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APLICABILITATEA DIRECTA A DREPTULUI COMUNITAR EUROPEAN
DIRECT APPLICABILITY OF EUROPEAN UNION LAW
Emilian CIONGARU, doctorand al Institutului de Cercetari Juridice Andrei Radulesc
u al Academiei de Stiinte a Romaniei,
Emilian CIONGARU, Ph.Drd. Institute of Legal Research" Andrei Radulescu" of the
Romanian Academy of Sciences
Abstract: The notion of 'direct effect' is taken from American jurisprudence and
that of the International Court of Justice, it means that a rule adopted in dif
ferent legal system than the states - ie that of international law - not only cr
eates rights and obligations for Member but also for private parties, both in th
eir relations with states and international organizations concerned as well as b
etween them. The principle of international law in the Vienna Convention37 art.
26 - "pacta sunt servanda" - Every treaty in force is binding upon the parties a
nd must be performed by them in good faith, oblige states to respect the treatie
s they have signed. However, international law does not regulate the conditions
in which legal norms contained in treaties be integrated into the international
justice of the States concerned to be applied but it is left to each state that
regulates them. Keywords: direct applicability, principle, effect, regulation, t
reaty, European Community Law
Abstract: Notiunea de "efect direct" este preluata din jurisprudenta americana s
i din cea a Curtii Internationale de Justitie, ea insemnand ca o norma adoptata
in alt sistem juridic decat cel al statelor - adica in cel al dreptului internat
ional creeaza drepturi si obligatii nu numai pentru statele parti ci si pentru p
articulari, atat in relatiile acestora cu statele si organizatiile international
e implicate cat si intre ei. Astfel, principiul dreptului international din Conv
entia de la Viena1 art. 26 Pacta sunt servanda Orice tratat in vigoare leaga parti
le si trebuie sa fie executat de ele cu buna credinta, obliga statele sa respect
e tratatele pe care le-au incheiat. Cu toate acestea, dreptul international nu r
eglementeaza si conditiile in care normele juridice cuprinse in tratate sa fie i
ntegrate in justitia interna a statelor in cauza pentru a fi aplicate de acestea
ci este lasata la latitudinea fiecarui stat care le reglementeaza. Cuvinte chei
e: aplicabilitatea directa, principiu, effect, regulament, tratat, dreptul comun
itar european
1. GENERALITIES The direct applicability also called direct effect, is a charact
eristic of European Community law through which "Community law confers rights an
d imposes obligations not only to EU institutions and EU Member States but also
their nationals, EU citizens"38,. According to A. Fuerea39, direct applicability
of Community law represents anyones right to be entitled to a European Union mem
ber state, to ask the judge to apply to all sources of European Community law (t
reaties, regulations, EU directives or decisions) and the judge is obliged to us
e these texts, whatever the
1. GENERALITATI Aplicabilitatea directa numita si efect direct, este caracterist
ica dreptului comunitar european prin care dreptul comunitar confera drepturi si
impune obligatii nu doar institutiilor comunitare si statelor membre ale Uniunii
Europene, ci si resortisantilor acestora, cetateni ai UE2. Potrivit lui A.Fuerea
3, aplicabilitatea directa a dreptului comunitar reprezinta dreptul oricarei per
soane a unui stat membru al Uniunii Europene, de a cere judecatorului sa i se ap
lice toate sursele dreptului comunitar
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european (tratatele, regulamentele, directivele sau deciziile comunitare) iar ju
decatorul este obligat sa foloseasca aceste texte, oricare ar fi legislatia tari
i careia ii apartine. Recunoasterea efectului direct inseamna garantarea statutu
lui juridic al cetateanului european. Efectul direct sanctioneaza statele care nu
au adoptat masurile necesare pentru punerea in aplicare a dreptului comunitar. A
cest efect este asigurat prin vigilenta persoanelor particulare care, interesate
fiind de salvgardarea drepturilor lor, sesizeaza jurisdictiile nationale. Princ
ipiul aplicabilitatii directe este unul dintre cele mai importante principii de
drept comunitar si prevede ca legislatia europeana confera cetatenilor statelor
membre drepturi si obligatii, pe care le pot invoca in fata tribunalelor nationa
le si comunitare. Cu alte cuvinte, nu numai institutiile europene si statele mem
bre sunt afectate direct de dreptul comunitar, ci si cetatenii. Principiul a fos
t adoptat in urma demersurilor Curtii Europene de Justitie, care, in pofida opoz
itiei unor state membre, a stabilit in Cazul Van Gend & Loos4 aplicabilitatea di
recta a intregului drept comunitar. Inainte de luarea acestei decizii, aplicabil
itatea era mentionata in Tratatul Comunitatii Economice Europene numai in legatu
ra cu legislatia secundara (decizii, regulamente si directive), dar nu si pentru
normele care se regasesc in Tratat. Principiul aplicabilitatii directe are o se
mnificatie deosebita, deoarece apara drepturile cetatenilor si consolideaza locu
l dreptului european in cadrul dreptului national. Recunoasterea aplicabilitatii
efectului direct inseamna garantarea statutului juridic al cetateanului europea
n.5 Regulamentul este direct aplicabil in toate statele membre; nu trebuie sa fi
e transpus si se impune ordinii juridice nationale din momentul intrarii sale in
vigoare. Orice forma de transpunere este asadar interzisa. Aplicabilitatea dire
cta implica faptul ca regulamentul creeaza imediat drepturi si obligatii pe care
particularii le pot valorifica
legislation of the country they belong to. Recognition of direct effect means en
suring the legal status of European citizens. Direct effect "sanctions" the coun
tries that have not adopted the necessary measures for the implementation of Com
munity law. This effect is provided by the vigilance of individuals who are inte
rested in safeguarding their rights to notify the national jurisdictions. The pr
inciple of direct applicability is one of the most important principles of Commu
nity law and European legislation requires that Member States give citizens righ
ts and obligations, they may invoke before national courts and community. In oth
er words, not only European institutions and Member States are directly affected
by Community law, but also citizens. The principle was adopted following the Eu
ropean Court of Justice steps that despite opposition of some Member States, est
ablished in Van Gend & Loos40 case of direct applicability to the entire Communi
ty law. Before this decision, the applicability was mentioned in the European Ec
onomic Community Treaty only related to secondary legislation (decisions, regula
tions and directives), but not for the rules found in the Treaty. The principle
of direct applicability has a special significance, because it defends the right
s of citizens and strengthens the place of European law within the national law.
Recognizing the applicability of direct effect means ensuring the legal status
of European citizens.41 Regulation is directly applicable in all Member States s
hould not be transposed and requires national legal order since its coming into
force. Any form of transposition is therefore forbidden. Direct applicability im
mediately implies that regulation creates rights and obligations which individua
ls can materialize in building relationships with both national authorities (ver
tical direct effect) and in
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atat in relatiile cu autoritatile nationale (efect direct vertical) cat si in ra
port cu alti particulari (efect direct orizontal). Aceste caractere ale regulame
ntului fac din acesta cel mai eficient si complet act din multitudinea instrumen
telor legislative puse la dispozitia institutiilor comunitare. Principiul aplica
bilitatii directe depinde de izvorul de drept comunitar care se analizeaza si ap
lica. In aceasta situatie se disting trei cazuri:6 1) efectul direct necondition
at si complet cu aplicabilitate generala presupune faptul ca acele surse de drep
t comunitar care au acest efect pot fi invocate neconditionat de catre orice per
soana fizica sau juridica indiferent daca litigiile sunt cu autoritati publice,
persoane juridice sau fizice (principiile generale de drept comunitar, regulamen
tele si deciziile); 2) efectul direct conditionat si complet cu aplicabilitate g
enerala presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect t
rebuie sa indeplineasca anumite conditii in acest scop (tratatele de constituire
a Comunitatilor, tratatele internationale); 3) efectul direct neconditionat si
restrans presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comunitar care au acest efect
sa indeplineasca anumite conditii si cerinte (directivele si deciziile adresate
statelor membre). 2. EFECTUL NECONDITIONAT SI EXEMPIFICARI. DIRECT COMPLET.
