f,dl= EKq

jI_h

jmih

ksIamdokh

^fylaghdr&

^fu%la fgdka&

WoaNso oHd;aul ku- we,sh iSmd

l=,h - we,sfhais

YS% ,xldf f,dl= EKq je jYfhka j.dlrkq

,nkafka ud;f,a" wkqrdOmqrh" fmdf<dkakrej"
l=reKE., hk ia;s%lalj, iy uyje,s t
l,dmhg wh;ajk m%foaYj,h' wm rf
jdrIsl f,dl= EKq wjYH;djh fu%la fgdka
90"000 - 100"000 la muK f' fuhska ie,lsh
hq;= m%udKhla ;ju msgrka f.kajkq ,ef'
2002 jifr wdkhkh lr we;s f,dl= EKq
m%udKh fu%la fgdka 130"117 ls' ta i|yd
remsh,a ,shk 1"900 muK uqo,la jeh
;sf'
jir mqrdu idr:lj f,dl= EKq j.d l<
fkdyelsh' tfiau th ia" wdh fuka .=
l,la .nvdlr ;nd .ekSugo fkdmqjk'
miq.sh jir lsysmh ;=< foaaYSh f,dl= EKq
jmih O fjkia j,g Ndckh we;'
ksIamdolhdyg ia:djr ,la fkd,eu"
wf, Ialr;d" Wiia .=Kd;aufha c
myiqfjka fidhd .ekSug wmyiqu"
m%udKj;a m .nvd myiql fkdue;su
iy wdkhkh lrkq ,nk f,dl= EKq iu
;r.ldrS ,lg foaYSh ksIamdokh wf,
lsrSug fkdyelsu fuhg n,md we;s m%Odk
fya;= f,i ie,lsh yelsh' fujeks .eg
uyrjd foaYSh f,dl= EKq j.dlrejka
wdrCId lr .ekSu i|yd oekgu;a ls%hdud._
rdYshla f.k ;sf'

1995

3"580

29"113

1996

2"543

18"859

1997

2"855

28"573

1998

1"326

17"113

1999

4"867

55"759

2000

2"773

36"497

2001

2"737

31"648

2002

2"906

31"560

YS% ,xldf f,dl= EKq j.dj ,dNodhs

jHdmdrhla lr .ekSu i|yd w;sYhska jeo.;a
jkafka tall m%udKhlska ,nd.kakd
wiajekak jelr .ekSug lghq;= lsrSuhs'
tu.ska f,dl= EKq lsf,da .%Euhl ksIamdok
hou wvqlr .; yelsh' tg wvq uqo,lg
wf, lrkq ,nk wdkhkh lrk ,o EKq
iu idr:lj ;r lsrSug foaYSh
ksIamdolhdygo yelshdjla ,ef'
f i|yd jeo.;A jkafka j.dj i|yd
ksrfoaYs; m%fNaoj, Wiia .=Kd;aufha c
fhdod .ekSu" ksjer j.d md,k l%u iy
wiajkq ieliSf l%u wkq.ukh lsrSuhs'

foaY.=l wjYH;d
uqyq ugf isg gr 2000 olajd jQ
m%foaYhkays j.d l< yels fnda.hls' kuq;a
j.d ld, iSudj ;=, ,efnk jrIdm;kh
,s gr 750 ^w,a 30 la& fkd blauh hq;=h'
j.df wdrNfha fukau wjidk ld,
iSudfo ;o jrIdj mej;Su iqiq fkdf'
fYaIfhkau n,an fudark wjia:df
udi 1 ) 1 1$2 muK h<s WKqiq ld,.=Khla
mej;Su w;sYhska jeo.;a f'
jdhq f.da,Sh f;;ukh 70]g jvd jejQ g
,Sr frda. j,ska j.djg Yd, jYfhka ydks
is f'
fuu foaY.=l ;Fjhka mj;sk Y%S ,xldf
h<s l<dmfha h, lkakfha c, imdokh
hgf;a b;d idr:lj f,dl=EKq j.dl<
yelsh' fuhg wu;rj my;rg w;rue
l<dmhg wh;ajk iuyr m%foaYhkayso
idr:lj f,dl= EKq j.d lrkq ,ef'

mi
h<s l<dmfha nyq,j olakg ,efnk r;=
Uqre mfiys o" frf.dfida,a mfiys iy we,
fod< wdYs%;j olakg ,efnk h mfiys o
idr:lj f,dl= EKq j.d l< yelsh' j.d
lrk mfiys mS't' w.h 6'5 ) 7'8 w;r ;su
jvd fhda.Hh'

je,s f,dau fyda

je,s ue
f,dau mila

iqiq m%fNao
m%fNao

me, isgqfuka miq

wiajekak fk,Sug
o, jYfhka
.;jk ld,h ^k&

n,anfha
meyeh

ier nj

l,a;nd
.ekSu

85 ) 90

,d frdai

wlhs

fyd|hs

omeye r;=

wlhs

uOHia:hs

mQid fr
*kdisla fr

100 ) 110

rdmQr

80 ) 85

,d frdai

wlhs

fyd|hs

l,amsh
we.%s*jqka ,hs fr

80 ) 85
85 ) 90

,d frdai
,d frdai

uOHia:hs
wlhs

fyd|hs
fyd|hs

* kdisla fr m%fNaofha n,an .= l,la .nvdlr ;nd.; fkdyelsh' tksid f,dikska j.dj
wdrNlr fld< EKq jYfhka wf, lsu i|yd fuh jvd iqiqh'

mQid fr

rdmQr

we.%S*jqka ,hs fr

kdisla fr

uy lkakfha j.d lrkafka k foienr

ueo isg ckjd ueo olajd ld,h ;=, me,
isgqh hq;=h'

c wjYH;djh
fylaghdrhla j.d lsrSu i|yd wjYH
cme, ,nd .ekSug .=Kd;aufhka Wiia
f,dl=EKq c lsf,da .%E 6 ) 7 la muK
wjYH f' wlalrhla i|yd c wjYH;djh
lsf,da .%E 2 1$2 ) 3 la muK f'

fuu ld,h ;=, c ;jdka lr me, ksmojd

.ekSu wiSreh' tksid h<s n,an isgqu jvd
iqiqh'

j.d ld,h

uy

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fCIa;%fha f,dl=EKq isgqu i|yd wdldr

foll frdamK jH Nd;d l< yelsh'
Tla'

c ;jdka oud ilia lr.;a me,

c ;jdka oud ilid .;a h<s n,an

ilia lr.;a c me, fyda h<s n,an h,a

lkakfha wfm%a,a ui ueo Nd.fha isg cqks ui
ueo Nd.h olajd isgqu fhda.H f'

fkdje' foie'

ck'

fmn' udr;=

flfia fj;;a uy lkakfha mj;sk whym;a

foaY.=l ;Fj iy j.djg nyq, jYfhka
je<h yels frda. ksid fndfyda g n,an
jrOkh t;r i;=gqodhl fkdug bv
;sf'

h,

tfiau wre ld,.=l ;Fj iy klg

iQrhdf,dalh ,efnk meh .Kk wvqu ksido
n,an jO_kh u rj, f'

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wfm%a,aa

uehs

cQks

cQ,s

wf.da' iema'

;jdka ieliSu

c ;jdka lsrSug jvd;a iqiq jkafka

udr;= ui ueo isg uehs ui ueo olajd jQ
ld,hhs'

f i|yd f;dard .kakd ia:dkh fj; fydka

iQrhdf,dalh ,eh hq;=h' tys mfiys
c,jykh b;d Wiia ugulska mej;sh hq;=h'
;jdk i|yd f;dard.;a ia:dkfhys c
jemsrSug i;s 3 ) 4 fmr" fika gr 20

' 3

fi'' 75

f,dl= EKq j.dj i|yd jk hou ie,lsh

hq;= ugulska wvq lr .ekSug" wiajekak
jelr .ekSug yd fj<| w.h yd n,an
m%;sY;h jelr .ekSug" ksfrda.S yd oe
njlska hq;a c me, ksmojd .ekSu
w;HdjYHh' tneka ;jdka md,kh fYaI
wjOdkhlska hq;=j is lsrSu jdc ugf
f,dl=EKq j.djl uQ,sl wjYH;djhls'

fi'' 15

fuf,i ms<sfh, lr.;a tla md;a;shlg

fydka rdm;a jQ f.du fmdfydr fyda fjk;a
ldnksl fmdfydr jr.hlska l+vd folla fyda
;=kla ne.ska oud fydka mi iu l<j
lrkak'
ldnksl fmdfydr fhh hq;af;a ;jdka md;a;s
jdkqyrKh lsrSug fmrh'

^w,a 8 la& muK .eUqrg mi fmr,kak'

tys we;s .,a" fndr yd j,a me,E wdh
bj;a lrkak' bkamiq gr 03 ." fika
gr 75 m<," fika gr 15 muK Wie;s
md;a;s ilia lr .kak' fylaghdrhlg
wjYH me, ,nd .ekSu i|yd fujeks
md;a;s 150 la ^wlalrhlg k md;a;s 60 ) 70&
muK wjYH f'

;jdka md;a;s jdKqyrKh

;jdfkys me, j,g je<h yels frda.
md,kh lr .ekSu i|yd c ;jdka lsrSug
fmr ;jdka md;a;s jdKqyrKh lr.kak'
f i|yd O l%u Wmfhda.S lr.; yelsh'

iq<

md;a;s ms<siaiSu
ilia lr.;a md;a;sh fydka f;;a lrkak'
bkamiq th u; h<s msre iy oyhshd ;gq
jYfhka w;=rkak' fuu tla ;gqjl >klu
fika gr 5 ^w,a 2& muK h hq;=h'
tfiau u;=mska ;sh hq;af;a oyhshd ;gqjls'

oyhshd

fug ;jdka md;a;sfha mi fydka r;a

;eula isf' tksid mfia we;ss frda.
ldrl ka iy j,a me, c kdY f'
c isgqug fmr md;a;sfhys jemqr we;s
w bj;a lrkak'

msre

ms<siaiSfuka miq md;a;sfha fika gr 7'5 ) 10

^w,a 3- 4& muKg jvd .eUqka we;s
jdKqyrKh fkdjQ mia" md;a;sh u;=msgg
mefKk m mi fmr<Su lsis fgl;a
is fkdlrkak'

oyhshd

md;a;sh
msre

fmd,s;Ska jiqkla fhdod

mi r;a lsrSu

bkamiq iq<x yuk idjg reoaO idf isg

msre yd oyhshd ;gq fika hk m
.sks ;nkak'

ilia lrk ,o md;a;sh fydka f;ukak' bka

miqj th fydka jefik fia kso fmfkk
fmd,s;Skhla w;=rkak'
r;ajQ jd;h fydka ixirKhu i|yd
fmd,S;Skh yd md;a;sfha u;=msg w;r w,l
muK mr;rhla ;sh hq;=h' md;a;sh jf

we;s odrh iaj,am jYfhka Wiajk fia ilia

lsrSu u.ska fyda odrh jf .,aleg fyda ,S
m;=re ;eu u.ska fuh myiqfjka l< yelsh'

fmd,s;ska wdjrkh

;jdka i|yd fmdfydr

jdkqyrKh lsrSug fmr md;a;s j,g h
hq;= ldnksl fmdfydr j,g wu;rj" c
ug klg muK fmr ridhksl fmdfydr
o fhdod mia iu l,j lrkak' my;
i|yka ridhksl fmdfydr m%udKh tla
md;a;shla i|yd m%udKj;a f'

hQhd

.%E

15

;s%;aj iqmr fmdiafma

.%E

30

hqfha T*a fmdgEIa

.%E

15

md;a;sh jf fh mia

tfiau md;a;sh jgd we;s fmd,s;Skfha rh

mia ;gqjla oud jikak' fug fmd,s;Skh
iq<ska wdrCId f' tfiau fmd,s;Skh yd
md;a;sh w;r je WIaKFjhla we;s fuka
mi fydka r;a f' tg mfiys ish yels
frda. ldrl CIq ka kdYf'

