , I only smoke an occasional cigar.
He is only an occasional workman.
occupation [,Okju'peiSn] n.1. , 2.( ) , 3. , He is a
merchant in occupation. Riding is her favorite occupation.
He returned from Paris and found his office was under someone else's occupation.

occurrence [K'kVrKns] n. 1. , 2. , incident; event; occasion

Faith may be defined briefly as an illogical belief in the occurrence of the improbable.

odds [Odz] n. ()
odour ['KudK] (=order () n. smell; fragrance; perfume Nothing awakens a
reminiscence like an odor. My room is filled with the odour of
roses. What he had done put him in better odour.

offensive [K'fensiv] a. 1. , , 2. , n. ,
insulating; attacking

Life is an offensive, directed against the repetitious

mechanism. I found him extremely offensive.

The troops took up offensive positions.
offset ['Ofset] vt. , balance; compensate; equivalentHigher mortgage rates
are partly offset by increased tax allowances. He
raised his prices to offset the increased cost of materials.
Higher mortgage rates are partly offset by increased tax allowances.

offspring ['OfspriN] n.1., , 2.() descendant; heirs; child Who of

us is mature enough for offspring before the offspring themselves arrive? The value of
marriage is not that adults produce children but that children produce adults.
How
do parents pass genes on to their offspring? The atom
bomb is the offspring of the 20th century physics. 20
omit [K'mit] vt. 1., 2., He omitted to state his reasons.
Don't omit locking the door.
opaque [Ku'peik] a. 1., 2., nontransparent; dark; coated
The future is an opaque mirror. Anyone who tries to look into it sees nothing but the
dim outlines of an old and worried face.
This is an opaque cup. I felt his report was
deliberately opaque.

opening ['KupKniN] n.1., , 2., 3.(), a. ,

opera ['OpKrK] n.
operator ['OpKreitK] n.1., 2.Dial 100 for the operator. 100
I am a computer operator.
opponent [K'pKunKnt] n.1., 2.competitor; rival; challenger We must
protect the right of our opponents to speak because we must hear what they have to say.
His opponent did not stand a
chance. She is one of the strongest opponents of tax reform.
They are often heard to talk proudly about how they have
defeated their opponents in a game.
oppose [K'pKuz] vt. , They opposed the government's new policies.
Don't oppose your will against mine.
oppress [K'pres] vt. 1., 2.(), suppress; crush; abuseTruth
may be oppressed, not suppressed. The king oppressed his
people with terrible taxes and punishments.
optical ['Optikl] a. 1.() 2., 3. seeing; visible visual There are
microscopes and other optical instruments. Microscopes and
telescopes are optical instruments.
optimize ['Optimaiz] =(optimize () v.;refine; promote
The company is seeking to optimize its use of financial resources by introducing
performance-related pay.
optional ['OpSKnl] a. ,
orbit ['O:bit] n. v. (...)The spacecraft is in orbit around the moon.
How many spacecrafts are orbiting the moon?
ore [O:] n., This is an area rich in ore.
organic [O:'g<nik] a. (), I am not good at organic chemistry.
The music is organic to the story.
orient ['O:riKnt] vt. 1., ()2.(to, toward), ...() n.[the
O-] , (), determine; locate; adjust She soon oriented herself
to campus life. In the market, I breathed the smells of the Orient.

oriental [,O:ri'entl] a. , , This oriental legend is fascinating.

original [K'ridZKnl] a. 1. , 2. , 3. , n. ,
primary; creative; not copied The least of mans original emanation is better than
the best of a borrowed thought. The original
owner of the house moved out. The original picture is in the British
Museum.
originate [K'ridZineit] vi. (in, from, with), , vt. , , The quarrel
originated in rivalry between the two families. Who originated the
concept of stereo sound? The style of architecture originated from the
ancient Greeks.

ornament ['O:nKmKnt] n.1., 2., vt. , , beautification;

decorative; furnishing Loveliness needs not the aid of foreign ornament, but is when
unadorned, adorned the most. We bought some
ornaments for the Christmas tree. I ornamented my room
with flowers.
orthodox ['O:TKdOks] a. 1. 2., accepted; conventional; traditional
Although dressed in fashionable clothes, he is orthodox in terms of ideas.

ounce [auns] n.He tried to open the door by using every ounce of his strength.

outbreak ['autbreik] n.(), () eruption;

explosion; outburst In the nuclear age, victory has lost its traditional significance. The
outbreak of war is increasingly considered the worst catastrophe.
There has been an outbreak of typhoid.
The outbreak of riot caused many people to die.
outdoors [,aut'dO:z] ad.
outer ['autK] a. 1., 2., The outer walls of the building were
painted blue. These creatures were believed to have come from
outer space.
outermost ['autKmKust] a.
outfit ['autfit] n.1.() 2.() 3., The
company will provide the sports outfits for all the players.

outlet ['autlet] n.1., 2.()() opening; way out for

MouthIn man the gateway to the soul; in woman, the outlet of heart.
They found some new outlets for their products.

outlook ['autluk] n.1., 2., viewpoint; prospects This materialistic

outlook has seriously influenced education.
outset ['autset] n.,
outskirts ['autskK:ts] n., , border; suburbs; limitsCities are growing
so fast their arteries are showing through their outskirts.

outstanding [,aut'st<ndiN] a. 1., , 2.,

oven ['Vvn] n., It is like an oven in here; please open the window.

overall ['KuvKrO:l] a. 1. , , 2. ad. n.[pl.] ,

complete; thorough; comprehensive The overall measurement of this room is 80
square meters. 80 There's been an overall improvement recently.
The carpenter was wearing a pair of blue overalls.
We should give an overall consideration to this issue.
overcome [,KuvK'kVm] vt. 1. , 2.(), overwhelm; master;
defeat The only good luck many great men ever had was being born with the ability
and determination to overcome bad luck.

 He was overcome by their entreaties. The whole thing becomes

utterly absurd when you think that no matter what problems man overcomes, it is unlikely
that he will ever be able to travel even to the nearest star.

overestimate [,KuvK'restimeit] vt.

overvalue; overprice; exaggerate

personally, we should not overestimate or deny either of them.

overflow ['KuvKflKu] vi. 1., , 2.(with), vt. , ...,

n.1.()2., 3., shed; spill; flowLove overflows
with both honey and gall. It gives you a taste of sweetness, and then heaps bitterness
before you to satiety. The
river overflowed its banks. The crowd overflowed the auditorium.
Overflow patients lay on the floors and in the corridors.

overhaul ['KuvKhO:l] n./v.

overhead ['KuvKhed] ad. a. , , n.[ pl.] ,
Seagulls were circling overhead. Overhead the stars were out.
The overhead costs are ridiculously expensive. Their office is in
central Beijing, so their overhead is very high.

overhear [,KuvK'hiK] vt. , I overheard some cruel remarks about him.

I overheard them saying they were unhappy.

overlap ['KuvKl<p] v. 1.(...) 2.(...) n., overlie; project;

repeat Fantasy and reality often overlaps.
overlook [,KuvK'luk] vt. 1. , , 2. , 3. , My room
overlooked the garden. They overlooked the enormous risks involved.
It was a slight overlook on my part.
overpass ['KuvKpA:s] n.,
overseas [,KuvK'si:z] ad. (), () a. (), (), ()
The overseas trade has become the main project. She is an
overseas student in Britain.
overtake [,KuvK'teik] vt. 1., , 2., catch; reach; catch up
with Laziness travels so slowly that poverty soon overtakes him.
A car overtook me although I was going fast.
The murderer was overtaken in his crime.
overthrow ['KuvKTrKu] vt. 1., 2., n., , The rebels have
overthrown the government. The overthrow of that lawful regime has
resulted in a series of riot.
overtime ['KuvKtaim] a.
overview ['KuvK,vju:] The general manager gave us an overview of the company's
marketing plans for the coming year.
overwhelm [,KuvK'welm] vt. 1.(), 2., The village was
overwhelmed when the floods came. Your kindness quite

overwhelmed me. Our football team has won an overwhelming victory.

overwhelming [,KuvK'welmiN] a. 1., 2. overpowering; staggering

Nothing is easier than spending the public money. It does not appear to belong to
anybody. The temptation is overwhelming to bestow it on somebody.
For the first time in history, man has the
overwhelming technological resources to combat human suffering, yet he squanders them
on meaningless pursuits.
I think that the temptation of city life, especially of the cultural
atmosphere in big cities, is overwhelming, even though those unsolved troubles are still
there.

owl [aul] n.
ownership ['KunKSip] n. ( ), The two brothers have dispute over the
ownership of the land. Ownership of property involves great
expense. The restaurant is under new ownership.
oxygen ['OksidZKn] n. , There was a shortage of oxygen at the top of the
mountain. She died from lack of oxygen.
P
pad [p<d] n.1., 2., 3.(), vt. vi. ()
The nurse put a clean pad of cotton over his wound.
He jotted down a note on the pad by the telephone.
I made my speech longer by padding it with a few jokes.
paddle ['p<dl] n.1., 2. , vi. 1., 2. , vt. 1.()2.
They tried to row the small boat off with a paddle. She lay at
the side of the pool and paddled in the water with her fingers.
painstaking ['peinzteikiN] a.
pamphlet ['p<mflit] n. The pamphlet contains information of political opinion.
He gave me a pamphlet for my call numbers.

panda ['p<ndK] n.Pandas are loved by people all over the world.

panel ['p<nl] n.1., 2., 3., decoration; ornament It

was made of a large precast concrete panel. This ceiling has
a carved panel. The panel was chosen to take part in discussion.

panic ['p<nik] n., , v. (), () fear; confusion; fright The

most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man falsely shouting fire in
the theater and causing a panic.
She got into a panic when she thought she'd forgotten the tickets.
The crowd panicked at the sound of the explosion.
The thunder panicked the horse.
parachute ['p<rKSu:t] n. vi. vt. ,
parade [pK'reid] n., v. (), () The Olympic Games begin with a

parade of all the competing nations. The strikers paraded

through the city center. He is always parading his knowledge.

paradise ['p<rKdais] n., Hong Kong is a travellers' paradise.

Hong Kong is a travellers' paradise.
paradox ['p<rKdOks] n.1. () 2.() puzzle;
ambiguity; inconsistency More haste, less speed is a well-known paradox.

parallel ['p<rKlel] n.1., 2., 3. a. 1. 2.,

3., , vt. , , conforming; correspond; match
The road and the railway are parallel to each other. The railway lines
run parallel to the road. My experience in this matter is parallel to
yours. The railway lines run parallel to the road.
My experience in this matter is parallel to yours.
paralyse ['p<rKlaiz] vt. 1., 2. 3., disable; make
helpless The accident left her paralysed in both legs. She is
paralysed in both arms. The electricity failure paralysed the water supply.
Let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear to fear
itself nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to
convert retreat into advance.

parameter [pK'r<mitK] n.1., 2.

parasite ['p<rKsait] n.1. 2.The mistletoe plant is a parasite on trees.
Don't give money to him; he is a parasite.
partial ['pA:Sl] a. 1., 2.(to), 3.(to), unfair;
biased; prejudiced No human being is constituted to know the truth, the whole truth
and nothing but the truth; and even the best of men must be content with fragments, with
partial glimpses, never the full fruition.
His partial
attitude called forth a lot of criticism. I'm very partial to sweet
foods.
participant [pA:'tisipKnt] n.,
participate [pA:'tisipeit] vi. (in), Everyone in the class is expected to participate
in the discussion actively.
particle ['pA:tikl] n.1., , 2., scrap; bit Experience is an
immense sensibility, a kind of huge spider-web of the finest silken threads suspended in the
chamber of consciousness, and catching every air-borne.
We can see the
dust particles floating in the sunlight clearly. There
wasn't a particle of truth in what he said.
partner ['pA:tnK] n.1., 2., vt. The business is owned by
two partners. Are you sure you want him to be your partner?


passion ['p<Sn] n.1., 2. desire; emotion; feeling Passion is in all great
searches and is necessary to all creative endeavors.
The poet expressed his burning passion for the woman he loved.

passive ['p<siv] a. , For example, an assertive person will say, I can do

these thing and I decided on this course of action, whereas a more passive person
might say. These are the experiences I have had.
Television encourages passive
enjoyment.
pastime ['pA:staim] n., recreation; amusement; hobby Photography is her
favorite pastime.
pat [p<t] n., a. , ,
patch [p<tS] n.1., 2., 3. vt. ,
patent ['peitnt] n., a. ()(), vt. ... license;
monopolize; safeguard The devil is the father of lies, but he neglected to patent the
idea, and the business now suffers from competition.
Somehow, computer is no longer patent of professional
engineers.
patience ['peiSns] n., Patience, compassion and empathy are also important
traits in being a good friend or partner.
patriotic [,p<tri'Otik] a. , , devoted; zealous; dedicated
Diplomacy. The patriotic art of lying for ones country.

pave [peiv] vt. (),

pavement ['peivmKnt] n.()
paw [pO:] n., v. ,
payment ['peimKnt] n.1. 2., The payment of the goods is payable in
instalments. They demand prompt payment.
pea [pi:] n. The sisters are as alike as two peas.
peach [pi:tS] n.() The beauty of the peach blossom is beyond description.

peak [pi:k] n., , vi. , a. , The mountain

peaks are covered with snow all year. Tourism is at its peak in August.
Property prices have peaked.
peanut ['pi:nVt] n.1. 2.[pl.] He likes to eat peanut jam. He
pays his workers peanuts.
pebble ['pebl] n., There are many pebbles on the riverbed.
peculiar [pi'kju:liK] a. 1., 2., , unusual; uncommon;
unique Hatred is something peculiar. You will always find it strongest and most violent
where there is the lowest degree of culture.
The food has a peculiar taste. This style of cooking is
peculiar to the country.

peculiarity [pi,kju:li'<riti] n.These small spiced cakes are a peculiarity

of the region. She has peculiarities on diet.

pedal ['pedl] n., vi. , vt. , ...

peel [pi:l] vt. ..., ... vi. , n.(), They peeled off their
clothes and jumped into the water. The paint was peeling.

penalty ['penlti] n., , fine; discipline; punishment Only the man who
has enough good in him to feel the justice of the penalty can be punished; the others can
only be hurt. She has
paid the penalty for her crimes with five years in prison. One of
the penalties of fame is that people point at you on the street.

pendulum ['pendjulKm] n.1., 2.() The pendulum of the clock

in my room is a bear.
penetrate ['penitreit] v. 1. , , 2., 3., insert; enter; go
through The sun too penetrates into privies, but is not polluted by them.

penetration [,peni'treiSn] n.
penicillin [,peni'silin] n.
peninsula [pK'ninsjulK] n. Italy is a peninsula.
pension ['pOnsiOn] n., vt. ...() allowance;
payment; security Pension never enriched a young man. He
retired on a company pension. He went to the post office to draw
his pension.
pepper ['pepK] n., vt. (), Please pass me the pepper
pot.
perceive [pK'si:v] vt. 1., , 2., , observe; distinguish; notice
There are no new truths, but only truths that have not been recognized by those who
have perceived them without noticing.
We perceived that we were unwelcome and left.
percentage [pK'sentidZ] n., We have only a small percentage of foreign
books. What percentage of the earth is covered by oceans?

performance [pK'fO:mKns] n.1. , 2. , 3. , , ( )

fulfillment; presentation; display He who is the most slow in making a promise is
the most faithful in the performance of it. The novel is
considered a brilliant performance. The car's performance on
corners needs to be improved. Consequently, it leads to
poor self-esteem and sharp decline in academic performance.

periodical [,piKri'Odikl] n. a. , , The periodical is obtainable on

the very first day of every month.
perish ['periS] vi. 1., , 2.(, ), pass away; be lost; die

The great tragedy of life is not that men perish but that they cease to love.
Almost a hundred people perished in the hotel fire last
night. The lumbermen were perished with cold.
permanent ['pK:mKnKnt] a. (), He was taken on for a three-month trial
period before being accepted as a permanent member of staff.
Have you any permanent address? ?
permission [pK'miSn] n., , It is illegal to copying this book without the
permission of Professor Wang Lin and Xuehang Training Cente. With your permission I'll
leave now. Did she give you permission?
perpetual [pK'petSuKl] a. 1., , 2., once and for all;
everlasting To be in love is merely to be in a state of perpetual anaesthesis to
mistake an ordinary young man for a Greek god or an ordinary young woman for a
goddess.
She's tired of their perpetual chatter.
Double agents live in a perpetual state of fear.
perplex [pK'pleks] v. , , puzzle; confound; bewilder; confuse
The whole fair is very perplexing. When new math was
introduced into schools, many parents were perplexed by it.
Faced with that dilemma, he was perplexed.

persecute ['pK:sikju:t] vt. 1. , 2. , punish or treat cruelly; worry

Throughout history religious minorities have been persecuted.
They came to America after being persecuted for their religious beliefs.
He persecuted me with various delicate questions.

persist [pK'sist] vi. 1.(in), 2., If you persist in breaking the law
you will go to prison. The cold weather will persist for the
rest of the week.
personality [,pK:sK'n<liti] n.1. , 2. , character; nature; figure
Personality is to man what perfume is to a flower. He has a
dynamic personality. She is quite a personality. It is quite
obvious that, in an enjoyable classroom lesson, not only do we learn the knowledge in
books but we also acquire some spiritual things brought about by the teachers personality.

perspective [pK'spektiv] n.1. , , 2., 3., aspect;

attitude; viewpoint If a womans adult efforts are concentrated exclusively on her
children, she is more likely to stifle than broaden her childrens perspective and preparation
for adult life.
You must get the story in its right perspectives.
Artists didn't understand perspective in those days.
persuasion [pK'sweiZn] n.1. ( ), 2. , In spite of my efforts at
persuasion, he wouldn't agree. It's my persuasion that such
people should not be allowed to enter this country.
pessimistic [,pesi'mistik] a. ()

pest [pest] n.1., 2.Stores of grain are frequently attacked by pests.