relation to other individuals (horizontal direct effect). These characters of re
gulation makes it most effective and completely legal act of the many tools avai
lable to community institutions. The principle of direct applicability depends o
n the source of Community law which analyzes and applies. In this situation ther
e are three cases42: 1) unconditional and complete direct effect of general appl
icability implies that those sources of Community law that this effect may be in
voked unconditionally by any person or entity whether disputes are public author
ities, individuals or legal persons (general principles Community law, regulatio
ns and decisions); 2) direct effect complete conditioned and general applicabili
ty - implies that those sources which have the effect of Community law must meet
certain conditions for this purpose (the Treaties establishing the Communities,
international treaties); 3) unconditional and small direct effect - implies tha
t those sources which have the effect of Community law meet certain conditions a
nd requirements (directives and decisions addressed to Member States). 2. UNCOND
ITIONAL EFFECT. EXAMPLES. DIRECT
2.1. Efectul direct neconditionat si complet. Efectul direct neconditionat si co
mplet cu aplicabilitate generala presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comuni
tar care au acest efect pot fi invocate neconditionat de catre orice persoana fi
zica sau juridica indiferent daca litigiile sunt cu autoritati publice (litigiul
vertical), persoane juridice sau fizice (litigiul orizontal).7
2.1. The unconditional and complete direct effect. Unconditional and complete di
rect effect of general applicability - implies that those sources of Community l
aw that have this effect and may be invoked unconditionally by any person or ent
ity whether disputes are public authorities (vertical case), individuals or lega
l persons (case horizontal)43. Community rules which have this effect are: regul
ations, decisions and general principles of Community law.
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Normele comunitare care au acest efect sunt: regulamentele, deciziile si princip
iile generale de drept comunitar. Regulamentele sunt acte comunitare care au apl
icabilitate directa si creeaza drepturi si obligatii pentru toate subiectele de
drept intern ale statelor membre ale Comunitatilor europene.8 Regulamentele cons
tituie o parte a acquis-ului comunitar9, sau legislatie secundara, care se aplica
direct, fara a fi transpusa in legislatia nationala. Ca atare, acestea au caract
er obligatoriu in statele membre.10 Se poate argumenta acest efect invocand disp
ozitiile art. 189 (n.v. 249) din Tratatul C.E. care prevede ca: Regulamentul are
aplicabilitate generala. Acesta este obligatoriu in toate elementele sale si se
aplica direct in toate statele membre. Deciziile, adresandu-se si subiectelor de
drept intern din anumite state comunitare, pot fi surse de drepturi si obligatii
pentru persoanele fizice sau juridice din statele membre privind domenii cum ar
fi: concurenta, libera circulatie, nediscriminarea pe criterii de nationalitate
, egalitatea intre sexe, etc.11. Art. 189 (n.v. 249) din Tratatul C.E. prevede c
a: Decizia este obligatorie in toate elementele sale pentru destinatarii pe care
ii indica. Principiile generale de drept pot sa fie invocate de persoanele fizice
sau juridice ale statelor membre deoarece, avand in vedere gradul lor de genera
litate, este obligatoriu a fi respectate neconditionat in toate cazurile.12 Prin
cipiile generale ale dreptului comunitar cuprind urmatoarele categorii: unele pr
incipii ale dreptului international public, principiile sistemelor juridice ale
statelor membre, principiile rezultate din dispozitiile Tratatelor comunitare, d
repturile fundamentale ale omului. - Principiile cu caracter fundamental respect
ate prin impunerea de catre Curtea de justitie a CE sunt urmatoarele:13 Principi
ul securitatii juridice este in legatura cu principiul respectarii
- Regulations are directly applicable Community legislation which creates rights
and obligations for all threads law of the Member States of the European Commun
ities44. Regulations are part of the acquis communautaire45, or secondary legisl
ation, which apply directly, without being transposed into national law. As such
, they are binding on Member States46. Arguably this effect by invoking Art. 189
(n.v. 249) of the Treaty C.E. which provides that: "Regulation has general appl
icability. It shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Me
mber States. " - Decisions, addressing national issues and in some member states
may be sources of rights and obligations for individuals or legal persons of Me
mber States on areas such as competition, free movement, discrimination based on
47 nationality, gender equality, etc.. . Article 189 (n.v. 249) of the Treaty C
.E. provides that: "The decision is binding in its entirety upon those to whom i
t is addressed." - General principles of law may be invoked by individuals or le
gal Member States because, given their level of generality, it is mandatory to b
e unconditionally respected in all cases.48 General principles of Community law
include the following categories: some principles of public international law pr
inciples of legal systems of Member States, the principles under the provisions
of the Community Treaties, fundamental human rights. - Those fundamental princip
les of nature through the imposition by the Court of Justice of the EC are49: The principle of legal security is related to the principle of respect first acq
uired rights and legitimate principle on the other.; - Principle defence law is
required every time the administration takes
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drepturilor dobandite pe de o parte si cu principiul increderii legitime pe de a
lta parte.; Principiul dreptului de aparare se impune de fiecare data cand admin
istratia ia o masura de natura sa lezeze grav interesele individuale. Principiul
egalitatii persoanelor supuse unei autoritati administrative in fata unei regle
mentari economice, ceea ce implica excluderea oricarei discriminari intre produc
atorii sau consumatorii Comunitatilor. Curtea considera ca discriminarea consta
in a trata in mod identic situatii care sunt diferite sau de maniera diferita si
tuatii care sunt identice; Principiul egalitatii; Principiul proportionalitatii,
in sensul ca institutiile trebuie sa vegheze, in exercitarea atributiilor lor,
ca sarcinile impuse agentilor economici sa nu depaseasca ceea ce este necesar pe
ntru a atinge obiectivele pe care autoritatea este tinuta sa le realizeze; - Pri
ncipii cu caracter tehnic, care nu au decat o valoare facultativa pentru ca in c
azul unor lacune ar putea fi ingradite de anumite dispozitii exprese de drept de
rivat.14 Exemple ar fi: Principiul neplatii zilelor de greva; Principiul retrage
rii retroactive a actelor ilegale; Principiul responsabilitatii extracontractual
e a Comunitatilor; Principiul distinctiei impozitelor, a taxelor si a redeventel
or. 2.2. Exemplificari. a. Regulamente ale Comunitatilor Europene Regulamentele
Comisiei Europene nr.1408/7115 si nr.574/7216. Politica comunitara in domeniu ur
mareste ca lucratorul migrant, cetatean sau rezident al unui Stat Membru, care c
ircula in interiorul UE, sa beneficieze de protectie sociala corespunzatoare in
situatia de somaj, permitand, in acest scop, cumularea perioadelor de asigurare
sau de munca realizate in mai multe State Membre si, atunci cand este cazul, tra
nsferarea indemnizatiei stabilite intrmeasures that a seriously harm individual interests. - The principle of equality
of persons subject to administrative authorities before economic regulations, w
hich involve no discrimination between producers or consumers Communities. The C
ourt ruled that discrimination consists of treating different situations identic
ally or in a different manner situations that are identical; - The principle of
equality; - The principle of proportionality, meaning that institutions should e
nsure their duties as duties imposed to economic agents do not exceed what is ne