l,amsh jeks m%foaYj, we;s wl je,s iys;

miaj, j.dlrk g iu; m%udKfha tla
;jdka md;a;shla i|yd ;%s;aj iqmr fmdiafma
.%E 30la muKla uQ,sl fmdfydr f,i
fhdokak' bkamiq i;s 2 yd 4 tla md;a;shla
i|yd hQhd .%E 15 la yd hqfha T*a
fmdgEIa .%E 15 neska fhdokak'

ridhksl jH fhu
;jdka md;a;s j,g ,Sr kdYlhla fhfukao
tys mfiys j;a jk frda. ldrl ,Sr kdY
l< yelsh' f i|yd lemagdka" ;srd fyda
;fhda*fka ;hs,a ;srd hk ,Sr
kdYlhlska .%E 25 c,h ,Sgr 15 l Y%lr
.;a djKh jr. gr 3 la jk iu; ;jdka
md;a;shlg fhdokak' fuu ,Sr kdYl Y%Kh
fhh hq;af;a md;a;sh h<sj mj;sk gh'
7

c m%;sldr lsrSu

c ;jdka lsrSu

ksfrda.S me, ,nd .ekSu i|yd c jemsrSug

fmr c m%;sldr lsrSu jeo.;ah'

fuh wdldr 2 lg l< yelsh'

f,dl=EKq c lsf,da .%E 01 la i|yd

1' c fma,shg oeu

;srd 80] fyda lemagdka 80] - .%E 4 ) 4 1$2

;jdfkys tlsfklg fika gr 10 ^w,a 4la&

mr;rh iys;j fma,s f.a c oukak' fika
gr 2'5 ^w,a 1la& muK me;,s m;=,la iys;
,S mhla Nd;d lr fika gr 01 la ^w,a
1$2la& muK .eUqre we,s ^fkr& ilia lr
.kak' fika gr 2'5 ^w,a 1la& >klu we;s
grhla ^w,a 3la& muK . mamhla
fofl<jka w,a,d md;a;sfha yria w;g ;o
lsrSfuka fujeks we,s myiqfjka ilid .;
yelsh' fuys fYaIfhka jeo.;a jkafka fuu
we,sj, m;=, fldaKdldr fkd my; rEm
igyfkys olajd we;s wdldrhg ilia lr
.ekSuhs'

fyda
lemagdka 50] - .%E 06
fyda
;fhda*fka ;hs,a 50] WP +
;srd 30] WP - .%E 04

,Sr kdYl
fi'' 2'5
fi'' 10

c lsf,da .%E 01

;jdka md;a;s 20
8

fujeks ,S mhl wdOdrfhka we,s ilid

.;a g"
)

tl u; tl c m;s; fkdjk fia

taldldrS .eUqrlska iy isrS hk m
c h yelsh'

fma,s f.a c u u.ska miq

wjia:djl ;jdfka j,a urokh yd
fmdfydr fhu myiq f'

2' c jemsu
ilid .;a ;jdka md;a;s j, c fma,shg
fkdoud taldldrj jemsu o l< yelsh'
ta i|yd wjYH ;jdka md;a;s m%udKh" oekg
ksrfoaYs; fma,s l%uh i|yd wjYH ixLHdfjka
wvla muK olajd ^wlalrhla i|yd md;a;s
30 - 35 la muK& wvqlr .; yelsh' c lsf,da
.%E 1 la i|yd iu; m%udKfha md;a;s 12 la
muK iEfya' f ksid ;jdka msysgqf yd
kv;a;= lsf hou wvq f'
fujeks ;jdka md;a;s j, we;s me, w;r iqiq
mr;rhla mej;Su ksid me, fydka jef'
tksid ;jdfkka me, .,jk wjia:df
isgqug kqiqiq ksid wmf;a hk me, ixLHdj
o wvq f' me, je ixLHdjla isgqug iqiq
;;a;ajfha mj;sk ksid me, isgqu i|yd
wjYH jkafka wvq llre tall ixLHdjls'

;jdka kv;a;=j
)

c fuka miq ;=kS mia ;gqjlska

jid fydka ;o lrkak' c jeiSu
i|yd fhdod .; hq;af;ao jdkqyrKh
l< ;jdka md;a;shlska ,nd.;a mia
muKls'

bkamiq msis jiqkla ^msre" bla&

Nd;d lr ;jdk jiqka lrkak'

km;d u,a nd,ahlska ;jdkg c,h

imhkak' c me,u i|yd ;jdfkys
f;;ukh ksism mj;ajd .ekSu
jeo.;a f'

c oud k 5 ) 7 miq c me,u

wdrN f' tu wjia:df msre jiqk
m%fYfuka bj;a lrkak'

bkamiq kej; fma,s w;r jiqkla oukak'

tuska ;jdfka f;;ukh wdrCIdu
yd me, i;=gqodhlj jrOkh u isjk
nj fmkSf.dia we;'

;o jeis we;s g muKla ;jdk

wdjrKhlr ,m me, wdrCIdlr
.kak'

;jdka u; c jemsf l%uh f.dka w;r

jvd ckms%h u i|yd by; lreKq uy;afia
n,md ;sf'

10

;jdfkys me,j, jeu rj, k tl

md;a;shlg hQhd .%E 15 c,h
,Sgr 4 1$2 ^.e 1& l hlr u,a
nd,ahlska biskak' bkamiq m;%j,
;ejrS we;s hQhd Y%s; hr" msis
c,h fhdod fidaod ykak'
me,j, jhi i;s 2 jQ miqj md;a;sj,g
imhk c,h ldkq f.a tjka md;a;s
;=,g ldkaug ie,eiaug o mqjk'
flfia jqjo" fuys md;a;sj, ueo
m%foaYh m%udKj;a wkaoug f;;a jkafka
oehs uis,su;a h hq;=h'

;jdka oud uilg muK miq tk me,

.e,ug k 10 lg muK fmr isg c
me, lr .kak' f i|yd k 3 lg
jrla ne.ska c,h fhdokak'

i;s 4 -5 muK jhie;s" m;% 3 la fyda

thg je ixLHdjla we;s ksfrda.S me,
muKla isgqu i|yd fhdod .kak'

md;sksh keu;s kdYld j,a

me,Efhys c bkahdfjka furgg
f.kajkq ,nk iuyr c f;d. iu
Y% mj;sk nj jdr;d ;sf'

tksid Tnf.a f,dl= EKq ;jdk

ksr;=rej mCIdlr n,d iafm;shd
me,Ehg ;rula iudk md;Sksh j,a
me,Eh olakg ,efk jydu .,jd
kdYlr oukak'

md;Sksh j,a me,Eh

h<s n,an ksmojd .ekSu

c .%E 30-40
c ;jdka lr i;s 8 ) 10 muK ld,hlg
miq ,nd .kakd" mo lr.;a l=vd EKq
n,an" h<s n,an f,i ykajkq ,ef'
fYaIfhka uy lkakfha f,dl=EKq j.d
lsrSf nyq, jYfhka isgqug fhdod
.kafka h<s n,an f' f i|yd
uehs ) cqks udi j, ;jdka h hq;=h'
h,a lkakfha h<s n,an isgqug woyia
lrkafka k ta i|yd ;jdka h hq;af;a
foienr" ckjd udi j, mj;sk ;o
jeis j,ska miqjh' flfia fj;;a fuu
ld,fha ;jdk mo lsrSu wmyiqh'
tfiau fndfydag n,an yg.ekSuo j_,h'
;jdfka h<s n,an idod .ekSug we;s
yelshdj m%fNao j,g wdfl ,CIKhls'
wm iska j.d lrkq ,nk fndfyda m%fNao
j,ska idr:l f,i h<s n,an ilid
.ekSu wmyiqh'
h<s n,an ksIamdokh i|ydo ;jdka
md;a;s ieliSu" jdkqyrKh yd fmdfydr
fhu idudkH EKq ;jdkl fuka is
l< hq;=h'
f i|yd
- fydka ilia lrk ,o gr 3 .
fika gr 75 muK m<, ^w 10
2 1$2& md;a;shlg f,dl= EKq c .%E
30 ) 40 ne.ska taldldrSj jmqrkak'
fuu c ;=kS mia ;gqjlska jid msre
j,ska jiqka lrkak'

' 3
fi'' 75

- c jmqrd i;s 3 yd 5 tla

md;a;shlg hQhd .%E 15 iy
hqfha T*a fmdgEIa .%E 10 c,h
,Sgr 4 1$2 ^.eul& hlr me, j,g
fhdokak' bkamiq kej; msis
c,fhka me, fidaod ykak'
i;s 6 lg muK miqj k 3 g jrla
ne.ska c,h imhkak'
;jdfkys me, je ixLHdjl" fika
gr1 ^w,a 1$2& muK Yd, n,an
we;sjQ g c,h iemhSu kj;ajkak'
wk;=rej" i;s 2 l muK c me,j,
m;% ,E,a,la Wmfhda.S lrf.k
m%fYfuka ;,d h<Sug bv ykak'
m;% fydka hk miqj n,an iys;
me, m%fYfuka .,jkak' fuu me,
tajdfha we;s h<s m;% j,skau ne|
jd;dY%h fydka we;s ;ekl t,a,d
;nkak'
fuu h<s n,an .,jd i;s 6 ) 8 lg
miqj isgqu i|yd fhdod .; yelsh'

11

Wia md;a;s

ieliSu

fi'' 75

j.d lsrSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk bvfuys

m<uqj fika gr 30 ^whla& muK .eUqrg
mi fmr,kak' h,a lkakfha l+Uqrej, j.d
lrk g .eUqrg mi fmr,Su u.ska bvfuys
c,jykh hqKq f' tys we;s .,a fndr
wdh yels muK bj;a lrkak'

' 3

fi'' 20-30

fydka rE ldnksl fmdfydr fylaghdrhlg

fgdka 10 ) 12 ^wlalrhlg fgdka 4 ) 5& muK
oud mi iu l<j lrkak' fuu.ska
wiajekak Yd, jYfhka je f'
b;d fyd| c, jykhla we;s" je,s iys; mia
mj;sk h<s l,dmSh m%foaYj, .s,ajQ md;a;s
ilid .ekSu jvd iqiqh'
.s,ajQ md;a;s

fi'' 75

fi'' 15

.s,ajQ fyda Wia md;a;shl . idudkHfhka

gr 3 lg muK iSud lsrSu fhda.Hh' fuu.ska
jvd idr:lj j.df c, md,kh lsrSug bv
,ef' md;a;shl m<, fika gr 75
^w 2 1$2&" u jvd iqiqh' flfia fj;;a
.s,ajQ md;a;s" gr 1 1$2 ^w 5& muK m<,lska
hq;=j ilid bkamiqj ueka c,h neiaiu
i|yd l=vd ldKqjla fhdokak' tfiau md;a;sfha
Wi fyda .eUqr fika gr 12)15 ^w,a 4 ) 6&
h hq;=h'

' 3

md;a;s 2 w;r fika gr 20)30 l ^w,a

8 )12& mr;rhla ;su m%udKj;a f'
fufia ilia lr.;a md;a;sj,g uQ,sl
fmdfydr jYfhka fhh hq;= ridhksl
fmdfydr m%udKh fhd mig l<j lrkak'
wfkl=;a bvj, fika gr 15 ^w,a 6&
muK Wi md;a;s ilid .; hq;=h' l,amsh
jeks je,s wl mila iys; m%foaYj, md;a;s
ilia fkdlr ;eks;,d fuys me, isgqh
yelsh'

