Lesson 8 Symmetrical Components

SymmetricalComponents
DuetoC.L.Fortescue (1918):asetofn
unbalancedphasors inannphase
systemcanberesolvedintonbalanced
phasors byalineartransformation
Lesson8
SymmetricalComponents
8SymmetricalComponents
NotesonPowerSystemAnalysis
Thensetsarecalledsymmetrical
components
Oneofthensetsisasinglephasesetand
theothersarenphasebalancedsets
Heren=3whichgivesthefollowingcase:
1
Symmetricalcomponentdefinition
Zero Sequence
ThreephasevoltagesVa,Vb,andVc
(notnecessarilybalanced,withphase
sequenceabc)canberesolvedinto
threesetsofsequencecomponents:
Va
Positive Sequence
Vb
Vc
V0
a2
V1
a2
V2
a
c
b
Negative Sequence
1
1
1
A=
1
a2
a
1
a
a2
Va
where
a=1/120 =(1+j3)/2
a2 =1/240 =1/120
a3 =1/360 =1/0
Vb
Va
ZerosequenceVa0=Vb0=Vc0
PositivesequenceVa1,Vb1,Vc1 balanced
withphasesequenceabc
NegativesequenceVa2,Vb2,Vc2balanced
withphasesequencecba
Vc
Vb
Vc
Vp =
Vp =AVs
5
Vs=
V0
V1
V2
Vs =A1 Vp
Va =V0 +V1 +V2

Vb =V0 +a2V1 +aV2
Vc =V0 +aV1 +a2V2
1 1 1
A1= (1/3) 1 a a2
1 a2 a
Weusedvoltagesforexample,butthe
resultappliestocurrentoranyother
phasor quantity
Vp =AVs
V0 =(Va +Vb +Vc)/3

V1 =(Va +aVb +a2Vc)/3
V2 =(Va +a2Vb +aVc)/3
Vs =A1 Vp
Thesearethephaseasymmetrical(or
sequence)components.Theotherphases
followsincethesequencesarebalanced.
Ip =AIsIs =A1 Ip
Sequencenetworks
AbalancedYconnectedloadhas
threeimpedancesZy connectedlineto
neutral
andoneimpedanceZn connectedneutral
toground
a
Zy
b
Zy
c
Zn
g
a
b
c
Zy
Sequencenetworks
Zy+Zn
Zn
Zn
Ia
Vbg =
Zn
Zy+Zn
Zn
Ib
Vcg
Zn
Zn
Zy+Zn
Ic
Vag
orinmorecompactnotationVp =Zp Ip
Vp =Zp Ip
Zy
Zy
n
Zn
Zs =
Vp =AVs =Zp Ip =ZpAIs

AVs =ZpAIs
Vs =(A1ZpA)Is
Zs =A1ZpA
10
Zy+3Zn
Zy
Zy
V0 =(Zy +3Zn)I0 =Z0I0

V1 =Zy I1=Z1I1
V2 =Zy I2=Z2I2
Vs =Zs Iswhere
11
12
a
V0
g
I0
Zy
3Zn
Zero
sequence
network
a
V1
n
I1
Zy
Positive
sequence
network
I2
a
V2
n
Zy
a
V0
g
13
Remarks
15
I1
a
V1
n
I2
Z/3
Z/3
a
V2
n
Positive
sequence
network
Negative
sequence
network
14
Generalcaseunsymmetrical
impedances
Zp =
Zs=A1ZpA
Zaa
Zab
Zca
Zab
Zbb
Zbc
Zca
Zbc
Zcc
Z0
Z10
Z20
Z01
Z1
Z21
Z02
Z12
Z2
16
Specialcasesymmetricalimpedances
Z0 =(Zaa+Zbb+Zcc+2Zab+2Zbc+2Zca)/3
Z1 =Z2 =(Zaa+Zbb +ZccZabZbcZca)/3
Z01 =Z20 =
(Zaa+a2Zbb+aZccaZabZbca2Zca)/3
Z02 =Z10 =
(Zaa+aZbb+a2Zcca2ZabZbcaZca)/3
Z12 =(Zaa+a2Zbb+aZcc+2aZab+2Zbc+2a2Zca)/3
Z21 =(Zaa+aZbb+a2Zcc+2a2Zab+2Zbc+2aZca)/3
Sequencenetworksforconnectedload
impedances.
NotethattheseareequivalentYcircuits.
Positivesequenceimpedanceisequalto
negativesequenceimpedancefor
symmetricalimpedanceloadsandlines
Rotatingmachinescanhavedifferent
positiveandnegativesequenceimpedances
Zerosequenceimpedanceisusually
differentthantheothertwosequence
impedances
Zerosequencecurrentcancirculateina
deltabutthelinecurrent(attheterminals
ofthedelta)iszerointhatsequence
Z/3
Zero
sequence
network
Negative
sequence
network
SequencenetworksforYconnected
loadimpedances
I0
Zp =
Zs =
17
Zaa
Zab
Zab
Zab
Zaa
Zab
Zab
Zab
Zaa
Z0
0
0
0
Z1
0
0
0
Z2
18
Powerinsequencenetworks
Z0 =Zaa +2Zab
Z1 =Z2 =Zaa Zab
Z01=Z20=Z02=Z10=Z12=Z21=0
Vp =Zp Ip
Vs =Zs Is
Sp =Vag Ia* +Vbg Ib* +Vcg Ic*