That child is an absolute pest! !
petition [pK'tiSn] n., , v. (...), appeal; earnest request;
prayer Business underlies everything in our national life, including our spiritual life.
Witness the fact that in the Lords Prayer the first petition is for daily bread.
They rejected his
petition for naturalization. She filed a petition for divorce.
She petitioned her neighbor to turn down the radio.
petty ['peti] a. 1. , , 2. , trivial; insignificant;
unimportant Women who are in love forgive grave infidelities more than petty
indiscretions. She is very petty at times.

phase [feiz] n.1., 2., 3.(), vt. () state; stage;

aspect It is often at the concluding phase of a work that we know how we should have
done it. The child is going through a difficult
phase. The two sets of traffic lights were out of phase.

photoelectric [,fKutKui'lektrik] a.
photographic [,fKutK'gr<fik] a.He is working in his photographic studio.
My little brother has a photographic memory.

physical ['fizikl] a. 1., 2., 3., n. actually;

bodily; materially Mankind never loses any good thing, physical, intellectual, or moral,
till it finds a better, and then the loss is a gain.
It's a physical impossibility to be in
two places at one time.
physician [fi'ziSn] n. He was attended by his personal physician.

pickpocket ['pikpOkit] n.
pickup ['pikVp] n. ;; ??
pictorial [pik'tO:riKl] a. ,, We have watched the pictorial record
of the event.
pierce [piKs] v. 1., , 2.(), ()The needle pierced her finger.
The regiment pierced through the enemy's lines.
pigeon ['pidZKn] n. He is building a pigeon house for his racing pigeons.

pill [pil] n. Occasionally she had to take sleeping pills.

pillar ['pilK] n.1., 2., The enemy was hurried from pillar to post.
He has been a pillar of the Church all his life.
pillow ['pilKu] n.I want to consult with my pillow before I take a decision.
Her arm pillowed the sleeping child.
pinch [pintS] v. 1., 2., n.1., 2.(), The new shoes pinched my
toes. He was pinched with cold and hunger. The door pinched
my finger as it shut.

pint [paint] n. I bought a pint of milk in the store.

pipeline ['paiplain] n.
pirate ['pairKt] n.1.(), 2. vt. , () The
sailor suddenly saw a pirate jumping onto the deck.
pistol ['pistl] n. The runners were called back because one of them beat the pistol.

piston ['pistKn] n.
pitch [pitS] n.1.() 2., 3.(), 4. vt. 1.,
2. 3.(), ...() 4. Touch pitch, and you
will be defiled. We planned to pitch our camps in the mountains.
The ship pitched in the storm.
plague [pleig] n.1., 2., vt. (), ...() disturb;
epidemic; bother One was never married, and thats his hell; another is, and thats his
plague. A great plague was then
raging in the city. The plague has broken out.
planet ['pl<nit] n. The Earth is a planet. The planets of our solar
system are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

plantation [pl<n'teiSn] n., There were hundreds of slaves in the plantation.

plaster ['plA:stK] n.1., 2. 3., vt. ..., The

doctor had to hold his broken arm with a plaster cast.

plateau ['pl<tKu] n.1. 2.( ) ( ) Sales have now reached a

plateau.
plausible ['plO:zKbl] a. , , hypocritical; deceptive
They provided a plausible explanation for the phenomenon.

plead [pli:d] vi. 1., 2., , vt. 1.... 2....() defend;

ask earnestly He reminds me of the man who murdered both his parents and then,
when sentence was about to be announced, pleaded for mercy on the grounds that he was
an orphan.
He pleaded with his mother to allow him to go to the circus.
She pleaded that she felt very tired. The girl charged with murder was
said to be mad and unfit to plead.
pledge [pledZ] n., vt. , oath; vow; agreement; promise We
mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor.
Take this ring as a pledge of our friendship.
She pledged her support to us. They pledged never to tell the
secret.
plentiful ['plentifKl] a. , , The camp has a plentiful supply of food.

plot [plOt] n.1. 2.(), 3., vt. 1., 2....,

... vi. , scheme; trick; ground We tolerate differences of

opinion in people who are familiar to us. But differences of opinion in people we do not
know sound like heresy or plots.
I grow potatoes on my little plot of land. The plot
thickens. They are plotting how to murder him. They
plotted the new position of each vessel.
plug [plVg] n.1., 2., vt. ..., ... You can plug into the national
computer network. She pulled the plug out of the bathtub and the
dirty water ran away.
plunge [plVndZ] vi. 1., 2. 3., vt. 1.()...()2.
, n.1. 2., She plunged her hands into her coat pockets.
The car stopped suddenly and he plunged forward.

plural ['pluKrKl] a. n.Most plural nouns in English end in s.

s The verb should be in the plural.
plus [plVs] prep. , n.1., 2. a. , The bill was USD10,
plus USD1 for postage. 10 We've got to fit five people plus all
their luggage in the car. Two plus five is seven.

pneumonia [nju:'mKuniK] n.Take care of getting atypical pneumonia.

poisonous ['pOizKnKs] a. 1. 2., Some plants have poisonous berries.

She gave him a poisonous look.
polish ['pOliS] vt. 1., 2., , n., shine; glaze We
must beat the iron while it is hot, but we may polish it at leisure.
I polished my buttons with a handkerchief. It's an honest book but it
hasn't been polished.
politics ['pOlKtiks] n.1., 2.,
poll [pOl] n.1. 2.[ pl.] , vt. 1. ... 2. (... )
question; register; enroll; examineDo you ever get the feeling that the only reason
we have elections is to find out if the polls were right?
The result of the poll won't be known until midnight.
Mr. Hill polled over 3,000 votes. 3,000 A large vote
was polled.
pollute [pK'lu:t] vt. 1., 2. The river has been polluted by waste products
from the factory. It prevents children from being polluted
by some negative influence.
popularity [,pOpju'l<riti] n. His popularity among working people
remains as strong as ever. Her books have been in
popularity recently.
porridge ['pOridZ] n.I had a bowl of porridge for breakfast.

portable ['pO:tKbl] a. , , Portable telephones are very popular

nowadays. The documents have been typed into a portable
computer.

porter ['pO:tK] n.1. 2., The porter will carry your luggage to
your room.
portrait ['pO:trit] n., He finished the portrait in a few minutes.
She had her portrait painted. The book contains a fascinating
portrait of life at the court of Henry VIII.
pose [pKuz] vt. 1., ()2.(), () vi. 1. 2., ,
n., pretend; act She poses as an expert in old coins.
The artist posed his model carefully. All the subjects are well
posed. Pollution poses a threat to the continued existence of this
species. He is always talking about his deep interest in
literature, but it's just a pose.
possibility [,pOsK'biliti] n.1.()2. We must accept the possibility that we
might be wrong. She thought of several possibilities.
I see great possibilities in the scheme.
postage ['pKustidZ] n., What is the postage for an air letter?

postal ['pKustl] a. He sent me some postal cards from Paris.

postman ['pKustmKn] n.The postman was bitten by a fierce dog.

potential [pK'tenSl] a. , n., implied; inherent Most of us

havent begun to tap our own for happiness. It is as if we are waiting for permission to
start living fully, but the only person who can give us that permission is ourselves.

Education develops potential abilities. He hasn't

realized his full potential yet. If mans attention is only put on
the potential of scientific achievements, the earths limited resources will not be able to
feed the increasing mouths.

poultry ['pKultri] n., The poultry are being fed. Poultry is rather
cheap now.
powder ['paudK] n., He took a powder every morning. I know the
smell of powder.
powerful ['pauKfKl] a. 1., , 2., This defeat was a powerful
blow to the enemy.
practically ['pr<ktikli] ad.1., 2.unimaginatively; effectively; almost I
have often been struck by the fact that the symptoms of laziness and fatigue are
practically identical. He knew
practically no English. He is practically ruined.
precaution [pri'kO:Sn] n., , forethought; regard; careThere is only one
danger I find in life you may take too many precautions.
I took the precaution of locking everything in the safe.
You should take an umbrella just as a precaution.

precede [pri'si:d] vt. , He came in, preceded by his wife.

He preceded his speech with a few words of welcome the special guests.

preceding [pri'si:diN] a. , , previous; prior; ahead of This has

been explained in the preceding chapters.
precise [pri'sais] a. 1., 2.At the precise moment that I put my foot on
the step, the bus started.
precision [pri'siZn] n.(), () Your report lacks precision. The
diagram had been copied with great precision.
predict [pri'dikt] vt. , , The economists predicted an increase in the rate of
inflation. The fortune-teller predicted that I would marry a
doctor.
predominant [pri'dOminKnt] a. , influential; dominant; prevailing
Which country is the predominant member of the alliance?
Which country is the predominant member of the alliance?
Her predominant characteristic is honesty.
preface ['prefis] n., , introduction; beginning Ms. asked me to write a
preface to her book. The preface of this book is very brief.
The preface of this diary recounted her life.
She prefaced her remarks with a few words of welcome to the guest.

preferable ['prefrKbl] a. , , desirable; favorable Ignorance is

preferable to error; and he is less remote from the truth who believes nothing, than he who
believes what is wrong.
He finds country life preferable to that of living in the city. Cold
food would be preferable in this heat.
preference ['prefrKns] n.1. , , ( )2. ( ) I don't know your
preferences, so please help yourself. We've granted that
country special trade preferences. In considering people for
jobs, we give preference to those with some experience.

prejudice ['predZudis] n., vt. 1. 2., unfairness; partiality;

inclination Prejudice is the child of ignorance. A judge must be free
from prejudice. They accused him of having a prejudice against his women
employees. A new law has been brought in to discourage racial
prejudice. His pleasant voice and manner prejudiced the
jury in his favor.
preliminary [pri'liminKri] a. , n., introductory; preceding;
preparatory The Three Gorges Project has completed its preliminary stage successfully.
Our team got beaten in the preliminary rounds of the competition.
May I make a few preliminary remarks before we start the
interview? There are a lot of preliminaries to be
gone through before you can visit a foreign country.
preparation [,prepK'reiSn] n.1.(), 2. He didn't do any preparation for

this exam, so he failed. Preparations for the Queen's visit

are almost complete.
preposition [,prepK'ziSn] n. Preposition is abbreviated as prep. in this dictionary.
prep.
prescribe [pri'skraib] vt. 1.(), ()2., guide; direct; orderIf
I were a medical man, I should prescribe a holiday to any patient who considered his work
important. What
medicine did the doctor prescribe for your illness? Regulations
prescribe that a lawyer draw up the paper.
prescription [pri'skripSn] n.1., , () 2., The doctor is writing
a prescription. His prescription for economic recovery was not well received.
The prescription of drugs is a doctor's responsibility.

presently ['prezntli] ad. 1., 2., The doctor will be here presently.
The professor is presently writing a book.
preservation [,prezK'veiSn] n. The aim of the policy is the preservation
of peace. The paintings were in an excellent state of preservation.

preside [pri'zaid] vi. (at, over), The old professor had presided over a seminar
for theoretical physicists. The hostess presided at
table with tact and urbanity. Some people believe that the
Fates preside over man's destiny.
presumably [pri'zju:mKbli] ad. , , likely; probably; reasonably She is
aware of the difficulties, presumably?
presume [pri'zju:m] vt. 1., , () 2.(), ()3., vi.
The law presumes innocence until guilt is proved. I
didn't presume to interpret it. A signed invoice presumes receipt of
the shipment.
pretext ['pri:tekst] n., excuse; pretenseWell have to find a pretext for not
going to the party. He came to see me on the pretext of
asking my advice. We'll have to find a pretext for not going to the
party.
prevail [pri'veil] vi. 1. , 2.(over) , 3.(on, upon) , ,
predominate; control; command Sadness prevailed in our mind.
Misty weather prevails in this part of the country.
prevalent ['prevKlKnt] a. , Eye diseases are prevalent in some tropical
countries.
previous ['pri:viKs] a. 1. , , 2.(to) ... Have you had previous career
experience? Previous to the conference we had discussed the matter
among ourselves.
priceless ['praislKs] adj.
prime [praim] a. 1., 2., n.1., 2. vt. ,
earliest; principal; original what is the prime of life? May it not be defined
as a period of about twenty years in womans life, and thirty in mans?

 20 30 What was said was of

prime importance. He makes it his prime care.
primitive ['primitiv] a. 1., 2., n.(), ancient;
savage; fundamental With the warmth of embers in my face, a black night around me
and a star-pierced sky above, I feel transplanted above, I feel transposed to an ancestor in
a primitive age.
Primitive man made himself primitive tools from sharp stones and animal bones.
Small seashells were often used as a primitive
kind of money.
principle ['prinsKpl] n.1., , 2., We adhere to the principle that
everyone should be treated fairly.
priority [prai'OrKti] n.1.(), 2. superiority; preference; precedence
We should give priority to such a problem. Individuals with
limited budgets usually get their priorities right: they provide themselves with necessities
before trying to obtain luxuries. :

privilege ['privKlidZ] n., right; opportunityTo have become a deeper man is

the privilege of those who have suffered. It was a
privilege to work with him.
probe [prKub] v. 1., , 2.() n.1., 2.,
investigate; examineImagination mean profundity. No cerebral function can probe
more deeply into the objects.
Information about Venus obtained by Russian probes has been published on some
magazines. The journalist was probing
into several financial scandals. He probed the mud with a stick,
looking for the ring he had dropped.
procedure [prK'si:dZK] n., , fashion; style; planAll was fair in love, war,
and parliamentary procedure. He is familiar with
export procedure. Obtaining a refund from the company is a
complicated procedure. What's the procedure for opening a bank
account?
proceeding [prK'si:diN] n. process; transaction; performance The
proceedings will begin with a speech to welcome the guests.
process ['prKuses] n.1., 2., 3.(), () vt. , ,
Producing a dictionary is a slow process. It will do harm to
the whole process of their growth.
procession [prK'seSn] n., The troops walked in procession through the street.

proclaim [prK'kleim] vt. 1., , 2. declare; advertise The optimist

proclaims that we live in the best of the possible worlds; and the pessimist fears this is
true. The president
proclaimed that a new currency would be issued. His accent
proclaimed that he was an American.
productive [prK'dVktiv] a. 1., 2. They work hard, but their efforts

are not very productive. She was elected a productive worker.

I spent a very productive hour in the library.
profession [prK'feSn] n.1., 2.[the -] , 3., He is a doctor
by profession. I don't believe her profession of friendship for us.
Finally, I was aware that in todays world professions require years of
specialized training.
proficiency [prK'fiSnsi] n. , learning; knowledge; ability A computer
certificate will indicate your proficiency in computer.
profile ['prKufail] n.1.()()2., 3., 4.,
vt. ...(), ...() figure; form; outline A face in profile cannot
stimulate a smile among children. I photographed him in
profile. The government is trying to keep a low profile on this issue.
My boss asked me to write a profile for the new tennis champion.

profound [prK'faund] a. , , 2., 3. deep;

bottomless; subterranean The opposite of a correct statement is a false statement. But
the opposite of a profound truth may well be another profound truth.
Strange creatures live in
the profound depths of the ocean. Our professor is a man of
profound learning. They listened to the speaker with profound
interest.
progressive [prK'gresiv] a. 1. , 2. , , 3.( )
advancing; mounting; liberal The grandest of all laws is the law of development.
That famous progressive thinker was asked to
deliver a speech at the meeting. Could this verb
be used in progressive form?
prohibit [prK'hibit] vt. , forbid; restrict; banNatures law affirm instead of
prohibit. If you violate her laws, you are your own persecuting attorney, judge, jury and
hangman.
Smoking is prohibited here. I fear that a prior engagement will prohibit me
from joining you in dinner. Rainy weather and fog
prohibited flying. In recent years, students from both primary and
middle schools are, for many times, prohibited from playing video games, but in vain.

project ['prOdZekt] n.1., 2., 3. vt. 1., , 2. vi. ,

outline; plan; thrust out Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; fitter for
execution than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled business.
Their project to establish a new
national park will be completed next year. A
missile was projected into space. He planted some flowers on the balcony
that projects over the street. Artistic projects, which are
symbols of the city, can boost local tourism.
projector [prK'dZektK] n.
prolong [prK'lON] vt. , , lengthen; draw out; continue The true way to

render age vigorous is to prolong the youth of the mind.

