1-1

1-2

3 3 E Engineering
Education Enforcement

American Society of Safety Engineers
Institute of Safety Engineers

30
CSE
(Certified Safety Engineer) American Society of Safety Engineers

5

(Engineering Council for

Professional Development)
.. 1949
An engineer is characterized by his ability to apply creatively scientific principles
to design and develop Structures, machines apparatus for manufacturing processes, or
works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to forecast their behaviors under
separation and safety to life and proper ( , 2529)

(Safety Inspection Division)
(National Institute for Improvement of working Conditions and Environment, NICE)

1-3

 .. 2525


(National Safety Council of Thailand , NSCT) .. 2526

1.

( research and development
department )

2.
(Safety Engineer)

1-4

3.




( on-the-job training)



(hazardous materials) (hazards)

3.

4.
2


()

1-5

5.

( )
(THRESHOLD LIMIT)

( )

3

1-6




(ANSI Z 16.2 - 1962, Rev. 1969)

1-7

2
(Incident)

()

(
)
(Accident)

1-8

(Safety)

1-9

 1-10-30-600
1
=

10
=

30
=

600 =
(
)


30
1

1-10-30-600

1 - 10

1.

2.

3.

1 - 11

 2

(LOSS)

1 - 12

1 - 13

-
-

-
-

-

-

1 - 14


-

-


-

-

-

-

-
-

-
-

-
-
-
-

1 - 15

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- /

- (Guard)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 - 16

-
-
( BASIC CAUSES )




(
)

(IMMEDIATE CAUSES)
2 ( )
(BASIC CAUSES) 2

/ /

-
-
-

-
- /

- /
-
- ( )

-
-
-
-
-
-
( )
-

1 - 17


/ /
()
()
-
-

-
-
-
/
-

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-

- FEED BACK

-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-

-
1 - 18

/
-
-

-
-

-
-

-
-
- //

-
-

-
-

-
- /
-

-
-
- / /

-
-

-
-
- /
-

-
-
-

- FEED BACK

1 - 19


()

-
-

-
-
-

-
- /
-

- //
-
-

-
-
-

- /

-
-

- /
-

-
-

-
-

- ,
-

-
-
-

-
-
-

1 - 20

-
-
-
- /
- /
-
-
-
-
-

(LACK OF CONTROL)



//
3

1.
/

2.

/



1 - 21

3.

4
1. (PEOPLE)
2. (EQUIPMENT)
3. (MATERIALS)
4. (ENVIRONMENT)
4

(PEOPLE)

/

85%


-

-

-

-
-
80 %

1 - 22



(EQUIPMENT)














(MATERIALS)

20 %
30%

(ENVIRONMENT)

1 - 23

 4
( )

4

3

3
3

(PRE-CONTACT CONTROL)

( CONTACT CONTROL )




-
- (SHAFT AND BELT)
-
-
-
-
-
-

1 - 24

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-

-
-

1 - 25

(POST CONTACT CONTROL)

-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

1 - 26

4
, ( ), ( )
4
1 - 27

3
3
4

(1)



(2)


(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

1 - 28

(9)


(10)

500-1300 (
100 )







21 % 17 %

6-10 %
4-6

4
-

1 - 29

4
(1)



1 (
) 5

(2)

1 - 30

(3)


,

(4)





(Classification)

1. (Heat Detector)

2. (Smoke Detector)

3. (Fire Gas Detector)

4.

1. (Line Type)


2. (Spot Type)
(Bi-metal)
(Fusible Alloy) (Pneumatic rate of rise)
(Thermoelectric)

1 - 31

3. (Air Sampling Type)

1. (Non-Restorable)

2. (Restorable Detector)

(Fixed Temperature Deteclor)

1.
2. (Thermal lag)

3.
)
(Bi-metallic) 2

)
(Electrical Conductivity)

)
(Fusible Alloy)

)
(Heat Sensitive Cable)

2
1 - 32

(Rate Compensation Detector)

1.

2.







(Com-pensates for Thermal Lag)
(Rate of Rise Detector)

)
(Pneumatic Rate-of-Rise Tubing)




(Sealed)

1 - 33

)
(Spot-Type Pneumatic Rate of Rise Detector)
(Air Chamber)

.
)
(Thermoelectric Effect Detector)
(Thermocouple)
(Thermopile)
(Monitor)

(1) (Ionization
Smoke Detection Principle)
(Sensing Chamber)

(2)
(Photoelectric Light Obscuration Smoke Detection Principle)
(Photo
sensitive device)

1 - 34

 (Spot Type)
(Line Type)

(3)
(Photoelectric Light Scattering Smoke Detection Principle)

(4)
(Resistance Bridge Smoke Detection Principle)

(5) (Cloud
Chamber Smoke Detection Principle)

(Flame Detector)
( 4,000 7,700 )
1. (Flame Flicker Detector)

(Modulated)

1 - 35

2. (Infrared Detector)
( 7,700 )
3. (Photoelectric Flame Detector)
(Photo cell)

4. (Ultraviolet Detector)
( 4,000 )

(1) (Semiconductor)

(Oxidizing or Reducing Gases)
(2) (Cataytic Element)
(Oxidation)

2


/







1 - 36





.
.

. (Grounding)
. (Bonding)
.
.

1 - 37

(1)
(2)

(
) (
)

1 - 38

(1) A (Class A)

(2) B (Class B)

(3) C (Class C)

A B

(4) D (Class D) ,
,

5
40 3.5
40

1 - 39

1.
2.
3.

1.

1
1








60
30

2.

1 - 40

1.

2.

3. (Smoke Lobby)






1.

2. Door Closer


1 - 41

Door Closer

4. Panic Bar Push Bar

1.

2.

3.

4.

15

3.


1 - 42

1.

2.

3.

4.

.. 1878


100


1 - 43

5.5
1 1,000

2
1 1

(Hose Rack)

(Hose Reel)

5



30


1 - 44

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

1 - 45

7.
30-60 (12-24 )

8.

9.

10.

10-15

11.

1 - 46

1 - 47

1 - 48

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)

1.

1 - 49

(1)
(2)

(3) (
)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)
(9)
2.




63

22 30 1
2

1 - 50

 A 8 X 11
B 17 X 23
3.

4.

5.

15-20

(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

1 - 51

 30

6.

7.



6 1

(
)
- (Frequency Rate)

-
A 600
B 400 C 300
600 : 400 : 300 3 : 2 : 1.5
Frequency Rate
8.



1 - 52












9.

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)

(5)

(1)

(2)

(3)

1 - 53

10.


()
()

11.

12. /



(
)

/

13.