cessary to achieve the objectives which the authority is obliged to make; - Prin
ciples of a technical nature, not just an optional value that if shortcomings co
uld be restricted to certain express provisions of secondary law50. Examples: The principle of non-payment of strike days; - Principle retrospective withdrawa
l of illegal acts; - The principle of non-contractual liability of the Communiti
es; - The principle of distinction taxes, fees and royalties. 2.2. - Examples. a
. - Regulations of the European Communities Commission Regulations 1408/7151 and
nr.574/7252. Community policy aims as a migrant worker, citizen or resident of
a Member State who moves within the EU, to benefit from adequate social protecti
on in case of unemployment, allowing, for this purpose, overlapping periods of i
nsurance or employment completed in many Several Member States and, when appropr
iate, transfer allowance established in a Member State in another Member State f
or a determined period not exceeding three months during which the unemployed pe
rson is looking for a job. Nr.805/2004 EC Regulation53 which
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un Stat Membru in alt Stat Membru pe o perioada determinata de maxim 3 luni pe d
urata careia somerul isi cauta un loc de munca. Regulamentul CE nr.805/200417 pr
in care se instituie Titlul executoriu european. Prin Conventia de la Bruxelles
din 27 septembrie 1968 s-a creat cadrul normativ al recunoasterii si executarii
hotararilor judecatoresti intre statele membre, in spatiul comunitar. Ca urmare
a acestei conventii s-a initiat instituirea unui sistem de principii si reguli,
in scopul aplicarii uniforme a unor norme procedurale in Uniunea Europeana. b. D
ecizii ale Comunitatilor Europene Decizia nr. 205 din 17 octombrie 2005 Privind
sfera de cuprindere a notiunii de somaj partial referitor la lucratorii frontalier
i (Text de interes pentru SEE18 si pentru acordul UE/Elvetia) (2006/351/CE) prin
care s-a decis ca in scopul aplicarii articolului 71, paragraful 1, punctul a)
din Regulamentul 1408/71 , determinarea naturii somajului partial sau complet de
pinde de constatarea mentinerii sau absentei oricarei legaturi contractuale de m
unca intre parti si nu de durata unei eventuale suspendarii temporare a activita
tii. Decizia nr. 1720/2006/EC a Parlamentului European si a Consiliului in 15 noi
embrie 2006 privind instituirea unui program de actiune in domeniul invatarii pe
tot parcursul vietii prin care s-a decis instituirea un program de actiune comun
itara in domeniul invatarii pe tot parcursul vietii, numit in continuare Programu
l Invatare pe tot parcursul vietii. c. - Principiile generale de drept Directiva 7
9/7/CEE, privind implementarea progresiva a principiului egalitatii de tratament
intre barbati si femei in domeniul securitatii sociale, a reprezentat extindere
a principiului egalitatii de tratament in domeniul securitatii sociale. Ea li se
aplica lucratorilor A categorie inteleasa in sens larg, care cuprinde salariati
i si independentii, bolnavii si accidentatii, somerii involuntari
establishes the European Enforcement. The Brussels Convention of 27 September 19
68 created the legislative framework of recognition and enforcement of judgments
between Member States in the Community. Following this convention has initiated
a system of principles and rules in order to apply uniform procedural rules in
the European Union. b. - Decisions of the European Communities Decision. 205 of
October 17, 2005 On the scope of the concept of "short time" on the frontier wor
kers (Text of EEA interest54 for the EU / Switzerland) (2006/351/CE) which decid
ed that the purposes of Article 71, paragraph 1, paragraph a) of Regulation 1408
/71, determine the nature of unemployment partially or completely - depends on fi
nding or maintaining employment absence of any contractual ties between parties
and not the duration of any temporary suspension of activity. Decision. 1720/2006
/EC of the European Parliament and Council on 15 November 2006 establishing a Pr
ogramme of Action on Lifelong Learning where it was decided to "establish a prog
ram of Community action in the field of lifelong learning, further called Lifel
ong Learning Programme . c. - General principles of law Directive 79/7/EEC on the
progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment between men and
women in Social Security was the extension of the principle of equal treatment i
n social security. It is applied to workers A- broadly understood category that
includes employees and independents, and injured, involuntary unemployed who are
looking for a job, pensioners and invalids. "The principle of equal treatment a
pplies in accordance with Directive 79 / 7 (article 3 (1)) - Statutory social se
curity schemes in case of illness, disability, old age, accidents
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aflati in cautarea unui loc de munca, pensionarii si invalizii. Principiul egalit
atii de tratament se aplica, conform Directivei 79/7 (art.3(1)): - regimurilor l
egale de protectie sociala in caz de boala, invaliditate, batranete, accidente d
e munca sau boli profesionale si somaj; - ajutoarelor sociale menite sa le supli
menteze pe primele. Principiul nediscriminarii: Articolul 4(1) al directivei sta
bileste principiul nediscriminarii, atat in materie de cotizare, cat si in ceea
ce priveste prestatiile, dispunand ca nu va fi admisa discriminarea, de orice fe
l ar fi ea, pe temeiul sexului, atat direct cat si indirect, prin referire la st
atutul marital sau familial, in special in ceea ce priveste: domeniul sistemelor
de securitate sociala si conditiile de acces la acestea; obligatia de a contrib
ui si calculul contributiilor; calculul beneficiilor, inclusiv al sporurilor dat
orate pentru sot(ie) si membrii de familie; conditiile care guverneaza neacordar
ea beneficiilor.19 3. EFECTUL DIRECT CONDITIONAT SI COMPLET. EXEMPIFICARI. 3.1. E
fectul direct conditionat si complet.Conditii Efectul direct conditionat si comp
let cu aplicabilitate generala - presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept comuni
tar care au acest efect trebuie sa indeplineasca anumite conditii in acest scop
(tratatele de constituire a Comunitatilor, tratatele internationale).20 Conditii
le pe care trebuie sa le indeplineasca sursele de drept comunitar sunt: a. Pentr
u Tratatele constitutive Curtea Europeana de justitie a statuat ca dreptul comun
itar izvorat din tratatele constitutive nu are o aplicabilitate directa autonoma
dar au fost date doua directii generale, conform carora sunt direct aplicabile
at work or occupational diseases and unemployment; - Social benefits intended to
supplement the first. Discrimination: Article 4 (1) of the Directive establishe
s the principle of nondiscrimination, both in terms of contribution and in terms
of benefits, providing it will not be allowed discrimination of any kind it may
be, on the basis of sex, both directly and indirectly by reference to marital o
r family status, particularly regarding: field of social security systems and co
nditions of such access; obligation to contribute and the calculation of contrib
utions; calculation of benefits, including increases due to husband (IE) and fam
ily members; conditions governing the refusal of benefits. "55 3. CONDITIONED AN
D COMPLETE DIRECT EFFECT. EXAMPLES. 3.1. - The conditioned and complete direct e
ffect. Requirements. Complete and conditioned direct effect and general applicab
ility - implies that those sources which have the effect of Community law must m
eet certain conditions for this purpose (the Treaties establishing the Communiti
es, international treaties).56 Conditions that must meet EU sources of law are:
a. - For founding Treaties European Court of Justice held that Community law has
not stemmed the Treaties establishing an independent direct application but wer
e given two general directions, which are directly applicable under the provisio
ns which confer rights and obligations established expressly for individuals, an
d those that impose obligations fine imposed on Member States and Community inst
itutions.