The meeting may be prolonged into the evening because so many problems have to
be solved tonight.
prominent ['prOminKnt] 1. , 2. , extended; conspicuous;
protruding I joke about every prominent man of my time, but I never net a man I didnt
like. The house is in a prominent
position on the village green. Einstein was a
prominent scientist.
promising ['prOmisiN] a. , assuring; encouraging; hopeful The
young scientist is promising and he surely will succeed.

promote [prK'mKut] vt. 1., , 2., 3., ()The young army

officer was promoted to the rank of captain. After this win,
Manchester United was promoted to the First Division.
Exercise promotes health.
pronoun ['prKunaun] n.Please make a sentence with this pronoun.

propeller [prK'pelK] n.
proportion [prK'pO:Sn] n.1. 2., 3., This painting lacks proportion.
We are trying to reduce the problem to manageable proportions.

propose [prK'pKuz] v. 1., , 2., 3., 4.He proposed that a

change should be made. Did he propose to you? I wish to
propose a toast to our friendship. Some people even propose a
suggestion that smoking should be totally banned in all public places.

proposition [,prOpK'ziSn] n.1., 2., 3. Tunnelling under the English

Channel is a big proposition. She was propositioned by
her boss.
propulsion [prK'pVlSn] n. This aircraft works by jet propulsion.

prospect ['prOspekt] n.1., , () 2., 3.,

vt. (for), sight; view; future; outlook Prospect is often better than
possessions. This experience opened a new prospect in his mind.
A rich harvest is in prospect. I like this program most not
only because of its abundant and latest news, but also because of its analysis and
prospects of the present-day world.
So one thing is clear enough: for the sake of our students prospects,
teachers should also be called on to respect students and add more attention to
enlightening the individuality of the students.

prosperity [prO'sperKti] n. , success; increase; accomplishment The

prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully
employed. We hope to have a life of happiness

and prosperity. Chinas extraordinary growth has put the same

kind of pressures on our environment, and the costs of growth are rising right along with
our prosperity.
With the development of material prosperity, advertisements have become more and
more important in our daily life.

prosperous ['prOspKrKs] a. , His business is prosperous.

protein ['prKuti:n] n.You should eat more high-protein diet.
protest ['prKutest] n., v. , disagree; object; oppose They are
holding a rally to protest against the governments defense policy.
He protested his innocence. They protested to the mayor that
the taxes were too high. His protests on human rights sound
hollow. I went to the doctor under protest.
proton ['prKutOn] n.
provided [prK'vaidid] conj. , if; supposing; in the case that Let every one
follow his inclinations provided he go upward.

provision [prK'viZn] n.1. 2. , 3., 4. , They are making

provision for their children's education. We set out with enough
provisions. Both sides should act according to the provisions of the
agreement. They provisioned the ship for a long voyage.

provoke [prK'vKuk] vt. 1. , 2., irritate; bother; incite Beauty

provokes thieves sooner than gold. He tried to provoke them into
fighting. His rudeness provoked me to strike him.
psychological [,saikK'lOdZikl] a. ( ) There could be some psychological
explanation for his bad health.
psychology [sai'kOlKdZi] n.I am always interested in psychology.
Worst of all, the psychology of such children is distorted by family breakup.

publication [,pVbli'keiSn] n.1. , 2. 3. , The book is ready for

publication. The library gets the usual monthly publications.

publicity [pVb'lisKti] n.1., 2., being made known; advertising

Nobel is cheerful in company but sad in private. He tried to avoid publicity.
The matter received wide publicity.
The newspaper gave much publicity to the concert.
puff [pVf] vi. 1., 2.()3.() vt. 1.(),
()2., () n.1.(), (, ) 2.He blew out the candles
with a single puff. His speech was just puff.
punch [pVntS] vt. 1. 2. n.1. 2., 3., He punched the
policeman on the nose and was arrested. , The conductor

punched his bus ticket. They cut holes on the sheet of

metal with a punch press.
punctual ['pVNktSuKl] a. , , prompt; precise; on scheduleThe
trouble with being punctual is that nobodys there to appreciate it.
He is always punctual for appointments. My cat makes a punctual
appearance at mealtimes.
purity ['pjuKrKti] n., , We must ensure the purity of drinking water.

pursuit [pK'sju:t] n.1., 2., 3.(), , chase; hunt

Love is strongest in pursuit; friendship in possession.
He exercises everyday in pursuit of health. What's your favorite
pursuit?
puzzle ['pVzl] v. 1.(), () 2.() n.1., , 2., (
) The question puzzled me. He stood there watching with puzzled
despair.
pyramid ['pirKmid] n.1. 2. 3., Egypt is famous
for its grand pyramids. A pyramid of stones marked the spot.

Q
qualification [,kwOlifi'keiSn] n.1. , , 2. , ,
requirement; attainment; experience Though I have no academic qualifications, I
am in fact much more highly educated than most university scholars.
He's got all the right qualifications but is
temperamentally unsuitable. What sort of
qualifications do you need for the job? I can recommend him
without qualification.
qualify ['kwOlifai] v. (), (), ()
qualitative ['kwOlitKtiv] a. (),
quantify ['kwOntifai] vt. ...,
quantitative ['kwOntitKtiv] a. (),
quart [kwO:t] n. He still takes his quarts.
quarterly ['kwO:tKli] a. , ad. , n.
quartz [kwO:ts] n.
queer [kwiK] a. 1., 2., odd; strange; unusual; faint; unwell
Queer thing how trouble acts different on folks
Its like hot weather sours milk but sweetens apples.
There is something queer about him.
Her queer way of dressing attracted the attention of the passerby.

quench [kwentS] vt. (), ()smother; moisten; chokeSuperstition sets the

whole world in flames; philosophy quenches them.
Water will quench a fire. Hot steel is quenched to harden it.
questionable ['kwestSKnKbl] a. The man looks questionable.
Such a questionable assertion is sure to provoke criticism.


queue [kju:] n.(), vi. (up)()()There's a long queue of people
waiting for new houses. We queued up for the bus.
quilt [kwilt] n. He bought a heavy quilt for the winter.
quiver ['kwivK] vi. , , n., , The old man quivered with rage.
The skylark quivered its wings. He felt a quiver of excitement.

quote [kwKut] v. , n.1., 2., 3.[pl.] cite; extract I quote

others in order the better to express my own self.
He quotes the Bible to support his beliefs. The price they quoted
was very low. It was quoted 5 dollars. 5
R
rack [r<k] n., vt. 1., 2., He put his shoes on the rack.
Even after racking his brains he couldn't think of a single example.

racket ['r<kit] n.1., 2., , 3.()

radiate ['reidieit] v. 1.(), 2., diffuse; disperse; scatter; spread
To communicate love, parents need a language of acceptance words that value
feelings, responses that change moods, replies that respect.

radiator ['reidieitK] n. This car has a fan-cooled radiator.

radical ['r<dikl] a. 1., 2., n. fundamental; extreme;

revolutionary I never dared be radical when young for fear it would make me
conservative when old. The talks are
aimed at radical reductions in the level of weapons. They
called for a radical reform of our tax system. Some young
people are very radical when faced with trouble.
radioactive [,reidiKu'<ktiv] a. , The radioactive waste should be
buried deeply under the ground in sealed box.
radioactivity [,reidiKu<k'tiviti] n.
radium ['reidiKm] n.
rage [reidZ] n.1., 2., vi. 1.(), (), () 2.,
fury; violence; strong desire urgeOppose not rage while rage is in its force, but
give it way a while and let it waste. He
was mad with rage. The young girl has a rage for pop music.

raid [reid] vt. & n.1.() 2.(), 3., sudden attack;

assault; invasionA security guard was killed in the bank raid.
We launched a bombing raid on enemy bases. A security
guard was killed in the bank raid. The police will carry out a
dawn raid.
rainbow ['reinbKu] n.
rake [reik] n.1., , 2., vi. 1. 2., vt. 1., , 2.,

The field had been raked. Don't rake up the past.

I'll try and rake out something for you to wear.
rally ['r<li] n.1.() 2. v. 1., 2.(), unite
against; attack The troops rallied around their leader. They
rallied to their leader's cause. Her spirits rallied on hearing the
good news. They will hold a peace rally.

random ['r<ndKm] a. , chance; accidental; irregularHistory was a trash

bag of random coincidences torn open in a wind.
The librarian took a book at random from the shelf.
rapidity [rK'piditi] n.swiftness; dispatch; speedHe often cycles in
rapidity. We are surprised by the rapidity of her recovery.

ratio ['reiSiKu] n. , proportion; quota; rate The probability of anything

happening is inverse ratio to its desirability. The
ratio of schoolboys to schoolgirls is 2 to 1. 2 1
rational ['r<SnKl] a. 1., 2.reasonable; judicious; justifiable Of all
ways of defining man, the worst is the one which makes him out to be a rational animal.
Man is a rational being.
No rational person would go to work in his pyjamas.
The key to this problem is to control the amount of rescuing material and keep it in a
rational degree.
react [ri'<kt] vi. 1., 2.(against), , 3.(with) 4.(on ,
upon), How did they react to your suggestion? She
reacted to the insult by turning her back on him. An acid can react
with a base to form a salt.
readily ['redili] ad. 1., 2. 3., quickly; promptly; willingly
Nothing is so easy as to deceive ones self; for what we wish, that we readily believes.
They can readily be
brought anywhere. He readily promised to help.
reading ['ri:diN] n.1., 2., ()3., 4.(), The
readings on my thermometer last month were well above the average.

realistic [,riK'listik] a. 1. 2. 3., His realistic novel was

criticized by some people. What a realistic looking apple
in the picture! !
realization [,riKlai'zeiSn] n.()The realization of his ambition makes him very
happy. I was struck by the sudden realization that I would probably
never see her again.
realm [relm] n.1., , 2., domain; area; sphere The spy was
expelled from the realm.
reap [ri:p] vt. 1., 2., cut; gather in harvestAs a man sows, so shall
he reap. The peasants are reaping a field of barley.
reasonable ['ri:znKbl] a. 1., 2., 3.() 4.,

He gave me a reasonable explanation. My mother was always

reasonable.
recall [ri'kO:l] vt. 1. , 2. , 3. , vi. , recollect;
remember; remind There is no greater grief than to recall a time of happiness when in
misery.
receipt [ri'si:t] n.1. , 2.[pl.] , 3. , acceptance; certificate
Whatever promises a man may make before marriage, the license is as a receipt in full.
On receipt of your instructions he will
send the goods. Please send me a receipt for the money.

recipe ['resKpi] n.1., 2., , directions for preparing A mixture

of admiration and pity is one of the surest recipes for affection.
He knows the recipe for this dish. What's your recipe for
success?
reciprocal [ri'siprKkl] a. , interchangeable; mutual; alternate Life
cannot subsist in society but by reciprocal concessions.

recite [ri'sait] vt. 1., 2., vi. , I don't like reciting in public.

reckon ['rekKn] vt. 1., 2.(on), 3., Did you reckon in the cost of
the taxi? They reckon the book as one of his best works.
I reckon this will be a hot summer.
reclaim [ri'kleim] vt. 1. 2.()3. rescue; restore; reform He has been
reclaimed from a life of vice. This land was reclaimed from the sea.
Her mission was to reclaim former criminals. You
may be entitled to reclaim some of the tax you paid last year.

recognition [,rekKg'niSn] n.1., 2., , 3. , , recalling;

acknowledgmentThree fundamental truths without a recognition of which there can be
no effective liberty; that what we believe is not necessarily true; that what we like is not
necessarily good; and that all questions are open.
The town has altered out of all
recognition since I was last there. He has
won wide recognition in the field of tropical medicine.
recognize ['rekKgnaiz] vt. 1. , 2., , 3 , , Can you
recognize her from this picture? His thorough knowledge and
competence were recognized.
recollect [,rekK'lekt] vt.recall; bring to mind; look back onAs far as
I recollect, you came late. Do you recollect her name? I
recollect that she had red hair.
reconcile ['rekKnsail] vt. 1. 2. 3.(to)(), () harmonize; peace;
accord I could sooner reconcile Europe than two women.
We tried to reconcile her with her family. How can he reconcile it
to his conscience?

recreation [,rekri'eiSn] n., amusement; relaxation; diversion People

who cannot find time for recreation are obliged sooner or later to find time for idleness.
His only recreations are drinking beer and working in the
garden. Physical recreation and intellectual
development are the two basic ways in which we college students engage ourselves in our
leisure time.
recruit [ri'kru:t] vt. (), () n., call up; select; enlist Even
young boys are now being recruited to the army. New recruits to our
music club are always welcome. We are having
difficulties in recruiting well-qualified staff.
rectify ['rektifai] vt. , reform; correct; revise One day would rectify the
omission of another. I made a mistake that can not be rectified.
He cleaned the bottle with rectified spirit.
reed [ri:d] n.1., 2, , There are some reeds in the pond.
reel [ri:l] n., , vi. 1., 2., vt. (in up), He reeled
back into the room. His mind was reeling with all that he had seen and
heard.
reference ['refKrKns] n.1., 2., 3., 4.(), ()
mention; implication; source We live in reference to past experience and not to
future events, however, inevitable.
He loaded his pages with references. There is no further
reference to him in her diary. You should make a reference to a
dictionary.
refinery [ri'fainKri] n.She works in a sugar refinery. He
was dismissed from the oil refinery.
reflect [ri'flekt] v. 1., 2., 3., , The sunlight was reflected in
the water. Her sad looks reflected the thought passing through her mind.
The results reflect the greatest credit upon all concerned.
I often reflect on the beauty and complexity of life.

reflection [ri'flekSn] =reflexionn.1., 2. 3., 4., 5., ,

The cat felt curious when she saw her own reflection in the mirror.
On further reflection she saw her mistake.
This is a reflection upon your honor.
reform [ri'fO:m] vt. , , vi. , n., , re-organize;
abolish; renew; innovate To reform a man is a tedious and uncertain labor; hanging the
sure work of a minute. You have had every
chance to reform. Many reforms must be made to the education
system.
refresh [ri'freS] v. (), () I refreshed myself with a cup of coffee.
Let me refresh your memory with some fact.

refreshment [ri'freSmKnt] n.1., 2.(), drink; food; invigoration;

renewWhatever your occupation may be and however crowded your hours with affairs,

do not fail to secure at least a few minutes every day for refreshments of your inner life
with a bit of poetry.
They came into the room for some refreshment.
refuge ['refju:dZ] n., , , A small cave was the only refuge from the cold.

refusal [ri'fju:zl] n.He made a refusal of her invitation. I suffered a

blunt refusal when I called him.
refute [ri'fju:t] vt. , prove or show to be false or wrong; confute Silence is
one of the hardest things to refute. I was able to refute his
argument.
regarding [ri'gA:diN] prep.
regenerative [ri'dZenKreilitiv] a.
regime [rei'Zi:m] n., government; reign; ruling body The masses go
into a revolution not with a prepared plan of social reconstruction, but with a sharp feeling
that they cannot endure the old regime.
Things will change under the new regime.

register ['redZistK] n.1., 2., vi. , vt. 1., ... 2.()

, 3., 4., 5.()file; record; enroll; enlistHistory,
which is, indeed, little more than the register of crimes, follies, and misfortunes of mankind.
Each class has a register of 50 students. 50
The car was registered in my name.
regulate ['regjuleit] vt. 1., 2., govern; rule; balance The use of
travelling is to regulate imagination by reality and instead of thinking how things may be,
to see them as they are.
Accidents sometimes happen even in the best regulated families.
Your watch is always slow; it needs to be regulated.

regulation [,regju'leiSn] n.1., 2., , She was fined for driving above
the regulation speed.
rehearsal [ri'hK:sl] n., exercise; practiceThought is action in rehearsal.

reign [rein] n., vi. 1., 2. rule; sovereignty

Better to reign in hell than serve in heaven. The reign of
Queen Victoria lasted more than sixty years. He reigned
over the country for forty years. Silence reigned everywhere.