1 - 54

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
- ()
- ()
-

-
-
-
14.
2
(1)

1 - 55

-
-
-
-
-

(2)


2
(1)
(2)

15.

1 - 56

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

16.

17. (Hazard Recognition,

Evaluation and control)




(Safety inspection)
(Job Safety analysis) /
(Accident / incident investigation) (Industrial
hygiene exposure assessment) (System Safety review)

1 - 57

18. (Workplace Design and

Engineering)










(Design and start-up review) (Ergonomic factors)
(Codes and Standards)
(Machine safeguarding) (Material handling)
(Automated processes)
(Life safety and fire protection)
19. (Employee Involvement)

20. (Motivation , Behavior and Attitudes)

2

1 - 58


3
(Communications) / / (awards / incentives /
recognition) (Employee
surveys)

1 - 59

(Planning)
(Organizing) (Staffing) (Leading)
(Controlling)
(1)

(2)




(Line) (Staff)

(3)

(4)
(Leadership) (Human relations) (Motivation)
(Communication)
1 - 60

(5)

7
(1)

(2)


(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)



(7)

1 - 61

1 - 62

1.













(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)

(9)
2.

1 - 63

 (1)
(2)
(3)

3.

1 - 64

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

1 - 65

1. (Line) ( / )

(1) /
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(5)

(7)
2. (Line)

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)

(6)
(7)
(8)
3. (Line)

1 - 66


(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)
(10)



4. (Staff) -

(Safety
professional) (Safety coordinator)

1 - 67

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)


(5)

(6)
(7)

(8)



(9)

1 - 68

(10)

(11)


(12)

(13)



(14)

(15)
(16)

(17)

(18)
5.

(1)

(2)

(3)

1 - 69

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(.)





1.

1 - 70




(1)

(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

2.

1 - 71

3.

(1)

(2)

1 - 72

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)


(7)

50

() ()

(.)

1 - 73

(1) 1
(2)

(3)

(4)
7
(5)
1
(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)



(10)

(11)
(12)

(13)

(14)

1 - 74


(Tradition Safety Management : TSM )
(Modern Safety Management : MSM )

1. (Cost) 1. (Investment)
2. (Reaction) 2.

(Prevention)
3. 3.

4. (Output) 4.

(Input)

5. 5.

1 - 75

-
-
-

-


1.
1.1 (ACCIDENT)
/ /

1.2 (INCIDENT/NEAR MISS)
/

1 - 76

1.3 (INVESTIGATION) /
/
2.

2.1 (
)
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.


3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5 ()
4.

4.1 (THE LINE FOREMAN)

(1)

/

(2)
1 - 77



(3)

(4)

(5)

4.2 (THE MIDDLE MANAGER)

(1) (MAJOR ACCIDENT)
(HIGH POTENTIAL INCIDENT)


(2)

(3)

4.3 (STAFF PERSONAL)

1 - 78


(1)
( )
(2)

(3)

(4)

(1)
(2) /

(3) /

(4) / /

(

1.

2.

3.





2
3

1 - 79

4.

5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

1.

2.
( )

1 - 80

3. /
5W + 1H
WHAT
WHY

WHEN
WHERE
WHO

HOW

4.

5.

6.
7.



1.


(1)



(2)

(3)

1 - 81

(4)

2.



(1) (IDENTIFY INFORMATION)

(2) (EVALUATION)

(3) (DESCRIPTION)


(4) (CAUSE ANALYSIS)

(5)

1.

1 - 82



2.
()


3.


4.

5.

6.

7.


8.

9.

10.

1 - 83

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)


(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

8

1 - 84

-
-
-

-
-

-
-
-

DOMINO THEORY : LOSS CAUSATION MODEL

1.

1 - 85

1)

2)

2.

3.



4.

5.

1.




2.
(RISK EVALUATION)

1 - 86



3.

4.



/

(BASIC
CAUSE)


5.

6.



1

1 - 87


1.
2.

1.
2.
3. (JSA)
4.

5.
6.

7.

1.
2.
3.
4.

3.

4.

1 - 88

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

1.
2.
3.
4.

()

. 16

1 - 89


..... ............................. .. ......................
............................
.................................................... ........................ ...........
........................ .................... ....................... .............................
.................................. ............................................................................

................ ................... ................

.................
.................. ...............
(
) ..............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................................................................

.
..... 1.
..... 2.

..... 3.
..... 4.
..... 5.
..... 6.
..... 7.
..... 8.

..... 9.
..... 10.

..... 11.
..... 12.

..... 13.
..... 14.
..... 15.

.
..... 1.
..... 5. ()
..... 2.
..... 6.
..... 3.
..... 7.
..... 4.
..... 8.
....................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................................................
()

...........................................................
(
)
/

1 - 90

 /
1. /
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................
(.....................................)
/
2.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................................................

..........................................
(.....................................)

1. ()
3

2. 3

1 - 91


........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
............................................................................... ........................................
1.
................................................. ......................................... .............................
............................................................ ...............................................
.......................... ........................ .................................................
2. 3 ( )
( )
( )
() ..................................................................................................................
( )
( ) ...................... . /
3. 3 ( )
( ) ..........
( ) ..........
( ) ( ) ...................................
( ) ..........................................................................
4. ()
.............................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................
5. ..................................................................
............................................................................
............................................................................

...........................................
(...................................)

1 - 92


....................................................................................... ............................
/ / ........................................................................... ............................................ .
()
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................
.......................................................................

..........................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................

1 - 93

1.
, 2531
2.
, 2543
3. Safety Engineering ,
, , 5, 1, 2529, 27-32
4. ; ,
, , 2538, 306
5. NSC ; Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operation, 9th ed., National
Safety Council, Illinois, 1988, 504 pages.
6. JICA Occupational Safety and Health Center Project Manual on Accident
Investigation Manila : JICA - OSHC Project: October 1992.
7. Anton, T.J., Occupational Satety and Health Management, 2 nd ed., McGrawHill, New york, 1989 409 pages.
8. Gloss, D.S. and Wardle, M.G. Introduction to Safety Engineering , John wiley
and Sons, New York, 1983 612 pages.

1 - 94

2-1

1.

2.

3.

2-2

4.

5.

2-3

1. 8

2.
3 12 9

3.
4.

5. 9

1.

2.

3.

4.


-

2-4


5.



(
)
161


6.

2-5

2-6




()

, ,

()

()

2-7

1.






2.


3
(1)

6

(2)

(3)

3.

4.
2 ) 3)

2-8

5.

ILO

1. /
2.

2-9

3.

4.
5. /
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12. (
)
13.

2 - 10

1.
1.1




1.2

2.