12

c,h ,Sgr 10 la iu. Y% lr.; hq;= tla tla

,Sr kdYlfha m%udKh my; olajd we;s m
f'

c me, isgqu
me, f;dard .ekSu
i;s 4 la muK jhie;s m;% 3 fyda Bg je
ixLHdjla iys; ksfrda.S me, muKla isgqu
i|yd f;dard .kak'

;fhda*fka ;hs,a 70]WP - .%E 20

;srd 80] WP - .%E 15

;hfnkavfida,a 45] WG - .%E 25

;fhda*fka ;hs,a 50] ;srd 30]WP .%E 18

mr;rh
n,an isgqug fmr md;a;s fydka f;;a
lrkak' fika gr 10 10 ^w,a 4 4& fyda
fika gr 8 8 ^w,a 3 3& mr;rhg uQ,
uKav,hg ydkshla fkdjk m c me,
isgqjkak'
isgqug iqiqhs

isgqug kqiqiqhs

me, i|yd l<hq;= m%;sldr

fyda
fi'' 8

fi'' 10

,Sr frda. je<u md,kh lr .ekSu msi"

isgqu i|yd f;dard .;a me, j, n,an" my;
i|yka ,Sr kdYl djKhl kd 30 la
muK .s,ajd .kak'

fi'' 10

fi'' 8

13

kdislafr" mQidfr jeks ;rula Yd, n,an

yg .kakd m%fNao i|yd je mr;rho"
rdmQr jeks m%fNao i|yd wvq mr;rho
Nd;d lsrSu iqiqh'
mig fydka ldnksl fmdfydr fhdod we;ak
n,an Yd,Fjfhka je jk ksid wvq
mr;rhlska me, isgq jkak' tg wf,h
wmyiq" Yd,;ajfhka je n,an we;su
j,lS' tg uOHia: m%udKfha n,an je
m%udKhla ,efnk ksid wiajekako je f'
je,s Y%s; mil k md;a;s u;g fydka c,h
fhdod uvlr" frlalhlska weo l=vd we,s
ilid me, isgqu jvd blaukah' fika gr
1 ) 1 1$2 ^w,a 1$2& muK .eUqka me, isgqu
jvd iqiqh'

14

fmdfydr fhu
fuys i|yka fmdfydr ksrfoaY yqfola h
m%foaYhl f,dl= EKq j.d lsrSf wkq.ukh
l<hq;= fmd udrf.damfoaYhka jYfhka
muKla i,ld lghq;= lrkak' mfia idrj;a
nj" j.df jrOk ;Fjh iy fmdfydr
fhdok wdldrh ie,ls,a,g f.k Tn iska
fhh hq;= fmdfydr m%udKh wvq je lr .;
yelsh'
uQ,sl fmdfydr mig fydka Y% lrkak'
u;=msg fmdfydr fhu mi f;;aj we;s g
muKla l< hq;=h' f i|yd m<uqj j.djg
c,h imhd c,h mig Wrd.ekSu isjk
wjia:df tk" md;a;s u;=msg h;ka
c,h / we;s g u;=msg fmdfydr taldldrj
md;a;s j,g biskak' tla tla ,shoaog yrjk
,o c,h tu ,shoaogu Wrd .ekSug
i,iajkak'

l,amssh yer fiiq m%foaY i|yd )

fhh hq;= wjia:dj

fmdfydr jr.h

m%udKh
^fyla' 1g' ls'.%E'&

uQ,sl fmdfydr )

me, isgqug
k 1 fyda 2 fmr

hQhd
;s%;aj iqmr fmdiafma
hqfha T*a fmdgEIa

65
100
50

1 jk u;=msg fmdfydr )
isgqjd i;s 3

hQhd

65

hQhd
hqfha T*a fmdgEIa

65
25

2 jk u;=msg fmdfydr )
isgqjd i;s 6

l,amsh m%foaYh i|yd )

fhh hq;= wjia:dj

fmdfydr jr.h

m%udKh
^fyla' 1g' ls'.%E'&

uQ,sl fmdfydr )

me, isgqug
k 1 fyda 2 fmr

wefudaksh i,af*a
;s%;aj iqmr fmdiafma
hqfha T*a fmdgEIa

150
100
50

hQhd

65

hQhd
hqfha T*a fmdgEIa

65
25

1 jk u;=msg fmdfydr isgqjd i;s 3

2 jk u;=msg fmdfydr isgqjd i;s 6

15

c, imdokh
w&

u;=msg c, imdokh
(Surface Irrigation)

EKq me, isgqjd i;shla muK .;jk f;la

md;a;s u;=msg isg fika gr 5 - 7 1$2
^w,a 2 - 3& muK .eUqrla olajd f;;ukh
mj;ajd .; yels jk m c,h imhkak'
mfiys je,s iajNdjh wl k klg
fojrla muK ne.ska jqjo c,h fhu wjYH
h yelsh' j.df uq,a wjia:df" u,a
nd,ahlska fyda k,hlg j;=r u,la ilr
fyda c,h fhu jvd iqiqh' fuu.ska me, j,
jeu blaukska wdrN f'
)

16

bkamiqj iEu klu fyda k follg

jrla ne.ska fyda c,h fhdokak'
flfia fj;;a bvfuys c,h r
mej;Sf iajNdjhla mj;sk nj
fmfka k" c,h imhk ld, wka;rh
k 3 - 4 jrla f,i mj;ajd .kak'
kuq;a c,h ysu ksid m;% ueka leu
wdrN jk wjia:djg j.dj m;a
fkdug j. n,d .kak'
wiajekak fk,Sug i;s follg muK
fmr j.djg c,h iemhSu k;r lrkak'
f,dl= EKq j.dj i|yd c,h iemhSf
jvd;au ckms%h l%uh jkafka md;a;s
u; ilid.;a ldKq f.a c,h imhd
md;a;shg Wrd .ekSug ie,eiauhs'

h<s l,dmfha nyq, jYfhka olakg ,efnk

r;= - Uqre mia iys; m%foaYj, ilid.;a
w 2 1$2 - 3 muK m<, iy w 9 - 10 muK
.lska hq;a Wia md;a;s 3 - 4 jgjk fia iu;a
kshrla ilid .kak' fujeks kshrlska jg
we;s md;a;sj, Wi" iu ugulska mej;Su
c, imdokfha myiqjla f' ishu md;a;s
jgd c,h .uka l< yels jk m ldKq
ilid .kak'
idudkHfhka f wkaoug ilid.;a
md;a;shl EKq me, fma,s 7 - 8 muK isgqh
yelsh' kuq;a" md;a;sfha ueo m%foaYfha we;s
EKq me, j,g ldKq f.a imhk c,h
,efnkafka wvq m%udKhls' tfiau md;a;sfhys
ueo m%foaYh olajd c,h Wrd.ekSug o
ie,lshhq;= ld,hla .; f'
fuu ;;ajh j,ld .ekSu i|yd EKq me,
isgqug fmr md;a;sh ueka la w;g
w,a 4 muK m<, yd w,a 3 muK .eUqr
iys; l=vd ldKqjla ilid .kak' fuu ldKqj
fomi EKq me, fma,s 3 - 4 ne.ska isgqjkak'
md;a;sh jgd we;s ldKq f.a .uka lrk c,h
md;a;sh ueo we;s fuu l=vd ldKqj f.a o
.uka lrk ksid j.df ishu me, j,g
taldldrj wjYH ;r c,h ,ef' fuh
wiajekak jeugo fya;=jls'

wd& CIq c, imdok l%u

(Micro Irrigation)

kshr
m%Odk ldKqj
jlalv
fhda; l=vd
ueo ldKqj

f,dl=EKq me,fhys uq,a moaO;sh w,a 6 - 9

muK .eUqrlg ysfoa' tksid c,h iemhSu
u.ska fuu .eUqr olajd md;a;sj, mi f;;a
lsrSu iEfya'
flfia jqjo" ,jK;djh ;rula rg fyda
mj;sk c,h fhdokafka k" idudkH
m%udKhg jvd je c, m%udKhla fhdokak"
fuu.ska lsjq, ksid we;sh yels wys;lr
;;ajh wvqlr .; yelsh'

CIq c, imdok l%u j, fCIa;%fha t,k

,o k, moaO;shla u.ska yd c, fmdmhla
Nd;fhka f,dl= EKq md;a;s u;g c,
imdokh flfr' f i|yd fnda.h u;=mska
CIq iqreula wdldrhg iqre ysia u.ska
fyda ng moaO;sfha ilr we;s c, x
ircl (%mria - Drippers) u.ska x
wdldrhg fyda c,h ,ndh yel'
fuu ng moaO;sfhys m%Odk md,l tallhla
wvx.= f' thg fmdfydr fhf Wmdx.
lg,hla o ilsu u.ska c,h iu. djH
fmdfydr fnda.fha wjYH;djh wkqj ,ndh
yel'
CIq c, imdok l%u u.ska mdxY= f;;uk
;;ajh ksr;=reju fCIa;% Od;d wjia:df
mj;ajd .ekSug yelsu ksid mi u;=msg ;o
ia:rhla iEu je<lS b;d fyd| jd;dY%hla
uQ, uKav,hg ,ef' fuhg wu;rj mdxY=
WIaKFjh uQ, uKav,hg ys;lr ugul
mj;ajdf.k hdu ksid wfkl=;a c, imdok
l%u yd ieif fuu l%uh u.ska f,dl= EKq
wiajekak .=Kd;aulj yd m%udKd;aulj
jelr .ekSug yels f' tksid j.df
wdr:l jdisodhl ;;ajh je f'
fuu lreKq j,g wu;rj fujeks c,
imdok l%u ksid" u;=msg c, imdok l%u
u.ska c,h imhk gg jvd 30]-50] lska
muK c,h b;s lr .ekSug o yels f'

17

msgdr c, imdok l%ufha kshrj,a je

m%udKhla fhd .kska" l=vd ,sh ilialr
^l=vd fi wdldrhg& tu ,shj, me,
isgqu isf' fug j.d N+fha bv
kshrj,a i|yd jehu idfmaCIj jeh' CIq
c,imdok l%u j," m%udKfhka Yd, ,sh
Nd;d flfr' f ksid f,dl= EKq isgqu
i|yd je bv m%udKhla ,ef' tuska tall
fCIa;%hl me, ixLHdj jelr" tuska
wiajekako jelr .; yelsf'
f,dl= EKq j, fkd.eUqre uq, uKav,hla
we;s neka uq, uKav, .eUqr yels;dla
jelr .ekSu i|yd fnda.h msysgqfuka miq
;djld,sl c, ys;djhla fnda.hg ,ndu o
jeo.;a f' th uq, uKav,h .eUqrg jrOkh
ug rel=,ls' tf,iu" j.df ff
wjidk wjfha m;% w.%ia: lvd yef,k
g c, imdokh iSud lsu fyda k;r
lsuo l< hq;=h'

tfiau f,dl= EKq i|yd wdidokh h yels

Ydl frda. yd mdxY= frda. md,kh lsu fuu
c, imdok l%uh ksid b;d myiqf' mdxY=
f;;ukh yd mig fhh yels ridhksl
jHo myiqfjka fuu.ska md,kh l< yelsu
fuhg fya;=jhs'
mdxY= f;f rgdj

(Drip Irrigation)

f,dl=EKq j.d lrk mia j._h yd fhdod

.kakd k, moaO;sfha c,x ircl u.ska
jrlg ,ndfok c, m%udKh wkqj mfia
mdrYalj yd mi ;=, isriaj my,g c,h
me;sf wdldrh ie,ls,a,g .; hq;=h' f,dl=
EKq j.d lrk r;= Uqre mi" we, fod,
wdYs%; h mi iy r;= ly fmdfid,sla mia
j._ i|yd ksh; c,h f;f rgdjla ,nd
.ekSu i|yd md;a;s ie,iqu yd mdrYal k,
yd fhh hq;= c, x ircl j._h my;
olajd we;'

x wdldrhg l%l ms<sfj,lg fnda. uQ,

moaO;shg fika c,h imhk fuu l%uh
u.ska jeh jk c, m%udKh" idudkH l%uh
i|yd wjYH jk c, m%udKfhka y wvla
muK f' fuh Yd, c, b;shls'

md;a;shl . gr 20 - 50 muK h hq;=h'

fuh Nd;d lrkq ,nk c, fmdmfha yd
mdrYal k, j, IalNh wkqj iy c,
ircl j, ^%mria& iajNdjh wkqj fjkia
h yelsh'

x c, imdokh

f i|yd fmr ;SrKh lr.;a mr;rhlg

fCIa;%fha we;s k, moaO;sfha fmd,st;s,Ska

18

mdrYal k, u; ilr we;s c, x

ircl (Drippers) u.ska ksh; ld,dka;r
j, ksr;=rej c,h iemfha' tu.ska f,dl=
EKq j.dlr we;s mfia ukd f;;uk
;;a;ajhla mj;ajd .ekSug yels f'

f,dl= EKq j.df x c,imdokh i|yd k, moaO;sh msysgqu

^m<uq wdldrh&
c, fmdmfha isg mefKk c,h ^Wm fn ye k,h - mSiS fyda fmd,st;s,Ska&

fi'' 30 c,jyk ldKq fyda

ta fjkqfjka fjkal, bv
mdrYal k, ^fmd,st;s,ska&
fol ne.ska tla md;a;shlg

c, ircl
hdno c, ircl folla
w;r mr;rh
fi'' 40 - 60

............