reinforce [,ri:in'fO:s] vt. , , add to; strengthen Their arguments are

strongly reinforced by the last trade figures. This
evidence reinforces my view that he is a spy. Our
defences must be reinforced against attack.
reject ['ri:dZekt] vt. 1. 2., , n., He rejected their offer
of a job. The supermarket rejected all spotted apples.
The factory sells some of its better rejects cheaply, but it throws most of the

rejects away.
relate [ri'leit] vi. 1.(to) 2. , vt. 1. 2. , narrate;
connect; correlate I could inform the dullest author how he might write an interesting
book. Let him relate the events of his own life with honesty, not disgusting the feelings that
accompanies them.
These two events were related to each other.
Children need to learn to relate to other children.
relativity [,relK'tivKti] n.1. 2.Not everyone can understand Einstein's Theory
of Relativity.
relax [ri'l<ks] v. 1., () 2., loosen; rest; refresh; be at ease The
great secret of education is to secure the body and mental exercise shall always serve that
relax one another. The
music will help to relax you. His muscles relaxed. When
they are worried about their work, playing with pets can help them forget the difficult
situations right away and relax completely both physically and psychologically.

relay ['ri:lei] n.1. 2.() vt. 1., , 2.transfer; transmit;

carryI see history as a relay race in which each one of us, before dropping in his tracks,
must carry one stage further the challenge of being a man.

release [ri'li:s] vt./n. 1. , 2., 3., 4., liberate; free;

discharge; dismissLove incomparably the greatest psychotherapeutic agent is
something that professional psychiatry cannot of itself create, focus, nor release.
He was released from prison
after serving his sentence. The new film will be released next month.
The old people can look after their grandchildren, which may to some degree
release the pressure of the young.

relevant ['relKvKnt] a. , appropriate; fit; pertinent; applicable The

discovery and use of knowledge has always been to relevant to a humane future.
His nationality isn't relevant to whether he's a
good teacher. This type of university course is no longer
relevant to today's problems. It is sagacious that
all relevant factors should be taken into account before taking any action.

reliability [ri,laiK'biliti] n.
reliance [ri'laiKns] n., Don't place too much reliance on his advice.
I have reliance in the testimony of the witness.
relief [ri'li:f] n.1., 2.(), , 3. 4., It was a great
relief to find that my family was all safe. Relief was
quickly sent to the sufferers from the great fire. Some
people stand to it that the advance in science will keep staying ahead of the food crisis of
the world and provide a needed relief for the future supplies.

relieve [ri'li:v] vt. 1., 2., , 3. 4., lessen;

comfort; ease; free I have never known any distress that an hours reading did not
relieve. This medicine will relieve your
headache. The general was relieved of his command.
He was relieved of his watch.
reluctant [ri'lVktKnt] a. , disinclined; unwilling; opposed Suggestion
systems can work dont be reluctant to use them.
He gave a reluctant promise. They were very reluctant to help.

remainder [ri'meindK] n. , leftover; remains; remnant; surplus

He spent the remainder of his life in the country.
remains [ri'meinz] n.
remark [ri'mA:k] vt. , vi. (on), n., , They made rude
remarks about her appearance. The editor remarked that
article was well written.
remarkable [ri'mA:kKbl] a. 1. , 2. , exceptional;
extraordinary; unusual The remarkable thing about Shakespeare is that he is really
very good in spite of all the people who say he is very good.
The child is remarkable for his cleverness.
You know better than I that polluted air and water are threatening your
remarkable progress.
remedy ['remKdi] n.1., 2., vt. 1., 2., cure;
heal; relieve; correctOf all home remedies, a good wife is the best.
Your faults of pronunciation can be remedied. Her
illness is beyond remedy.
removal [ri'mu:vKl] n.1., 2., dismissal; exile; evacuation He
consented to the removal of the flag. We haven't told our friends about our
removal to London.
renew [ri'nju:] v. 1., 2.(), 3.(...) Spring renews the
earth. Do you want to renew our contract? He
renewed the book for another two months.
renovate ['renKveit] vt. , ...reform; innovate; modify; tailor; shape The
whole project is undergoing renovations.
repel [ri'pel] vt. 1. 2. , , 3. resist; stand up against; remove
Goodness and nobility have an inherent power to attract, whereas self-seeking and evil
inevitably repel. The crew repelled the
attack. She was repelled by the dirty room.
repent [ri'pent] vi. vt. regret As to marriage or celibacy, let a man
take which course he will, he will be sure to repent.
He repented what he has done. Have you nothing to
repent of?
repetition [,repi'tiSn] n., This accident is a repetition of the one that happened
here three weeks ago.
replace [ri'pleis] vt. 1., 2., 3.... He replaced the book in the

shelf. We've replaced the old adding machine with a computer.

However, the fact cannot be ignored that cars are seriously
polluting the air and filling the cities with unbearable noise, and even the fields in the
countryside are disappearing, replaced by car parks and roads.

replacement [ri'pleismKnt] n.1., 2., 3.() No sooner do you

acquire this years model than you are thinking about the replacement.

representative [,repri'zentKtiv] n., a. (of), Are your opinions

representative of the other students? The tiger is a
representative of the cat family.
reproach [ri'prKutS] n.vt. , censure; condemn; blame The only form of
lying that is absolutely beyond reproach is lying for its own sake.
His reply sounded to me like a reproach. She
reproached her husband for having forgotten their wedding anniversary.

reproduce [,ri:prK'dju:s] v. 1., 2., copy; duplicate; multiply Art

doesnt reproduce the visible but rather makes it visible.
The photograph of the painting reproduces the colors of the original extremely well.

reptile ['reptail] n. Snakes and crocodiles are reptiles.

republican [ri'pVblikKn] a. 1. 2.[R-] n.[R-] The United States
shall guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government.

reputation [,repju'teiSn] n., , respectability; esteem; honor; fame If I
take care of my character, my reputation will take care of itself.
He earned a high reputation for his learning. This
store has an excellent reputation for fair dealing.
requirement [ri'kwaiKmKnt] n.1., 2., The refugees' main
requirements are food and shelter. While playing video games,
they may forget their teachers strict requirements and their parents harsh words.

rescue ['reskju:] vt./n. , save; recover; recapture; safeguard A lawyer is a

learned gentleman who rescues your estate from your enemies and keeps it himself.
Had Jim not dived in to rescue
him, the boy would have drowned. The
government has rescued the firm from bankruptcy by giving them a grant.

resemble [ri'zembl] vt. , She resembles her sister in appearance but not in
character. The situation closely resembles that of Europe in
1940. 1940
resent [ri'zent] vt. ..., dislike; frown upon; be insulted People dont
resent having nothing nearly as much as too little. I

bitterly resent his attempts to interfere in my work. I resent

having to get his permission for everything I do. How many
people were present at the meeting?
reservation [,rezK'veiSn] n.1.( ) 2. , 3.( )
Some members of the committee expressed reservations about the proposal.
His family are living in an Indian reservation.
Reservations can be made by letter or fax.
reserve [ri'zK:v] vt. 1., 2. n.1.()2., (, ), 3.,
4. save; store; security We should always keep a little money in
reserve for a time when it might be needed.
He still reserved his opinion on some points.
Please reserve a seat for me. As I require money quickly I
must draw on my reserve.
reservoir ['rezKvwA:] n.1., 2.(, ), This reservoir is used to
store water for our town. The show is a veritable reservoir
of new talent.
resign [ri'zain] vi. vt. 1., 2.(to)surrender; quit; yieldGalbraiths
law states that anyone who says he wont resign four times, will.
He decided to resign his claim to the copyright.
She resigned her children to the care of a neighbor. I
won't resign to his will.
resist [ri'zist] vt. 1., , 2.(), (), , vi. , ,
They are determined to resist invasion. I want a kind of glass dish that
resists heat. I can never resist an ice cream.
Firstly, students are not old enough to resist the temptation of spending time in such an
easy way instead of being forced to attack textbooks.

resistance [ri'zistKns] n.1., 2., 3., There has been a lot of

resistance to this new law. The aircraft is streamlined to cut down
wind resistance. Copper has less resistance than lead.

resistant [ri'zistKnt] a. (to), , This new type of infection is resistant to

antibiotics.
resolute ['rezKlu:t] a.strong-minded; brave; brave Always be true in
word and resolute in deed. He was resolute in carrying out his plan.
We should be true in word and resolute in deed.
resolution [,rezK'lu:Sn] n.1. , 2. , 3. , 4. ,
determination; perseverance; assertion

Always bear in mind that your own

resolution to succeed is more important than any other one thing.

He is a man of great resolution. She
always makes good resolutions but never carries them out.
He moved a resolution in the meeting.
resolve [ri'zOlv] vt. ., 2., 3.(into) vi. , n., He
resolved that nothing should hold him back. The discussion

resolved itself into a pleasant chat. He kept his resolve to do better.

resort [ri'zO:t] vi. (to), , n.1., , 2.(), (

)3., turn (to); refer (to); apply (to) I never resort to a prepared script
anyone who does not have it in his head to do 30 minutes extemporaneous talking is
not entitled to be heard. 30
If other means fail we shall resort to force.
Hawaii is an excellent tourist resort. You should have resorts to your
parents.
respectable [ri'spektKbl] a. It's not respectable to be drunk on the
street. She is a respectable married woman.
respectful [ri'spektfKl] a. I hope you would be more respectful to your
father. He behaved in a respectful way.
respective [ri'spektiv] a. , , The three men were given work according
to their respective abilities.
respond [ri'spOnd] vi. 1 , 2.(to) , reply; answer; acknowledge
One of the few experiences which never pall is the experience of watching ones own
mind and how it produces new interests, responds to new stimuli, and develops new
thoughts.
He failed to respond to the medicine. I
invited her to dinner but she did not respond. Video games bring
great pleasures to young people, train them to respond quickly and arouse their interest in
computer science.
response [ri'spOns] n.1., 2., She made no response to my letter.
His idea received an enthusiastic response.
responsible [ri'spOnsKbl] a. 1., 2., 3.,
Who's responsible for the terrible mess? Our teacher is a very
responsible person. She holds a very responsible position in
the firm.
restless ['restlis] a. 1. 2., active; excited; rambling;
uneasyDoubt is the disease of this inquisitive, restless age.
The boy was restless from hunger.
restrain [ri'strein] vt. 1., 2., I couldn't restrain my anger.
If I don't restrain my dog, it chases the cat.
restraint [ri'streint] n.1., , 2., control; constraint; limitation
The story of man is the history, first, of the acceptance and imposition of restraints
necessary to permit communal life; and second, of the emancipation of the individual
within that system of necessary restraints.
He is a man always speaking with
restraint. His rage was beyond restraint.
restrict [ri'strikt] vt. , , limit; keep with in limits Read your job
description but never be restricted by it. Do what needs to be done.
Fog restricted visibility. You are restricted to

eight liters of duty-free wine. He leads a very restricted life.

restriction [ri'strikSn] n. There are currency restrictions on the sums

allowed for foreign travel. The sale of firearms is subject to
many legal restrictions.
resultant [ri'sVltKnt] a. , consequent; effectiveHe worked hard
and deserved his resultant successes.
resume [ri'zju:m] v. ( ) , , n.1. , 2. reassume;
recommence; continue The frightened bird resumes his song as soon as danger has
passed, and so does the frightened rabbit his game.
Please send a detailed resume to our company.
retail ['ri:teil] ad. Could you tell me the retail prices of these shoes?
I bought the milk retail. These socks retail at 1
dollar a pair. Who is responsible for retailing these rumors about
him?
retain [ri'tein] vt. , I will retain my right. Her memory retains
everything she reads. He retained the best lawyer in the state to defend his
case.
retreat [ri'tri:t] vi. 1. , 2. , n.1. , 2. , 3. ,
evacuation; departure; withdrawal In politics you must never retreat, never retrace
your steps, never admit a mistake otherwise, you are discredited.
The soldiers had to retreat when they were
beaten in battle. You can't retreat from the responsibility in
this affair. The troop made good their retreat from the
occupied city.
reveal [ri'vi:l] vt. 1., 2., discover; show; suggest If you reveal your
secrets to the wind, you should not blame the wind for revealing them to the trees.
These few words fully revealed her noble quality.
I promise never to reveal his secret.
Studies reveal that there is a definite link between smoking and some serious diseases
such as lung cancer and heart disease.
TV news programs often reveal to us events as they happen in other areas
while any other news media connot enjoy this advantage, lacking either in vividness or in
timeliness.

revenge [ri'vendZ] n., vt. , repay; return; reciprocate; hatred

To be angry is to revenge the faults of others on ourselves.
The knight swore he would revenge his father's death. I
did not do it out of revenge.
revenue ['revKnju:] n.1.(), 2.(), return; earnings; yields
Economy is of itself a great revenue. The government's revenue
is made up chiefly of the money we pay in taxes.
reverse [ri'vK:s] vt. 1., 2., 3., vi. , n.1.
, 2., , 3., a. , , converse; invert; alter;

exchange Every medal has its reverse. He reversed the coin and
examined it carefully. These financial reverses will prevent my
taking a holiday. After several reverses the enemy was
forced to retreat.
revise [ri'vaiz] vt. 1., 2. vi. rewrite; reexamine; re-edit; alter The
best authors are always the severest critics of their own works; they revise, correct, file,
and polish them, till they think they have brought them to perfection.
You should revise your
idea about him. He revised the manuscript of his book before sending
it to the publisher.
revive [ri'vaiv] vt. vi. enliven; refresh; renew; vivifyAny great work of art
is great because it creates a special world of its own. It revives and readapts time and
space. The
flowers will revive in water. Interest in classic music has revived recently.

revolt [ri'vKult] vi. 1., 2., vt. , n.1., 2.,

rebel; resist; offendNot actual suffering but the hope of better things incites people
to revolt. The colonists revolted against
their British ruler. Human nature revolts at such a crime.
The peasants revolted against their oppressors.
revolve [ri'vOlv] vi. The moon revolves around the earth.
rhythm ['riDKm] n., He is trying to play the same tune in a different rhythm.
It is said that the rhythm of tides is affected by the moon.
With the steady growth in the countrys ecooomy as well as the
peoples living standard, the rhythm of peoples living is speeding up and a lot of changed
have taken place in their daily life.

riddle ['ridl] n.1.()2., 3., vt. 1.() 2.,

That painting is still a riddle to us. The door was
riddled with shots. He could not solve the riddle.
ridge [ridZ] n.1., 2., , He walked along the mountain ridge.

ridiculous [ri'dikjulKs] a. , absurd; unusual; funny A painting in a

museum hears more ridiculous opinions than anything else in the world.
What a ridiculous suggestion! !
That fat woman looked ridiculous in her tight golden dress.

rigid ['ridZid] a. 1., 2., inflexible; solid; stiff; strictThey sat

silently in rigid postures. She was rigid with fear.
He's very rigid in his ideas.
rim [rim] n.(), vt. () She put a flower on the rim of the
hat. My daughter has a rim figure.
risk [risk] n.1. , 2. ( ) vt. ... , Anyone

swimming in this lake does so at his own risk. He saved

my life at the risk of his own.
rival ['raivl] n.1., 2.() a. , vt. 1.... 2....,
enemy; match; competitor; opponent He that falls in love with himself, will
have no rivals. Tom and I were rivals for the job.
Ships can't rival aircraft for speed.
robber ['rObK] n. The robbers escaped before the police arrived.

robe [rKub] n.1., , 2., v. ()()You should put a robe

on if you go out in a cold day. In the early morning, he robed and
drove abroad. He robes himself in moonlight.
robot ['rKubOt] n. automation; monster; laborer The danger of the past was
that men became slaves. The danger of the future is that men may become robots.
Japanese industry is making increasing use
of robots.
romance [rKu'm<ns] n.1., 2., 3., legend;
storyHe told us a romance about a prince who married a poor girl.

rotary ['rKutKri] a. , The gardener asked me for a rotary lawn mower.

rotate [rKu'teit] v. 1.(), () 2.() He rotates the handle gently.

The post of chairman rotates among members of the committee.

rotten ['rOtn] a. 1., 2. 3., The wood was so rotten

that you could put your finger through it. They have a
rotten deal.
rouse [rauz] vt. , , I was roused by the sound of the bell this morning.
The news roused great indignation. The dog
roused a deer from the bushes.
route [ru:t] n., We drove home by a roundabout route.
routine [ru:'ti:n] n., , a. , round; cycle; system
Mans usual routine is to work and to dream. She found it
difficult to establish a new routine after retirement. They
did it as a matter of routine. It was a rather routine performance.

royalty ['rOiKlti] n.1.()2.[ pl.] () The flag is only raised when royalty
are present. The writer gets a 10% royalty on each
copy sold of his book. 10%
ruby ['ru:bi] n., Her ruby necklace brightened her face.

rumour ['ru:mK] rumorn., common talk; report; story I believe

there is nothing among mankind swifter than rumor.
There is a rumor that there will be a General Election in the autumn.
rural ['ruKrKl] a. farm; agricultural; suburban He speaks in a rural accent.