2 - 11

Limit Switch

2 - 12



()

300 Switch 2
0.5
1.

3 (Power
Switch) 3

2.

2 - 13

(Limit Switch) 2

3. (Overrun Mechanism)



Overrun Mechanism
()

2 - 14

()

2




1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


6.

2 - 15


1.

2.

3.

4.

5.


2 - 16



(Checking list)

1.

()





2.

1.
1)


2)
2 - 17





3)

load

4)

5)



6)

7)

()
8)

2 - 18

2.
1)


2)



3)

4)
(
)

5)



6)
/

7)

()
8)

2 - 19

9)

1.

1)

2)
()





3)




4)

2.


periodical voluntary Inspection

2 - 20



/
(special voluntary inspection)
3.
1)

2)

3)

2 - 21

1.
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.
-
-
-
3.
4.
-
-
-
-
5.
-
( Associated General Contractors U.S.A.)

2 - 22




4
1.
2. ,

3.

4. , ,

,





,




3

1.

2.

3.

2 - 23

4.

, ,

(Stationary Crane)
(Over Head Travelling Cranc)


,

(Mobile Crane)

2 - 24

2 - 25




1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.
8.

9.
10.

1.

2.

3. 18
4.
5.

6.

7.

2 - 26

 ()
1.

2.
3.
4.

5.
6.

1.

2.

3.

4.

()
1. , , ,

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

7.

2 - 27

8.

9. (Upper Limited
Switch)
10.
2
11.

1. ,
2.

3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.

14.
15.
16.
17.
(Safety Latch)

2 - 28

18. (Hook
Block)
19. , ,

20.

21.
22.
23.

24.
25.
26.
27.

28.

29.
30. 2

1. 4

2.

3. (Total Weight)
4. 5
5.
6. (Guy rope)
7.

2 - 29

8.

9.

10. 2

11.

12.

1. ()

2. (Load
Chart)
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11. ,

1.
2.
3. (Neutral) (off)

2 - 30






(HOOKS)

3
-
- ()
- (
)


(Wire Rope)

1.

- = 3.5
- = 6.0
2.

3.
4. ,
5.

6.

2 - 31

1. (Wire)

2. (Center) 1
4, 6, 8 10

3. (Strands)

4. (Core)

- (Fiber Core)
- (Independent Wire Rope Core)
- (Steel Strand Core)
- (Armored Core)
5. (Wire Rope)
6

2 - 32


(Safety Factors)

= (Catalogue Breaking Strength of The Rope)

(Maximum Safe Working Load)

2 - 33

, , , ,


(
, , , )
, ,

= ( .)2
20

= () X () X 7
1

= X X 7
= 1.75

2 - 34

5 / 8
= 5 / 8 X 5 / 8 X 7
= 2.73

1
= 1 X 1 X 7
= 7

)
) (Chock Load)
)
)


,


,

2 - 35

 (Chain)

5 % (

-

2 - 36

1.
2.
3. , , , , ,

4.
5. (Limit Switch)
()

2 - 37

6.

7. (pin)
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.

A -

B -

C -

2 - 38

%
1

25 %
1,500

25 % - 10 %
1,500 - 400

10 %
400

(1) % =
1 ()
60
(2) 5
8
(3) 40C
(4)

, ,

2 - 39

2

1.


(Saturated steam)


2.

2 - 40

1. ( Fire tube boiler)

2. (Water tube boiler)

2
(Header or Drums)
(Mud drum)
(Steam drum)

3
1.







( )

2.

()

90C 110C A B C
2 - 41

3.

(p H) -

2 - 42

1. (Safety valve)

1.
10 %
2.
3 %
3. 1
1 2
4. 50
2
5.
1.2
6. -
7.
8.
9. 2
10.
11. 15
2. (Pressure gauge)

2
2.1 (Diaphragm)
2.2 (Bourdon tube)
2 - 43


1.
2. 100
3. 1.5 2

4. 200

5. (Siphon)

6.
7. 30
8. 66
9.
3. (Water level gauge)

1.
2.
3. 3.7
2
4.
5.
6.

7. 6
20
4. (Water level control)



2 - 44


3
1.

2. -

3.

4.1 (Float type)
. (Mercury switch)
. (Magnetic switch)
4.2 (Electrode)
4.3 (Thermostatic expansion)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5. 1
5. (Pressure control switch)

(Bellows)

2 - 45

1.
2.

3. 1
4.
6. (Feed water pump)



(Reciprocating pump)
(Multistage turbine pump) (Centrifugal pump)

1. 14
2
2.

3. 1.5

4.

2 - 46

7. (Blow down valve)

1.
2.
3.
4. -
5.
6. 1
7.
8.
8. (Check valve or non-return valve)



2

4
1. (Swing check valve)
2. (Piston check valve)
3. (Ball check valve)
4. (Lift check valve)

1.
2.
3.

2 - 47

9. (Main steam valve)

(Glove valve)

(Water
hammer)

1. 13 (190 )
220 (430 )
200 (8 )
(Steel
casting)
2.

3.
4.
5.
10. (Burner)

3
10.1 (Fuel oil pressure pump atomized)
16 25

10.2 (Air - steam atomized)

10.3 (Rotary cup)

2 - 48


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
11. (Steam trap)

1)

2)
3)

2 - 49

1.


1 (
2 ) ()

2.

3.



4.

.
(Blow down)
.
.

2 - 50

. (Header)
(Condensate)


5.

6.

(Spiral metallic)

7.
( 3 )


-



(Silica gel)

2 - 51


1.
()

. 170 (77
)
.

.
( )
2.

2




( )

3.

2 - 52

1.

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7

2 - 53


1.

2.

3. (Blow down)

4. ()

5.

2 - 54

 CO2

A
B
C
D

A
B
C
D

(%CO2) (%CO2)
(%CO2)
10.0
12.8
13.8
9.0
11.5
13.0
8.5
10.0
12.5
<9.0
<12.0
<12.0
=
=
=
=

1.

2.

3.

4.



2 - 55

5.





6.

7.
70 %

8.

()

9.



10.

1.

2 - 56

2.




3.

4.

5.
1.5

6.

1.

2 - 57


10


()

2.
2
2.1

2.2

2.1
3.

4.

2 - 58

5.






6.

1.5

7. 1.5

7.1
7.2
50 /

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6 1.5
30

7.7

2 - 59

1.
Carbon-Silicon Steel No. ASTM A212
2.

3.

4.

5.
(Stress)

6.

1.

2.

3. (pH)

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

2 - 60


1.

2.
3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.
2.
3.

2 - 61


1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.

JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA), 1996

Mobile Crane Operators Textbook, Japan
International Occupational Safety and Health Center, 1998 JAPAN CRANE
ASSOCIATION, LIFTING APPLIANCE SAFETY, PART 1 CRANES,
JAPAN CRANE ASSOCIATION, 1996 Japanese Legislation for Crane &
Mobile Crane,
2531 :

2544 :

2544 :

2545 :

2545 :

2546 :

2 - 62

3-1

200

1. ( Static Electricity )

2. ( Current Electricity )
(Conductor)
2
1)

3-2



2)

3
1

90



















3-3





(220 )

2


2
2 2

(Incandescent Lamp)


3-4

3.

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4

1
2
2

7
3-5

1. ( muscular freezing )







( asphyxiation )
2. ( nerve block )
( temporary paresis )

3. ( cardiac arrest )

( external cardiac massage )
4. ( ventricular fibrillation )

50 1 20

( defibrillation )
5.




3-6

6.



200
1 5

1 3

7.

3-7

1.

5
4 - 6

1
70 3 30
4

2.

60 120
(mA) ( 1 1,000

3-8

()

0.5
-
0.5-2
-
2-10
-
5-25
-

25
-
50-200
-
100
- ()
0.5
100

120
1 5


1 5

.. (C.F. Dalziel)

(circuit breaker)


(National Electric
Safety Code)
3-9

(Ventricular Fibrillation)




50-500

..
2

3
2.1 (Perception of
Reaction Current)


0.3
60 1
0.5
1.1
0.7

2.2 (Let-go Current)

3 - 10

 16
10.5

2.3 (Lethal Current)

18

(Ventricular Fibrillation)

)
)
)
)
(shocking current)


3.

100,000-600,000
1,000
3 - 11


()
400-600
100

1,000
12,000

= x
= 12,000

= 1,000 ()

12,000 = x 1,000
12,000

=
= 12
1,000
1 1,000
= 12 x 1,000 = 12,000
12,000

4.

3 - 12







110 400




240


400-600 500
240

=
x
=
240
=
500
=
?

() =

= 240
500

= 0.48

= 480
480
50



24-25
3 - 13

 24
() 25
25

1,000 25

x 1,000

25
=
x 1,000 = 25
1,000

25


12
12
5.

220

3 - 14

F
1.0
1.0
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.7
1.3
1.5
0.7

80 mA
I

80
0.4
=

200 mA

...





10
50
1,000,000 = 1
4

3 - 15


1.

1.1




.
0.50

.

.
.

1.2


20
50 100
3 - 16


100 ( 20 )

1.3

1.4

.


.

1.5

1.6

3 - 17

2.

2.1




2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6
2.7

2.8

3 - 18

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12


220 110

1000 50 60 Hz

(IEC 364-4-41)
2

2
1. (Direct Contact)
2. (Indirect Contact)

3 - 19

1.

1.1 (Insulation of Live Parts)

1.2 (Barrier or Enclosures)
(
)


1.3 (Obstacles)


1.4 (Placing Out of Reach)
2.5 1.25
( ... 2001 - 45
)

3 - 20

1.5 (Additional Protection by Residual

Current Devices)
4

30 mA ( ) (
10 msec.
150 mA
2. ()

4
2.1
)
()

)


g ()
g gas
g
g
g
)

( TN-C
)
2.2 ll (Double Insulation)

2.3 (Non-conduction Location)

2
( )

3 - 21

2.4 Earth-free Local Equipotential Bonding

()

2.5 (Electrical Separation)

(Safety Isolating
Transformer) motor-generator
2
1. 50V. (Safety Extra-low voltage
SELV) Safety Isolating Transformer

IEC / BSEN
61558-2-6
2. (Limitation of Discharge Energy)

3 - 22

(0)





()

4
1 (System Grounding)

(Solidly ground)
3 - 23


()

2 (Equipment Grounding
System)

()
1

Equipment Grounding Conductor (E.G.C.)

Protective Conductor ( P.E.)


()

3 - 24

3



4 (Sensitive Electronic Equipment
Grounding)

()
()

1.

3 - 25

2.
/
()


(
)

1.
2.

3 - 26

3.
()
4.
5.
(++)
6.

( PLUG )

1. (ELCB)

2. ( LOAD)
3. () 220 V
4.

-
- INSULATION

1. MULTIMETER
2.
3. RCD TESTER ()
- 0.5 ln , ln , 5 ln
4. LOOP IMPEDANCE TESTER

3 - 27

- LOOP IMPEDANCE
CB
5. APPLIANCE TESTER ()
-
- CLASS I CLASS II


.

(1) 2.4 1.5

(

)
(2) ()
(3)
.

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)
(5)

(6)
(7)
(8)

3 - 28

.

(1) 150


2
(2)
(2.1)
(2.2)

(2.3)
(2.4)

(2.5) 2
(2.6)

(2.7)
(2.8)
1

50
2 2

(Grounding Conductor)
2 (Equipment Grounding Conductor)
(Grounding Electrode Conductor)

3 - 29


1.
1
()


2.
2


10 ..

.
.
.
1.8
20

. AC , MI MC
. (Busway)

3 - 30

()
()
..
..
35
10 ()

35
50
16

50
95
25

95
185
35
185
300
50
300
500
70
500
95
2
()

()
()
(..)
16
1.5
20
2.5
40
4
70-100
6-10
200
16
400
25
500
35
800
50
1,000
70
1,250
95
2,000
120
2,500
185
4,000
240
6,000
400
3 - 31

 2
1 ()

2
1
20
2
1.0 ..
2

(... 200 - 45)

3 - 32

(1)
(Main Bonding Jumper)
1 500 ..
12.5%

1

(2)
2

.
.

.

(Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker : ELCB)

-
- Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker : ELCB
- Ground Fault Circuit Interruper : GFCI
- Residual Current Device : RCD
- Residual Current Circuit Breaker : RCCB
(ELCB)

3 - 33

 I1
I2 I1 I2+I3
ELCB



ELCB

ELCB

CB

ELCB +

CB ()
()*

()*

()

3 - 34



1.


1.1 -
1.2
1.3

2.
2.1


2.2
3 - 35

2.3

2.4
2.5
2.6

(OC)
55
65
70
80
80
90

2.7
(Thermal Sensor)

(Over-current Protection)
Overload
Relay

... ( ...
2000 - 45)

3 - 36

50 12,000
12,000 33,000
33,000 69,000
69,000 115,000
115,000 230,000

2.40
3.00
3.30
3.90
5.30

****** 33,000
33,000 69,000
69,000 115,000
115,000 230,000

3.00
3.30
3.90
5.30

3 - 37

1.
- 1 2
1 1
- 3 4
3 1
2.
(... 2001-30)

- 1
, , 3
-
-
(Lock-Out , Tag-Out)





Patch Lock

3 - 38


3
1.