{ ............

mdrYal k,h
yd c,jyk ldKqj
w;r mr;rh fi'' 30
mr;rh fi'' 60
gr 1'2 ^w 4&
md;a;shlg mdrYal k, 2la fhd x c, imdokh islrk whqre

f,dl= EKQ isgqjk mr;rh - fi'' 10 10 ^w,a 4 4&

md;a;shl m<,
- ' 1'2 isg 1'6 olajd ^fi'' 120- 160& ^w 4 isg 5'3&
md;a;shl Wi
- fi'' 10 ^w,a 4&
c,jyk ldKq
- fi'' 20- 30
md;a;shl .
- ' 20-50 ^jd ng moaO;s ie,eiau wkqj yd N+h wkqj
fuh fjkia h yelsh
c, ircl ^%mria&
- mehlg ,Sgr 1'2 - 2'0
hdno c, ircl folla
w;r mr;rh
- fi'' 40 - 60
by; olajd we;af;a ksh; f,i c,h fn yef ie,iqulg fh ng moaO;shls' fuu
ie,eiau f,dl= EKq i|yd c,h ,nd f b;d iqiqu wdldrhhs'

19

f,dl= EKq j.df x c,imdokh i|yd

k, moaO;sh msysgqu ^fojeks wdldrh&
Wmfnyere k,h ^mSiS fyda fmd,st;s,Ska&

fmdmfha isg c,
iemhq k,h
fmd,st;s,ska mdrYal k,
..............

{..............

c,ircl folla w;r

mr;rh fi' 40
%mria ^c,ircl&
mehlg ,S 2-3
c,jyk ldKq
fi'' 20-30 m<,

mr;rh fi' 40
fi' 80
f,dl= EKq md;a;shlg tla mdrYal k,hla uska
x c, imdokh islrk whqre

md;a;shl m<,
f,dl= EKQ me, w;r mr;rh
c,jyk ldKqj
md;a;shl .
md;a;shl Wi
c, ircl ^%mria&
c, ircl folla w;r mr;rh

20

fi'' 80 ^w 2'7&
fi'' 10 10 ^ w,a 4 4&
fi'' 20 - 30
' 20 - 50 ^jd ie,eiau wkqj fjkia h yel&
fi'' 10
mehlg ,Sgr 2 - 3
fi'' 40

md;a;s j, Wi fika gr 18 - 30 muK u

iqiqf' md;a;s 2 la w;r fika gr 30
muK m<, c,jyk ldKq b l, hq;=h' b;d
h<s ld, j, fujeks ldKq fkdue;sj jqjo
md;a;s ielish yels kuq;a fujeks bv
m%udKhla md;a;s w;r ;sfuka j.d md,k
lghq;= myiq f' md;a;shl m<, fika gr
80 - 120 la muK h yelsh'
tla md;a;shlg mdrYal k, folla fhh
hq;=h' fuu mdrYal k,j, fika gr 40
l mr;rhlska c, x ircl ;sh hq;=h'
fuu ircl u.ska mehlg ,Sgr 1'2 - 2'0
olajd irckhla ,ndh hq;=h' tg k 2
lg jrla mehl muK ld,hla c,h ,ndu
u.ska EKq md;a;sfhys mi wjYH ugug
f;;alr .; yelsh'

f,dl= EKq j.df me, isg jQ uq,a wjfha

klg foj;djla ne.ska yd fydka uq,a jevqkq
miq klg fyda k 2 g jrla ne.ska fyda c,h
,ndu l< hq;=h' mfia fika gr 15-20
.eUqrla muK olajd f;;ajk m c,h
iemhSu jeo.;a f'

m%dfhda.sl jYfhka by; olajd we;s lreKq"

j.d lrk mia j._h" m%foaYfha jdIamSlrK W;aiafok f.h" EKq j.dlrk lkakh"
WIaKFjh hk lreKq u; iq jYfhka
fjkiah yelsh' my; rg h<s l,dmfha
fnda.fha Wmu jrOk wjfha fylaghdr
1 la i|yd klg c,h >k gr 60 - 65 l
m%udKhla ^klg ,s gr 8 - 9& muK
wjYH f'
c,h iu. fmdfydr fhu
(Fertigation)

x c,imdok l%u u.ska" djH fmdfydr"

fl ld,dka;r j," c,h iu. hlr" k,
moaO;sh ;=,ska iemhSu jvd;a jdisodhlh'
f i|yd c, iemhq moaO;shg fmdfydr
fhf Wmdx. lg,hla ilr .; hq;= f'
fuys imqrKfhka c,fha hfjk fmdfydr
j._ muKla Nd;d l<hq;= w;r fl
ld,dka;r j, fnda.fha wjYH;djh wkqj
fmdfydr fhfuka EKq n,an j, nr yd
Yd,;ajh je f' wiajkq .=Kd;auh o
by<hhs' kg fj<omf,a we;s hQhd iy
fjk;a c,fha hfjk fmdfydr j._ fuf,i
fhd.; yel'
idudkH wdldrhg w;ska fmdfydr fhdok
wjia:dj, o tfia fhfuka miq jd
moaO;sh ls%hd;aul lsfuka fmdfydr mi
iu. Y% fnda.hg Wrd .ekSu myiq lrhs'

21

iqre c, imdokh
(Sprinkler Irrigation)

x c, imdokh yd ieif iqre c,

imdokh f,dl= EKq j.djg b;d W;
jkafka f,dl= EKq n,an fl mr;r j,ska
fCIa;%fha isgqjk neks' u;=msg c, imdok
l%uhl wjYH jk c, m%udKfhka 2$3 la
muK m%udKhla iqre c, imdokh
i|yd ;su iEfya'
iqre c, imdok moaO;shla msysgqf
tla iqre ysilska ^iams%kala,rhlska& wfkla
iqre ysfia mduq,g c,h iqrejd ,k
wdldrfhka mdxY= f;f rgdjla ,efnk
wkaoug c, iemhq moaO;sh fCIa;%fha
msysgqh hq;=h'

22

iqre c, imdok moaO;shla u.ska c,h

iqrejd yerSf" 100] l f;f rgdjla
mig ,efnk m iqre ysia ixia:dmkh
l< hq;=h' Wod( iqre ysfia f;f wrh
gr 5 k mdrYal k, w;r mr;rh
gr 5 h hq;= w;r mdrYal k, w;r
iqre ysia j, mr;rh gr 5 h hq;=h'

f,dl= EKq j.dj i|yd 100] l f;f rgdjla ,efnk wkaoug

f;f wrh gr 5la we;s iams%kala,r ilr we;s whqre
c, jyk ldKq
c, fmdmfha isg mSvkhla
hgf;a ksl=;a lrk c,h
^mS''iS' fyda fmd,st;s,ska
k, uska&

iam%skala,r ysia
fmd,st;s,Ska
mdrYal k,h
c, jyk ldKq
''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

mr;rh gr 5

''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''

isre ysi

by, ke= k,h

23

f,dl= EKq j.djlg iqre

ysia iys; k, moaO;sh
fhdok wdldrh
f,dl= EKq isgqjk mr;rh -

fika gr 10 fika gr 10
^w,a 4 4&
md;a;shl Wi -

fika gr 10

md;a;shl . m<, -

O m%udK h yels kuq;a fydka

c,h nei hk whqre ieliQ gr
20 10 jeks md;a;s jvd;a iqiqh' N+
ie,eiau yd CIq jd ie,eiau wkqj
fuu . m<, fjkia h yel'
c, jyk ldKqj -

fika gr 20 - 30 yd wkqrEm .
m<, wkqj" iqre ysi yd tys by,
ke.= k,fha Wi - ksIamdokh l<
iud.f ms;r j,g wkql+,j
iqre ysia fCIa;%fha il, hq;=h'
W( iqre ysfiys f;f IalNh
gr 10 jk g 50] w;s msys;
f rgdj ,nd.ekSug gr 5 5
mr;rfhka iqre ysia il,
hq;=h'
fmd,j ugf isg iqre ysig Wi -

fnda.hg by,ska c,h m;s; jk

wdldrhg Wi iSre udre l< hq;=h'

24

f,dl= EKq j.dj i|yd mehlg ,Sgr 50 isg

,Sgr 180 olajd c, mudjla iqrejd yk
iy f;f wrh gr 2 isg gr 8 muK jQ
mrdihl ishq c, x iqrejd yeh yels
iqre ysia Nd;h iqiqh' Nd;d l<hq;=
iqre ysi ishq c, x iqrejd yk
wdldrfha tlla (Micro Sprinkler ) u u.ska
c, x Yd, fuka Ydlhg yd mig isjk
ydksh j,lajd .; yelsh
f,dl= EKq Ydlj, uQ, moaO;s ys we;s
.eUqr f;hk m" fmr ;SrKh lr.;a
ld, mfohla ;=< km;d fyda k
follg j;djla ne.ska fyda c,h iemhsh
hq;=h' tfiau" j.df jO_l wjfha mfia
f;;ukh fCIa;% Od;d wjia:djg wdikakj
ksr;=reju mj;ajd .; hq;=h' fuu.ska je
wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug yels f'
x c, imdokh i|yd wjYH jk
wdldrhgu iqre c, imdokh i|yd o
md;a;s ilia l< hq;=h' fCIa;%fha c, jykh
b;d i;=gqodhl jk bv i|yd iy jrIdj
fkd,efnk h,s ld, j, iamS%kala,r fhdod
c, imdokh lrkafka k" md;a;s j, m<,
gr 2-5 muK ugula olajd jqjo
mj;ajd.; yelsh' flfia kuq;a j.d ld,h
;=< ,efnk yis jeis u.ska ,efnk wu;r
c,h j.d fuka bj;a lsu i|yd iqiq jk
wkaoug ldKq moaO;shla ieliSu fYaIfhka
jeo.;a f'

j.dj l%ufhka jefv;au iqre ysia by<g

tiu u.ska mdxY= f;f rgdj yd c,h
m;s;u Ydlhg ydkshla fkdjk m
taldldj is lr.; yelsh' iqre ysia
u.ska ,ndfok c,fhka imQrK j.d
fCIa;%hu f;ulg Ndckh jk w;r" tu.ska
uQ, uKav,fha wjYH .eUqrg c,h ,efnk
m c, imdok ld, iSudj ;SrKh
l<hq;=h'
fmdfydr fhu