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dispozitiile care confera drepturi si instituie obligatii exprese pentru persoan
e particulare , precum si cele care impun obligatii bine stabilite in sarcina st
atelor membre sau a institutiilor comunitare. Daca sunt indeplinite aceste condi
tii, dispozitiile respective sunt direct aplicabile, fara sa mai fie nevoie de a
lte acte de aplicare, de proceduri specifice sau masuri complementare. Efectul d
irect al Tratatelor constitutive a fost acordat in trei etape ;21 - Prima etapa
a efectului direct conditionat si complet a fost statuata de jurisprudenta Curti
i, in hotararea Van Gend & Loos22 incluzand obligatia statului de a nu face (res
pectiv de a nu face rezerve care sa subordoneze aplicarea tratatelor de vreun ac
t normativ intern, de a nu necesita adoptarea unor dispozitii normative interne
de concretizare a prevederilor tratatelor) - A doua etapa o reprezinta caracteru
l irevocabil al obligatiei de a face, respectiv de a nu lasa nici o marja de apr
eciere statelor in ceea ce priveste indeplinirea obligatiilor sale.23 - A treia
etapa de largire a efectului direct al tratatelor a fost statuata de Curte care
a stabilit ca dispozitiile tratatului au efect direct si atunci cand acestea enun
ta numai un principiu care trebuie pus in aplicare prin normele de drept derivat
, care inca nu au fost adoptate de institutiile comunitare24, dar in schimb dispoz
itiile care enunta obligatii avand caracter general pentru statele membre nu pro
duc efecte pentru persoanele fizice si juridice, acestea neputandu-le invoca in
fata instantelor25 b. Pentru tratatele internationale In ceea ce priveste acordur
ile internationale, Curtea a decis ca prevederile acestora pot fi invocate in mo
d direct daca din acestea rezulta ca ele confera drepturi nu numai pentru state,
ci si pentru persoane private, sau daca aplicarea acestor tratate in
If these conditions are met, these provisions are directly applicable, without t
he need of other pieces of application specific procedures or complementary meas
ures. The direct effect of Treaty Constitution was granted in three stages57; The first phase of the direct effect complete conditioning and jurisprudence was
held 58 Court in Van Gend & Loos including the state's obligation not to do (or
do not reserve to make the application of the Treaties of any national legislat
ive act, not requiring the adoption of national legislative provisions to materi
alize the treaties); - The second stage is the irrevocability of the obligation t
o do, not to leaves any discretion in terms of meeting its obligations59; - The t
hird stage of enlargement of the direct effect of treaties has been held that th
e Court decided that "the Treaty provisions have direct effect and when it conte
nt refers to a principle to be enforced by the secondary rules, which have not y
et been adopted by the Community institutions"60 but instead "provisions which s
et out general obligations which have Member States shall have no effect for ind
ividuals and companies, they never being able to invoke them before the courts "
.61 b. - For international treaties In terms of international agreements, the co
urt ruled that its provisions can be invoked directly from them if from them res
ults that they not only gives rights to states, but also for private persons, or
if implementation of such treaties in domestic law is based on clear provisions
, which require no other domestic legislation. The direct effect of provisions t
hat are stipulated in international agreements concluded by the Community has th
ree consequences62: - Interested persons may request a national court compliance
with law is
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ordinea juridica interna are la baza dispozitiile clare, care nu necesita alte a
cte normative interne. Efectul direct al dispozitiilor ce sunt prevazute in acor
durile internationale incheiate de Comunitate are trei consecinte:26 - persoanel
e interesate pot cere judecatorului national respectarea unui drept care este co
nferit de acordul international invocat; - in cazul in care un stat membru nu in
deplineste masurile de executare, efectul direct reprezinta o sanctiune pentru s
tatul in cauza, astfel persoanele interesate avand posibilitatea de a declansa a
ctiunea bazata pe neindeplinirea obligatiei de catre stat. - prevederile acordul
ui invocat, avand aplicabilitate directa, nu s-ar putea manifesta decat in absen
ta unei dispozitii contrare in dreptul intern, dar principiul prioritatii permit
e producerea efectului direct. 3.2. Exemplificari. a. Privind Tratatele constitu
tive Hotararea Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (A
dministratia Fiscala Olandeza), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos, o firma de im
portatori, a fost solicitata sa plateasca taxe vamale pentru o marfa importata d
in Germania in Olanda, conform legii adoptate dupa crearea CEE. Importatorii au
sesizat instantele olandeze cu privire la plata taxelor vamale, pe motivul ca ex
istenta unei taxe vamale suplimentare incalca art.25 (ex 12) TCEE, care interzic
ea introducerea de noi taxe vamale. Instanta olandeza a sesizat CJCE, conform ar
t.234 (ex 177), pentru interpretarea dispozitiei relevante. Prin art.25 (ex 12)
TCEE se interzice impunerea de noi taxe vamale, precum si marirea cuantumului ce
lor deja existente. Solutia si principiile degajate de CJCE au fost acelea ca CEE
a creat o noua ordine juridica in dreptul international, in numele
conferred by international agreement raised; - If a Member State does not meet p
erformance measures, the direct effect is a sanction for the State concerned, in
terested persons will be allowed to trigger action based on failure to state. The Agreement relied upon, with direct applicability, it could manifest but abse
nt a contrary provision in national law, but priority principle will produce dir
ect effect. 3.2. - Examples. A. - On the founding Treaties Van Gend en Loos v..
Administration Belastingen der Nederlandse (Dutch Tax Administration), nr.26/26,
1963 - Van Gend en Loos, an importing company, was required to pay duty on good
s imported from Germany to Holland, under the law passed after the creation of E
EC . Importers informed the Dutch Courts on customs duties on the grounds that t
he existence of an additional duty violates article 25 (ex 12) TCEE, which prohi
bited introduction of new duties. Dutch court asked the ECJ under art.234 (eg 17
7), to interpret the relevant provisions. By article 25 (ex 12) TCEE prohibit th
e imposition of new duties, and increase the amount of existing ones. Solution a
nd principles were released by the ECJ that "the EEC has created a new legal ord
er in international law, on behalf of which the States have limited rights in so
me areas well-established subjects as being not only states but individuals: peo
ple physical and legal state. So said the principle is that the EC objective is
to create a common market, whose operation directly concerned stakeholders EC (i
ndividuals and legal entities). Also under the Treaty, article 25 (ex 12) TCEE d
irect effect on the relationship between Member States and national issues, crea
ting individual rights which national courts must protect. Judgement of December
14, 196263
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careia statele si-au limitat drepturile in anumite domenii bine stabilite, subie
ctele de drept fiind nu doar statele, ci si particularii: persoane fizice si jur
idice din statul respectiv. Asadar, principiul afirmat este acela ca obiectivul
CE este de a crea o piata comuna, a carei functionare priveste in mod direct par
tile interesate din CE (persoane fizice si juridice). Tot conform prevederilor t
ratatului, art.25 (ex 12) TCEE produce efecte directe in relatia dintre statele
membre si subiectele de drept intern, creand drepturi individuale, pe care insta
ntele nationale trebuie sa le protejeze. Hotararea Curtii din 14 decembrie 19622
7 Milchwerke Heinz Whrmann & Sohn KG Alfons Ltticke GmbH impotriva Comisiei Comuni
tatii Economice Europene. Cauzele conexate 31 si 33 pana la 62 prin care Curtea
de la Luxemburg a admis caracterul irevocabil de a face, statuand ca aceasta nu
permite statelor membre nicio posibilitate de apreciere asupra dispozitiilor tra
tatelor constitutive.28
Tratatul de instituire a Comunitatii Economice Europene29, articolul 117 prevede
ca statele membre convin asupra necesitatii de a promova imbunatatirea conditiil
or de viata si de munca ale fortei de munca, care sa permita egalizarea acestora
in cadrul progresului. b. Privind tratatele internationale Hotararea Curtii din
data de 30 septembrie 1987. Meryem Demirel impotriva Ville de Schwbisch Gmnd. Cer
ere avand ca 4. DIRECT EFFECT obiect pronuntarea unei hotarari preliminare: UNCO
NDITIONALLY LIMITED. Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart Germania. EXAMPLES. Libera cir
culatie a lucratorilor. Cauza 12/86. Hotararea a fost luata cu referire la 4.1.