2. 90

3.

14
(... 2001 - 45)

-

-
2.5 5.00
-

-


1.80
- (
)
-
(Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker)

- 1,000

3 - 39

4


(CPR)

1

()

3 - 40

1.

2. ()

3.

1.

2.

3 - 41

3.

12 - 15 (
20 - 30 )
4.

1.

(
)
2.

3.
2
1.5 - 2

4.

... 80 - 100

5. 15 2
4
6. 2 1

3 - 42

7. 1
() 100 - 200

5 1

1 - 2

3 - 43

1. :
2531
2. :
2531
3. :
2545
4.
2537 - 2538
5. Allison, William W. , Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters. CSI, Professional safety,
1975.
6. Cooper, Fordharm W. , Electrical Safety Engineer. 2nd ed. , England :
Butterworths, 1986.
7. Dalziel, C.F. and Lee R.W. , Evaluation of : Lethal Electrical Current. Trans IEE
Industry and General Application ; VIGA, 1968.
8. International Labour Organization. , Encylopedia of Occupational Health and
Safety. Vol.l , Geneva : International Labour Office, Lee, R.W. Death from
Electri Shock. Vo1.3 IEE, 1966
9. Leonard, Milton. , The Crampdown on Electrical Hazard. , Professional Safety,
1975.
10. Mc Partland, Joseph F. , National Electrical Code Book. 18th ed. , London :
McGraw-Hill, 1975
11. Occupational Safety and Health center, Japan International Cooperation
Agency, Accident Prevention Manual for Electric Shock, 1991
12. Safety Manual for Mechanical Plant Construction , London : Kluwer Publishing,
1989
13. Standard Association of Australia. , Australia Standard 300-1981, SAA Wiring
Rules. Electrical Act Regulation : Queensland, Australia, 1947

3 - 44

4-1

(1)












4-2

(2)

4-3

1.

(
30 40 .)

2.








3. (Diesel Hammer)




(Steam Hammer) (Drop hammer)



0.140 ./3 24
4.


80 7
(Air
compressor)

4-4



(Ear plug)

5.

Sheet pile

2 X 2


(Bored pile)
H

4-5

12
3

3

6

0.75

4-6

4-7

 (Tower
Crane) (Mobile Crane)

4-8

0.60

4-9

4 - 10

4 - 11

3
4 - 12

4 - 13

4 - 14

4 - 15

4 - 16

(Specifications)

(Labour)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

(Project Engineer)

4 - 17


(TRACTOR)
1.

(Sprocket)

(Floatation)
(Ground Pressure)

3
82 40
700
2.

(Bulldozer)

4
2.1 (Full U Blade)
2

4 - 18

2.2 (Semi U Blade)

2

2.3 (Straight Blade)



2.4 (Angle Blade)

3.


Drive Direct Power Shift
Hydrostatic

4 2
Skid Steer

4 - 19

(EXCAVATOR)





(Hoe)
(Shovel)
(Clamashell) (Dragline)

3
1. (Revolving Superstructure)

4 - 20

2.
(Mounting or Travel Unit) 3 (Rubber Tire
Carrier Mountings) (Rubber Tire Carrier Mountings
Self-Propelled) (Crawler Mounting)
3.
(Attachment)
3
1.




2.


250
2

2
(Bottom Dump Bucket) (Tilt Dump Bucket)


3.



(Cable)


4 - 21

(
)
1

(Hand Tool)

1.20

4 - 22

(EXCAVATOR)

(Front-end Loader)

2

1. (Front-end Tractor Loader)
Front-end Tractor Shovel Shovel Dozer

1.1
75-85
1.2 Direct Driver, Power Shift Hydrostatic

1.3 (Loader Frame)

1.4

2 (Hoist Ram)
(Dump Ram)

4 - 23

2.

2
4 (Four Wheel Drive) 2 (Two Wheel Drive)
4

(
)
1


(Hand Tool)

4 - 24

(GRADER)


4 2 4 6
2 4 6
50 350

1. (Wheel-Base)


2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1 4
+ 5 + 10

4 - 25

(Spreading a Pile)

(Cutting Gutter)

4 - 26

(Crane)

2
(Hotsting Machinery)


(Crane)




(TOWER CRANE)


(Thrust)
(Load)

4 - 27

 (Lifting
Capacity or Load Chart)

TOWER CRANE

4 - 28



2
1.

(Clamps)
2.

(MOBILE CRANE)





(Center of Gravity)
(Structural Failure
and Effect of Overloading)
(Configuration of Crane Base)
(Sweep Area and Quadrants)
(Chain)
(Hook)
(Wire Rope)
(Lifting Operate)
(CENTER OF GRAVITY)




(Leverage)
4 - 29

 (Center of Gravity)

(STRUCTURAL FAILURE AND

EFFECT OF OVERLOADING)

(Safety Factor) 3:1


(Load Estimate)
boom

(/)

4 - 30

(/)
11.4
8.9
7.8
7.2
2.7
2.3
2.0
1.9
0.8
1.0
0.5
0.9

(CONFIGURATION OF CRANE BASE)

4 - 31










(Sweep Area and Quadrants)
360

(Counter Weight)
4 - 32


2
(Counter Weight)

(Load Chart)

4 - 33

Outrigger Outrigger Knob pins

Boom 30 80
Jib
(Angle Indicator)
Boom
Hook
Boom
1
3.00

4 - 34

(Overload Alarm)


, Limit Switch , , ,
Load

10 .

90%
, ,

, ,

Boom (Slowly Rotation)

4 - 35

(Qualified Signal Man)


Process

(Total Weight)




10% 5%
2 60
Safety Factor 5
4 - 36

 Guy Rope

(Hook)

(Qualified
Crane Operator)

(Crane Operator)





()

Load Chart

4 - 37

Power Up Power Down

Boom Swing Gear DOG

4 - 38

 Load Chart Radius

Chart Boom
(Boom Up) Boom Boom Down

Hook Shackle Tag Line
5



Neutral OFF

Boom Lock

4 - 39

(Drum) 20

Drum
Marker


(Guard)

(Qualified Signal
Man)
Neutral
OFF

Side Load Load

Load Movement Load

Load Brake

(Change in Load Radius)

Boom Swing Load

Swinging
Boom
Side Load

4 - 40

 Wind Load
Load Radius Load
Boom Hook

80%

o 50,000 3.00
4 - 41

o 69,000 3.20
o 115,000 3.65
o 230,000 4.80

(Working Instruction)
( Lifting Plan)
(Working Schedule)

4 - 42

1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5


(1
2400 )

2.