x c, imdokfha fukau iqre ysia

u.ska o djH fmdfydr muKla fnda.hg ,nd
h yelsh' f i|yd c, iemhq k,
moaO;shg fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,hla
wu;rj ilr .; hq;= f'
kuq;a m;% u;g hlrk ,o fmdfydr
iqrejd yef we;sh yels ydks

moaO;sh ;=,ska djH fmdfydr heug

m%:u kd 10 - 15 l muK ld,hla
msis c,h iqrejd yer ta iu.u
fmdfydr fhf Wmdx. lg,fha
lrdu jD; lr fmdfydr djKh
iqrejd yerSu'

f wkaoug fmdfydr djKh iqrejd

yefuka miq kd 15 la muK
^fmdfydr fhf k, j, lrdu jid&"
kej; msis c,h muKla iqrejd
ykak' tu.ska m;% u; m;s; jQ ;kql
fmdfydr djKh fia mi u;g
jeug ie,eiah yelsh'

iqre ysia u.ska c,h iu. fmdfydr

iqrejd yef fnda.fha m;% ms<siaiSu jeks
.eg we;sh yels neka by; lreKq
ksishdldrj ls%hd;aul lsu i|yd ;dCIK
ks<Odrsfhl=f.aa iydh ,nd .ekSu iqiq f'

je<elau i|yd iams%kala,r Nd;fha

my; i|yka ls%hdjka ms<sn|j fYaIfhka
ie,ls,su;a jkak'

c,fha imQrKfhkau hjk fmdfydr

j, ;kql djKhla ksr;=rej iqrejd
yeug ie,iq lsrSu'

fnda.fha jO_l wjh wkqj ilid.;a

fmdfydr wkqmd; wvx.= lsrSu'

tu khg fyda jdrhg fhh hq;= c,

m%udKh iu. fmdfydr Y%Khla f,i
fhu'

idudkHfhka Nd;d lrk fmdfydr w;ska

fhf" ta ta jO_l wjka i|yd ksrfoaYs;
fmdfydr m%udKh" EKq j.dj ;=,
taldldj mi u;g iqrejd ykak'
ke;fyd;a fma,s w;r ;ekam;a lrkak'
bkamiqj" iqre c, moaO;sh ls%hd;aul
lsfuka" uQ, uKav, l,dmhg ukd f,i
fmdfydr ,eug ie,eiah yel'

25

j,a me,E md,kh

j,a me,E w;ska .e,u lrkafka k me,
isgqjd i;s 2 " 4 iy 6 is lrkak' j,a
me, brSu i|yd ,S W,lska fyda lrhlska
mia nqre,a l< g EKq me, weo jeu iy
uq,a lehdu ksid m;% w.sia lymdg uerS
hhs' fuh me,j, jeu nd, ug fya;=jk
ksid j,a me, Wrd u b;d m%fYfuka is
lrkak'
tfia ke;fyd;a ridhksl j,a kdYl Nd;d
lsrSu u.skao j,a urokh b;d idr:lj
lr.; yelsh' fuuska w;ska j,a fk,Su
i|yd wjYH jk llrejka fidhd .ekSf
.egjo u yrjd .; yelsh' tfiau th
jvd ,dNodhlo f' flfia jqjo j,a me,E
md,kh idr:l lr .ekSu i|yd b;du;a
ksjer wdldrhg j,a kdYl Nd;d l< hq;=h'

26

m<uqfjkau j.d fuys wegjrd" l<dre

jeks N+.; fldgia iys; j,a me,E ;sf k
me, isgqug k 14 g fmr .a,hsfmdfiaa
360 g/l SL j,a kdYlfhka fylaghdrhlg
,Sgr 4 - 6 ^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 1600-2400&
ne.ska fhdokak'
bkamiqj md;a;s j, EKq me, isgqjd wjika jQ
jydu ksrfoaYs; mQrj ksr.uk j,a kdYlhla
ksjer wdldrhg fhdod j,a me,E md,kh
lr .kak'
fuh idr:l ug k md;a;s u;=msg ishqj
ieliS ;sh hq;=h' ishq u;=msgla ;su u.ska
me, jk j,a me, kdY lsrSug fya;= jk" j,a
kdYlfha ;=kS mg,hla md;a;sh u;=msg we;s
lr .; yels f'
mQrj ksr.uk j,akdYl fhfuka miqj
i;s 3-4 muK ld,hla j.df j,a me,E
idr:lj md,kh lr.; yelsh' bkamiqj
me,fjk j,a me,E jrla fyda fojrla muK
w;ska .,jd u l< hq;=h'

f i|yd my; i|yka j,a kdYl Nd;d l<

yelsh'
we,laf,dar" 480 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ,Sgr 3-5

fuu j,a kdYl fhfuka idr:l m%;sM,

,nd .ekSug k )
) fhdok wjia:df md;a;sj,
f;;ukh ;sh hq;=h'

^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 1200 - 2000&

idr:lj j,a me,E md,kh lr.ekSu
i|yd me, isgqjd j,a me, u;=ug fmr
fuu j,a kdYlh fhh hq;=h' f i|yd
me, isgjQ ku fyda thg miqk fuu j,a
kdYlh wksjdrhfhkau fhdokak'

) j,a kdYl fhdod i;s 3 muK .;jk

;=re j.df mia nqre,a lsrSu jeks
lghq;= fkdl< hq;=h'
) mia leg rys;j md;a;sfha u;=msg
ishqj ilia lr ;sh hq;=h'

je,s iys; milg k fuu j,a kdYlfhka

,s ,Sgr 1200 o" ue iys; milg k
,s ,Sgr 2000 o fhdokak' je,s milg
je idkakhlska fh g fnda.hg ydks
h yelsh'

Tlais*afjdrf*ka" 240 g/l EC

fylaghdrhlg ,S' 0'5-1

^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 200 - 400&

fuh me, isgjQ ku fyda k 4-5 ;=,
fhh hq;=h' j,a me, u;=ug fmr fyda
hd;ka u;=jQ j,a me, j,g fhfuka
idr:l md,khla we;s f'
fuu j,a kdYlh me, isgqfuka miq
fhdokafka k ksh; idkakhgu
ksjerj Y%lr fhh hq;=h' je
idkakhlska fhjfyd;a m;% w.
ms,siaiSula we;s ug bv ;sf' kuq;a
w;ska yg .kakd m;%j,g tu.ska ydks
fkdjk w;r th wiajekakgo n, fkdmdhs'
ue iys; mila i|yd j,a kdYlfhka
wlalrhlg ',S' 400 fhu jvd iqiqh'

27

lD md,kh
me, uelald

fydka mrSCIdlr nejfyd;a ;o ysre t<sh

fkdue;s Woh iy ijia ld, j, fika me,
fi,jQ g me, uelalka rxpq jYfhka b.s,S
hkq oelsh yelsh' ;jdka j, fuu lDhd isk
nj mrSCId lsrSug fuu l%uh jvd iqiqh'
me, uelaldf.a ydksh ;snQ j.djl wiajekak
fk miq n,anj, f., m%foaYfha h<s
fmd;a;g we;=,ska Y,al m;% u; me, uelald
ydks lrkq olakg ,ef' fuu.ska .nvd ld,h
;=< n,an yelsf,a'

md,kh
f,dl= EKq j.df b;d nyq,j olakg ,efnk
,d Uqre meye;s ,s gr 1 muK .e;s
lDfhls' lDhd m;% u;=msg iQrd hqI Wrd
fndhs' tg m;% u; iq meye;s iS we;sf'
ydksh oreKq j;au m;% weU h<S hhs'

me,uelalka olakg ,ef kmy; i|yka

lDkdYlhla fhdod k 3 lg miqj th
kej; Nd;d l, hq;=h' tg me,uelalka
oeuQ ;a;r j,ska msgjk YsY=jkao fydka
urokh f'
- f*ka;sfhdaka 500 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1000-1400
^wlalrhlg ',S' 400-560&

- ldn,a 480 g/l SC fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1000

^wlalrhlg ',S' 400&

- ldn,aa 85] WP fylaghdrhlg .%E' 400-700

^wlalrhlg .%E' 160-280&

- bvlaf,damS% 200 g/l SL

fylaghdrhlg ',S' 300 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 120&
- ;hlaf,damS% 240 g/l SC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 400 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 160&

oyj,a ld,fha fuu lDhd m;% mduq,

m%foaYhg isk w;r Woh iy rd;s% ld,
j, m;% j,g ydks muqKqjhs'

28

- *smafrdks,a 50 g/l SC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 500 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 200&
- fm%d;sfhdfmdia 500 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1000 ^wlalrhlg ',S' 400&

w;ska we;sjk m;%j, fuu ydksh olakg

fkd,efnk ksid bka miqj k 10 lg muK
jrla by; lDkdYl fhu u.ska jvd
idr:l m%;sM, ,nd.; yelsh'
;o h<s ld, .=Khla mj;sk cQ,s" wf.daia;=
jeks udi j, fuu lD ydksh b;d wl h
yelsh' tg by; i|yka lD kdYlhkays
ksrfoaYs; je idkak ug Nd;d l,
hq;=h'

EKq m;% o<Uqjd

f,dl= EKq j.djg ydks lrkq ,nk fld< lk
o<Uq jr. folls' fuhska iafmdfvdmafgrd
tlais.=jd k o<Uqjd je jYfhka hdmkh
m%foaYfha EKq j.djg ydks muqKqjkq ,ef'

m<uqj m;%j, fld< meye;s fldgia wdydrhg

.kS' miqj m;%h ;=,g we;=,a th ;=, isg
m;% fldgia ld ouhs'

md,kh
) j.dj ks;r mCIdlr m;% u; we;s
;a;r leo,s tl;=lr kdY lrkak'
) me, isgqjk wjia:df fyda isgqjd
i;shla ;=, wlalrhlg ldfnd*shqrdka
lsf,da .%E 6 ) 8 f;; mig fhdokak'
o<Uq fojr.hu fuuska md,kh
lr.; yelsh'
fuu lDkdYlh j.df miq
wjia:djkays Nd;d fkdl< hq;=h'

iafmdfvdmafgrd ,sgqrd md,kh

jefvka mj;sk j.djg ydks lrk g
by; o<Uq jr.h i|yd my; i|yka
lD kdYl Nd;d lrkak'
- ldfnd*shqrdka 3] G
fylaghdrhlg ls'.%E' 15-20
^wlalrhlg ls'.%E' 6-8&
fiiq m%foaYj, olakg ,efnkafka
iafmdfvdmafgrd ,sgqrd

k o<Uqq j._hhs'

- vhisfkda;a 500 g/l EC/EW

fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1400 - 2000
^wlalrhlg ',S' 560-800&

ydksh
fuu o<Uqjdf.a jevqk i;d jk Uqre meye;s
i<nhd m;% u; leo,s jYfhka ;a;r ouhs'
;a;r u.ska msgjk l=vd fld< meye;s o<Uqjd

- laf,dar*atiqfrdaka 50 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 500
^wlalrhlg ',s' 200&

29

iafmdfvdmafgrd tlais.=jd md,kh

jefvk j.djg fuu o<Uq jr.h ydks
lrk g my; i|yka lDkdYl Nd;d
l<hq;=h'
- vhisfkdaka 500 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 1400-2000
^wlalrhlg ',S' 560-800&

uq,a lk l=yqUqjd
fuu l=yqUqjka fhkag jvd ;rula Yd,h'
fudjqka iska EKq n,an wdydrhg .kS'
fug oa;Shsl ydkshla f,i n,an l=Kq hhs'
tksid m;% ue, ly mdgg yefr' fuu ydksh
md,kh lr .ekSu i|yd md;a;sj, l=yqUqjka
isk fldgia j,g muKla my; i|yka
lDkdYl j,ska tlla fhdokak'