- The direct effect of acordul de asociere Comunitate-Turcia unde conditioning a
nd restrains. Curtea a reamintit faptul ca un acord incheiat Requirements. de ca
tre Consiliu este un act adoptat printr-o Conditioned small direct effect - impl
ies institutie a Comunitatii si a constat ca, in that those sources which have t
he effect of raport de natura acordului de asociere, acesta creeaza legaturi spec
iale si privilegii cu un Community law to meet certain conditions stat tert, car
e trebuie, cel putin partial, sa and requirements. Regarded as having this effec
t, are the
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- Heinz Milchwerke Whrmann & Sohn KG Alfons Ltticke GmbH against the Commission of
the European Economic Community. Joined Cases 31 and 33 to 62 by the Luxembourg
Court upheld the irrevocability of making, finding that it does not allow Membe
r States no discretion whether to consider the provisions of the constituent tre
aties64. Treaty establishing the European Economic Community65, Article 117 prov
ides that "Member States agree on the need to promote better standards of life a
nd work of labor, allowing them to equalize the progress. b. - On international
treaties Court dated September 30, 1987. Meryem Demirel against Ville of Schwbisc
h Gmnd. The claim for a preliminary ruling: Verwaltungsgericht Stuttgart - German
y. Free movement of workers. Case 12/86. The decision was taken to refer to the
Community-Turkey Association Agreement, where the Court reiterated that an agree
ment by the Council is an act by a Community institution and found that, in rela
tion to the nature of the association agreement, "it creates links and special p
rivileges to a third State that must at least partially, participate in the Comm
unity scheme and must, necessarily, confer powers to the Community to ensure ful
filment of commitments towards third countries in all areas covered by the Treat
y. "
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participe la regimul comunitar si trebuie, in mod necesar, sa confere Comunitati
i competenta pentru a asigura indeplinirea angajamentelor fata de statele terte
in toate domeniile acoperite de Tratat. 4. EFECTUL DIRECT NECONDITIONAT SI RESTRA
NS. EXEMPIFICARI. 4.1. - Efectul restrans.Cerinte direct conditionat si
Efectul direct conditionat si restrans presupune faptul ca acele surse de drept
comunitar care au acest efect sa indeplineasca anumite conditii si cerinte. Sunt
considerate ca avand acest efect, directivele si deciziile adresate statelor me
mbre, in baza carora se impune necesitatea ca judecatorii nationali sa aplice di
rectivele, iar caracterul obligatoriu al acestora presupune faptul ca particular
ii pot sa le invoce.30 a. Directiva Cerintele directivelor pentru a sa fi aplica
te sunt : - sa prevada un termen in care statele trebuie sa adopte acte de aplic
are, efectul direct neputandu-se astfel produce decat dupa expirarea lui (Hot. C
JCE "Suffritti s.a." 140/91, 141/91, 278/91 si 279/91 din 3. 12. 1992) si - stat
ul membru sa nu fi adoptat directivele in cauza sau sa le fi pus in aplicare in
mod gresit. Particularii pot invoca efectul direct al directivei in urmatoarele
cazuri :31 - cand dispozitiile normei de drept intern nu sunt conforme cu cele a
le directivei invocate iar particularul poate cere ca norma de drept intern sa n
u fie luata in calcul in solutionarea procesului; - cand particularul este priva
t de un drept conferit de directiva datorita inexistentei acestui drept in norme
le juridice nationale, poate cere judecatorului national recunoasterea dreptului
conferit de directiva. Concluziile efectului direct conditionat si restrans al
directivelor ce rezulta din
directives and decisions addressed to Member States, based on which it is necess
ary that national judges to apply the directives and their binding implies that
individuals may invoke them66. a. Directive Directives requirements to be applie
d are: - Provide for a period in which states must adopt measures for implementi
ng the direct effect that may not occur until after such expiration (ECJ Hot. "S
uffritti to" 140/91, 141/91, 278/91 and 279/91 of 3. 12. 1992) and - Member Stat
e has not adopted the directives in question or has implemented them incorrectly
. Individuals may rely on the direct effect of the directive in the following ca
ses:67 - Rule of law when the provisions are not consistent with those of the in
voked directive and the individual may request that the rule of law should not b
e taken into account in the settlement of the process; - When an individual is d
eprived of a right conferred by the Directive due to the lack of this right in n
ational legal rules, the national judge may require recognition of the rights co
nferred by the directive. Conclusions of conditioned small direct effect of dire
ctives resulting from the case are68: - Directives are not binding on individual
s, so individuals can not invoke the disputes between them and the State can not
invoke against private individuals; - Provisions of directives must be uncondit
ional and sufficiently precise; - The principle of direct effect of directives c
an be "raised against a body responsible for providing public services under sta
te control, with special powers greater than those normally applicable between i
ndividuals (eg privatized utilities, such as gas, water, electricity)69. b. Deci
sion Decisions are similar directives in terms of direct effect, if they are val
id arguments
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Jurisprudenta Curtii sunt32 : - directivele nu creeaza obligatii pentru particul
ari, astfel incat particularii nu pot sa le invoce in litigiile dintre ei, iar s
tatul nu poate sa le invoce impotriva unor persoane particulare; - prevederile d
irectivelor trebuie sa fie neconditionate si suficient de precise; - principiul
efectului direct al directivelor poate fi invocat impotriva unui organism respons
abil cu furnizarea unui serviciu public sub controlul statului, avand puteri spe
ciale, mai mari decat cele normal aplicabile intre particulari (de exemplu: util
itati privatizate, precum: gazul, apa, electricitatea).33 b. Decizia Deciziile su
nt asimilate directivelor din punctul de vedere al efectului direct, in cazul lo
r fiind valabile aceleasi argumente pentru justificarea aplicabilitatii acestui
principiu, cu exceptia faptului ca ele nu presupun in mod necesar adoptarea unor
reglementari nationale pentru aplicarea lor, fie pentru faptul ca ele nu sunt a
dresate statului, fie pentru ca obligatiile pe care le impun nu sunt adresate pa
rticularilor.34 Curtea a stabilit in cazul deciziilor aceeasi jurisprudenta ca s
i in cazul directivelor,desi numarul cazurilor este mult mai mic. 4.2. - Exempli
ficari a. Pentru directive a DIRECTIVA 76/207/CE35 Consiliului din 9 februarie 1
976 privind punerea in aplicare a principiului egalitatii de tratament intre bar
bati si femei in ceea ce priveste accesul la incadrarea in munca, la formarea si
la promovarea profesionala, precum si conditiile de munca modificata de DIRECTI
VA 2002/73/CE a Parlamentului European si Consiliului din 23 septembrie 2002 In
cazul: Marshall vs. Southampton South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Mars
hall I), nr.152/84, 1986, doamna Marshall a invocat art.536 din Directiva nr.76/
207 cu privire la egalitatea de tratament, atunci cand i s-a cerut sa iasa la pe
nsie la 60 de ani, pentru barbati, varsta de pensionare fiind
to justify the applicability of this same principle, except that they do not nec
essarily require the adoption of national regulations for their implementation i
s the fact that they are not State addressed or because they impose obligations
that are not addressed to individuals. 70 Court jurisprudence established the sa
me decisions as in the case of directives, although the number of cases is much
smaller. 4.2. Examples a. - For Directive 76/207/CE DIRECTIVE of 9 February 1976
71 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment between men and wom
en regarding access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and workin
g conditions modified by Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and Cou
ncil of September 23, 2002. When: vs. Marshall. Southampton South-West Hampshire
Area Health Authority (Marshall I), nr.152/84, 1986, Ms Marshall cited Article
572 of Directive nr.76/207 on equal treatment when he was asked to come to pensi
on to 60 years for men, retirement age is 65. House of Lords asked the ECJ to in
terpret that provision. Shoulders Marshall said for the first time that directiv
es can have direct effects on individuals, except that if there is a legal perso
n of public law. b.- For Decision The Council Decision 2005/600/EC of 12 July 20
05 on guidelines for the employment of workers of Member States reveals that mob
ility is a key factor enabling a greater number of people to find a better work
place better and require the removal of "obstacles that prevents the mobility of
the European workers in the framework established by the Treaty", whereas Membe
r States still limited geographical mobility of some EU citizens, although the f
ree movement of workers is a fundamental principle of Community.
