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Iranska Teorija o Poreklu Hrvata
Iranska Teorija o Poreklu Hrvata
UDK936.7( = 862)
Izvorni znanstveni lanak
Primljeno 19. listopada, 1992.
Iako je hrvatski narod od svoga stupanja na povijesnu scenu poznat kao jedan od
slavenskih naroda, te su za najstarije dokumente, natpise i kronike imena Hrvati
Slaven sinonimi, ipak se od poetka 20. stoljea sve vie istie neslavensko porijeklo
Hrvata, odnosno njihove narodne jezgre. Prema tim mnogobrojnim teorijama Hrvati,
zapravo Protohrvati, bili bi gotskog, alarodijskog, bugarskog, avarskog, ilirskog ili
iranskog porijekla. Meu svim tim hipotezama i teorijama ova posljednja, tj. o
iranskom porijeklu Hrvata, privukla je najvei broj pristaa, pa ovaj prilog
posveujemo njenom razvoju, argumentima i povijesnoj koncepciji.
Iranska teorija o porijeklu Hrvata ula je u povijesnu znanost preko tri razliita, u
poetku meu sobom nezavisna puta, i to filoloko-historijskog, zatim preko povijesti
umjetnosti i konano povijesti religije.
Glavni poticaj tezi o iranskom porijeklu Hrvata dalo je otkrie dviju nadgrobnih ploa
iz II. i III. stoljea n. e., to su pronaene u nekadanjem gradu Ta- naisu (danas
Azov nasuprot Rostovu) na utoku Dona u Azovsko more, na kojima je zapisano
ime:Horoathos, odnosno Horovathos. Grke natpise s tih ploa objavio je B.
Latvschev u Petrogradu 1890. Od- {391} mah jeupalo u oi da se spomenuta imena,
ako se odbaci grki nastavak -os mogu dovesti u vezu s hrvatskim narodnim imenom
starijeg izgovora: Horvat. Stoga je A. Pogodin 1901. godine pretpostavio da su
Slaveni ve oko 200. godine poslije Krista doprli do Crnog mora. Meutim filolozi su
ubrzo utvrdili da ta imena nisu slavenska, nego iranska. Prvi koji je iznio miljenje da
je hrvatsko ime iranskog porijekla, bio je eki historiar Konstantin Jireek u svojoj
njemaki pisanoj Povijesti Srba,objavljenoj u Beu 1911. Tek deset godina kasnije
ruski slavist A. I. Sobolevski u svojim rusko-skitskim studijama (1921) dao je prvu
konzistentnu teoriju o iranskom porijeklu Hrvata, koja u svojim osnovnim linijama nije
ni do danas bitno izmijenjena, iako ju je on tek usput nabacio objanjavajui ostatke
skitskih naziva na slavenskom jezinom podruju.
element bio ve vjerojatno prilino poslavenjen, ali je pod svojim imenom jo uvijek
uspijevao drati sve Slavene istono od Odre i sjeverno od Karpata, te izmeu
Dnjestra, Crnog mora i porijeja gornjeg Dnjepra. Zapadno od {394} Dnjcstra sve do
donjeg Dunava ivjeli su Slaveni pod svojim pravim imenom.
Situacija se stubokom izmijenila kada su iz istone Azije pod vodstvom kagana
Bajana provalili Avari i nakon g. 560. zaposjeli Vlaku nizinu izmeu donjeg Dunava i
erdeljskih Karpata. Na tom putu Avari su oplijenili i opustoili antsku zemlju. I Hrvati u
Bijeloj Hrvatskoj kao dio antskoga plemenskog saveza osjetili su se ugroeni od
Avara, koji su izmeu 562. i 566. dvaput nadirali na sjever uz vanjski rub Karpata sve
do Polabja, gdje su ih Franci suzbili. Ipak Bijeli su Hrvati odoljeli avarskim napadima.
Seoba Hrvata iz Zakarpaa poinje tek potkraj tridesetih godina VII. stoljea, i to kao
protuavarska ofenziva u sporazumu s bizantskim carem Heraklijem. Iz tog vremena
potjee vjerojatno i hrvatska dijaspora koja je ostavila tragove u toponimima na Saali,
Slovakoj, Korukoj, Makedoniji i Grkoj. No, i nakon te velike seobe ostao je jo
jedan dio Hrvata u staroj domovini oko sjevernih Karpata (Beskida) u dananjoj junoj
Poljskoj i sjeveroistonoj ekoj.