The rural scenery was so beautiful that he decided to stay one more week.

rust [rVst] n. v. () degenerate; decay; corrode Idleness is the rust of the

mind. How can I remove the rust from the iron door?
If you don't paint those metal trimmings on your windows, they will soon rust
away to nothing.
ruthless ['ru:Tlis] a. 1., , 2., pitiless; cruel; indifferent
Nature is ruthless when it comes to matching the quantity of life in any given place to
the quantity of nourishment available.
He shows ruthless disregard for other people's feelings.
He was utterly ruthless in his determination to succeed.
S
sacred ['seikrid] a. 1. 2.() 3. holy; solemn; dedicated If
anything is sacred the human body is sacred. In India
the cow is a sacred animal. Nothing is sacred to these wild youths.

safeguard ['seifgA:d] vt. , n., guard; shield; licenseSaving

money regularly will help to safeguard ones old age from want.
We make copies of our computer disks as a safeguard against accidents.
We will introduce legal safeguards against fraud.

salute [sK'lu:t] vt. 1...., ... 2., vi. , n., address in a

friendly and respectful way There are so many women in the army now that when a
solider sees a uniform coming down the street he has to wait till it gets within twenty feet
before he knows whether to salute or whistle.
20 They
saluted each other by raising their hats. They saluted the Queen by
firing ten guns.
sample ['sA:mpl] n., , vt. 1....()2., specimen;
example; representation Please take water samples. The nurse took a
sample of my blood for tests. We sampled the stuff and found it
satisfactory.
satellite ['s<tKlait] n.,
satire ['s<taiK] n.1., 2.ridicule; mock; ironyShe answered him with
slow satire. His new play is a satire on the fashion industry.

satisfactory [,s<tis'f<ktKri] a. Everything was turning out most satisfactory.

The answer was not quite satisfactory to him.
sauce [sO:s] n., Hunger is the best sauce. What sauces go
best with fish? How dare you sauce your mother?
?
saucer ['sO:sK] n., He put the cup on the saucer.
sausage ['sOsidZ] n., Many people don't like blood sausage.
scan [sk<n] vt. 1., 2. 3. n. I scanned the newspaper when I was

waiting for the bus. The radar scanned the sky for
enemy planes. The doctors gave him an ultrasonic brain scan.

scare [skEK] n., vt. , vi. , The child was scared of the
fierce looking dog. The dog scared the thief away.
You did give me a scare.
scent [sent] n.1., 2., , 3. vt. 1. 2. smell; odor; perfume
You may break, you may shatter the vase, if your ill; but the scent of the roses will
hang round it still. There is a lavender
scent and rosemary scent in the air. The police are on the
scent of the thieves.
schedule ['Sedju:l] n.1., 2., vt. , The project was
completed ahead of the schedule. The meeting is scheduled for Thursday.

scheme [ski:m] n.1., 2. v. , project; system; plan Men who are

driven by their nature as living creatures to act, are also compelled by their nature as free
spirits to relate their action to, and bring them into conformity with, some total scheme of
meaning.
Her enemies are scheming her downfall. The
manager had worked out a scheme for not paying the tax. He
examined the wiring scheme carefully.
schooling ['sku:liN] n.
scissors ['sizKz] n. [pl.]
scope [skKup] n.1.(, ) 2.(), Your question is beyond
the scope of this book.
scorn [skO:n] n., vt. 1., 2., () contempt; refute; look down
upon In the very books in which philosophers bid us scorn fame, they inscribe their
names. He poured scorn on my
suggestion. The small weak child became the scorn of the class.
She scorned our offers of help.
scout [skaut] n.1.()2. vi. , They scouted around for some
antiques to furnish their new apartment. He scouted around
to see what he could find.
scrap [skr<p] n.1., 2. 3.[pl.] 4., vt. , bit; chips;
trashThe cook gave some scraps of meat to the dog. There is not
a scrap of truth in what he says. You ought to scrap the old bike and
buy a new one.
scrape [skreip] v. , n., , Scrape your shoes on the door mat before you
come in. He suffered a few cuts and scrapes.

scratch [skr<tS] v. 1., , 2., n.1., , 2., damage; hurt;

scrape; starting line His career started from scratch. He scratched his
name on the wall with a knife. Somebody has scratched
his name off the list. The recording was spoiled by

scratches.
scream [skri:m] vi. , n., The boy was screaming
with pain. She screamed herself hoarse.
screw [skru:] n.() vt. 1. 2., One of the screws is loose.
The table legs are screwed to the floor. He screwed
the others out of their share of the money.
seam [si:m] n.1., 2. The seam of her skirt ripped.
seaman ['si:mKn] n.We have many skilled seamen on our ship.

seaport ['si:pO:t] n. He came from a large seaport.

second-hand ['sekKnd-h<nd] n.
segment ['segmKnt] n.1., 2.() section; fragment; division Chop
the stalks into shot segments. The company dominates this segment of the
market. The waiter brought us a dish of orange segments.

selection [si'lekSn] n.1., 2.(), 3. That

shop has a fine selection of cakes.
semiconductor [,semikKn'dVktK] n.
senate ['senit] n., The Senate has voted to support the President's defense
plans.
senator ['senKtK] n. The senator voted to support the president.

senior ['si:niK] a. 1., 2. n.1. 2.()

He is my senior by two years. He is senior to me, though he is younger.

sensation [sen'seiSn] n.1.( ) 2. , 3. , ( )

sensibility; sensitiveness; feeling I knew the train had stopped, but I had the
sensation that it was moving backwards. The new
discovery caused a great sensation.
sensible ['sensKbl] a. , rational; discerning; judicious The sensible
man is not influenced by what other people think.
sensitive ['sensKtiv] a. 1., 2., 3. delicate;
tender; unstable Nothing is more sharp-sighted or sensitive than true love, in
discerning, as by instinct, the feelings of another.
This tooth is sensitive to cold. Don't be
so sensitive - I was not criticizing you. This is such a sensitive
issue that perhaps the press should not be told.

sensitivity [,sensK'tiviti]
sensor ['sensK]
sentimental [,senti'mentl] a. She did it for sentimental reasons.
He has a sentimental attachment to his birthplace.
It's a sentimental song.
sequence ['si:kwKns] n.1. , , 2., order; arrangement; series

 Science concerns itself with the coexistence and sequences among phenomena:
grouping these at first into generalizations of a simple or low order, and rising gradually to
higher and more extended generalizations.
We will deal with events in historical sequence.
She made a sequence of dance movements.
A sequence of murders had prompted the police to actions.

session ['seSn] n.1., 2. ()()assembly; gathering

If you learn and apply even one idea from a training session, it has been worthwhile.
Be seated! This court is now in session.
! Parliament won't be in session again until after Christmas.

setting ['setiN] n.1., (), () 2.,

settlement ['setlmKnt] n.1., 2. agreement; decision; colony The
strikers have reached a settlement with the employers. The
terms of the settlement seem just. The strikers have reached a
settlement with the employers.
shady ['Seidi] a. He found a shady place where he could eat his lunch.

shaft [SA:ft] n.1., 2.(), 3. 4., () The archers sent their

shafts through the air. The horse stood between the shafts of the
carriage. The candidates exchanged shafts in the debate.

shameful ['SeimfKl] a. It was shameful of them to surrender.

shampoo [S<m'pu:] n.1., () 2., vt.

(), ()
shave [Seiv] vt. , , , vi. , n., He shaved his head bald.
We could shave prices a little. He had a shave and a bath.

shear [SiK] vt. 1.()2., n.[pl.] () All her

curls have been shorn off. I start shearing the sheep at the
beginning of July. 7 He is cutting the branches with a pair of shears.

sheer [SiK] a. 1., 2., 3., ad. , vi. (off),

abrupt; absolute; thinA secret love is bad; it's sheer ruin.
It's a sheer waste of time. I met her by sheer chance.
The ground dropped away sheer at our feet.
shield [Si:ld] n., , () vt. , guard; conceal; defend Wit is far
more often a shield than a lance. The shield protected him
from the blows of his enemy. Motorcyclists must wear helmets to
shield them from injury.
shilling ['SiliN] n.Twenty shillings were equal to one pound before 1971. 1971

shipment ['SipmKnt] n.1., 2.() load; commodity; freight A

large shipment of grain has just arrived. The merchant had received a
shipment of tea.
shipwreck ['Siprek] n. destruction; loss; wreck; ruin They suffered a
shipwreck. The news of shipwreck soon spread out widely.
The shipwrecked sailors were rescued by helicopter.

shopkeeper ['SOpki:pK] n.
shopping ['SOpiN] n.
shortage ['SO:tidZ] n., scanty; lack; insufficiency This island is almost
made of coal and surrounded by fish. Only an organizing genius could produce a shortage
of coal and fish in Great Britain at the same time.

shortcut ['SO:tkVt] n.
shorthand ['SO:th<nd] n.,
shortly ['SO:tli] ad. 1. , 2. , She died in an accident shortly
afterwards. The movie was over shortly before six.

shrewd [Sru:d] a. , , clever; sharp; intelligent Who are happy in

marriage? Those with so little imagination that they cannot picture a better state, and
those so shrewd that they prefer quiet slavery to hopeless rebellion.
He is
a shrewd and sometimes ruthless adversary. It was a
shrewd assessment and probably pretty close to the truth.
shrink [SriNk] vi. 1., 2., vt. , Will this woolen sweater
shrink when washed? The economy is shrinking instead of growing.
He had a tendency to shrink up whenever attention was focused
on him. The economy is shrinking instead of growing.
He had a tendency to shrink up whenever attention was focused on
him.
shutter ['SVtK] n.1. 2.()He adjusted the shutter before taking a photo.
He adjusted the shutter before taking a photo.
sideways ['saidweiz] a. 1.(), ()2.()3.(), ()
sightseeing ['saitsi:iN] n.,
signal ['signKl] n.1., 2., vt. 1.... 2. vi. a. ,
A red lamp is often a danger signal. The rise in prices was a signal
for rebellion. The police signalled the traffic to move forward slowly.

significance [sig'nifikKns] n.1., 2., weight; consequence; importance

The whole significance of life lies in the unremitting efforts to explore the unknown and
increase knowledge. This new discovery
of oil is of great significance to this area's economy.
Could you explain to me the significance of this part of the contract?


significant [sig'nifikKnt] a. 1. 2., 3. Their change of
plan is strange but I don't think it's significant.
Few people realized the discovery was significant.
signify ['signifai] vt. ..., ,
silicon ['silikKn] n.
simplicity [sim'plisiti] n.1. , 2. singleness; monotony; artlessness
Without an intelligent return to simplicity, there is no escape from our descent to a
state lower than brutality.
The simplicity of the book makes it suitable for children. Simplicity
is the essence of good taste.
simplify ['simplifai] vt. , That will simplify my task. She
simplified the instructions so that the children could understand them.

simulate ['simjuleit] vt. 1., 2., imitate; duplicate; copy The actor
simulates a king.
simultaneous [,siml'teiniKs] a. , , coincident;
contemporaneous It is impossible to imagine a more unpleasant sound than that
caused by the simultaneous sneezing of many millions of angry mice.
The explosion was timed to be simultaneous with the
plane's take-off. The simultaneous demonstrations are held in
London and New York.
sincere [sin'siK] a. , , honorable; innocent; genuine Men are
always sincere. They change sincerities, that all.
Please give my sincere regards to all the members of your family.

singular ['siNgjulK] a. 1. 2., , unique; sole; singleMoney is a

singular thing. It ranks with love as mans greatest source of joy. And with death as his
greatest source of anxiety.

siren ['saiKrKn] n.1., 2., We all heard the air-raid siren.

An ambulance was racing along with its sirens wailing.

site [sait] n., , vt. , Rescue workers rushed to the site of the
plane crash. Is it safe to site the power station here?

sitting-room ['sitiNru:m] n. The sitting-room is small.

situated ['sitSueitid] a. 1., 2.
sketch [sketS] n.1., 2., 3., vt. 1., ()2.,
vi. , ()
skilful ['skilfKl] a. ,
skilled [skild] a. 1., 2.
skyscraper ['skaiskreipK] n.
slack [sl<k] a. 1., 2., , 3.() n.1.() 2.

 vi. , relaxed; loose; inattentive In marriage, a man becomes slack and

selfish, and undergoes a fatty degeneration of his moral being.
Winter is the slack season at most hotels.
Business is slack just now.
slap [sl<p] vt. 1., , 2.() n., , He slapped me on the back
on my way home. He gave her a slap on the cheek and
she began to cry. His decision was a slap in the face to those
who had tried to change his mind.
sleeve [sli:v] n.
slender ['slendK] a. 1., 2., , slim; slight; spare; thin
Great talents are the most lovely and often the most dangerous fruits on the tree of
humanity. They hang upon the most slender twigs that are easily snapped off.

slice [slais] n.1., 2., vt. (),

slim [slim] a. 1. 2. 3.(), v. (, ), slender;
thin; foxy I paint the women slimmer than they are and their jewels fatter.

slipper ['slipK] n.
slippery ['slipKri] a. 1. 2., ,
slit [slit] vt. , n.,
slogan ['slKugKn] n., ,
slum [slVm] n.
sly [slai] a. 1., 2., tricky; foxy; crafty Consequences follow
from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly.

smash [sm<S] vt. 1., 2., 3., vi. 1., 2., n.1.
()2., 3.,
smog [smOg] n. ( smoke+fog)
smuggle ['smVgl] vt. 1., 2.,
snack [sn<k] n., ,
snatch [sn<tS] vt. 1., 2., 3., vi. (at) n.
snobbish ['snObiS] a. egoistic; pretentious And there is that
rich man in Chelsea who is so snobbish that he will not even drive in the same car as his
chauffeur.
snowstorm ['snKustO:m] n.
sob [sOb] vi. , , vt. , n.(), ()
sober ['sKubK] a. 1., 2., 3.(), v. (up)(),
()solemn; restrained; not drunkTo suppose, as we all suppose, that we could
be rich and not behave as the rich behave, is like supposing that we could drink all day and
keep absolutely.
He is perfectly sober. He sobered up quickly
when he heard the terrible news.
so-called [sKu'kO:ld] a. ,
soccer ['sOkK] n. People love to play soccer.

sociology [,sKusi'OlKdZi] n.
soda ['sKudK] n.1., 2., He gave me a bottle of orange soda.
A chocolate soda, please. Please add some soda
to the whisky. He ordered two lime sodas.
software ['sOftwEK] n.There are many sorts of software in my computer.

solar ['sKulK] a. 1., 2.() We can use solar energy to do many

things today. The solar cell can convert the energy of
sunlight into electric energy.
solemn ['sOlKm] a. 1. 2., grave; sober; grand What is life but a
series of preludes in that unknown song whose first solemn note is sounded by death?
He looked at
her with a solemn expression. He gave his solemn promise to do better.

solidify [sK'lidifai] vt.&vi.

soluble ['sOljubl] a. 1. 2. capable of disintegration Love is sparingly
soluble in the words of men, therefore they speak much of it; but one syllable of womans
speech can dissolve more of it than a mans heart can hold.
This kind of
tablet is soluble in water. These problems are not readily soluble.

somehow ['sVmhau] ad. 1., 2. We must stop him from

seeing her somehow. Somehow, I don't feel I can trust him.
I always know I'd get the job, somehow.

sophisticated [sK'fistikeitid] a. 1., , 2., , 3.,

mature; cultured; complexThe girl is rather sophisticated for her age.
On the other hand, young people still lack adequate experience
and skills to deal with sophisticated national problems and international realations.

sophomore ['sOfKmO:] n.
sorrowful ['sOrKufKl] a.
southeast [sauT'i:st] n.(), ad. a. , , The
wind is in the southeast. Taiwan is southeast of China.
southwards ['sauTwKdz] ad.
southwest [sauT'west] n.(), ad. a. , ,
spaceship ['speis+Sip] n. There are five spacemen in the spaceship.
The spaceship traveled smoothly in the universe.
span [sp<n] n.1. 2., vt. 1., , 2., spread; measure;
extentThe short span of life forbids us to take on far-reaching hopes.

spark [spA:k] n., vi. vt. (off), The exhaust pipe shot sparks.
There was a wild spark in his eyes. The vital spark in him
makes him an artist.

sparrow ['sp<rKu] n. The sparrow is a common bird in our city.

spear [spiK] n., , v. , The fisher used a spear as his weapon.

speciality [,speSi'<lKti] n.1., , 2.,

specialize ['speSKlaiz] (=specialise) vi. (in) , This shop specializes in
chocolates. He specializes in oriental history.
specialty ['speSKlti] n.1., , 2., His specialty is ancient French.
I can recommend the vegetable pie - it's the specialty of the house.

specific [spK'sifik] a. 1., 2., n.[pl.] , He gave us very

specific instructions. There is a specific tool for each job.

specification [,spesifi'keiSn] n.1.[ pl.] , 2. 3.( )

designation; particularization The specifications for building a bridge are designed.

specify ['spesifai] vt. ,

specimen ['spesimin] n., individual; unit; example The doctor will need a
specimen of your blood. He is still a fine specimen of health.
The museum displays the specimen of ancient Chinese porcelain.

spectacle ['spektKkl] n.1.(), 2., 3.[ pl.] The old man put on
his spectacles and started reading. I can't see things through your
spectacles. The celebrations provided a magnificent spectacle.

spectacular [spek't<kjulK] a. , n., The new play was

a spectacular success.
spectator [spek'teitK] n., Football is our most popular spectator sport.

speculate ['spekjuleit] vi. 1.(about, on) , 2. , vt. ,

consider; infer; theorize There are two times in a mans life when he should not
speculate; when he cant afford it and when he can.

spelling ['speliN] n.,

spider ['spaidK] n. The little girl thinks spiders are terrible creatures.

spiritual ['spiritSuKl] a. 1.() 2.() refined; holy; religious Great men

are they who see that spiritual is stronger than any material force, and that thoughts rule
the world. I care more about the spiritual
life than the substantial life.
spit [spit] vi. () vt. n., She spat at his face in contempt.
It's rude to spit in public.
sponsor ['spOnsK] n., , vt. 1., 2., 3. guarantor;
patron; supporter The longest word in the English language is the one following the

phrase: And now a word from our sponsor.

spontaneous [spOn'teiniKs] a. 1. , 2. , involuntary;

instinctive Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, it takes its origin
from emotion recollected in tranquility.
She shows a spontaneous gaiety of manner. He is spontaneous to offer
help.
sprout [spraut] vi. 1., , 2.(up), vt. (, ) n.,
Water is spouting out of the pipe. He is always spouting
Shakespeare. The spout of the teapot is jammed by tea.

spray [sprei] v. , () n.1., , 2. splash; scatter; diffuse Its

spring. The farmers are spraying fruit trees. He sprayed paint
on the wall. The gangsters sprayed the car with machinegun bullets.
We parked the car by the sea and it got covered with spray.

sprinkle ['spriNkl] v. , n. , We covered the cakes with chocolate sprinkles.