Sp =[Vag Vbg Vcg][Ia* Ib* Ic*]T
Sp =VpT Ip*
Thisappliestoimpedanceloadsandto
seriesimpedances(thevoltageisthe
dropacrosstheseriesimpedances)
19
=(AVs)T (AIs)*
=VsT ATA* Is*
20
Powerinsequencenetworks
Sp =3(V0 I0* +V1 I1* +V2 I2*)=3Ss
Sp =VpT Ip*=VsT ATA*Is*
Inwords,thesumofthepowercalculated
inthethreesequencenetworksmustbe
multipliedby3toobtainthetotalpower.
1
ATA* =
1 1 1
1 a2
1 a a2 = 0 3 0
a2
1 a2 a
3 0 0
0 0 3
Sp =3VsT Is*
21
Thisisanartifactoftheconstantsinthe
transformation.SomeauthorsdivideAby
3toproduceapowerinvariant
transformation.Mostoftheindustryuses
theformthatwedo.
22
N
Sequencenetworksforpowerapparatus
N
V2
I2
Zn
Negative
Z2
Ygenerator
G
3Zn
N
Positive
Z1
Slidesthatfollowshowsequence
networksforgenerators,loads,and
transformers
Payattentiontozerosequence
networks,asallthreephasecurrents
areequalinmagnitudeandphase
angle
V1
I1
23
I0
Z0
V0
Zero
24
V1 I
1
Positive
Zerosequencenetworksforloads
G
N
V2 I
2
UngroundedYload
V0
Negative
I0
G
V0
I0
Zero
25
V0
H1
X1
n
ZN
Zn
Zeq+3(ZN+Zn)
A
a
Va0
VA0 I0
H1
g
Zerosequence
network(perunit)
H1
X1
c
n
Zn
A
VA0
27
X1
n
ZN
Zn
Zeq
a
Va1
VA1 I1
n
Positivesequence
network(perunit)
Negativesequence
issamenetwork
28
Ytransformer
Zeq+3Zn
I0
H1
X1
Zeq
A
a
Va1
VA1 I1
Va0
g
Zerosequence
network(perunit)
26
YYtransformer
Ytransformer
A
connectedload
ungrounded
YYtransformer
A
Yconnectedload
groundedthroughZn
3Zn
29
n
Zn
Positivesequence
network(perunit)
Deltasideleadswye
sideby30degrees
30
Threewinding(threephase)
transformersYY
Ytransformer
A
H1
X1
a
b
c
n
Zn
HandXingroundedYandTindelta
Zeq
A
VA2 I2
Zerosequence
a
Va2
31
Threewindingtransformerdata:
Windings Z
BaseMVA
HX
5.39%
150
HT
6.44%
56.6
XT
4.00%
56.6
ConvertallZ'stothesystembaseof100MVA:
Zhx =5.39%(100/150)=3.59%
ZhT =6.44%(100/56.6)=11.38%
ZxT =4.00%(100/56.6)=7.07%
33
ZH
ZX
X H
ZT
T
ZX
ZH
T
32
34
UnbalancedShortCircuits
Procedure:
Balancedthreephaselines:
Z0 >Z1 =Z2
Balancedthreephasetransformers
(usually):
Z1 =Z2= Z0
Rotatingmachines:Z1 Z2> Z0
ZT
Calculatetheequivalentcircuitparameters:
Solving:
ZHX =ZH +ZX
ZHT =ZH +ZT
ZXT =ZX +ZT
Gives:
ZH =(ZHX +ZHT ZXT)/2=3.95%
ZX =(ZHX +ZXT ZHT)/2=0.359%
ZT =(ZHT +ZXT ZHX)/2=7.43%
Typicalrelativesizesofsequence
impedancevalues
Neutral
Ground
n
Negativesequence
network(perunit)
Deltasidelagswye
sideby30degrees
Positiveandnegative
Setupallthreesequencenetworks
Interconnectnetworksatpointofthe
faulttosimulateashortcircuit
CalculatethesequenceIandV
TransformtoABCcurrentsandvoltages
35
36

Lesson 8 Symmetrical Components

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Lesson 8 Symmetrical Components

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SymmetricalComponents

Va =V0 +V1 +V2

V0 =(Va +Vb +Vc)/3

Vp =AVs =Zp Ip =ZpAIs

V0 =(Zy +3Zn)I0 =Z0I0

Sp =Vag Ia* +Vbg Ib* +Vcg Ic*

Sp =3(V0 I0* +V1 I1* +V2 I2*)=3Ss

Sp =VpT Ip=VsT ATAIs*

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