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/20
de 65 de ani. Camera Lorzilor a solicitat CJCE sa interpreteze prevederea respec
tiva. In concluzie, speta Marshall a afirmat pentru prima data ca directivele nu
pot avea efecte directe asupra particularilor, cu exceptia faptului daca este v
orba despre o persoana juridica de drept public. b. Pentru decizii In Decizia 20
05/600/CE a Consiliului din 12 iulie 2005 privind Orientarile pentru politicile
de ocupare a fortei de munca ale statelor membre se evidentiaza faptul ca mobili
tatea este un factor principal ce permite unui numar mai mare de persoane sa-si
gaseasca un loc de munca mai bun si se solicita inlaturarea "obstacolelor ce imp
iedica mobilitatea lucratorilor europeni in cadrul stabilit de tratate"; intruca
t statele membre inca limiteaza mobilitatea geografica a unora dintre cetatenii
UE, cu toate ca libera circulatie a lucratorilor este un principiu fundamental a
l Comunitatii. CONCLUZII Dreptul comunitar european acorda drepturi si impune ob
ligatii nu doar statelor membre, ci si cetatenilor si intreprinderilor carora li
se aplica direct anumite norme. Face parte integranta din sistemul juridic al s
tatelor membre care raspund, in primul rand, de aplicarea corecta a acestor regl
ementari. Prin urmare, orice cetatean al statelor membre ale UE sa fie indreptat
it sa se astepte ca autoritatile nationale de pe tot teritoriul Uniunii Europene
sa aplice corect drepturile care le revin in calitate de cetateni europeni. Fie
care stat membru este responsabil de punerea in aplicare in cadrul sistemului ju
ridic national, a dreptului comunitar (transpunerea in termenele stabilite, conf
ormitate si aplicare corecta). In temeiul tratatelor, Comisia Europeana vegheaza
la corecta aplicare a dreptului comunitar. Prin urmare, in cazul in care un sta
t membru nu respecta dreptul comunitar, Comisia dispune de puteri proprii (actiu
ne in neindeplinirea obligatiilor) prevazute de Tratatul CE si de Tratatul CEEA
pentru a incerca sa puna capat
CONCLUSIONS European Community law confers rights and obligations not only of Me
mber States but also of the citizens and enterprises subject to certain rules di
rectly. It is part of the legal system of Member States to respond, firstly, the
correct application of these regulations. Therefore, any citizen of EU Member S
tates should be entitled to expect that national authorities throughout the Euro
pean Union to correctly apply their rights as European citizens. Each Member Sta
te is responsible for implementation within national legal systems, law (transpo
sition of the deadlines, compliance and correct application). Under the Treaties
, the European Commission watches over the correct application of Community law.
Therefore, if a Member State does not comply with Community law, the Commission
has powers of its own (action failure) of the EC Treaty and the EAEC Treaty to
try to end the infringement and, if necessary, may apply to the Court of Justice
. Failure means the failure by a Member State of its obligations under Community
law. This may take the form of an action or omission. The state understands tha
t Member State has violated Community law, whatever the authority - central, reg
ional or local - responsible for failure. Any person may submit a complaint agai
nst the European Commission by a Member State to denounce a measure (legislative
, regulatory or administrative) or imputed to the practice which it considers co
ntrary to a provision or principle of Community law. Not be proved or interest t
o act and there is direct breach of Community law on which it relies. However, t
o be taken into account, the complaint must relate to an infringement by a Membe
r State, so the object can not have an issue of personal nature.
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acestei incalcari a dreptului comunitar si, dupa caz, poate sesiza Curtea de Jus
titie a Comunitatilor Europene. Neindeplinirea inseamna nerespectarea de catre u
n stat membru a obligatiilor care ii revin in temeiul dreptului comunitar. Aceas
ta poate lua forma unei actiuni sau a unei omisiuni. Prin stat se intelege statu
l membru care a incalcat dreptul comunitar, oricare ar fi autoritatea - centrala
, regionala sau locala responsabila de neindeplinirea obligatiilor. Orice persoa
na poate inainta Comisiei Europene o plangere formulata impotriva unui stat memb
ru prin care sa denunte o masura (legislativa, normativa sau administrativa) sau
o practica imputabila acestuia pe care o considera contrara unei dispozitii sau
unui principiu de drept comunitar. Nu trebuie dovedit interesul de a actiona si
sau ca exista direct situatia de incalcare a dreptului comunitar pe care o invo
cati. Totusi, pentru a fi luata in considerare, plangerea trebuie sa se refere l
a o incalcare a dreptului comunitar de catre un stat membru, deci nu poate sa ai
ba ca obiect un litigiu de natura privata. BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. Filipescu Ion P., Aug
ustin Fuerea Drept institutional comunitar european, editia a V-a, Editura Actami,
Bucuresti, 2000. 2. Fuerea Augustin, Drept comunitar al afacerilor, Editura Unive
rsul Juridic editia a II a revazuta si adaugita, Bucuresti 2006. 3. Fuerea Augus
tin, Manualul Uniunii Europene, Editura Universul Juridic editia a III a revazuta
si adaugita, Bucuresti 2006. 4. Philippe Moreau Defarges Institutii europene, Arma
nd Colin Paris, 1995. 5. Tinca Ovidiu, Drept comunitar general, Editura Didactica
si Pedagogica, Bucuresti, 1999. 6. Declaratia Schuman 9 mai 1950 7. Tratatul con
stitutiv al Comunitatii
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diu Tinca, "General Law, Teaching and Pedagogical Publishing House, Bucharest, 1
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force on 23 July 1952. 8. Formation of the European Community Treaty, signed in
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57, entered into force on 1 January 1958. 10.Vienna Convention on the Law of Tre
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ies, came into force on June 1, 1977 12.The Treaty was approved by the Single Eu
ropean Act came into force on 1 July 1987. 13.Called Maastricht Treaty on Europe
an Union Treaty which established the
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/20
Europene a Carbunelui si Otelului semnat la Paris, la 18 aprilie 1951 care a int
rat in vigoare la 23 iulie 1952. 8. Tratatul constitutiv al Comunitatii Europene
, semnat la Roma la 25 martie 1957, intrat in vigoare la 1 ianuarie 1958. 9. Tra
tatul constitutiv al Comunitatii Europene a Energiei Atomice, semnat la Roma, la
25 martie 1957, intrat in vigoare la 1 ianuarie 1958. 10. Conventia de la Viena
cu privire la dreptul tratatelor, incheiata la Viena la 23 mai 1969. 11. Tratat
ul de modificare a unor dispozitii financiare ale tratatelor ce instituia Comuni
tatile Europene si ale Tratatului care a instituit un Consiliu unic si o Comisie
unica a Comunitatilor Europene, intrat in vigoare la 1 iunie 1977 12. Tratatul
prin care s-a aprobat Actul Unic European, intrat in vigoare la 1 iulie 1987. 13
. Tratatul de la Maastricht numit Tratatul privind Uniunea Europeana prin care s
-a instituit Uniunea Europeana, intrat in vigoare la 1 noiembrie 1993. 14. Trata
tul de la Amsterdam, intrat in vigoare la 1 mai 1999. 15. Tratatul de la Nisa, i
ntrat in vigoare la 1 februarie 2003 16. Tratatul care instituie Constitutia Eur
opeana (TCE), semnat pe 29 octombrie 2004 17. Acquis-ul Schengen 18. Tratatul de
la Lisabona de modificare a Tratatului privind Uniunea Europeana si a Tratatulu
i de instituire a Comunitatii Europene. 19. Statutul Curtii Internationale de Ju
stitie 20. Regulamentul (CEE) nr. 1408/71 al Consiliului din 14 iunie 1971 privi
nd aplicarea regimurilor de securitate sociala in raport cu lucratorii salariati
, cu lucratorii independenti si cu familiile acestora care se deplaseaza in cadr
ul Comunitatii (8) (9) (10) (11) ( Versiune consolidata JO nr. L 28 din 31.01.19
97)
European Union, came into force on 1 November 1993. 14.Treaty of Amsterdam enter
ed into force on 1 May 1999. 15.Treaty of Nice, which entered into force on 1 Fe
bruary 2003 16.Treaty establishing the European Constitution (TEC), signed on Oc
tober 29, 2004 17.Schengen Acquis 18.Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on Eur
opean Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community. 19.Statute of th
e International Court of Justice 20.Regulation (EEC) no. 1408/71 of 14 June 1971
on social security schemes to employed persons, to self-employed workers and th
eir families moving within the Community (8) (9) (10) (11) (consolidated version
- OJ no. L 28 of 31.1.1997) 21.Council Regulation (EEC) no. 574/72 of 21 March
1972 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EEC) no. 1408/71 on
the application of social security schemes for persons employed and their famili
es moving within the Community. 22.Regulation (EC) no. 805/2004 of the European