He sprinkled vinegar on his fish and chips. It
sprinkled that evening.
spur [spK:] n.(), vt. , , stimulation; incentive Danger is the
spur of all great minds. International competition was a spur to
modernization. What spurred her to do that?

squeeze [skwi:z] vt. 1., 2., 3., vi. , , n.1. 2.()3., ,

stab [st<b] v./n. ,

stability [stK'biliti] n., The government has taken a measure to maintain the
stability of prices.
stack [st<k] n.() vt. ..., There is a stack of dishes to be
washed in the kitchen. Traffic was stacked up for miles because of
the accident. The floor was stacked up with
books.
stadium ['steidiKm] n., We will go to the stadium to watch a football match.

stain [stein] vt. , , n., blot; speck My chastity of honor, which

feels a stain like a wound. The little boy stained
his fingers with ink. He stained the family honor.
Such a man is a stain to humanity.
staircase ['stEKkeis] n.
stairway ['stEKwei] n.
stake [steik] n.1., 2., 3., vt. ..., ... pole; post;
stick Marriage is a lottery in which men stake their liberty and women their happiness.
He drove a stake into the ground.
He staked a claim to the land where he'd found the gold.

I have staked all my hopes on you.

stale [steil] a. 1. 2., dull; old; spoiled; driedRunning water does

not get stale; a door-hinge is never worm-eaten. The beer is stale.
They had nothing to eat but stale bread.
stall [stO:l] n.1. 2.[pl.] () 3.() 4., v. 1.()()
2., Never buy food from a market stall. Every time I
ask her to set the date she stalls.
standardize ['st<ndKdaiz] vt.
standpoint ['st<ndpOint] n.,
startle ['stA:tl] vt. , shock surprise Poetry should be great and
unobtrusive; a thing which enters into ones soul, and does not startle it or amaze it with
itself, but with its subject.
He was startled by the news. He gave me a startle.

starve [stA:v] v. (), () need; want; hunger Those who work deserve to
eat; those who do not work deserve to starve. They tried to
starve him into submission. The plant was starved of light and
died. Large areas of land, which formerly grew tobacoos, will
now produce grains to feed some starving people in the world.
But what has the space race done to relieve the suffering of the
earths starving millions.
static ['st<tik] (=statical) a. 1. , , 2. , n.1. 2.[-s]
immobile; inactive; latent

Life is not a static thing. The only people who do not

change their minds are incompetents in asylums, who can , and those in cemeteries.

stationary ['steiSKnri] a. , fixed; stable; motionless A stationary

target is easiest to aim at. A stationary target is easiest to aim at.

stationery ['steiSKnri] n.1. 2.()writing materialsI noticed a doll in

the corner of a stationery store. My stationery
cupboard is full of paper.
statistical [stK'tistikl] a. They showed some statistical evidence to
support their argument.
statistics [stK'tistiks] n.() enumeration; figures; data Statistics show many
young people tend not to be children.
statue ['st<tSu:] n., image; sculpture; artI had rather men should ask why
no statue has been erected in my honor, than why one has.
The statue is made of bronze.
status ['steitKs] n.1., 2., role; position; rank; hierarchy One who
sells his freedom for gold will be reduced to the status of a slave forever.

steady ['stedi] a. 1., 2., 3., v. (), () firm;

unwavering; regularNeither the sun nor death can be looked at with a steady eye.

 The old man is not steady on his legs. I know she is

steady in her purpose. The hunter steadied his rifle and fired.

steamer ['sti:mK] n., The steamers for Shanghai leave on Wednesday.

steer [stiK] vt. 1., ... 2. vi. He steered the car skillfully through the
narrow streets. He steered me to a table and sat me down
in a chair.
stem [stem] n.1., 2. vi. (from) vt. , , She bought some roses
with long stems. Our ship stemmed on against the current.

stern [stK:n] a. , , n. rigid; strict; severe To most men,

experience is like the stern light of a ship which illumine only the track it has passed.
She seated herself in the stern.
She had a stern father who never praised her.
steward ['stju:Kd] n.1.() 2.() 3.()
His neighbor is a chief steward.
sticky ['stiki] a. , 2.() 3., gluey; adhesive Melted
ice-cream is a fluid which is eternally sticky. One drop of it on a car-door handle spreads to
the seat covers, to trousers, and thence to hands, and then to the steering wheel, the realview mirror, all the knobs of the dashboard.

stimulate ['stimjuleit] vt. , motivate; excite; incite; intrigue I lived in

solitude in the country and noticed how the monotony of a quiet life stimulates the creative
mind. Light stimulates plant growth.
I hoped my warning would stimulate her to greater efforts.

sting [stiN] vi. 1., , 2. vt. 1., , 2., 3. n.1.() 2.

(), wound; cut; sore; prick; bit Misfortunes one can endure they come
from outside, they are accidents. But to suffer for ones own faults ah there is the
sting of life.
Her ingratitude stung him. His flattery carries a sting.

stitch [stitS] n.1.(), 2., , 3.() v. ,

The doctor put three stitches in my head.

When she sews she

makes long stitches. Will you stitch a button on this shirt?

stony ['stKuni] a.
stool [stu:l] n. He goes to stool twice a day.
stoop [stu:p] vi. 1., 2.(to), () n., She stooped low to
look under the bed. Don't stoop to quarrel with her about it.
The old woman walked with a stoop.
storage ['stO:ridZ] n.1., 2. His furniture is in storage while he finds a new
house.

stove [stKuv] n.,

straightforward [,streit'fO:wKd] a. 1., 2., sincere; outspoken;
frank The procedure is quite straightforward.
strain [strein] n.1., 2., 3. 4., 5.[ pl.] , 6., ,
7., vt. 1., 2., 3., v exertion; tension;
ache The secret of popular writing is never to put more on a given page than the
common reader can lap off it with no strain whatsoever on his habitually slack attention.

Too heavy a load will strain the rope to its breaking point.
You will strain your eyes by reading in such poor light.
The author seems to strain after novelty. This strain of
wheat can grow during a cold spring.
strap [str<p] n., vt. 1., , 2. Her camera strap has
broken. The child was given the strap. All the
luggage has been strapped up. The slave was strapped to death.

strategy ['str<tKdZi] n. , approach; tactics; policy Worry more about

implementation t
an strategy its harder to do. I think we
should work out a strategy to deal with this situation.

strengthen ['streNTn] vt. , The soldiers strengthened their defenses.

The wind strengthened during the night.
stride [straid] vi. n.1. 2., 3.(), China is striding ahead in
her economic construction. In a few strides he crossed the
room.
striking ['straikiN] a. 1., 2., outstanding; remarkable;
conspicuous That which is striking and beautiful is not always good, but that which is
good is always beautiful.
strip [strip] vi. vt. 1., 2., n., , Locust had
stripped the leaves off the trees. They stripped off and jumped
into the pool. We'll have to strip the engine down to find the fault.
Our football players have a red and white strip.

strive [straiv] vi. , , He strove for recognition as an artist.

structural ['strVktSKrKl] a. There is a structural alteration to the building.

structure ['strVktSK] n.1., 2. vt. , Can you analyze the structure

of the sentence for me? You need to structure your
arguments more carefully.
stubborn ['stVbKn] a. 1., , 2., resolute; unyielding;
unreasonable Facts are stubborn things. He is as stubborn as a mule.
You'll have to push hard; that door is a bit stubborn.

stuffy ['stVfi] a. Our office is really stuffy.

stumble ['stVmbl] vi. 1., 2. 3.() I stumbled over a
tree root. The child stumbled through a piece by Chopin.

sturdy ['stK:di] a. 1. , , 2. , strong; stout; vigorous

Some people regard private enterprise as a predatory tiger to be shot. Others look on it
as a cow they can milk. Not enough people see it as a healthy horse pulling a sturdy
wagon.

subdivide [,sVbdi'vaid] vt.

submerge [sKb'mK:dZ] vi. vt. , immerse; sink The shark
submerged but the old man pursued. At the first sign of
danger the submarine will submerge. Her happiness at
seeing him submerged her former worries.
submit [sKb'mit] vi. (to), vt. 1., 2., yield; obey Justice
remains the greatest power on earth. To that tremendous power alone will we submit.
We should submit our plans to the
council for approval.
subordinate [sK'bO:dinKt] a. 1., 2.(to), n., vt.
, inferior; junior; secondary In the army a captain is subordinate to a
major. All the other issues are subordinate to this one.
He was always friendly to his subordinates. He
subordinated his wishes to the general good of the group.
subscribe [sKb'skraib] vi. (to)1. , ()2., vt. , support;
contribute; promise We have subscribed to this newspaper. I
subscribed to several magazines. We subscribe to an animal protection
society. I subscribed my name to the document.

subsequent ['sVbsikwKnt] a. , They made plans for a visit, but subsequent

difficulties with the car prevented it. The
events I'm speaking of were subsequent to the war.
substance ['sVbstKns] n.1. 2. 3., 4., There is not anything of
real substance in their book.
substantial [sKb'st<nSl] a. 1., 2., 3., solid; firm;
strong; important Every person born in the United States is endowed with life, liberty
and a substantial share of the national debt.
We are in substantial agreement. They want to see substantial
changes.
substitute ['sVbstitju:t] n., vt. , vi. (for), Water is not a
proper substitute for wine. The coach substituted Smith for Jones.
We substituted a red ball for blue to see if the baby would notice.

subtle ['sVtl] a. 1., 2., 3.indirect; implied; suggestive

Men always want to be a womans first love; women have a more subtle instinct; what

they like is to be a mans last romance.

She has a very subtle mind. She has a
subtle charm.
subtract [sKb'tr<kt] v. () deduct; take away; decrease Sometimes, if your own
life is to add up, you must subtract your self from someone elses life.
If you subtract 2 from 8, you get 6. 8
2 6
subway ['sVbwei] n.1. 2., Use the subway to cross the road.
I want to get there by subway.
succession [sKk'seSn] n.1., 2., 3., continuation; sequence;
series A man can stand almost anything except a succession of ordinary days.

successive [sKk'sesiv] a. ,
suck [sVk] v. , Don't suck your thumb; it's so dirty.
sue [su:] vi. 1., 2.(for), vt. ,
sufficient [sK'fiSnt] a. , There is sufficient food for everybody.

suicide ['su:isaid] n.1. 2. She tried to commit suicide, but we saved her life
by chance.
sulphur ['sVlfK] (=sulfur) n.Sulphur can be used to make gunpowder.

summarize ['sVmKraiz] (=summarise) vt. ,

summary ['sVmKri] n., a. , Please write me a summary of this
report. Such an offence will lead to a summary fine.
I went through by a summary method.
sunrise ['sVnraiz] n.1., 2.
super ['su:pK] a. ,
superb [su:'pK:b] a. , excellent; marvelous; outstanding The food of
the citys most celebrated dining salons, with one or perhaps two exceptions, is neither
predictably elegant nor superb. More often than not it is predictably common place.

The sports facilities are superb in this city. I like our

country's superb view.
superficial [,su:pK'fiSl] a. 1., 2. hasty; short-sighted; ignorant To
know things well, we must know them in detail; but as that is almost endless, out
knowledge is always superficial and imperfect.
Superficial scratches can be
easily removed. He is too superficial to appreciate great literature like
this.
superfluous [su:'pK:fluKs] a. , , He has already been told, so our
comments are superfluous.
superiority [su:,piKri'Oriti] n.(),
supervise ['su:pKvaiz] v. , ,
supplement ['sVplimKnt] n.1.(), ()2., vt. , add to; complete;

improve A mans work is rather the needful supplement to himself than the outcome
of it. I supplement my scholarship
by working in the evening. The money I got was a
useful supplement to my ordinary income.
suppress [sK'pres] vt. 1., 2., 3.(), 4....()
crush; overpower; defeat He who can suppress a moments anger may prevent a
day of sorrow.
supreme [su:'pri:m] a. 1., 2., highest; excellent; principal
The supreme happiness of our life is the conviction that we are loved.
It was the supreme moment in his life.
surgery ['sK:dZKri] n.1., 2. He underwent open-heart surgery.
He is preparing for the surgery.
surname ['sK:neim] n. What is your surname?
surpass [sK'pA:s] vt. 1., , 2...., ...() excel; exceed;
go beyond If a pupil looks up at the teacher as a model, but not as rival he can never
surpass the teacher.
surplus ['sK:plKs] n. , , a. , residue; remainder; excess
Democracy is clearly most appropriate for countries which enjoy an economic surplus
and least appropriate for countries where there is an economic insufficiency.
Mexico has a large surplus of oil.
We are giving away all our surplus apples.
Surplus advertisements have imterfered in peoples normal life.

surprising [sK'praiziN] a.
surrender [sK'rendK] vi. 1. 2.(to) ( ), vt. , n. , quit;
abandon; give up; let go A man may be in as just possession of truth as of a city, and
yet be forced to surrender. We would rather die
than surrender. They surrendered to the enemy.
surroundings [sK'raundiNz] n.,
survival [sK'vaivl] n.1., 2.., The miraculous survival of some
people in the air crash was widely reported by the press.
That fashion is a survival from the 1930s.
survive [sK'vaiv] vi. , , vt. 1...., 2.() 3....

suspend [sK'spend] vt. 1., 2., , postpone; defer; discontinueThe best

of men cannot suspend their fate. The good die early, and the bad die late.

suspicious [sK'spiSKs] a. 1. , 2. 3.(of) I'm a bit suspicious

about the package that's been left in the corridor. His
strange behavior made the police suspicious. If you see
anything suspicious, inform the police at once.
sustain [sK'stein] vt. 1., 2., ()3., 4., bear;
support; maintain The foundations were not strong enough to sustain the weight of the
house. Hope alone sustained him in his struggle.


swamp [swOmp] n. vt. 1., 2., The heavy rain has turned the small
garden into a swamp.
swarm [swO:m] n.1., 2.[ pl.] (of), vi. 1., , 2. 3.
, throng; pack; horde; heard; schoolEvery place swarms with commentaries;
of authors there is great scarcity. He has received a swarm of
letters. The crowd swarmed out of the cinema after the film ended.

sway [swei] vi. , vt. 1., 2., n.1., 2.

The branches of the trees were swaying in the wind. His power
sways the world.
switch [switS] v. , , n.1., 2.,
symbol ['simbl] n.1., 2.The Cross is the symbol of Christianity.

sympathize ['simpKTaiz] (=sympathise) vi. 1., 2., pity; show mercy; be

kind toIf all the people in the world should agree to sympathize with a certain man at a
certain hour, they could not cure his headache.
I know you feel angry, and I sympathize. It's
hard to sympathize with her political opinions.
sympathy ['simpKTi] n.1., 2.(), I felt much sympathy for
the blind.
symphony ['simfKni] n.1., 2.(), The symphony orchestra
will be coming.
symposium [sim'pKuziKm] n.1., 2.
symptom ['simptKm] n.1. 2., sign; mark; token The first symptom of
true love in a man is timidity, in a girl it is boldness.

synchronize ['siNkrKnaiz] (=synchronise) v.,

syndrome ['sindrKum] n.1., 2.()()
synthesis ['sinTKsis] n.1. 2. integration; combination They produce rubber
from petroleum by synthesis.
synthetic [sin'Tetik] a. 1., 2.This shelf was made of synthetic resin.

systematic [,sistK'm<tik] a. , The systematic arrangement of chairs

makes the hall look spacious. He's very systematic
in all he does.
T
taboo [tK'bu:] adj. n.
tackle ['t<kl] vt. 1., 2.... 3.(), n.1., 2., 3.
, ()What's the best way to tackle this problem?
Don't forget to bring your fishing tackle.
tactics ['t<ktiks] n.strategy; maneuvering; military art Never fight
with the same enemy too often, or else he ill learn all your tactics.

talkative ['tO:kKtiv] a. ,,
tame [teim] a. 1., 2., vt. 1., 2., She is
too tame. Many kinds of squirrels are easy to tame.
tan [t<n] vt. 1. 2.() vi. n.1., 2.,
It took me all summer to get this tan.

