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Cre Lab Manuals
ADIABATIC REACTOR
Aim:
To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction between hydrogen peroxide and
sodium thiosulphate under adiabatic reaction conditions and to determine the activation energy
of the reaction.
Theory:
The effect of temperature on the reaction mixture consisting of hydrogen peroxide and
sodium thiosulphate when the reaction is carried out under adiabatic conditions, it can be
observed and correlation with the reaction rate is given. As the exothermic reaction proceeds,
the temperature increases and becomes constant. The rate of the reaction and temperature are
correlated to various temperatures.
1
( Tf T ) 2
dT KCA0e E RT
=
dt
TF T0
Where
TF Final Temperature (C)
T0 Initial Temperature (C)
K Rate constant
CA0 Initial concentration (moles/ litre)
A graph is drawn between lnA Vs.1/T and the slope is equated to -E/R.
Procedure:
Take 30 ml of hydrogen peroxide in a beaker and dilute it into 300 ml by using distilled
water and pour it into the reactor, 300 ml of sodium thiosulphate solution will also be added in
the reactor. Due to exothermic reaction, the temperature of reaction mixture starts increasing,
the rise in temperature is noted at different time intervals as the reaction proceeds.
Tabulation:
Time
Temperature
(sec)
(C)
dT/dt
(Ts T)2
1/(T+273)
(k-1)
ln A
Model Graph:
TC
lnA
Slope = -E/R
Time (s)
1/T (k-1)
Model Calculation:
1) t =
2) T =
dT
=
3)
dt
4) (Tf T)2
dT
1
5) A =
dt (Tf T) 2
6) lnA =
1
7)
=
(T + 273)
8) Slope= -E/R
9) E=
Result and Inferences:
--------------
BATCH REACTOR -1
Aim:
To verify the order and to determine the rate constants for the reaction between equimolar
quantity of NaOH and ethyl acetate in a batch reactor.
Reaction:
NaOH + CH3COOC2H5
CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Theory:
For a second order reaction, the rate of reaction is as follows
dCA
= KCA 2
dt
Integrating,
CA
dCA
1 1 CA
t=
=
CA CA0
KCA 2 K
CA0
t=
1 xA
KCA0 1 xA
Procedure:
50 ml of NaOH and 50 ml of ethyl acetate are taken in the batch reactor with the starting
and stop water. Then each 10 ml of the reaction mixture is taken every 5 minutes the reaction is
arrested by adding acetic acid to the sample. The reaction mixture is titrated against sodium
hydroxide of known normality and its concentration found. Samples are taken up to 50 minutes
and the concentration of the reactor is found.
Standard Data:
Normality of NaOH :
Normality of Acitic Acid:
Normality of Ethyl acetate:
Tabulation:
S.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Reaction
Volume of
Time (min) CH3COOH(ml)
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Volume of
NaOH (ml)
CA
(mol/lit)
1/CA
(lit/mol)
XA
XA
1 XA
Model Graph:
y
CA
kCA0
XA
1 - XA
CA0
0
Model Calculation:
NNaOH
1) C A 0 =
2
moles of CH3COOH added moles of NaOH added
2) CA =
Sample Volume
1
3)
CA
CA0 CA
4) XA =
CA0
XA
=
5)
1 XA
Result:
Thus the experiment on batch reactor was performed. The order of the reaction was
verified and the value of K found from graph.
K=-----------------------(1/CA vs time graph)
K=----------------------- (XA/(1-XA) vs time graph)
**********
BATCH REACTOR II
Department of Chemical Engineering
Aim:
To verify the order and to determine the rate constants for the reaction between nonequimolar quantity of NaOH and ethyl acetate in a batch reactor.
Reaction:
NaOH + CH3COOC2H5
CH3COONa + C2H5OH
Theory:
In a batch reactor, the composition of the components is uniform throughout at any
instant of time
XA
kXA
t = CA0
(-rA)
0
for (A + B) Products
- rA = KCACB
=
( M XA )
1
ln
KC B0 - C A0 ) M(1 XA )
Procedure:
200 ml of NaOH and 400 ml of ethyl acetate of known concentration are taken in the
reactor. Samples (10ml) are drawn for every 5 minutes from the reactor up to 50 minutes. The
concentration of reactants in the sample is found out by adding 10 ml of acetic acid and
titrating against sodium hydroxide.