Parliament and the Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Orde
r for uncontested claims. 23.Directive 76/207/CE - the principle of equal treatm
ent in regard to working conditions, including conditions governing dismissal, m
eans that men and women are guaranteed the same conditions without discriminatio
n on grounds of sex. 24.76/207/CE Council Directive of 9 February 1976 on the im
plementation of the principle of equal treatment between men and women as regard
s access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working condition
s - modified Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 23 S
eptember 2002. 25.Council Decision 2005/600/EC of 12 July 2005 on guidelines for
the employment of the labor force in the Member
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/20
21. Regulamentul Consiliului (CEE) nr. 574/72 din 21 martie 1972 de stabilire a
procedurii de aplicare a Regulamentului (CEE) nr. 1408/71 privind aplicarea sist
emelor de securitate sociala pentru persoanele incadrate in munca si familiile l
or, care circula in Comunitate. 22. Regulamentul (CE) nr. 805/2004 al Parlamentu
lui European si al Consiliului din 21 aprilie 2004 privind crearea unui titlu ex
ecutoriu european pentru creantele necontestate. 23. Directiva 76/207/CE Aplicar
ea principiului egalitatii de tratament in privinta conditiilor de munca, inclus
iv a conditiilor care reglementeaza concedierea, presupune ca barbatilor si feme
ilor li se garanteaza aceleasi conditii, fara discriminare pe criterii de sex. 2
4. Directiva 76/207/CE a Consiliului din 9 februarie 1976 privind punerea in apl
icare a principiului egalitatii de tratament intre barbati si femei in ceea ce p
riveste accesul la incadrarea in munca, la formarea si la promovarea profesional
a, precum si conditiile de munca modificata de Directiva 2002/73/CE a Parlamentu
lui European si Consiliului din 23 septembrie 2002. 25. Decizia 2005/600/CE a Co
nsiliului din 12 iulie 2005 privind Orientarile pentru politicile de ocupare a f
ortei de munca ale statelor membre. 26. Decizia nr. 1720/2006/EC a Parlamentului
European si a Consiliului in 15 noiembrie 2006 privind instituirea unui program
de actiune in domeniul invatarii pe tot parcursul vietii. 27. Decizia nr. 205 d
in 17 octombrie 2005 Privind sfera de cuprindere a notiunii de somaj partial refer
itor la lucratorii frontalieri (Text de interes pentru SEE si pentru acordul UE/
Elvetia) (2006/351/CE) prin care s-a decis ca in scopul aplicarii articolului 71
, paragraful 1, punctul a) din Regulamentul 1408/71. 28. CJCE, Hotararea din 5
States. 26.Decision no. 1720/2006/EC of the European Parliament and the Council
on 15 November 2006 establishing a program of action in the field of lifelong le
arning. 27.Decision no. 205 of October 17, 2005 - On the scope of the notion of
"partial unemployment" on the frontier workers (Text of EEA and interest to the
EU / Switzerland) (2006/351/CE) by which it was decided that in order to impleme
nt Article 71, paragraph 1, paragraph a) of Regulation 1408/71. 28.ECJ, Decision
of 5 February 1963, Van Gend en Loos v.. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastin
gen, C-26/62, to interpret the relevant provisions. 29.ECJ, Decision of 20 July
1990, Foster v.. British Gas (Case C-188/89) ECJ, Van Gend en Loos v.. Belasting
en der Nederlandse Administratie (Dutch Tax Administration), nr.26/26, 1963 - Va
n Gend en Loos. 30. CJCE, Hotararea Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administrat
ie der Belastingen (Administratia Fiscala Olandeza), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend e
n Loos. 31. http://www.proeuropa.ro/ 32. http://ro.wikipedia.org/ 33. http://www
.europeana.ro/ 34. http://www.onuinfo.ro/ 35. http://ec.europa.eu/romania/ 36. h
ttp://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 37. http://www.dexonline.ro/ 38. http://www.legislatiam
uncii.ro 39. http://www.ier.ro/ 40. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ 41. http://ww
w.mmuncii.ro/ 42. http://www.cnfpa.ro/ 43. http://www.mie.ro/ 44. http://europa.
eu/lisbon_treaty/ 45. http://consilium.europa.eu/ 46. http://www.mae.ro/ 47. htt
p://ec.europa.eu/ Citii fonetic Dicionar - Afiai dicionarul detaliat
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Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria tiine Juridice, Nr. 4/20
februarie 1963, Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen,
C-26/62, pentru interpretarea dispozitiei relevante. 29. CJCE, Hotararea din 20
iulie 1990, Foster vs. British Gas (Cazul C188/89) 30. CJCE, Hotararea Van Gend
en Loos vs. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Administratia Fiscala Ola
ndeza), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos. 31. http://www.proeuropa.ro/ 32. http
://ro.wikipedia.org/ 33. http://www.europeana.ro/ 34. http://www.onuinfo.ro/ 35.
http://ec.europa.eu/romania/ 36. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 37. http://www.dexon
line.ro/ 38. http://www.legislatiamuncii.ro 39. http://www.ier.ro/ 40. http://ww
w.europarl.europa.eu/ 41. http://www.mmuncii.ro/ 42. http://www.cnfpa.ro/ 43. ht
tp://www.mie.ro/ 44. http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/ 45. http://consilium.europa
.eu/ 46. http://www.mae.ro/ 47. http://ec.europa.eu/

Convenia de la Viena cu privire la dreptul tratatelor, ncheiat la Viena la 23 mai 1

969. Fuerea Augustin, Drept institutional comunitar european, editia a V-a, Editur
a Actami, Bucuresti, 2000., pag. 36. 3 Fuerea Augustin, Drept comunitar al afacer
ilor, Editura Universul Juridic editia a II a revazuta si adaugita, Bucuresti 200
6. pag. 166. 4 CJCE, hotrrea din 5 februarie 1963, Van Gend en Loos vs. Nederlands
e Administratie der Belastingen, C-26/62, Van Gend en Loos, o firm de importatori
, a fost solicitat s plteasc taxe vamale pentru o marf importat din Germania n Oland
conform legii adoptate dup crearea CEE. Importatorii au sesizat instanele olandeze
cu privire la plata taxelor vamale, pe motivul c existena unei taxe vamale suplim
entare ncalc art.25 (ex 12) TCEE, care interzicea introducerea de noi taxe vamale.
Instana olandez a sesizat CJCE, conform art.234 (ex 177), pentru interpretarea di
spoziiei relevante. 5 Fuerea Augustin,op.cit., pag. 36 6 Idem, , pag. 37 i urm. 7
Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 166. 8 Idem, pag. 166. 9 http://eur-lex.europa.eu
/ - Acquis-ului comunitar este constituit din ntregul corp de legi ale UE este cu
noscut, n totalitatea sa. Acquis-ul include toat legislaia primar (tratatele), legis
laia secundar (Regulamente, Directive, Decizii, Recomandri etc.) i studii de caz (ve
rdicte ale Curii Europene de Justiie i Curii Europene de Prim Instan). Prin urmare,
vreme ce regulile UE se afl n continu schimbare (sunt adoptate noi Directive, sunt
adoptate Regulamente i sunt judecate alte cazuri), acquis-ul nu este un document
static, ci unul aflat n continu evoluie. 10 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 11 Fuerea Aug
ustin, op.cit., pag. 166-167.
2
1
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Idem, pag. 167. Idem, pag. 32,33 14 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 163. 15 REGUL
AMENTUL (CEE) NR. 1408/71 AL CONSILIULUI din 14 iunie 1971 privind aplicarea reg
imurilor de securitate social n raport cu lucrtorii salariai, cu lucrtorii independen
i cu familiile acestora care se deplaseaz n cadrul Comunitii (8) (9) (10) (11) ( Ver
siune consolidat JO nr. L 28 din 31.01.1997) 16 REGULAMENTUL CONSILIULUI (CEE) nr
. 574/72 din 21 martie 1972 de stabilire a procedurii de aplicare a Regulamentul
ui (CEE) nr. 1408/71 privind aplicarea sistemelor de securitate social pentru per
soanele ncadrate n munc i familiile lor, care circul n Comunitate. 17 Regulamentul (C
) nr. 805/2004 al Parlamentului European i al Consiliului din 21 aprilie 2004 pri
vind crearea unui titlu executoriu european pentru creanele necontestate. 18 http
://ro.wikipedia.org - Spaiul Economic European (SEE, European Economic Area) a lu
at fiin la data de 1 ianuarie 1994 n urma acordului semnat la data de 2 mai 1992 ntr
e statele participante la Asociaia European a Liberului Schimb (AELS) i statele mem
bre UE. Acest acord pune bazele unei piee unice guvernate de aceleai reguli de baz
ce au ca scop s permit mrfurilor, serviciilor, capitalului i persoanelor s circule li
ber n cadrul SEE, ntr-un mediu deschis i competitiv, un concept cunoscut drept cele
patru liberti. 19 http://www.legislatiamuncii.ro 20 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag
. 167. 21 inca Ovidiu, Drept comunitar general, Editura Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucure
1999, pag .233. 22 http://www.wikipedia.ro CJCE Hotrrea Van Gend en Loos vs. Nede
rlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Administraia Fiscal Olandez), nr.26/26, 1963
- Van Gend en Loos, o firm de importatori, a fost solicitat s plteasc taxe vamale pe
ntru o marf importat din Germania n Olanda, conform legii adoptate dup crearea CEE.