- ldfnd*shqrdka 3] GR
fylaghdrhlg ls'.%E' 15-20
^wlalrhlg ls'.%E' 6-8&
- laf,dar*atiqfrdaka 50 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg s',S' 500
^wlalrhlg ',S' 200&
- fv,agdfu;s%ka 25 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 270
^wlalrhlg ',S' 108&
- gd ihs*a;s%ka 25 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 450
^wlalrhlg ',S' 180&
- mrfu;s%ka 250 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 125
^wlalrhlg ',s' 50&
- tiaf*kaje,fr 75 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 125
^wlalrhlg ',S' 50&
- f*kaje,fr 200 g/l EC
fylaghdrhlg ',S' 375-440
^wlalrhlg ',S' 150-175&

30

md;a;sfha j._ gr 100 la i|yd

- laf,darmhsfmdia 200 g/l EC ,s ,Sgr 40
- tu 400 g/l EC ,s ,Sgr 20
- tu s/l EC ,s ,Sgr 20
- vhisfkdaka 500 g/l EC/EW ,s ,Sgr 100

j.dj wdrN lsug fmr mi fmr,Sfuka

smiq k lSmhla ;o iQrhdf,dalhg N+h
ksrdjrKh lsu yd l=yqUqjka isk ia:dkj,
mi ms<siaiSu uska j.djg ish yels ydksh
l,af,d we;sj wvq lr.; yelsh'

frda. md,kh
n,an l=Kqu
n,an l=Kqu mfia j;a jk ,Sr j._ lSmhla
ksido nelahd uskao ish yelsh'
w& ,Sr uska we;sjk n,anl=Kqu
fuh mshqfiah yd mS;sh fYaIhkg
wh;a ,Sr j._ ksido" rhsfidlafgdakshd
fid,ks yd ialaf,frdah frd,a*aihs ,Sr
uskao we;sh yelsh'

md,kh

) iqiq ,Sr kdYlhla uska isgqug fmr

c m%;sldr lrkak'
) ;jdka jdkqyrKh lrkak'
) ;jdfkys je .eUqrlska c fkdoukak'
tfiau tl fma,shlg c 100 ) 150 jvd
fkdoukak' kuq;a fug ;jdka md;a;s
je ixLHdjla ilid .; hq;=h'
) ;jdfkka me, .,jd fCIa;%fha isgqug
fmr me, j, mdoia:h ,Sr kdYl
djKhl .s,ajd .kak' ^39 jk msgqj
n,kak&

frda. ,CIK

n,an l=Kqf' uq,a ue hhs' ndysrj m<uqfjka

oelsh yels frda. ,CIKh jkafka msg;ska we;s
m;%" by< isg my<g lymdg uhs' fuh l%u
l%ufhka we;=,;ska msysgd we;s m;% lrd o
me;sfr'

) j.df frda.h je<k .ia jydu bj;a

lrkak' tu frda.S .ia ;snQ ia:dk yd ta
wjg m%foaYhg u,a nd,ahla uska fyda
fkdi,h .e,jQ iafma%hrhla u.ska fyda
my; i|yka ,Sr kdYlhlska mi f;;a
lrkak'
;fhd*fka ;hs,a' 70] WP - .%E 30
;hfnkavfida,a 45] WG

- .%E 5

;srd 80] WP

- .%E 70

31

j.df j._ gr 10 l m%foaYhl fydka

mi f;;a u i|yd wod, ,Sr kdYlfha
ksrfoaYs; m%udKh c,h ,Sgr 50 la
iu. Y%lr fhdokak

fuhg wu;rj -

frda. ,CIK
m;% lvd jef' uq,skau lvd jefgkafka ,mu
m;%hhs' n,anj, ueo l=Kq f' msg;ska n,anh
;o l,g we;=,; l=KqjQ fldgi myiqfjka
lS t,shg ths' l=Kq jQ n,an j,ska f.kao.
j,g iudk ;o ier .|la yuhs'

) j.df c,jykh hqKq lrkak'

) j.djg c,h imhk ld,dka;rh je
lrkak'
) frda.h we;s j.djla yryd ksfrda.S
j.djla fj; c,h .uka lrfuka

md,kh
- fuu frda.h ridhksl jH fhdod
md,kh l< fkdyel'

j<lskak'
^wd&

nelahd uD l=Kqu

fuu frda.h je<f|kafka ishqfvdfudkdia

fYaIhg wh;a nelahd usks'

32

- frda.S me, j.dfjka bj;a lrkak'

bvf c,jykh hqKq lrkak' bvf
fnda. udrejla wkq.ukh lrkak'
- j.djg c,h imhk ld,dka;rh je
lrkak' frda.S j.djka yryd c,h
.uka fkdlrjkak'

o me,a, frda.h
jifr ckjd fmnrjd jeks udi j,
j.djg nyq, jYfhka je<h yels frda.hls'
f;;a ld,.=Khla mj;sk g fjk;a
ld,hkays o j.djg fuh je<ug bv ;sf'

md,kh
frda. ,CIK j.df lsh yelsjQ g my;
i|yka ,Sr kdYl jr.hla ta i|yd
fhdokak'
) laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 75] WP

i;H c ksmou i|yd mj;ajdf.k hkq

,nk iuyr j.djkays fuu frda.h ksid c
wiajekak Yd, jYfhka wvqh yelsh'

fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300

^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520&
) laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 500 gl SC

frda.h we;s jkafka ,agfkahd fmda k

,Srh u.sks'
frda. ,CIK
m<uqj m;% mqrd iq meye;s ,m we;s f' miqj
fuu ,m Yd, tlsfkl inkaO f'
wjidkfha fuu ,m Uqre meyehg yqre o
meye;s me,a, njg m;a f'

fylaghdrhlg ,s ,Sgr 700-900

^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 280-360&
) fldmr 50]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 1800-2600
^wlalrhlg .%E 720-1040&
) uekafldfi 80]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300
^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520&
) uefk 80]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300
^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520&
) fm%dmsfk 70]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 900-1300
^wlalrhlg .%E 360-520&
) grnqfldkfida,a 250 gl EC
fylaghdrhlg ,s ,Sgr 200-300
^wlalrhlg ,s ,Sgr 80 - 120&

frda.h ksid n,an jrOkh wvq f' n,an

l=Kqugo bv ;sf'

grnqfldkfida,a ,Sr kdYlh fhdod

k 7-10 la .; jQ miq fm%dmsfk ,Sr
kdYlh fhh hq;=h'

33

h mqia frda.h
fmrfkdiafmdard

fYaIhg wh;a ,Sr ksid

we;s f'

md,kh
frda.h j.dj ;=, oreKq ugulska
me;srSug bv we;ehs ks.ukh l, yels k
ta i|yd my; i|yka ,Sr kdYlhla Nd;d
lrkak'
) lemagdka 50]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300
^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520&
) lemagdka 80]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 600 - 800
^wlalrhlg .%E 240 - 320&

frda. ,CIK
iq meye;s ksh; yevhla we;s ,m frE m;%
u; m<uqj we;s f' m;% w. h<S f.dia
l%ufhka m;% ly meye f' l%ufhka Yd, jk
fuu ,m u; w meye;s ,Sr cd,h miqj
meye,sj olakg ,ef'

) fldmr 50 ]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 1800 - 2600
^wlalrhlg .%E 720-1040&
) fldmr 40]WG
fylaghdrhlg .%E 2300 - 3300
^wlalrhlg .%E 920-1320&
) uekafldfi 80]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300
^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520&
) uefk 80]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300
^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520&
) uekafldfi 64] fug,lais,a 8]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 600 - 800
^wlalrhlg .%E 240 - 320&
) fm%dmsfk 56] Tlailais,a 10]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 600 - 800
^wlalrhlg .%E 240 - 320&
) fm%dmsfk 70]WP
fylaghdrhlg .%E 900 - 1300
^wlalrhlg .%E 360 - 520&

34

m;% or frda.h
^weka;%elafkdaia frda.h&
wm rf f,dl= EKq j.djkays 1998 h,
lkakfha isg olakg ,e we;s ,Sr frda.hls'
fuh we;s lrkafka fldf,fg%d%l
.a,sfhdiafmdfia iy *shqidh fYaIhg
wh;a ,Sr u.sks' jeis iys; ld,.=Khla
mj;skg fuu.ska j.djg oreKq ydkshla
we;s f' fuu frda.h ksid wiajekakg ish
yels ydksh ;SrKh jkafka" j.df jhi iy
frda.h me;srS we;s m%udKh u;h'
uy lkakfha w. Nd.fha i;H c ksmou
i|yd mj;ajd.k hkq ,nk j.djkayg o
weka;%elafkdaia frda.h u.ska ;on, ydks
we;sh yelsh'
frda. ,CIK
j.df uq,a wjfha frda.h je<kfyd;a
m;% or .efia' fuhg fya;=j by; i|yka
,Sr fojr.hu ls%hdldrS uhs' *shqfiah
fYaIhg wh;a ,Sr ksid n,an l=Kq hhs'

c ksIamdok j.djkays m;% yd u,a kgq u;

frda.S me,a, we;s f' frda.S me,a, yg.;a
ia:dkfha u,a kgqj lvd jef' fuhg
wu;rj" f,dl= EKq u,a fmdl=frys we;s u,a
j,g ^mqIamsld& frda.h je<k g tlS mqIamsld
uerS hhs'

jevqk j.djl k m;%u; '' 2 - 3 m<,

j,dldr me,a, we;s f' fuu me,a, u;
l meye;s ;s;a f,i cdKqOdks oel.;
yelsh' frda.S m;% h<S uerS hhs' f wdldrhg
m;% j, frda. ,CIK ;ka oelsh yels EKq
.ia j, n,ano l=Kq f'

35

md,kh
) jI_djg yiq fkdjk m j.dj wdrN
lrkak'
) ksfrda.S j.djlska c iy n,azn f;dard
f.k j.d lrkak'
) c$n,an isgqug fmr ksrfoaYs; ,Sr
kdYlhla u.ska m%;sldr lr isgqjkak'
) j.dfjys frda. ,CIK gq g my;
i|yka ,Sr kdYlhl ksrfoaYs; m%udKh
c,h ,Sgr 10 iu neska Y%lr j.djg
fhdokak'
- uekafldfi 80]WP

.%E 20

- uefk 80]WP

.%E 20

- ;fhda*fk ;hs,a 70]WP

.%E 06

- ldfnkavis 50]WP/WG

.%E 07

- ;hfnkavfida,a 45]WG

.%E 20

- laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 75]WP

.%E 20

- laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 500 g/l SC ',S

15

wiajekak fk,Su
me, isgqjd k 80 )100 kg j.dlrkq ,nk
m%fNao fndfyduhl wiajekak fk,d .;
yelsh' wiajekak fk,Sug i;s 3 lg fmr isg
j.djg lD kdYl fhu kj;ajkak' i;s
follg fmr isg c, iemhqu w;aysgqjkak'

36

fudark ,o j.djkays m;% ly mdg n,anhg

u|la by<ska ^f.,& lvd jef' j.dfjka 50]
jvd je m%udKhla fujeks ;Fjhg m;a jQ
miqj b;s me,o" ,E,a,la m%fYfuka me, u;
;o lsrSfuka ;,d.kak'
i;s folg muK miq n,an .,jkak' .e,jQ
n,an j.d fuysu fyda fjk;a iqiq ia:dkhl
fyda w;=rd h<Sug bv ykak' n,an u;g
;o wj fkdjefgkfia ;eug j.d n,d
.kak'
fuu n,an ;jrg;a mjfka h<d mo
lr.kak' tg n,an j, meyeh yd .nvdlr
;nd .ekSf yelshdj jelr.; yelsh
n,anfha f., fldgfiys fld< meyeh ke;s
Uqre meyehg yerek miqj h<s m;% lmd
bj;a lrkak' n,anhg ydks fkdjk m"
f., fldgi iq m%udKhla ^w,la muK&
b;s lr m;% lmd bj;al, hq;=h'
idr:l j.djlska wlalrhlg fu%la fgdka
8)10 jeks idudkH wiajekakla ,nd.; yelsh'
j.djg ksrfoaYS; ridhksl fmdfydr j,g
wu;rj fyd|ska ldnksl fmdfydr o fhg
fuu wiajekak fo.=Khla muK olajd je
lr.; yelsh'

ldnksl fmdfydr
fhfuka
wlalrhlg
fu%la fgdka
15 - 20

.nvd lsu

gr 4'5 ^w 15& ." gr 3'6 ^w 13& m<,

.nvdjl fu%la fgdka 2 muK EKq
m%udKhla .nvd l< yelsh'

fyd|ska lr ^f.,& h<sS isyska jQ" .%E 80 )100

fkdje n,an f;dard .kak' fuu n,anj,
h<S .sh m;% tlsfkl .eg .id ne|
fyd|ska jd;dY%h ,efnk ia:dkhl t,a,d l,a
;nd.kak' l=vd m%udKhl j.dlr
we;sg fuu l%uh wkq.ukh l< yelsh'