2.1
2.2

4 - 43

2.3

2.4

3.


4.

1.

1. 2
7.00
2.
120 (25 )



3.
63.5

4 - 44

4.

20
5. 3

1.00 3
6. 1.00
3
7. 2.50 930

8. 90

15
9. 45
10. 5 x 10
11. 2.85 2
3
12.
10
15

13.
14.
2 90

15.

16.


()

4 - 45

50
1.50
1.50

17.
1.50 45
18.
-
19.
10.00

20.

2.
(Single Pole Scaffold)

1. 2

2.
120 (25 )


3.
360 (75 )


4. 7.00 12.20
7.5 x 10 12.20
10 x 10

4 - 46

5. 7.00
7.5 x10 5 x 15

3.

1. (Coupler) (Locking Device)

2.
5
1.80 3
5
3.
5
6.35 1.80
2.40
5
4.
5
6.35 1.80
2
5
5. 22.85
5 22.82
60.90 6.35

6. 4

7.

4 - 47

8.
(Casters)
9. 25
10.
4.5
11.

12.

13.
4.
1.

2.
3.

=
4.80
=
5.00
4
4.46

5. 2
3
1.

2.

3. 21.00

4 - 48

4 - 49


6.
(Suspended Scaffold)
2

1. 5


2. 195
(40 ) 4
3.
4.

4 - 50

5.

6.

7. I
U
8. U (Beam Clamp
Connection)
9. (Channel) I


10. I 17.80
6.90 4.60
11. 90-110
(Toe Board)
12.

4 - 51

7.

1.

2.
3.

4.
5. 3
6.

4 - 52

SAFETY
FACTOR ()
1.

2.
Live Load
3.
Dead Load
4.
Bearing Capacity
(SAFETY FACTOR)

4 - 53

.
SAFETY FACTOR
. SAFETY FACTOR
. (Location)

SAFETY FACTOR



2
1.



2.

3. 21


1

4 - 54

1.
4
2.

3.

4.
5. 2.00
6.

7.
1.50
45

1.



2.
150
3. Bearing 2
C = 600

2
2 1
1 2


4 - 55

4 - 56

1.

2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

7.

8.

9.
10.

11.

1. 3

2. -

3.

4 - 57

4.

5.
6.

7.

8.


9.

10.
11.

(Safety Belt & Lift Line)

2.00
1.20



1. 450
2.
1,115

4 - 58

3.

4.

5. 1.80

6.
1
2 1.20
7.
8.

4 - 59


1. 1500
2. 120 10
50 10
3. 75%
4.
5. 15%
6.

1.
2.
3.
4.

4 - 60

1. :

2543
2. :
2531
3. :
2542
4. :
, .. 2518 10,2539
5. : , ,
, 2543
6. : , 3 ,
, 2538
7. Davies, V.J. and Tomasin, K. : Construction Safe5y Handbook; Thomas
Telford, 1990
8. Heinrich, H.W. : Industrial Accident Prevention, 6th.ed, Mc Graw. Hill, 1969
9. King, R.W. and Hudsor, R. : Construction Hazard and Safety, Hanbdook,
Butterworth, 1985
10. Pias, Luis M.A. and Covle , Richard J., Editors : Implementation os Safety
and Health on Construction Site A, Proceedings of the First Intermational
Conference of CIB Working Commission W99, A.A.Balkema, 1996
11. Jica Occupational Safety and Health Center Project Manual on Building
Comstruction Safety Japan

4 - 61

5-1

(unwanted sound)





(Hert = Hz)
20 20,000 Hz
20 Hz
(infrasonic range) 20,000 Hz
(ultrasonec range)


300 Hz 3,000 Hz
(sound pressure level)

(logalithmic scale)
(decibel = dB)
5-2

(A-weighting)
() dB(A)

20 125 dB(A)

( 3 dB)
90 dB
180 dB 93 dB

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)


1. 4
(1) (steady-state noise)
+-5 dB

(2) (fluctuating noise)

5 dB

(3) (intermittent noise)
(impulsive noise)

(4) (impulse or impact noise)

0.5
40 dB

5-3

2.
3

3
3
(cochlea)
(organ of corti)

3






3.
(3.1)

5-4


2
(temporary hearing loss) (permanent
hearing loss)
()
(100 dB
(A) )
4,000 Hz 6,000 Hz
2
1 2
()



3,000 Hz
4,000 Hz

(Presbycusis)


(audiometric test)
(3.2)

5-5






3.3











4.

5-6

2
(1) (wholebody vibration)



2 100 Hz
(2)
(hand and arm vibration)

8 1,500 Hz

5-7

 (hyperemia)

(celsius) (farenheit)


(erg) (joule)
(kilocalorie) (BTU = British Thermal Unit)


(1) (humidity of air)
(2) (air velocity)
(3) (rediation heat)
(4)

1.
2 (1)
(2)


96-104 98.6
(37 )
5-8

1. (heat cramp)
electrolyte
electrolyte

-
- 1 1
-
-

2. (heat exhaustion)

-
-

5-9

3. (heat stroke)

-
- (cyanosis)
- 108-112

-
-
-
-

-

-
-
4. (heat rash)



5. (dehydration)

6. (respiratory infection)

5 - 10

7. (cinbubed defects)

2.

5 - 11

3.

2
(1)
(2)
(1)

1.1

1.2


1.3




1.4

1.5

5 - 12

(2)






2.1

2.2

3-6

2.3





2.4





2.5


2.6

5 - 13



(non-ionizin radiation)
(quantum energy) (photon)

(electromagnetic spectrum)
(1) (ultraviolet ray)
(2) (visible light)
(3) (infrared ray)
(4) (hertzian wave)

1. (Lamda)
(cm) (angstrom)
2. (Nu) Hertz cycle per
second

1.
1.1

100 4,000 2,500
3.26 - 123 eV (electron volts)





3

5 - 14

(1) Vacuum U.K. (1,000-1,900 )

(2) far U.V. (1,000-3,000 )

(3) near U.V. (3,000-3,000 )

2,900
0.1

3
(1)
30


2,800

(2) 2,800



(coal tar)

(3)
3.5 eV


1.2
3




5 - 15






(heat cataract)

retina () retina
retina

2.

3,800-7,500

6






2

5 - 16










3
1.
2.
3.


3.

0.01 3x 10 6MHz

(hertzian waves)
(Kinetic)
( 3 )
3-10 25-200

(telex)
(microwave) (Radar)

5 - 17

4.