Importatorii au sesizat instanele olandeze cu privire la plata taxelor vamale, pe
motivul c existena unei taxe vamale suplimentare nclca art.25 (ex 12) TCEE, care in
terzicea introducerea de noi taxe vamale. Instana olandez a sesizat CJCE, conform
art.234 (ex 177), pentru interpretarea dispoziiei relevante. 23 Fuerea Augustin,
op.cit., pag. 167. 24 Idem, pag, 168 25 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 38. 26 Id
em, pag. 38 27 http://www.euroavocatura.ro 28 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 168
. 29 http://www.ier.ro 30 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 169. 31 inca Ovidiu, op.
cit., pag. 236 32 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 170. 33 CJCE, Hotrrea din 20 iuli
e 1990, Foster vs. British Gas (Cazul C-188/89) 34 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag
. 170. 35 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 36 http://www.mmuncii.ro - Directiva 76/207/
CE - Articolul 5 (1) Aplicarea principiului egalitii de tratament n privina condiii
de munc, inclusiv a condiiilor care reglementeaz concedierea, presupune c brbailor
emeilor li se garanteaz aceleai condiii, fr discriminare pe criterii de sex. (2) n ac
st scop, statele membre adopt msurile necesare pentru a asigura c: (a) sunt abrogat
e dispoziiile actelor cu putere de lege i ale actelor administrative contrare prin
cipiului egalitii de tratament; (b) sunt nule, pot fi declarate nule sau pot fi mo
dificate dispoziiile contrare principiului egalitii de tratament care sunt prevzute
de convenii colective, contracte individuale de munc, regulamente de ordine interi
oar ale ntreprinderilor sau n statutele care reglementeaz profesiile independente; (
c) sunt revizuite dispoziiile actelor cu putere de lege i ale actelor administrati
ve care sunt contrare principiului egalitii de tratament, atunci cnd preocuparea pe
ntru protecie care le-a inspirat iniial nu mai este ntemeiat; n cazul n care dispozi
similare sunt incluse n convenii colective, partenerilor sociali li se solicit s ntre
prind revizuirile necesare.
13
12
37 38
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, concluded at Vienna on 23 May 1969. Fu
erea Augustin, "European Business Law, Legal Publishing House edition - - II - a
revised and added, Bucharest - 2006. pag. 36 39 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag.
166. 40 ECJ Judgement of 5 February 1963, Van Gend en Loos v.. Nederlandse Admin
istratie der Belastingen, C26/62, Van Gend en Loos, an importing company, was re
quired to pay customs duties on goods imported from Germany to Holland, accordin

g to the law passed after the creation of the EEC. Importers have asked the Dutc
h courts on payment of customs duties on the grounds that there is an additional
duty violates Article 25 (ex 12) TCEE, which prohibited introduction of new dut
ies. Dutch court asked the ECJ, under art.234 (ex 177), to interpret the relevan
t provision. Annals of the Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu, Juridical Scienc
es Series, Issue 4/2010
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Fuerea Augustin,op.cit., pag. 36 Idem, , pag. 37 et next. 43 Fuerea Augustin, "H
andbook of European Union", Legal Publishing House - edition - III - a revised a
nd enlarged, Bucharest - 2006, p. 166. 44 Idem, , pag. 166 45 http://eur-lex.eur
opa.eu/ - acquis communautaire comprises the entire body of EU law is known in i
ts entirety. The acquis includes all primary legislation (treaties), secondary l
egislation (regulations, directives, decisions, recommendations, etc..) Case stu
dies (European Court of Justice rulings and the European Court of First Instance
). Therefore, since EU rules are constantly changing (new directives are adopted
are adopted regulations and other cases are heard), the acquis is not a static
document, but an evolving. 46 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/ 47 Fuerea Augustin, op.c
it., pag. 166-167. 48 Idem, pag. 167. 49 Idem, pag. 32,33 50 Fuerea Augustin, op
.cit., pag. 163. 51 REGULATION (EEC) NO. 1408/71 of 14 June 1971 on social secur
ity schemes to employed persons, to selfemployed workers and their families movi
ng within the Community (8) (9) (10) (11) (Consolidated version - OJ no. L 28 of
31.1.1997). 52 COUNCIL REGULATION (EEC) no. 574/72 of 21 March 1972 laying down
the procedure for implementing Regulation (EEC) no. 1408/71 on the application
of social security schemes for employed persons and their families moving within
the Community. 53 Regulation (EC) no. 805/2004 of the European Parliament and t
he Council of 21 April 2004 creating a European Enforcement Order for unconteste
d claims. 54 http://ro.wikipedia.org - European Economic Area (EEA European Econ
omic Area) was established on 1 January 1994 following the agreement signed on 2
May 1992 between the states participating in the European Free Trade Associatio
n (EFTA ) and EU Member States. This agreement lays the foundation for a single
market governed by the same basic rules that are intended to allow goods, servic
es, capital and people move freely within the EEA, in an open and competitive en
vironment, a concept known as the four freedoms. 55 http://www.legislatiamuncii.
ro 56 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 167. 57 Ovidiu Tinca, "General Law" Didacti
c and Pedagogic Publishing House, Bucharest, 1999, pp .233. 58 http://www.wikipe
dia.ro - ECJ - Van Gend en Loos v.. Belastingen der Nederlandse Administratie (D
utch Tax Administration), nr.26/26, 1963 - Van Gend en Loos, an importing compan
y, was required to pay customs duties on goods imported from Germany to Holland,
according to the law passed after the creation of EEC . Importers have asked th
e Dutch courts on payment of customs duties on the grounds that the existence of
additional duties violate Article 25 (ex 12) TCEE, which prohibited introductio
n of new duties. Dutch court asked the ECJ, under art.234 (ex 177), to interpret
the relevant provision. 59 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 167. 60 Idem, pag, 16
8 61 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 38. 62 Idem, pag. 38 63 http://www.euroavoca
tura.ro 64 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 168. 65 http://www.ier.ro 66 Fuerea Au
gustin, op.cit., pag. 169. 67 inca Ovidiu, op.cit., pag. 236 68 Fuerea Augustin,
op.cit., pag. 170. 69 ECJ, Judgement of 20 July 1990, Foster v.. British Gas (Ca
se C-188/89). 70 Fuerea Augustin, op.cit., pag. 170. 71 http://eur-lex.europa.eu
/ 72 http://www.mmuncii.ro - 76/207/CE Directive - Article 5 - "(1) Applying the
principle of equal treatment with regard to working conditions, including condi
tions governing dismissal, means that men and women are guaranteed same conditio
ns without discrimination on grounds of sex. (2) To this end, Member States shal
l take the measures necessary to ensure that: (A) are repealed provisions of law
s, regulations and administrative provisions contrary to the principle of equal
treatment;
42
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(B) are null, void or may be subject to change provisions contrary to the princi
ple of equal treatment are included in collective agreements, individual contrac
ts of employment, internal rules of undertakings or rules governing the independ
ent professions; (C) are revised provisions of laws, regulations and administrat
ive provisions contrary to the principle of equal treatment when the concern for
protection which originally inspired them is no longer justified, if similar pr
ovisions are included in collective agreements labor and management are required
to undertake the necessary revisions. "
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