Chapter 23 Reading Guide (Campbells 9th Ed.

) Answers
1. Evolution on its smallest scale: the change in allele frequencies in a population over the
generations
2. Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow.
3. Natural selection
4. Discrete and Quantitative
a. Discrete - When theres only 2 options for a trait. Ex. Every pea plant can only
have purple or white flowers
b. Quantitative Characters that vary along a continuum in a population. Ex. Skin or
eye color in humans.
5. Two ways to measure genetic variation
a. The gene variability: the average percent of a population that are heterozygous
b. Nucleotide variability: measured by comparing the dna sequences of individuals
in a population and averaging the data
6. Cline - the geographic axis that genetic variation is graded along, among separate
populations. External factors produce it, such as temperature or climate.
a. There would be no reason to expect a correlation between the frequency of an
allele and the environment variable.
7. Mutation
8. A change of one base in a gene. There are several types of mutations and not all of them
result in a change in phenotype.
9. It is the movement of a part of one chromosome to a different chromosome and this can
link DNA segments which can result in a positive effect.
10. Unequal crossing over, slippage during DNA replication, etc. Allows mutations to
accumulate which expands genome with new loci that can take on new functions.
11. Sexual Reproduction shuffles alleles by:
a. Crossing over
b. Independent assortment
c. Random fertilization
12. A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and inter breed,
producing offspring
13. All the alleles for all the loci in all individuals of a population
14. When only 1 allele exists for a particular locus in the population: all individuals are
homozygous for that allele
15. The principle states that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain
constant from generation to generation.
16. Five conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
a. No mutations altering alleles, deleting, duplicating genes, etc
b. Random mating no preferential mating, must be random
c. No Natural Selection Death and life success of individuals must be random
d. Large population size less likely for fluctuating allele frequencies (genetic drift)
e. No gene flow no moving alleles in or out of the population
17. 25% Homozygous Dominant and 50% Heterozygous, or 125 omo. Dominant and 250
Hetero. and 125 Homo. Recessive.
18. 40%
19. Factors that alter allelic frequencies:

Chapter 23 Reading Guide (Campbells 9th Ed.) Answers

a. Natural Selection if certain phenotypes make an organism more fit that others,
then allelic frequencies of those genes will increase.
b. Genetic Drift Chance events can cause allele frequencies to fluctuate
unpredictably from 1 generation to the next.
c. Gene Flow the movement of genes in between populations will alter the
frequency of genes currently in the population.
20. Genetic Drift
21. Gene Flow
22. Natural Selection
23. Examples of genetic drift:
a. Founder Effect few individuals become isolated from a larger population, such
is if a very strong gust of wind from a storm blows a group of organisms away
from their population.
b. Bottleneck Effect Severe, random drop in population size (result of a fire or
other natural or unnatural disaster)
24. The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the net generation relative to the
contribution of others.
25. None. A mule cannot give anything to a gene pool as it cannot reproduce.
26. Modes of Selection:
a. Directional occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of
a phenotypic trait
b. Disruptive conditions favor individuals at both extremes
c. Stabilizing acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate varieties
27. Individuals with more desired traits are more likely to find mates, and then those traits
become more common.
28. Intra- and inter- sexual Seection:
a. Intra-sexual Selection Same sexes compete to mate; Sickleback fish
b. Inter-sexual Selection Individuals of one sex select for their mates. Male
peacocks showing off. Usually females choosing a male depending on appearance
or behavior
29. Two ways genetic variation is preserved in a pop.:
a. Diploidy recessive alleles are hidden from selection and can continue in the
population in heterozygotes. Maintains pool that could bring new benefits if
environment changes.
b. Balancing Selection when natural selection maintains two or more forms in a
population. Includes hetero advantage and frequency dependent selection.
30. When heterozygous individuals have a greater fitness than both kinds of homozygous
individuals. In the example of sickle cell anemia, an individual who is hetero for the trait
is unaffected by malaria, where as those who are homo dominant are vulnerable to
malaria, and those who are homo recessive have sickle cell anemia.
31. Four reasons natural selection cannot produce perfect organisms:
a. Selection can only act on existing variations
b. Evolution is limited by historical constraints
c. Adaptations are often compromises
d. Chance, natural selection, and the environment interact.