(1)


(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)
6 1

(6)

(7)

5 - 18

.. 2533

(Dangerous
Chemical)

(International Maritime Organization : IMO) 9
1 (Explosives)

6
1.1
1.2

1.3

1.4

1.5
1.1
1.6

5 - 19

 2 (Gas)


4
2.1 (A Flammable Gas)
2.2 (A Non flammable-Non Poisonous Non
Corrosive Gas)
2.3 (A Poison Gas)
2.4 (A Corrosive Gas)
3 (Flammable Liquids)
3.1 18 C
3.2 18 C 23 C
3.3 23 C 61 C
(Closed-Cup)
4 (Flammable Solid)
- (Substances Liable to Spontaneous Combustion)
- (Substances That in Contact With
Water Emit-Flammable Gas)
4.1

4.2

4.3
5 (Oxidizing
Substances and Organic Peroxides)



2

5 - 20

5.1

5.2 _O_O_

6 (Poisonous Substances and
infectious Substances)


6.1

6.2
7 (Radioactive Materials)
74 kBq/kg
8 (Corrosive Substances)



9 (Miscellaneous Products or
Substances)
9.1 8

9.2
9.3

(solvents)

5 - 21

1. (dust)

2
1.1 (respirable dust)
10 (micron) 1

1.2 (non-respirable dust)

10

2. (fume)
1.0
(
0.005-0.4 )

3. (mist) 10




4 (vapor)

5. (gas) (fluid)
/

6. (smoke)

5 - 22

1.

(ether) (acetibe)
(H2) (LiAIH4)
(Na)
3
1.1
(pyrophoric) nickel
phosphorus
1.2
benzene,toluene
ethanol
benzene 11 C
ethanol 12.7 C
benzene

5 - 23

(C)
Boiling point

(C )
Flash point

Acetone
Benzene
Carbon disulfide
Cyclohexane
Diethyl ether
Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
Methanol (methyl alcohol)
Methyl acetate
Ethyl acetate
Toluene
Xylene (mixture of o, m, pisomers)
Petroleum ether (petroleum spirit)

56
80
46
81
35
78
65
57
77
110
138-144
40-60

-16
-11
-30
-17
-40
13
16
-10
-4
4
17
-46

(C )
Auto-ignition
point
538
538
100
296
180
400
427
502
427
550
482
240

1.3

Actylene, Hydrogen, Liquefiel Petroleum Gas (LPG), Methane
Halogen, Oxygen
Hydrogen

5 - 24

Alkali metal

Calcium carbide
aluminium, magnesium,
zinc, chromium, iron, tin,
nickel, lead
aluminium, zinc
hydrogen
alcohol
hydrogen

sodium

sodium,potassium
lithium aluminium hydride hydrogen
acetylene

2.




(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)

1. ( reducing)
-
,,
-

5 - 25

2.

3. (Unstable Compounds)

-CC- (alkynes),

C-NO2 (nitro),

C C(epoxide),

C-OO-C (peroxide), -O-CI (perchlorate, chlorite etc)

COC (ether),

- CN (nitrile), C= N-O-(Oxime)

3
1. Thermal Explosion
2. Deflagration
3. Detonation

ammonia, acetylene
ammonium nitrate

acetone

copper, silver, mercury

zine, cadmium,
copper, magnesium, lead, cobalt,
nickel,bismuth, ehromium,
antimony
Chloroform

carbon disulfide

azide

5 - 26

(Case
History 1970 1661)


chlorate
chlorine

chlorine dioxide diketene

hydrogen sulfide
iodine
magnesium

oxygen

ozone
perchloric
picric
phosphorus
sulfur

sulfur
ammonium
acetylene, alcohol, ether,
hydrocarbon, diborane, ethane
magnesium
aluminium

mercury

nitric
ammonia, turpentine
chloroform, chloromethane oxide
beryllium, cadmium, mercury,
molybdenum, zinc potassium

perchlorate

chlorine

benzene, carbon monoxide

aluminium, magnesium, titanium
hydrocarbon lithium
hydride
ethylene
acetic alcohol ether
phosphorus pentoxide
copper, lead, zinc
sulfonic, bromine
zinc

5 - 27

 3
1.








90 - 100

2.

5 - 28

3.

(toxicity)
(hazard)

5 - 29







(sign & symptom)


24

1.

(valency)
6

2.




5 - 30

3.

4. (exposure time)

5. (tolerance)



6.

7.

8.

(additive
reaction) (synergistic action)
(antagonistic action)

5 - 31

5 - 32

2.



3.

(benzene)
(solvent)
(Iukemia)
4.




5.

(acelylcholine)


(cholinesterase)

6.


7.
(fiber)



(Fibrous tissues)
5 - 33

8.






9.

10.
3-8






11.

5 - 34

(Source)
(path)
(receiver)

1.

1.1

1.2

1.3

5 - 35

1.4

1.5 (hood)

1.6


2.

2.1 )


2.2 )


1.5
2.3 )

2.4 )

3.

5 - 36


3.1 )


3.2 )

3.3 )





3.4 )



3.5 )

3.6 )

3.7 )

3

3

5 - 37




1. (Material
Safety Data sheet : MSDS)

2.
3.

-


4.

5.
6.

7.

8.
-
-
-
- (PPE : Personnel
Protective Equipment)
-
-
9.

10. 1 /

5 - 38

11.
(
)
12. (PPE)

13. 2
14.

15.

10 .. 2539
44 - 45
11.3

1.

2.

5 - 39

3.

4.

(IBC : Intermediate Bulk

Containers)




-

IBC S
-

5.

5 - 40

6. Classification
Testing and Approval for Packages , IBC S Training Approval

1.
(1)

(2)


2. (Labelling & Placarding)


UN
UN
3

I
II
III

X
X Y
X,Y Z

3.

(X,Y,Z)


UN-Recommendations
4.
40 x 30 1.5 ..

5 - 41

 UN-NUMBER
100 .. 15 ..

1. (Minimization) (Clean
Technology) (prevention)
(Low and Nonwaste) 2

(Recycle)


2.




(Mono disposal)
(co-disposal) (Detoxification and
Stabilization) -

. -





-
.
- /

5 - 42



(complex)

1,000 2,000
2
(After Burner)

dioxin

.
-

1.


1.5 (5 )
33 (100 )

2.
66 (200 )
5 - 43



3.