U meuvremenu na donjem Dunavu trajale su borbe izmeu Avara i Anta. Tako je i
godine 602. bizantski strateg Petar, brat cara Mauricija, spremao pohod preko
Dunava. Meutim, kagan doznavi za pohod Romeja poalje Apsiha s vojskom da
uniti narod Anta, tadanjega romejskog saveznika. Ta je reenica Simokate
posljednja vijest o Antima. Ba ta injenica da ime jednoga velikog naroda nestaje
tako naglo, dokaz je da su nosioci toga imena bili lanovi tankoga, gospodujueg
sloja. Nakon poraza u ratu s Avarimaostatke su Anta na zapadu apsorbirah Bugari,
dok su se istoni Anti sjeverno od Azovskog morapretopili u kavkaske Alane, svoje
najblie srodnike. Ali jedan dio poslavenjenih alansko-sarmatskih Anta uspio je
sauvati ne samo svoje staro hrvatsko ime nego i druga obiljeja narodnog identiteta
sve do danas.
SUMMARY
Edit
Iranian. Among these theories and hvpotheses the last one is gaining more and more
credibility and adherents. The author has divided his paper in three sections, which
deal with thehistory of the same theory, with its arguments and with the historical
conception of the Croatians' early development.
The theory was mainly spured by the discovery of two tomb tablets with the Greek
inscriptions from 2nd and 3rd centuries bearing the name: Horoathos, respectively
Horovathos, which were found in the former city of Tanais (now Azov in front of
Rostov) at the mouth of river Don in the Sea of Azov. The inscriptions were published
by B. Latvshev in Petrograd 1890. It was immediately observed that these names
may be connected with the Croatian ethnic name of the older pronunciation: Horvat.
At the same time the philologists have pointed the names were not Slavic but Iranian
ones. The first scholar who carried out the opinion the Croatians were of Iranian
origin was the Czech historian Konstantin Jireek in his History of Serbs issued in
Vienna 1911. Only ten years later the Russian slavist AI. I. Sobolevski gave the first
consistent theory about it. Other linguistsas Vasmer and Ramov stressed the
Croatians were one of the Sarmatian tribes. This philologico-historical line was
mastery completed by Ljudmil Hauptmann before the World War II.
At the same time the history of art gave another component to the theory in the works
of Luka Jeli, who has found the Iranian elements in the Croatian praeromanic sacral
architecture, especially in the church of Holy Cross at Nin (1912). His results have
been confirmed by Jozef Strzygowski who elucidated many links between the Persian
and the old Croatian arts (1929). This kinship has been remarked also by the Italian
historian of art V. Monneret de Villard.
The history of religion has given the third component to the theory. The thesis of Jan
Peisker, who elaborated the Persian dualistic influences to the mythology of the
ancient Slavs, have defended Ivan Pilar and Milan ufflay, who have given many
topographic examples in to-day Croatia.
It was the Croatian scholar Stjepan Sakawho has systemized all these views in a
more or less consistent theory in a series of essays publishedin the review Zivot in
Zagreb before the War II and afterwards abroad. But he was obviously going too far
by stressing the Croatians have not been Alans, Antes Or Sarmats, i.e. native from
Outer Iran, but from the inner, ie. Achemenid Persia, namely from the province
Harachvati (in Greek Arachosia) situated along the Iran-Afganistan border.
After the World War II the theory was sustained by many scholars, especially Francis
Dvornik, Roman Jakobson, Tadeusz Sulimirski, Vernadsky, Deravin and recently by
Omeljan Pritsak (1985).
In the second part of his paper the author enumerates the main arguments the theory
has produced in its defense.
A kind of arguments are the former names of Croatian lands: White Croatia and Red
Croatia, which according to Ferdinand de Saussure belong to the oriental,
particularly Iranian system of the geographical denominations. The word ban in
sense of deputy of ruler (this rank was known by many oriental peoples - vezir by the
Turks), as well as the word upan, meaning a high oficial, are Iranian words. Some
other words of the Iranian origin have remained still in the Croatian language such as
esma (fountain), vazam (Easter) and some Croatian family names, too.
We owe some very interesting studies to Marijana Gui and Branimir Gui,
concerninag Iranian influences upon the Slavic and particularly Croatian folklore
while in archeology a similar work has been done by Zdenko Vinski and Ksenija
Vinski-Gasparini.
The third section of this paper is dedicated to the early historical development of the
Croatians, which is treated in the framework of the history of the Antes, respectively
Alans. Pushed by the great Peoples' Settlement at the end of the 4th century the
Croatians moved from the Azov basin to the both sides of the north Carpatians
(Beskids). There, as a part of the large empire of the Antes, they began to be
slavisized. Though the Antes have been anichilated by the Avars at the very
beginning of the 7th century, Croatians have escaped their fate and even, after the
invitation of the Emperor Heraclius about 638 A. D., they have defeated the Avars
and replaced their authority along the East shore of the Adriatic Sea.
Translated by VLADIMIR KOAK