Jane tanned

quickly in the sun.

tank [t<Nk] n.1. 2. Is there any water left in the water tank?

tap [t<p] n. 1. 2. 3.vt.1. 2. 3. vi.

strike; hit; penetrate; take advantage ofShe has been tapping a typewriter for
two hours. That girl tapped her fingers on the desk impatiently.
My phone is being tapped. He cleaned his
hands in the cold water from the tap. The taps are
blowing.
tar [tA:] n. vt. The road was covered with tar. I won't
trust either of the two brothers; they are tarred with the same brush.

tease [ti:z] vt. 1. 2. n. Don't take it seriously he's

only teasing. She teased out the knots in her hair.
He is a terrible tease.
technical ['teknikl] a. The flight was delayed owing to technical reasons.
This book is too technical for me.
technician [tek'niSn] n. They need one laboratory technician.
That technician is highly skilled.
tedious ['ti:diKs] a. , , boring; tiresome; wearisomeHappy are the
people whose annals are tedious. He is an exceedingly tedious
fellow. He told me a tedious story.
teenager ['ti:neidZK] n.(13-19 )It is not easy to educate teenagers.

telegraph ['teligrA:f] n. She went to the telegraph office in a hurry.

temper ['tempK] n.1., 2. vt. 1., 2. They are of congenial

temper.
tempo ['tempKu] n.1.() 2.,
temporary ['temprKri] a. , transitory; transient; brief; momentaryI e
never been poor, only broke. Being poor is a frame of mind. Being broke is only a
temporary situation. The boss
hired some temporary workers.
tempt [tempt] vt. 1., 2., He was tempted into making a false
step.
tenant ['tenKnt] n., The tenant was evicted for non-payment of rent.

tend [tend] vi. 1., 2., vt. ,

tendency ['tendKnsi] n., aim; bent; trend The greater the wealth, the

thicker will be the dirt. This undoubtedly describes a tendency of our time.
She has artistic tendencies. There is a
growing tendency for people to work at home instead of in offices.

tense [tens] a. 1. 2., v. (), () n.()

tension ['tenSn] n.1. , 2., 3., force; tightness; stress;
balance The world is all gates, all opportunities, strings of tension waiting to be struck.
Tension mounted as we waited for
the exam results to be published. The signing of this
agreement will help to reduce international tension.
This wire will take 50 pounds tension before breaking.

tentative ['tentKtiv] a. (), () experimental; on trial At the meeting,

the manager only made some tentative proposals.
terminate ['tK:mineit] v. , () eliminate; cancel; finish We terminated the
contract. The next train terminates here. Your
contract has been terminated.
terrific [tK'rifik] a. 1. 2.immense; shocking; greatShe drive at a terrific
speed. He is driving at a terrific speed. The view
was terrific.
terrify ['terifai] vt. , The little girl was terrified out of her wits.
Rats terrify me. It terrified me to contemplate the consequence of
your action.
testify ['testifai] vi. 1., 2.(to), vt. , demonstrate; indicate;
affirm; declareStatistics are like alienists they will testify for either side.
He agreed to testify on behalf of the accused
man. All kinds of human experience testify to the close link between love
and fear. He testified that he had not seen the
accident.
testimony ['testimKni] n.1. 2., evidence; assertion; declaration The
psychiatrist gave testimony that the man was insane.
Nothing could refute her testimony that the driver was drunk.
Several men were called for testimony. The witness is
giving false testimony.
textile ['tekstail] n.1. 2. a. I got a job in a textile factory.
Their main exports are textiles, especially silk and cotton.

theft [Teft] n., The building has been insured against fire and theft.

theme [Ti:m] n., topic; argument; subject; issue; subject Great oratory
needs not merely an orator, but a great them and a great occasion.
The theme for tonight's talk is education.
Many movies deal with commonplace themes.
therapy ['TerKpi] n., She was in therapy.

thereafter [DEK'rA:ftK] ad. , You'll be accompanied as far as the border,

thereafter you must find your own way.
thereof [DEK'rOv] ad. All citizens of the United Kingdom are ruled by the
laws thereof.
thermal ['TK:ml] a. 1., 2.
thermometer [TK'mOmitK] n. The thermometer reads 27 degrees.
27
thesis ['Ti:sis] n.1., () 2.,
thorn [TO:n] n.1., 2. spine; point Every rose has its thorn you
never find a woman without pins and needles. He stepped
on a sharp thorn. His sister is a thorn in his flesh.
thoughtful ['TO:tfKl] a. 1., 2., understanding; kind; considerate
The most thoughtful doctor I know holds a childs tongue down with a lollipop when he
has to look down a small throat.
It was thoughtful of you to warn me of your arrival.
Susan is in a thoughtful mood. This is a very thoughtful book.

thoughtless ['TO:tlKs] a. It was thoughtless of you to forget your

mother's birthday.
threat [Tret] n.1., 2., The threat of an economic depression hangs over
the world. There was a threat of typhoon. His
presence is a threat to our success.
threshold ['TreShKuld] n.1., 2., , entrance; door; originGrave
is but the threshold of eternity. The cabin has a flat stone for a
threshold. The treaty will be the threshold of lasting peace.
The tax threshold for a single pensioner is 450 dollars.
450
thrill [Tril] n.1., 2. v. (), () excite; inspire
Everybody who plays an instrument, even a little, understands music in a different way
from somebody who has never felt the thrill of making music himself.
It's a sight that never
fails to thrill me. Such was the picture, and he thrilled to the
memory of it. She was thrilled when the
handsome filmstar kissed her.
thrive [Traiv] vi. , flourish; prosperHe that will thrive must rise at five.
5 A business cannot thrive without good management.
Few plants or animals thrive in the desert.

thumb [TVm] n. v. 1. 2.(through) When the play opened, the

local press gave it the thumbs down. I feel my fingers
are all thumbs today. He thumbed through the address book looking
for the number.
tidy ['taidi] a. , v. (), () She keeps her house very tidy.
He has a tidy mind.

tile [tail] n., vt. , We have put tiles on the wall behind the bath.

tilt [tilt] v. (), () n., The table top suddenly tilted and all the plates
and glasses crashed onto the floor.
timber ['timbK] n.1., 2., Seasoned timber does not warp.

timely ['taimli] a. , Thanks to your timely intervention. This

has been a timely reminder of the need for constant care.

timid ['timid] a. , indecisive; cowardly A timid person is frightened

before a danger; a coward during the time; and a courageous person afterward.
I wanted to take him fishing but I was too timid to
ask him.
tiresome ['taiKsKm] a. , His speech is really tiresome.

toe [tKu] n., () He stepped on my toes. Each foot has five

toes.
tolerate ['tOlKreit] vt. 1., 2.,
tomb [tu:m] n.Those dead soldiers were buried in the tombs.
A tombstone stands in front of her tomb.
torch [tO:tS] n.1. 2., He turned on the torch to look for his keys.

tortoise ['tO:tKs] n.He bought two small tortoises for me.

torture ['tO:tSK] n./vt. , She suffered the tortures of toothaches.
He tortured his prisoners.
tough [tVf] a. 1., 2., 3., 4., 5.(
), 6., The company faces tough competition.
We won the contract but only through a lot of tough negotiating.
The support of a friend during a tough time could
make the difference between success and failure.
How do they respond in these tough situations can they be creative with their answers?

tourism ['tuKrizKm] n.
tow [tKu] vt./n. , , We have to tow that car to the nearest garage.
My car's broken down; will you give me a tow?

trademark ['treidmA:k] n.1., 2., Have you noticed the trademark on

the bottle? Appearing briefly in his own films was a trademark of
Alfred Hitchcock.
tradition [trK'diSn] n. , In many countries young people still keep up the
tradition that women will get married in a long white dress.
The story is based mainly on tradition. A country
only depending on its tradition will neve become a powerful nation.
Because of the different culture and tradition, supporting the

old is different from country to coutry.

tragic ['tr<dZik] a. 1., 2.() The famous politician died in a tragic

accident.
trail [treil] vi. 1., 2.(), vt. , n.1., 2., ,
The dogs found the trail of the rabbit.

trait [treit] n., ,

traitor ['treitK] n. He was surprised to discover that his best friend had
turned traitor.
tram [tr<m] n.
tramp [tr<mp] n.1. 2., 3. v. (),
We missed the bus and met some tramps. We went
for a tramp over the hill.
transaction [tr<n'z<kSn] n., deal; businessThe old idea of a good bargain
was a transaction in which one man got the better of another. The new idea of a good
contract is a transaction which is good for both parties.
Payments by cheque easily
outnumbered cash transactions. The transaction
between them was dismissed. They charge a fixed rate for each
transaction.
transfer ['tr<nsfK:] vt. 1., 2., 3., vi. 1., 2., 3.,
n.1., 2., transport; convey; shift; assign We have not lost faith,
but we have transferred it from God to the medical profession.
He was soon transferred to another post. He intends to
transfer the property to his son.
transform [tr<ns'fO:m] vt. 1. , 2. , ... change; alter; vary
Marriage is the miracle that transforms a kiss from pleasure into a duty, and a life from
a luxury into a necessity.
Success and wealth transformed his character. His plans were
transformed overnight into reality. The magician transformed the frog
into a princess.
transformer [tr<ns'fO:mK] n.
transient ['tr<nziKnt] a. 1., 2., temporary; short-lived
Life is transient, while virtue is lasting. Her feeling of
depression was transient.
transition [tr<n'ziSn] n., passing; shift He is experiencing the transition
from childhood to adult life. We hope there will be a peaceful transition to
the new system.
transmission [tr<nz'miSn] n.1., 2., , transference; conveyance;
transport The transmission of the disease easily takes place in winter.
We now interrupt our normal transmissions to bring you a special news flash.

transmit [tr<nz'mit] vt. 1. , 2., , The World Cup final is being

transmitted live to over fifty countries. The tension

soon transmitted itself to all the members of the crowd.

This infection is transmitted by mosquitoes.
transparent [tr<ns'p<rKnt] a. 1. 2., lucid; crystalline; clear; obvious
To speak ill of others is a dishonest way of praising ourselves; let us be above such
transparent egotism. Plain
glass is transparent. The meaning of this passage seems quite
transparent.
transplant ['tr<nsplA:nt] vt. 1. , ()2. ()3. , n.( )
utilizing an donated organ

The operation of the transplant of his hearts is

successful. He transplanted the seedlings into peaty soil.

She had a bone-marrow transplant.
transport ['tr<nspO:t] vt. , n., , The transport of goods by
air is very expensive. Wheat is transported from the farms to the mills.

tray [trei] n., , He put the toast on the breakfast tray.

treason ['tri:zn] n., , They have committed treason against the state.

treasurer ['treZKrK] n. The company decided to appoint a new treasurer.

tremendous [tri'mendKs] a. 1., 2., We got a tremendous

surprise when she arrived. The play became a tremendous hit.
He's a tremendous talker.
trench [trentS] n., I forgot to dig a trench around the tent.
Grandfather was in the trenches during the First War.

triangle ['trai<Ngl] n., The angles of a triangle total 180.

180
tribute ['tribju:t] n.1., , () 2.payment; memorialComplaint
is the largest tribute Heaven receives, and the sincerest part of our devotions.
The musician gave full tribute to his former
teacher. Many Greek cities had to send yearly tribute to
Athens.
triple ['tripl] a. 1., 2., v. () The plan has a triple
purpose. He is a triple murderer.
triumph ['traiKmf] n.1., 2.() vi. , , He gave a cry of
triumph. Justice triumphs in the end.
triumphant [trai'VmfKnt] a.The victorious general made a triumphant
return.
trivial ['triviKl] a. , petty; superficial; insignificant; shallow In
important matters, we expose our best sides; in trivial matters, we disclose ourselves as
we really are.
Don't be angry over such trivial matters.
trolley ['trOli] =trolly n.1., 2. 3. These suitcases are too

heavy to carry; we need a trolley. Cars and trolleys

filled the streets.
troublesome ['trVblsKm] a. , , This naughty boy is really
troublesome.
trousers ['trauzKz] n.
trumpet ['trVmpit] n., vt. , He played a tune on his trumpet.
I'm not blowing my own trumpet, but I did all the top jobs.

tub [tVb] n.1., , 2., , It's time for my dip in the tub.
tube [tju:b] n.1., 2. 3., She bought a tube of toothpaste.
Our television tube has broken. I go to work on the tube.

tuck [tVk] vt. 1.()()2...., ... n.(),

The baby's dress was beautifully tucked with tiny stitches.
He tucked his shirt into his trousers. He was asleep before I
tucked him in.
tug [tVg] v. () n.1. 2., Tom felt a tug at his sleeve.
She tried to tug my hand away.
tuition [tju:'iSn] n.1.(), , 2.
tumble ['tVmbl] vi. 1., , 2. 3.() 4. n., She
tumbled down the stairs. The little girl stared at the little cats tumbling over
each other in their basket.
tune [tju:n] n., vt. 1.() 2., He played a tune on the violin.
She calls the tune in their house. The orchestra tuned
their instruments.
turbine ['tK:bain] n.,
turbulent ['tK:bjulKnt] a. 1., 2., violent; stormy; disturbed;
noisy It took place in a turbulent period of history. The
sea is too turbulent for sailing. She tried to calm her turbulent thoughts.

turkey ['tK:ki] n., People often drink white wine with turkey.

turning ['tK:niN] n.
turnip ['tK:nip] n. Would you like some turnip?
turnover ['tK:nKuvK] n.1., 2.,
typical ['tipikl] a. , characteristic; usual; illustrativeHe crushed the
beetle deliberately which is very typical.
typist ['taipist] n.
U
ultraviolet [,VltrK'vaiKlKt] a. ()They use ultraviolet lamp to kill pests.

unanimous [ju'n<nimKs] a. , unified; combined; single The

country is unanimous in support of the governments policy.
Politicians from all parties were completely unanimous in condemning his action.

The committee were unanimous that the application should be

turned down.
unbearable [Vn'bEKrKbl] a.The heat outside is unbearable.
He is unbearable when he's in a bad temper.
uncertain [Vn'sK:tn] a.The uncertain weather delayed our departure.
I'm uncertain whether to go or not.
uncertainty [Vn'sK:tnti] n. ,,The uncertainty is unbearable!
! They lived in the uncertainty on the dole.
underestimate [,VndK'restimKt] vt. ..., n., I underestimated
the time we needed by 30%. 30% Never underestimate your
opponent.
undergo [,VndK'gKu] vt. , sustain; experience; endure; withstand You
cannot create experience, you must undergo it. This city
underwent great changes. She underwent a thorough examination
at the hospital. I hope that I shall never again have to undergo
such unpleasant experience.
undergraduate [,VndK'gr<dZuKt] n. He is a Harvard undergraduate.

underline ['VndKlain] vt. 1.... 2., mark a line under; emphasize

To underline a poem word by word is the work of misguided schoolmaster.
Those words are underlined in the English book.
Strikes by prison officers underline the need for reform in our
gaols.
underlying [,VndK'laiiN] a. ,
undermine [,VndK'main] vt. 1., 2....dig; weaken; ruinHer
health was undermined by the stress of her job.
underneath [,VndK'ni:T] prep. ..., ... ad. , n., mark;
italicize The example sentences in this book were first underlined by a tick to tell the
printer to print them in italics. She
was wearing a woolen coat, with a cotton blouse underneath.
The underneath part felt damp. The coin rolled underneath the piano.

undertake [,VndK'teik] vt. 1., 2., , We could undertake the work

for the time being. He undertook to finish the job by Friday.

undesirable [,Vndi'zaiKrKbl] a.
undo [Vn'du:] vt. 1., 2., It's better for the doer to undo what he has
done. That mistake has undone all our good work.
Our folly has undone us. One of your buttons is undone.
He was gone and left all the work undone to me.

uneasy [Vn'i:zi] a. , , unquiet; anxious; restless Fools are

never uneasy. Stupidity is without anxiety. I'm uneasy in
my mind about the future. They had an uneasy suspicion that all was not

well.
unexpected [,Vnik'spektid] a. , surprising; sudden; all at once If one
advances confidently in the direction of his dreams and endeavors to live the life he
imagined, he will meet with a success unexpected in common hours.
The unexpected guest
disordered his plans.
unfortunately [Vn'fO:tSKnKtli] ad. , Unfortunately, I hurt my knee when
I fell down on the ice.
unique [ju:'ni:k] a. 1., , 2., peerless; matchless;
unprecedented Originality is the unique way of thinking, observing, understanding and
judging. It's a unique work of art.
He's caught the unique opportunity.
universal [,ju:ni'vK:sl] a. 1., 2., 3., cosmical;
global; comprehensive; general Music is the universal language.
Television provides universal entertainment. Overpopulation is a
universal problem.
universe ['ju:nivK:s] n.1. , , 2. , The Earth is only one of the
numerous planets in the universe.
unjust [Vn'dZVst] a. He said that the people's accusation was unjust.

unkind [Vn'kaind] a. Don't be so unkind to your brother.

unlike [,Vn'laik] prep. , ...Unlike my sister, I am a terrible cook.