6'

1 1/2'

4'

2'

4'

1 1/2'

je wiajkq m%udKhla we;s g n,an .nvd

lr .ekSu i|yd fYaIfhka ilia lrk ,o
.nvdjla fhdod.; yelsh' h<s m;% bj;a
lrk,o n,an" .nvdf ,S m .id ilia
lr.;a ;gq u; w;=rkak' fuys n,an 3 ) 4 g
jvd je >klulska we;su kqiqiqh' je
ia;r i|yd m%foaYfha lDIslu_ WmfoaYl
uy;d yuqjkak'

37

i;H c ksIamdokh
f,dl= EKq j.d msysgqu i|yd fhdod .kakd
l meye;s c" i;H c f,i yekaf'
oekg fuu c m%Odk jYfhka bkahdj jeks
rg j,ska wdkhkh lrkq ,ef' fuu cj,
fndfydag me,f Yla;sh j_,h' O
m%fNao j, c l,j we;' j.djg
.e,fmk m%fNao l,g f,djg ,nd.ekSuo
wmyiqh' wmg wjYH c rg ;=,u b;d
myiqfjka ksmojd .; yels ksid tuska fuu
.eg u yrjd .; yelsh'

udia lkakfha
i;H c ksIamdokh
oekg wm rf nyq, jYfhka isjkafka h,a
lkakfha j.djlska f;dard .;a u n,an
foienr ui w. - ckjd ui uq,a Nd.fha
kej; isgqjd i;H c ksIamdokh lr .ekSuhs'
u n,an f;au
j.d lsrSug ksrfoaYs;j we;s fyd| ;Fjfha
mj;sk j.djlska tu m%fNaofha ,CIK we;s"
.%E 60 ) 80 muK nr n,an f;dard .kak'
wlalrhla j.d lsrSu i|yd wjYH c
m%udKh fujeks n,an 300 ) 500 lska muK
ksmojd .; yelsh'

.nvd lsu
wiajekak fk .i n,an wls%h ;;a;ajhl
mj;S' fuh ke;s jkf;la fydka jd;dY%h
iys; ia:dkhl fika gr 5 ) 7'5 ^w 2) 3&
fkdje >klu iys; ;gqjla f,i n,an
w;=rd ;nkak' fufia udi 1 1$2 la 2 la muK
.nvd lr ;eh hq;=h'

jika;SlrKh
n,an j,ska je u,a m%udKhla yg .kajd
.ekSu i|yd fuu ls%hdj,sh jeo.;a f'
isgqug i;s 3 lg fmr fikaf.%a wxYl
10 ) 15 muK isis,a WIaKFjhla hgf;a
i;s 3 l muK ld,hla n,an .nvd lr
;nkak' l,amsh iy rdmQr hk m%fNao
i|yd fuu ls%hdj,sh t;r jeo.;a
fkdf'
isis,a WIaKFjh ksid n,an ;=, mqIam
wxl=r yg.ekSu W;af;ackh f' tksid
u,a lsks;s jemqr yg .kS' tfiau u,a yg
.ekSuo blauka f'
jika;SlrK fkdl< g u,a yg .ekSu
tlg is fkdf' tksid c wiajkq fk,d
.ekSu wjia:d lSmhl is l< hq;=h'

ia:dkhla f;au
ukd c, jykhla we;s fydka ysret<sh
,efnk ire mila iys; N+hla f;dard.kak'
idudkH j.djg fuka .eUqrg mi fmr,d
md;a;s ilid .kak'

38

fmdfydr fhu

isgqu

md;a;s ilia lrk g tys jr. grhlg

fydka rdm;ajQ ldnksl fmdfydr lsf,da .%E
3 - 4 muK ne.ska fhdod mig l<j lrkak'
fuhg wu;rj uQ,sl fmdfydr jYfhka c
n,an isgqug k 2 muK fmr wlalrhlg
;s%;aj iqmr fmdiafma lsf,da .%E 40 yd
hqfha T*a fmdgEIa lsf,da .%E 20 fhdokak'

ilid .;a md;a;sj," n,anfhka 2$3 muK mi

hgg isk fia isgqjkak'

1 jk u;=msg fmdfydr

j,a urokh c, imdokh yd frda. m<sfndaO

urokh idudkH fnda.hg fukau is lrkak'
fYaIfhkau o me,a, frda.h iy
weka;%elafkdaia frda.h je<u j<ld .ekSu
i|yd ksrfoaYs; ,Sr kdYl wdrCIdld
mshjrla f,i k 10 lg muK jrla ne.sska
fhdokak'

isgqjd i;shlg miq wlalrhlg hQhd lsf,da

.%E 20 fhdokak'
2 jk u;=msg fmdfydr

isgqjd k 45 miq tk u,a wxl=rj,ska 80] la

muK u;= jQ miq" wlalrhlg hQhd lsf,da
.%E 30 yd hqfha T*a fmdgEIa lsf,da .%E
10 la fhdokak'
n,an i|yd m%;sldr lsu
jika;SlrKh lrk ,o n,an isgqug fmr
lemagdka" ;srd jeks ,Sr kdYl djKhl
kd 30 muK .s,ajd .kak' fuys i|yka
kEu ,Sr kdYlhlska i|ykalr we;s
m%udKh" iEu c,h ,Sgr 10 iuu Y%lr
djKh ilid .kak'
- ;fhda*fk ;hs,a 70]WP

.%E 20

- ;srd 80]WP

.%E 15

- ;hfnkavfida,a 45]WG

.%E 25

mr;rh
fika gr 22'5 22'5 ^w,a 9 9& fyda
fika gr 30 15 ^w,a 12 6& fyda
fika gr 3022'5 ^w,a 12 9&

u,a msfmk wjia:df tk j.djg k 40

muK jQ miqj lD kdYl yd ,Sr kdYl
Nd;d l, hq;af;a w;HdjYHu k muKls'
ke;fyd;a u,a mrd.kh is lrk lDka
kdY f' tfiau fujeks ys;lr lDka j.dj
fj; wdlY_kh uo wvq f'
u,a iy m;% lk o,Uqjd f.a ydksh j.djg
we;sh yels w;r rd;s% ld,fha ,s mkaoula
wdOdrfhka j.dj ksrSCIKh lr o,Uqjka
w;ska wiq,d oeu l, yel'
ishu u,a j, c iEfyk muK fudark
f;la j.djg c, imdokh lrkak'

- ;fhda*fk ;hs,a 50]+

;srd 30]WP

.%E 18
39

mrd.kh

iq<x ndOl

n,an isgqjd i;s 3 la 4 la muK jk g u,a

wxl=r u;=ug mgka .kS' u,a msmSug mgka
.kakd wjia:df isg ueiaika jeks lDka
j.dj fj; wdlrYkh lr .ekSug mshjr
.kak' f i|yd j.dj wjg ueis fm
lSmhla ;ekam;a lsu" j.dj wjg wdlrYkSh
u,a yg .kakd Ydl jr. jeu iqiqh'

;o iq<x usska u,a lvd jef' tksid j.dj

jgd iq<x ndOl f,i fjk;a fnda. isgqjkak'
tfiau md;a;s jgd ,S isgqjd u,a lvd
fkdjefgk m ,Kq wkak'
ke;fyd;a wdOdrl f,i isgqjd we;s fldagq
j,g u,a ,sys,aj ne| ;nkak'
fuhg wu;rj fika gr 4 - 6 m%udKfha
fldgq we;s nd, jr.fha ud oe,a u,a wxl=r
u;=jk wjia:df fmdf<dj ugf isg
whla muK Wiska i lsrSuo l< yelsh'

flfia jqjo u,a msmSfuka miqj lD kdYlhla

fhug is jqjfyd;a lD;suj u,a mrd.kh
l< hq;=h' f i|yd l=re msydgq fyda ishq
fl iys; nqreiqjla u.ska u,a fika ms
ukak' tla tla uf,ys mqIamsld je ixLHdjla
msmS wjika jkf;la km;du fuh l, hq;=h'

40

fojk u;=msg fmdfydr fhdok wjia:df

n,an wi,g mia oeu usskao u,a lsks;s uq,ska
lvd jeu wvqlr .; yelsh'

jrIdfjka wdrCId lr.ekSu

wiajekak

;o jrIdfjka u,a j,g ;on, ydks we;sh

yelsh' fuh j<lajd .ekSu i|yd jrIdj we;s
g iy ;o msks iajNdjhla mj;sk rd;s%
ld,j, fmd,s;Skhlska md;a;s wdjrKh
lrkak'

gr 3 . fika gr 75 m<, md;a;s 8)12

muK ixLHdjl isgqjd .; yels f,dl= EKq
u n,an 300)500 muK m%udKhlska
wlalrhlg wjYH c m%udKh
^lsf,da .%E 2- 2 1$2& myiqfjka ,nd .; yelsh'

fYaIfhka u,a fudard we;s g jrIdjg

yiqfuka u,aj,u c me, f'

flfia jqjo isis,a foaY.=Khla mj;sk Wvrg

m%foaYj, me;s jD;j ;nd we;s wdrCIs;
.Dy ;=, b;d by< ugf c wiajekakla
,nd .ekSf yelshdjla we;s nj fmfka'

c wiajkq fk,Su
ckjd ui u n,an isgqjd we;ak wfma%,a
ys muK c wiajkq fk,d.; yelsh' tla u,a
fmdl=rl we;s l=vd u,a ^mqIamsld& j,ska
10] ) 20] muK mqmqrd" l meye;s c iajk
g tjeks u,a" kgqfjka fika gr 30 ^w 1&
muK fldgilao iu. fk,d.kak' fuf,i
;=ka jrl muK uq j.dfu u,a fk,d.;
yelsh'

tla u n,anhlska idudkHfhka u,a 3)4 muK

yg .kS' fuu.ska ,nd.; yels c m%udKh
.%E 5)6 muK f'
oUq,a, m%foaYfha iuyr j.d lrejka iska
wlalr 1$8 ^jr. gr 500& m%udKfha
j.djlska c lsf,da .%E 25 )30 muK
wiajekakla ,nd .ekSug iu;a ;sf'

c ,nd .ekSu
fk,d.;a u,a wf h<kak' bkamiq wf;a
fmdlr c fjka lr .kak' fuu c fmd,d
Y=oaO fldg kej; fydka h<d f;;ukh
6] - 8] muK jkf;la wvq lr.kak' bkamiq
fmd,s;Ska nkaj, wiqrd uqd ;nd .nvd
lrkak'

wlalr
1$8l j.djlska
ls'.%E' 25-30la ....!

