12/14/2015

AMTransmitters

AMTransmitters
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TransmittersthattransmitAMsignalsareknownasAMtransmitters.Thesetransmittersare
usedinmediumwave(MW)andshortwave(SW)frequencybandsforAMbroadcast.TheMW
bandhasfrequenciesbetween550KHzand1650KHz,andtheSWbandhasfrequencies
rangingfrom3MHzto30MHz.ThetwotypesofAMtransmittersthatareusedbasedontheir
transmittingpowersare:
HighLevel
LowLevel
Highleveltransmittersusehighlevelmodulation,andlowleveltransmittersuselowlevel
modulation.Thechoicebetweenthetwomodulationschemesdependsonthetransmitting
poweroftheAMtransmitter.Inbroadcasttransmitters,wherethetransmittingpowermaybeof
theorderofkilowatts,highlevelmodulationisemployed.Inlowpowertransmitters,whereonlya
fewwattsoftransmittingpowerarerequired,lowlevelmodulationisused.

HighLevelandLowLevelTransmitters
Belowfigure'sshowtheblockdiagramofhighlevelandlowleveltransmitters.Thebasic
differencebetweenthetwotransmittersisthepoweramplificationofthecarrierandmodulating
signals.
Figure(a)showstheblockdiagramofhighlevelAMtransmitter.

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Figure(a)isdrawnforaudiotransmission.Inhighleveltransmission,thepowersofthecarrier
andmodulatingsignalsareamplifiedbeforeapplyingthemtothemodulatorstage,asshownin
figure(a).Inlowlevelmodulation,thepowersofthetwoinputsignalsofthemodulatorstageare
notamplified.Therequiredtransmittingpowerisobtainedfromthelaststageofthetransmitter,
theclassCpoweramplifier.
Thevarioussectionsofthefigure(a)are:
Carrieroscillator
Bufferamplifier
Frequencymultiplier
Poweramplifier
Audiochain
ModulatedclassCpoweramplifier

Carrieroscillator
Thecarrieroscillatorgeneratesthecarriersignal,whichliesintheRFrange.Thefrequencyof
thecarrierisalwaysveryhigh.Becauseitisverydifficulttogeneratehighfrequencieswithgood
frequencystability,thecarrieroscillatorgeneratesasubmultiplewiththerequiredcarrier
frequency.Thissubmultiplefrequencyismultipliedbythefrequencymultiplierstagetogetthe
requiredcarrierfrequency.Further,acrystaloscillatorcanbeusedinthisstagetogeneratea
lowfrequencycarrierwiththebestfrequencystability.Thefrequencymultiplierstagethen
increasesthefrequencyofthecarriertoitsrequiredvalue.

BufferAmplifier
Thepurposeofthebufferamplifieristwofold.Itfirstmatchestheoutputimpedanceofthe
carrieroscillatorwiththeinputimpedanceofthefrequencymultiplier,thenextstageofthe
carrieroscillator.Itthenisolatesthecarrieroscillatorandfrequencymultiplier.
Thisisrequiredsothatthemultiplierdoesnotdrawalargecurrentfromthecarrieroscillator.If
thisoccurs,thefrequencyofthecarrieroscillatorwillnotremainstable.

FrequencyMultiplier
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Thesubmultiplefrequencyofthecarriersignal,generatedbythecarrieroscillator,isnow
appliedtothefrequencymultiplierthroughthebufferamplifier.Thisstageisalsoknownas
harmonicgenerator.Thefrequencymultipliergenerateshigherharmonicsofcarrieroscillator
frequency.Thefrequencymultiplierisatunedcircuitthatcanbetunedtotherequisitecarrier
frequencythatistobetransmitted.

PowerAmplifier

RadioFrequencyFilter
FindaEMI/RFIFiltersproducer?highQuality,Freesamples,fastL/T.

Thepowerofthecarriersignalisthenamplifiedinthepoweramplifierstage.Thisisthe
basicrequirementofahighleveltransmitter.AclassCpoweramplifiergiveshighpowercurrent
pulsesofthecarriersignalatitsoutput.

AudioChain
Theaudiosignaltobetransmittedisobtainedfromthemicrophone,asshowninfigure(a).The
audiodriveramplifieramplifiesthevoltageofthissignal.Thisamplificationisnecessarytodrive
theaudiopoweramplifier.Next,aclassAoraclassBpoweramplifieramplifiesthepowerofthe
audiosignal.

ModulatedClassCAmplifier
Thisistheoutputstageofthetransmitter.Themodulatingaudiosignalandthecarriersignal,
afterpoweramplification,areappliedtothismodulatingstage.Themodulationtakesplaceat
thisstage.TheclassCamplifieralsoamplifiesthepoweroftheAMsignaltothereacquired
transmittingpower.Thissignalisfinallypassedtotheantenna.,whichradiatesthesignalinto
spaceoftransmission.
Figure(b)showstheblockdiagramofalowlevelAMtransmitter.

ThelowlevelAMtransmittershowninthefigure(b)issimilartoahighleveltransmitter,except
thatthepowersofthecarrierandaudiosignalsarenotamplified.Thesetwosignalsaredirectly
appliedtothemodulatedclassCpoweramplifier.
Modulationtakesplaceatthestage,andthepowerofthemodulatedsignalisamplifiedtothe
requiredtransmittingpowerlevel.Thetransmittingantennathentransmitsthesignal.

CouplingofOutputStageandAntenna
TheoutputstageofthemodulatedclassCpoweramplifierfeedsthesignaltothetransmitting
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antenna.Totransfermaximumpowerfromtheoutputstagetotheantennaitisnecessarythat
theimpedanceofthetwosectionsmatch.Forthis,amatchingnetworkisrequired.The
matchingbetweenthetwoshouldbeperfectatalltransmittingfrequencies.Asthematchingis
requiredatdifferentfrequencies,inductorsandcapacitorsofferingdifferentimpedanceat
differentfrequenciesareusedinthematchingnetworks.
Thematchingnetworkmustbeconstructedusingthesepassivecomponents.Thisisshownin

Figure(c
Thematchingnetworkusedforcouplingtheoutputstageofthetransmitterandtheantennais
calleddoublenetwork.Thisnetworkisshowninfigure(c).Itconsistsoftwoinductors,L1andL2andtwo
capacitors,C1andC2.Thevaluesofthesecomponentsarechosensuchthattheinputimpedanceofthenetwork
between1and1'.Showninfigure(c)ismatchedwiththeoutputimpedanceoftheoutputstageofthetransmitter.
Further,theoutputimpedanceofthenetworkismatchedwiththeimpedanceoftheantenna.
Thedoublematchingnetworkalsofiltersunwantedfrequencycomponentsappearingattheoutputofthelaststage

ofthetransmitter.TheoutputofthemodulatedclassCpoweramplifiermaycontainhigherharmonics,suchas
secondandthirdharmonics,thatarehighlyundesirable.Thefrequencyresponseofthematchingnetworkissetsuch
thattheseunwantedhigherharmonicsaretotallysuppressed,andonlythedesiredsignaliscoupledtotheantenna.

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