5

4.
(Lining materials)

4.1 (Liners)



30 85%
(Standard Proctor Test) (Lift)
15
4.2 (Secondary protective barrier)
(Hydraulic conductivity) 1x10 -7
( 0.1 ) 90
(High density polyethylene)
1.5 (Geocomposite)
(Sorption capacity)

4.3 (Secondary leach ate collection layer)
(Grades sand and gravel)
(Hydraulic conductivity) 1 x 10 -2
30 Geonet
(Transmissivity) 3 x 10 5
4.4 (Primary protective barrier)
(High density polyethylene)
1.5
4.5 (Geocomposite)
(Sorption capacity)

5 - 44

4.6 (Primary leach ate collection layer)

(Graded sand and gravel)
(Hydraulic conductivity) 1 x 10 2
30 Geonet
(Tranmissivity) 3 x 10 5
4.7 (Filter Zone) (Geotextile)
(Staurated hydratilic conductivity) 1 x 10 2

4.8 (Primary protective barrier)

(Sump)
(Leak detection System)
4.9 (Slope) 1 (%)

(Capping)

(Hydraulic conductivity) 1 x 10 7
30
1.5
30
(Saturated hydraulic conductivity) 1 x 10 2

90

5 - 45

(Average thickness)

(Minimum thickness)

(Density)

( Tensile Strength at Yield)

(Tensile Strength at Break)

(Elongation at Break)

( Elongation at Yield)

(Tear resistance)

(Melt flow index)

60

(mils)

ASTM D-751/1593/374

54

(mils)

ASTM D-751/1593/374

0.94

ASTM D-1505

ASTM D-638-IV
(
ASTM D-638-IV
)

132
304

( ASTM D-638-IV
)
ASTM D-638-IV
% ()
ASTM D-1004-C
% ()
ASTM D-1238

750
12
42
1.0

10

(High grade) (Polyethylene resin)
(Ehtylene copolymer resin)




wedge weld dual track extrusion joint

10 Shear test peel test
ASTM D 4437
air pressure test dual
track vacuum box extrusion welding
(Geomembrane)
5 - 46


(Geosynthetics)

24 25

2.
1.
3 2 6 (..
2540)
5 1 1

2.
(Free liquid) Paint filter
liquids tes-USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) SW-846
Method 9095
3.
(Cell)

4.
1.5

5.

5 - 47

6.

90
7.

8.
30

9.

5 - 48

(Radiation)


(Radioactive Material)



(Radioactivity)

.. 1895 Roentgen



Becquerel
(.. 1896)
Thomson (.. 1897)
5 - 49

 / Planck (.. 1900)

Einstein (.. 1905)
Bohr (.. 1913)





4
1. (Fission)

2. (Fusion)

3. (Radioactive
Decay)

4. (Activation)
(Particle Accelerator)



/

5 - 50

/

/

-60
-198
-182
-131

-99m
-201

-67

5 - 51

SO2 , NO2

2
1. (Non-ionizing Radiation)

2. (Ionizing Radiation)



(Atomic Radiation)

(Alpha Particle)

5 - 52


4 amu 2 2 +2

(Beta Particle)


1/1836 amu +1
1

(Gamma-Ray or Photons)
(Excited State)

-60

5 - 53


1 amu 10

(Neutron Reactor)






2



(Electric and Magnetric Fields ; EMFs)

EMFs

EMFs
/
EMFs (milligauss/day)
*

8.2
1.7 96.0

5.4
0.8 34.0
/
2.5
0.5 34.8
/
1.9
0.6 27.6

1.2
0.5 4.5

0.5
0.2 2.0
/
0.9
0.3 3.7
* (Median)

5 - 54

2
(External Radiation)
(Internal Radiation)

3
1)
2)
3)

2
1)
(Stochastic Effects) (Dose Threshold)



2)
(Deterministic Effects) (Threshold Limit)

5 - 55


(Dose)








(Dose Rate)

5 - 56



 (Excitation)
 (Ionization)

( )

(Low Dose)




(High Dose)




(Somatic Effects)
2


(Acute Somatic Effects)

5 - 57

(Effective Dose)

100-200
200
6
200-400

1-3


400-600

600-1,000

2
> 1,000
(CNS)


(Late Somatic Effects)
100

(Stem Cells)
(Transit Cells) (Static Cells)

5 - 58

4-5

(Anemia)

(Hypoxia)
2

(Bruises)

Radiation Sickness
5 - 59

(CNS)
1,000 3,000


5,000
1-2

(Pheumonitis)
(Chronic Fibrosis)

1 30

5 - 60

(Genetic
Effects)




(Mutation)


10


200

(Teratogenic Effects)


8-15

(Carcinogenic Effects)


10-100
20

2
(Leukemia)
(Soid Tumor)
5 - 61

Biological
Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR)




Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

Soid State Dosimeter

(PPEs)

3
1) (Time)

5 - 62

ICRP
5 mrem/ (100 mrem/)
5 mrem/
=
100mrem/
=
20 /
5 mrem/
2) (Distance)



I1. d12 = I2 . d22

I1 = d1
I2 = d2

Co-60
3 2.5 mR/hr
0.5 mR/hr
d2 (I1 = 2.5 mR/hr , d1 = 3 m , I2 = 0.5 mR/hr)
d22 = I1 . d12 /I2 = 2.5 x 32 / 0.5
d2 = 6.7 m
6.7
3) (Shielding) 2







I
=
Io e x
5 - 63

Io =
=

I =
x =

1 MeV
10 mR/hr 1 mR/hr
(pb = 0.79 cm-1)
(x)
(Io = 10 mR/hr , I = 1 mR/hr , pb = 0.79 cm-1)
I
= Io e -x
(1 mR/hr)
= (10 mR/hr) e 0.79x
e 0.79x = 1/10 = 0.1
x
= 2.91 .
2.91 .

(Restricted Area) 25 mR/hr

(Controlled Area)


(Uncontrolled Area)
1 mR/hr

5 - 64

1)
2)
3)
4)

(Group 1 : Very High Toxicity)

(Group 2 : High Toxicity)
(Group 3 : Moderate Toxicity)
(Group 4 : Low Toxicity)

(Total Enclosure) 3 air change/hr
( 3 ) 5 /.
(Partial Enclosure)
5-10 air change/hr
0.5 1 m/s

(ALARA : As Low As Reasonably Achievable)
3
1)
(Justification)

5 - 65

2) (Optimization)

3) (Individual Dose Limitation)
100 x 100 .
3
() 3
1 (I White)
0.005 mSv/h
2 (II Yellow)
0.005 mSv/h 0.5 mSv/h
3 (III Yellow)
0.5 mSv/h 2.0 mSv/h

/


4

1) 1

2) 2

3) 3
4) 4

5 - 66

5 - 67