41

O f,dl= EKq m%fNao j,g wh;ajk c

ksIamdok j.djka tls fklg gr 500 l
muK rlska mej;sh hq;=h' flfia jqjo tlu
m%fNaohlg wh;a c ksIamdok j.djka
lsysmhlaj;a tlsfklg imj ;su u.ska
cj, .=Kd;auh jejk nj fidhd.k ;sf'

n,an fydka fudard we;s g fuu

j.df wiajekak fjku fk,d.kak'
tu n,an w;=ka fydka lr isyskajQ"
ksfrda.S .%E 50 lg jvd nka je"
m%fNaohg wkql+, ,CIK iys; n,an
fjkuu f;dard .kak'

fufia f;dard.;a n,an idudkH

wdldrhg jika;SlrKh lr B,
udia lkakfha isgqjd wjYH c
m%udKh ksmojd .kak'

fuu ls%hdj,sh lkakhla mdid

lsrSu ;=,ska j.df wiajekak yd
.=Kd;auh je lr .; yels f'

lkakhla mdid i;H c ksmojkakka

i|yd fYaIfhka jeo.;a jk lreKq

42

B, udia lkakfha kej; jrla c

ksIamdokh lsrSu i|yd Nd;d l,
hq;= u w, ksmojd .ekSu msi
wjYH jk c" fuu udia lkakfha
c ksIamdok j.dfjka fjkuu
f;dard .kak' f i|yd uf,ys kgqj
Yla;su;a u" Yd, u,a yg .ekSu"
tla n,anhlska u,a wxl=r 5 - 6 la
muK ygf.k ;su" frda.
je<u flfrys h m%;sfrda;djhla
fmkakq lsrSu jeks fYaI ,CIK
.ek i,ld tu u,a fjku fk,d c
fjkalr .kak'
fuu c m%Odk j.d lkakh jk h,a
lkakfha fjku ia:dkhl ;jdka lr
fYaI ia:dkhl isgqjkak' f i|yd
jr. gr 100 - 150 muK
m%udKhla iEfya' fuu fYaI n,an
ksIamdok j.df me, isgqh hq;af;a
w,a 3 3 jeks wvq mr;rhlsks'
j.df fiiq md,k lghq;= idudkH
wkaoug is lrkak'

h, lkakfha
i;H c ksIamdokh
by; ia;r lr we;s wkaoug
foienr - ckjd udij, mj;sk
ms iys; YS;, ld,.=Kh ksid c
ksIamdokh i|yd kv;a;= lrk f,d;= EKq
j.djka yg o mq,a,s frda.h yd fjk;a ,Sr
frda. myiqfjka je<h yelsh' tfiau c
wiajekak je lr .ekSu i|yd u n,an
jikaa;slrKh o l< hq;=h' fujeks fya;+ka
ksid f,dl= EKq j.dfjys ksr;jk
f.dkaf.ka i;H c ksIamdokhg fhduq
we;af;a b;d iq msils'
fuu .egj wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka miqj h,
lkakfha c ksIamdokh lsrSf yelshdj
fidhd ne,Su flfrys lDIslu_
fomdr;fka;=f wjOdkh fhduq ;sf'

fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka oekg islr we;s

wOHhk u.ska fmkS f.dia we;af;a foaYShj
ksmojQ mQid fr m%fNaofha u n,an h,
lkakfha isgqfuka b;d idr:lj c
ksmojd .; yels njhs' h,a lkakfha j.djka
i|yd omeye mq,a,s frda.h fkdje<u o
f.dhdg Yd, myiqjls'
f wkaoug j.dlsu msKsi wjYH u n,an"
B< jifr h, lkakh olajd tk
Tlaf;danr - wfm%a,a olajd .nvdlr ;nd.;
hq;=h' f i|yd
khsg%cka wvx= ridhksl
fmdfydr ^hQhd& wvqfjka iy hyka ldnksl
fmdfydr fhd we;s md;a;s j,ska f;dard.;a
n,an Nd;d lrkak' hQhd fmfydr jemqr
fhu ksid n,anj, .nvdlr ;nd.ekSf
yelshdj wvqf'
fuu n,an fydka molr jYfhka
ilialr jd;dY%h iys; h,s ia:dkhl
t,a,d ;nkak' n,anj, m;% bj;alr ;sf
k ,E,s ;gqjla u; ;=kSj w;=rd .nvdlr
;nkak'
tfia ke;fyd;a rEmfha olajd we;s wdldrfha
,a.eiQ l=vd rdlalhla ilid .;fyd;a u
n,an lsf,da.%E 75 la muK tys .nvdlr
;nd.; yelsh' tys we;s n,an j,g uekka
jd;dY%h o ,efnk ksid l=Kqu o iEfyk
muK uggulska wvqlr .; yelsh' tfiau
tjeks n,an yuqjqjfyd;a l=Kqug fmr
wdydrhgo .; yelsh'

h,a lkakfha f,dl=EKq c ksIamdokh

i|yd ujqn,an .nvd rdlalh

3'

1/2'

1'
1/2'

1'
1/2'
1/2'

}
}

{
{

{
{
{

1/2'

1 1/2'

1 1/2'

1 1/2'

fuu rdlalh ksjfiys uq;ekaf.h jeks

fydka jk ia:dkhl ;eu uska
n,anj, me,u m%udo lr.; yelsh'
jk ia:dkhl mj;sk ldnkavfhdlaihs
jdhq idkaKh jeu fuhg fya;=jhs'
f wkaoug wjidkfha b;sjkafka b;d
Wiia .nvdlr ;nd.ekSf yelshdjla we;s
n,an muKls' tksid fuu l%shdj,sh lkak
lsysmhla fkdlvjd lrf.k hkq ,enqjfyd;a
wjidkfha b;d Wiia .nvdlr ;nd.ekSf
yelshdjla iys; n,an yg.kakd c ksmojd
.ekSugo yelshdj ,ef'
h,a lkakfha i;H c ksIamdkh inkaOfhka
oekg ,e we;s w;aoelS w;sYhska .kajk
iqh' tksid wm rf f,dl= EKq c
wjYH;djfhka ie,lsh hq;= m%udKhla f
wdldrhg wkd.;fha ksmojd.; yels f
hhs n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eh yelsh'
43

Y%u wjYH;djh

ldrhh

c, imdok myiql hgf;a

fylaghdrhl f,dl= EKq j.d lsrSu i|yd
wjYH jk Y%uh j.+f laf'

ish ;jdka lghq;=

75

uQ,sl Y=oaO lsu

10

Y%u
k .Kk

md;a;s ieliSu

150

me, .e,u" isgqu

100

j,a urokh
m<sfndaO urokh
c, iemhSu
wiajkq fk,Su
wiajekak msis lsrSu yd h<Su
fjk;a
tl;=j

75
25
100
100
40
25
700

lDIs ridhk jHhka ykd.kak

lDkdYl" ,SrkdYl yd j,akdYl j._ fuu m;s%ldfjys wod, ia:dkhkays i|yka lr ;sfnkafka
tu jHhkays fmd kdu j,sks'
Tnf.a myiqj i|yd tlS jHhkag wod, O fj<| k j,ska ksIamdokh lr wf, lrKq ,nk
ksIamd;hkays ks fuys my; i|yka lr ;sf' fuys wvx.= lr ;sfnkafka 2003'12'31 k olajd
m<sfndaOkdYl friag%dr iska ,shdmx lr we;s ksIamd;hka muKls'
j,akdYl

44

.a,hsf*dfia" 360 g/l SL

njrfia 36" ydfl%dia ljqkagr" fvda,a"

rjqka wma" irmdia" .,ahsfgda,a" ,diagr" wdfrda"
ye%la" .,ahsf*dia" fvda,a" iafg%dahs" mjrfu 36"
ma mela" fudikaia" jhsmr isfmflda"
.a,hsf*dfia" gvjqka" jhsmawjq" 360"
la,Skawjq" rjqkavr" 8-36"

Tlais*afjdrf*ka 240 g/l EC

.,s.dka" f.da,a 2 X L fldkafg%da,a 240

we,laf,dar 480 g/l EC

uelaf,dar" we,laf,dar" ,efida" fr.d,a"

fyalaf,dar B'iS' 48]

,SrkdYl

lemagdka" 50] WP

lemagdka" lemagdka 50 WP" lemage*a 50 WP

ldfnkavis 50] WP

njria ldfnkavis" nq, 50" uelavis

ldfnkavis 500 g/l SC

neiaka FL

laf,dafrd;ef,dks,a 500 g/l SC

vefldks,a SC

fldmr 50] WP

fmrfkdlaia" mka" fm%dfgla" fldfndlaia"

vhuka" fy,afudlais WP 50]" fldmr
Tlaislaf,darhs 50]WP" pemshka" flda,hs"
fldmrfvdia 50]WP, riagd WP 50],
iS''iS' 50]WP, fldaihs 101

uekafldfi 64]
fug,elais,a 8] WP

fvdwelais,a" fvd,a MZ 72 WP, fug,elaia"

hqks,elaaia

uekafldfi 80]WP

vhskla 80" vhsf;aka M 45" fjdkafvdfi"

fmd,sfia" uekafldfi 80]" uekafldfi 80]WP"
uekafldfi 80 WP, fya,Sia wef.%dflhdr
uekafldfi WP, Wksf;aka" vhskla 80"
uekaflda,a" uekafia" uelafi bkafvd*s,a M 45"
we.%sflaka M 45" hQflaka" IS,a

uefk 80]WP

fmd,srd M, uefk 80 WP, iefk WP 80]

fm%dmsfk 56]
Tlailais,a 10]WP

*are WP 66]

fm%dmsfk 70]WP

wekag%flda,a 70] WP

fgnqfldkfida,a 250 g/l EW

f*d,slr 250 EW, Thia 25 EW

;fhd*fka ;hs,a 50]

;srd 30] WP

fydaudhs

;fhd*fka ;hsk,a 70] WP

fgdmaiska M 70" ;fhdaf*ka - M 70

;srd 80] WP

fmdurfida,a f*daf 80 WP, iafldama

45

lDkdYl

46

gd ihs*a;s%ka 25 g/l EC

nq,afvdla EC 025

ldn,a 85] WP

fika 85]WP" ldn,a 85 WP, ka" ieka 85 WP"

ldfnd*shqrdka 3] GR

uelajqia ldfnd*shqrdka" fmdf,drdka" ;d*vdka"

hqfrld" *skafl ldfnd*shqrdka" *shqrvdka 3G,
njria ldfnd*shqrdka 3G, l=frgr 3]G"
lagr 300" njqkair grfkagr 3]G

ldfndi,a*dka 200 g/l SC

udI,a 20 SC

laf,dar*atiqfrdka 50 g/l EC

wegfn%dka 5 EC

laf,darmhsfmdia 200 g/l EC

ihsrka 20" uelaf*dia mhsfklaia 20 EC,

laf,dandka

laf,darmhsfmdia 400 g/l EC

cQfvda 40 EC, hqksfmdia 400" f,daianEka 40 EC,

,SfvdnEka" iSfmdia 40 EC, mhsuela" fudfmdia 40"
laf,darmhsfmdia" fldudkafvda" fkdlshd" mgdia"
mhsnEka" gdIs,a 40 EC, mhsfklaia 400
ihsrka 40" bkaisneka

fv,agdfu;ska 25 g/l EC

fvisia

vhisfkdaka 5] GR

iQrhd 5]G, niqka 5G

vhisfkdka 500 g/l EC

niqka 50 EC, iQrhd 50] EC, vhisfkdaka 50 EC,

vhisfkdaka 500 g/l EW

vhfida,a 50 EW

tiaf*kaje,fr 75 g/l EC

iqiska ma,ia" iqiska iqmr

f*ka;sfhdaka 50 g/l EC

f,nhsis EC 050

f*kaje,fr 200 g/l EC

iqf*ka 20 EC

*smafrdks,a 50 g/l SC

cka 50 SC

bvlaf,dams% 200 g/l SL

weuhr SL 200

mrfu;s%ka 25 g/l EC

wenqIa 25 EC

fm%d;sfhdfmdia 500 g/l EC

fgdl=;fhdaka EC 50]

;hlaf,dams% 240 g/l SC

le,smafida SC 240