Standard Data:
Normality of NaOH :
Normality of Acitic Acid:
Normality of Ethyl acetate:
Tabulation:
S.No. Reaction
Time
(min)
1
5
2
10
3
15
4
20
5
25
6
30
7
35
8
40
9
45
10
50
Volume of
CH3COOH
(ml)
Volume CA
XA
of NaOH (mol/lit)
(ml)
M XA
ln
M(1 XA)
Model Graph:
M XA
ln
M ( 1 XA )
Time (min)
Model Calculation:
VNaOH NNaOH
1) CA 0 =
Vtotal
moles of CH3COOH added moles of NaOH added
2) CA =
Sample Volume
VEA NEA
3) CB0 =
Vtotal
CB0
4) M =
CA0
CA 0 CA
5) XA =
CA0
Slope
6) K =
CB 0 C A 0
Result:
Thus the experiment on batch reactor II was performed. The order of the reaction was
verified and the value of k found the graph is
K
=
**********
Standard Data:
Normality of NaOH :
Normality of Acitic Acid:
Normality of Ethyl acetate:
Flow rate of NaOH =
Flow rate of Ethylacetate =
Tabulation
S.No
Sample
Burette Reading(ml)
Volume (ml)
Initial
Final
Volume of NaOH
consumed (ml)
Model Calculation:
NNaOH
1. CA 0 =
2
[ ( V N ) CH3COOH ( V N ) NaOH ]
2. CA =
Vtotal
CA0 CA
3. XAexp =
CA0
2
4. XAtheo = kCA 0 (1 XA )
Result:
Thus the experiment of mixed flow reactor is studied and the conversion is found to be:
Theoretically (XAtheo):
Experimentally (XAexp):
**********
Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final
Volume of NaOH
consumed (ml)
For Reactor-II
S.No
Sample
Volume (ml)
Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final
Volume of NaOH
consumed (ml)
Model Calculation:
VCH3COOH NCH3COOH
NNaOH =
VNaOH
Department of Chemical Engineering
[ ( V N ) CH COOH ( V N ) NaOH ]
3
Volume
CA0 CA1
CA0
At steady state in Reactor II
XA1 =
CA2 =
[ ( V N ) CH COOH ( V N ) NaOH ]
3
CA0 CA2
XA2 =
CA0
Volume
Theoretical conversion:
Reactor I:
V1
V
XA1
2
KCA0(1-XA )
Reactor II:
V2
V
2 = XA2 (- XA1 ) 2
KCA0 1-XA
Result:
Thus the experiment of mixed flow reactor in series is studied and the conversion is
found to be:
For Reactor-I
Theoretically :
Experimentally :
For Reactor-I
Theoretically :
Experimentally :
**********
10
Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final
Space time
(min)
Titrant
volume (ml)
Volume of NaOH
consumed (ml)
CA (N)
XA (%)
(expt.)
XA (%)
(theo)
11
Model Graph:
y
Theoretical
Experimental
XA
Time(min)
Model Calculation:
1. CAo= NNaOH/2
V
2. =
[ ( V N ) CH3COOH ( V N ) NaOH ]
3. CA =
Volume
CA
4. XAexp = 1
CA0
KC A 0
5. XAtheo =
1 + KCA 0
Result:
Thus the performance of plug flow reactor under constant flow rate is studied and
necessary graphs are drawn.
**********
12
2) 2 = ti 2 Eiti t
2 1
2
0
=
=
3)
2
N
t
where,
t = mean residence time
2 = variance
ti = time interval
D
= Dispersion number
UL
Standard data:
Normality of NaOH
Normality of Acitic Acid;
Flow rate of water
Tabulation:
Time
VNaOH
(min)
(ml)
VCH3COOH
(ml)
NNaOH
NNaOH
F=
Nmax
dF
Ei =
dt
Eiti
Eiti2
13
Model Graph:
y
Model Calculation:
VCH3COOH NCH3COOH
NNaOH =
1.
VNaOH
2.
F=N/Nmax.
=
dF
Ei =
3.
dt
4.
t = tiEi ( ti )
5.
6.
7.
8.
2 = ti 2 Eiti t
2
2
0 = 2
t
D
0 2
=
UL
2
1
02 =
N
Result:
Thus, the experiment of plug flow RTD was conducted and the dispersion number and N
were calculated.
**********
14
NNaOH
NNaOH
F=
Nmax
dF
Ei =
dt
Eiti
Eiti2
15
Model Graph:
y
Model Calculation:
VCH3COOH NCH3COOH
NNaOH =
1.
VNaOH
2.
F=N/Nmax.
=
dF
Ei =
3.
dt
4.
t = tiEi ( ti )
5.
6.
7.
8.
2 = ti 2 Eiti t
2
0 2 = 2
t
D
0 2
=
UL
2
1
02 =
N
Result:
Thus, the experiment of mixed flow RTD was conducted and the dispersion number and
N were calculated.
**********
16
2
KC A0
Standard Data:
Normality of NaOH :
Normality of Acitic Acid:
Normality of Ethyl acetate:
Flow rate of NaOH =
Flow rate of Ethylacetate =
Tabulation:
S.No
Sample
Volume (ml)
Burette Reading(ml)
Initial
Final
Volume of NaOH
consumed (ml)
17
S.No Reactor
volume (ml)
Space
time
(min)
Titrant
volume
(ml)
CA(mol/lit)
XA(Plug)
XA (Seg)
XA(exp)
Model Calculation:
1. CAo= NNaOH/2
V
2. =
[ ( V N ) CH3COOH ( V N ) NaOH ]
3. CA =
Volume
CA
4. XAexp = 1
CA0
KC A 0
5. XAtheo =
1 + KCA 0
KC A
2
0
ln1 +
6. X Aseg = KC A0 1
KC A0
Model Graph:
y
XAP
XAS
XA
XAe
Time (min)
Result:
Experiments were conducted in segregated flow and the conversions at various times were
calculated and graphs of conversion Vs time were drawn.
**********
18