Unlike his brother, he has a good sense of humor.

unlimited [Vn'limitid] a. If only one had an unlimited supply of money!

! It's unlimited to drive cars at high speed in country.
unlock [Vn'lOk] vt.Scientists have unlocked the secret of the atom.
I unlocked the door and went into the room.
unpaid [Vn'peid] a.
untie [Vn'tai] vt. Untie me from the chair. I tried to
untie the string but failed.
unusual [Vn'ju:ZuKl] a. 1., 2., exceptional; odd; strange
It requires a very unusual mind to undertake the analysis.
Snow is an unusual sight in this warm place.
update [,Vp'deit] vt. , n. The data should be updated once a week.

upgrade ['Vpgreid] vt. , n.

uphold [,Vp'hKuld] vt. , support; maintain; confirm; sustainI upheld him in
his policy. The President swore to uphold the constitution.
The judge upheld the lower court's decision.
upright ['Vprait] a. 1., , 2., ad. , Several
columns among the ruins still stood upright.
uproar ['VprO:] n., , There was uproar over the tax increase.

His motion threw the meeting into an uproar.

upset ['Vpset] vt. 1., , 2., 3., n.1., , 2.(
) a. 1., 2.() I'm always upset when I don't get any mail.
The news quite upset him. He upset a
bottle of ink. He has an upset stomach.
upside-down [,Vpsaid'daun] a. The classroom was turned upsidedown.
up-to-date [,Vp-tK-'deit] a. 1., 2.With regard to parents, those
who are traditional must keep themselves up-to-date or learn to see things the way their
children do, and those who always bury themselves in work must spend some time every
day with their chirdren enjoying the warmth created through exchangeds of ideas in a free
atmosphere.

urban ['K:bKn] a. You can find out many advantages in urban life.

urgent ['K:dZKnt] a. , Telephone is vey convenient especially when we have

something urgent.Another example is more vivid:
You have something urgent which has to be informed to your friend whose house is two
hours ride away.

usage ['ju:sidZ] n.1., 2. The tractor had been damaged by rough usage.
Languages develop continually through usage.

utility [ju:'tiliti] n.1. , 2.[ pl.] use; service; convenience; business

Nothing can have value without being an object of utility. Their
research project has limited practical utility.
utilization [,ju:tilai'zeiSn] n.
utmost ['VtmKust] a. , n. , , ultimate; chief; highest;
maximum The utmost shame is to lose ones soul. This is
not an issue of the utmost importance. She does her utmost to
please her parents. She did her utmost to give pleasure to her
parents. She showed the utmost reluctance. This is an
issue of the utmost importance.
V
vacant ['veikKnt] a. 1., 2.() 3.(), ()
void; empty; unoccupied; unintelligent Absence of occupation is not rest, a mind
quite vacant is a mind distressed. If that room is
vacant, we can practice there. He does not know what to
do with his vacant time.
vacuum ['v<kjuKm] n.1. 2. v. His wife's death left him a
vacuum in his life.
vague [veig] a. , , opaque; unclear; ambiguousA good holiday
is one spent among people whose notions of time are vaguer than yours.
Our holiday plans are rather vague.

I haven't the vaguest idea who he is. She is so vague that I

can never understand what she is trying to say.
valid ['v<lid] a. 1., 2., genuine; sound; logical; solid;
true I cannot prove scientifically that truth must be conceived as a truth that is valid
independent of humanity; but I believe it firmly.
The marriage was held to be valid.
A credit card is not a valid proof of identity.
validity [vK'liditi] n.
valve [v<lv] n.1., 2.(), () Have you turned off the water
valve?
van [v<n] n., () He brought three people to the party in his van.

vanish ['v<niS] vi. 1., 2., Many types of animals have now
vanished from the earth. After the alien spacecraft had
hovered over the park for a short time, it vanished.

vanity ['v<niti] n.1., , 2., , pride; arroganceVanity is the

quicksand of reason. She married the rich man out of vanity.

vapour ['veipK] n.()A cloud is a mass of vapour in the sky. Water

can be changed into vapour when heated.
variable ['vEKriKbl] a. 1., 2. n., Winds are mainly light
and variable. His mood is variable. The temperature was a
variable in the experiment.
variation [,vEKri'eiSn] n.1., 2., 3.() Prices have not shown much
variation this year. The dial records showed a very slight variation in
pressure.
vary ['vEKri] vi. , , vt. , The size of the apples varied.
She varied her dress as fashion changes.
vegetarian [,vedZi'tEKriKn] n.
vegetation [,vedZi'teiSn] n. , The colorful vegetation of this tropical forest
amazed the professor.
velocity [vi'lOsKti] n., quickness; swiftness; rapidity; speed Gazelles can
move with astonishing velocity. Gazelles can move with astonishing
velocity. The car was moving at such a velocity! !
velvet ['velvit] n., This velvet dress is very beautiful.
ventilate ['ventileit] vt. 1. 2., freshen; air; cool; oxygenateMy
office is well-ventilated. My office is well ventilated.
They are ventilating the sap of a coal mine.
venture ['ventSK] n., () vi. , vt. 1., 2.
, , adventure; risk; hazardNothing ventures, nothing have.
He ventured his life to save a little girl from drowning.

He chose a book at a venture from the shelves.

verbal ['vK:bl] a. 1. 2., 3. oral; spoken; colloquial His
verbal ability is beyond description. The teacher teaches us the verbal
skills. I am making a verbal translation.
verdict ['vK:dikt] n.1. 2., The jury announced their verdict.
They have had the verdict of the electors.
verify ['verifai] vt. 1., 2., establish; authenticate; prove; checkWith
the past, as past, I have nothing to do; nor with the future. I live now, and will verify all past
history in my own moments.
The computer verified whether the data was
loaded correctly. The truth verified the allegations.

versatile ['vK:sKtail] a. 1., 2., , skillful;

knowledgeable What a versatile musician he is! !
verse [vK:s] n., This play was written in verse. There are
four verses in each poem.
version ['vK:Sn] n.1., 2.translation; accountThe two newspapers gave
different versions of what happened. The book was translated
into many versions and sold all over the world. This shirt is
a cheaper version of the one I saw in that shop.

versus ['vK:sKs] prep. 1., 2.,

vertical ['vK:tikl] a. , , The northern face of the mountain is almost
vertical.
vest [vest] n., () vt. (in ), , (, )He only wears a
vest in the room. The constitution vests the president with the
power to declare war.
veteran ['vetKrKn] n.1. 2., His grandfather was a veteran of the World
War II. This washing machine is really a veteran.

veto ['vi:tKu] vt./n. Japan exercised her veto to block the resolution.
They carried the ministerial veto. The president last
week vetoed the tax cut.
via ['vaiK] prep. , , We shall go from London to Washington via New York.
I can send him a note via the internal mail system.

vibrate [vai'breit] v. (), () The whole house vibrates whenever a heavy lorry
passes. His voice vibrated with passion.
vice [vais] n.1., 2.(), () corruption; wickedness; evil It
has ever been my experience that folks who have no vices have very few virtues.
Drunkenness is his sole vice.
vicinity [vi'siniti] n., nearness; neighborhood; environment A kind
heart is a fountain of gladness, making everything in its vicinity freshen into smiles.

All the ships in the vicinity of the crash joined in the

search for survivors.
vicious ['viSKs] a. 1., 2., He gave the dog a vicious blow with
his stick. He led a vicious life.
victim ['viktim] n., suffer; sacrifice Men who do not make advances to
women are apt to become victims to women who make advances to them.
He fell a victim to the dagger of the assassin.

victorious [vik'tO:riKs] a. It was a happy day when our football team was
victorious.
vigorous ['vigKrKs] a. 1., 2.energetic; lively; activeListening
is not merely not talking, though even that is beyond most of our powers; it means taking a
vigorous, human interest in what is being told us.
These corn plants are very vigorous.
People pay more attention to the nutrition of the food and they also care
if it can make them vigorous and graceful at the sme time.
Young people are energetic and vigorous.
vinegar ['vinigK] n. He put some vinegar in the noodles.
violate ['vaiKleit] vt. 1. , 2. 3., break the rules; breach; disturb
Never deceive or violate the truth, even if you are fighting for the emperor throne.
The country violated the international
agreement.
violent ['vaiKlKnt] a. 1., 2., , She was in violent
temper. Tornadoes are violent whirlwinds which vary in their width from a few
yards to 1300 feet. 1,300
violet ['vaiKlKt] n. a. She planted some violets in the garden.

virgin ['vK:dZin] n., a. 1., , 2. She

remained a virgin all her life. This is the virgin voyage of the ship.

virtual ['vK:tSuKl] a. , , Our deputy manager is the virtual head

of the business. A virtual state of war exists between the
two countries.
virus ['vaiKrKs] n.1. 2., We should be watchful of computer viruses.

vision ['viZn] n.1.(), , 2.., I've had my eyes tested and the report
says that my vision is perfect. We need someone
with real vision to lead the party.
vital ['vaitl] a. 1. , 2., necessary; vigorous;
requisite Boredom is a vital problem for the moralist, since at least half the sins of
mankind are caused by fear of it.
This point is vital to my argument. It is vital that we
move quickly. The leader's vital and cheerful manner filled his men with
courage.

vivid ['vivid] a. 1., 2. distinct; vigorous; lifelike In one way

books give us an even more vivid idea than the actual reality, just as reflections are often
more beautiful than real nature.
This girl gave a vivid description of the event.
My daughter is a child with vivid imagination. The
dark room was momentarily lit up by a vivid flash of lightning.
The main reason that everyone can see is that television presents a vivid world in
front of us. The development of literature is a very vivid illustration.
Watching it is far more vivid and stimulating
than reading about the same thing in a newspaper.

vocabulary [vK'k<bjulKri] n.1. ( )2. ( ) You can look up this word in the
vocabulary. He has an extensive vocabulary.
vocation [vKu'keiSn] n. profession; employment To have the courage to
seek truth is everyones vocation. Nursing is a vocation as well as a
profession. He has little vocation for teaching.

void [vOid] a. 1. 2., n.1., 2., vt. barren;

sterile; fruitless; ;vain Chance is a word void of sense; nothing can exist without a
cause. That part of the town is completely
void of interest for visitors. The check was marked void.
The child's death left a painful void in his parents' lives.

volt [vKult] n.()

voltage ['vKultidZ] n.
volume ['vOljum] n.1., , 2., , 3., The television is too loud;
turn the volume down. The volume of this container is 20
cubic meters. 20
voluntary ['vOlKntri] a. , Many social services are still provided by
voluntary societies in our city. He made a
voluntary statement to the police.
volunteer [,vOlKn'tiK] n.1. 2. vt. 1. ()2. vi. , Can I
have a volunteer to wash the dishes? The soldier volunteered
for guard duty. He volunteered a statement to the police.

vowel ['vauKl] n. The vowels in the English alphabet are a,e,i,o,u, and,
sometimes, y. aeiou y
voyage ['vOiidZ] n./vi. , , She went on a long sea voyage.
They planned to voyage across the Pacific Ocean.
W
waitress ['weitris] n.She is a waitress in a restaurant.
waken ['weikKn] vi. vt. I was wakened by the telephone.
wallet ['wOlit] n. My wallet was stolen last Saturday.

ward [wO:d] n.1. 2.() 3. The patient lay quietly on his bed in the
medical ward.
warehouse ['wEKhaus] n., They stored their goods in a warehouse.

warning ['wO:niN] n.
warrant ['wOrKnt] n.1. 2.( ) , vt. ... ( ) assure;
guarantee; justify I am unable to find any warrant for the belief that any period has
offered men the kind of peace and certainty that the modern age is clamoring for.
You shouldn't arrest
him without warrant. The police obtained a search warrant for his
house. The law warrants this procedure.
That does not warrant you in doing so.
waterfall ['wO:tKfOl] n.They took many pictures of the waterfall yesterday.

waterproof ['wO:tKpru:f] a. , These are waterproof fabrics.

I bought a waterproof watch.
watt [wOt] n.() The lamp needs a 100-watt bulb. 100
wavelength ['weivleNT] n.
wax [w<ks] n., vt. ... The moon waxes and wanes every month.
He lit up a wax candle.
wealthy ['welTi] a. He was born in a wealthy family. This
area is wealthy in fruits and flowers.
weave [wi:v] v. , I wove a garland of flowers. The driver was
weaving his way through the traffic. Spiders weave webs.

web [web] n.1.() 2.,

wedge [wedZ] n.() vt. ..., He cut the cake into pieces and gave each of us
a wedge. I was so tightly wedged between two fat
women that it was difficult for me to get up and leave the bus.

weekday ['wi:kdei] n., I don't stay out late on weekdays.

weld [weld] v. n., The car has had a new wing welded on.

welfare ['welfEK] n.1. 2. health; happiness When one works for public
welfare in all his endeavors, he is just.
The government decided to promote public welfare.
westward ['westwKd] a. ad.We'd better go in the westward direction.
They went westward.
whichever [witS'evK] pron./a. , Take whichever hat suits you best.
Whichever you buy, there is a six-month guarantee.
It takes three hours, whichever route you take.
whirl [wK:l] vi. 1., 2., () n.1., 2., The
wind whirled the dead leaves about. His head whirled. He

can't adjust himself to the whirl of modern life in this big city.

whitewash ['waitwOS] n. vt. The opposition dismissed the report as a

whitewash. I'll have my little house whitewashed
tomorrow.
whoever [hu'evK] pron. () 2., 3. Whoever told you
that was lying. Whoever can that be at the door?

wholesome ['hKulsKm] a. 1., 2., In order to

maintain physical well being, a person should eat wholesome food and get sufficient
exercise. It wouldn't be
wholesome for you to go there.
widespread ['waidspred] a. (), The forests are widespread in our
country.
widow ['widKu] n. That widow is a kind person.
winding ['windiN] adj.
withdraw [wiD'drO:] vt. , , vi. , , The troops have been
withdrawn from the danger area. He withdrew his horse from the race.

withhold [wiD'hKuld] vt. 1. , 2., I withheld payment until they had

fulfilled the contract.
withstand [wiD'st<nd] vt. , , face; confront; oppose; resist No
government can possibly withstand the bloodless opposition of a whole nation.
Children's furniture must withstand kicks and blows.
This dress material will withstand repeated washing.
witty ['witi] a.His witty remark caused a storm of laughter.

woollen ['wulKn] a.
workshop ['wK:kSOp] n.1., , 2., We'll have a poetry workshop.
She is studying in a theatre workshop. There are
more than fifty workers in this workshop.
worship ['wK:Sip] vt./n. 1., 2., esteem; honor; admire No one can
worship God or love his neighbor on an empty stomach. The
boy worshipped his father. She was blind to the silent worship in his
eyes.
worthwhile ['wK:Twail] a. ()
wreath [ri:T] n., ,
wreck [rek] vt. 1., 2., n.1., (), 2.
destruction; ruin; crash; breakdown I remained some little while, musing over
these casual relics of antiquity, thus left like wrecks upon this distant shore of time.
Have they
found the wreck of the ship? The ship was wrecked on the rock.
The train wrecked at midnight. There is, however, a risk
that we will wreck the environment so effectively that the world will no longer be an

attractive place to live.

wrinkle ['riNkl] n. v. () furrow; twist; wither Old plants more wrinkles in

the mind than in the fact. She's beginning to get
wrinkles round her eyes. He wrinkled up his forehead in perplexity.

XYZ
xerox ['ziKrOks] n.&v.
yawn [jO:n] vi. n.His long boring story made me yawn.
I gave a loud yawn, but he just kept on talking.

yeast [ji:st] n. Yeast must be used in producing wine.

youthful ['ju:TfKl] a.No one can remain youthful forever.
zeal [zi:l] n., , enthusiasm; passion Zeal without knowledge is fire
without light. She shows great zeal for knowledge.

zebra ['zebrK] n.
zigzag ['zigz<g] a. There is a zigzag path in the garden.
The path zigzags up the hill.